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  • Articles  (26,107)
  • 1950-1954  (16,934)
  • 1945-1949  (9,173)
  • Geosciences  (25,195)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • Articles  (26,107)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 1 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 1 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 1 (1953), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 1 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The effect of haze in vertical daylight air photography for various solar altitudes is considered. If appreciable haze is present the density of negatives exposed when the solar rays are inclined to the vertical at angles less than the lens field semi-angle may vary over the field to such an extent that the photographs will be unsuitable for survey purposes. A theoretical investigation is made and practical results analysed. Methods by which the phenomena may be avoided are suggested. The effect on negative density of the variation in shadow length across the picture is also discussed.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 1 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 1 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 1 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 1 (1953), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 1 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 1 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 1 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: In Part I the visual processes involved in depth perception are briefly described and discussed, while in Part II their application in stereo plotting and allied observations is considered. Reference is made to the visual axis, the need for and nature of eye movements, the conception of the horopter space within which fusion of the binocular images occurs and objects are seen in three-dimensions, and the tolerances for fusion implied by the existence of Panum's areas. Monocular clues make an important contribution to the perception of depth, and the apparent location of an object in space is determined by the factors of retinal disparity, convergence, angular size, perspective, motion parallax, elevation, aerial haze, etc. The following problems are then discussed: The significance of the horopter in relation to the general contour in a stereo photograph; the fusion of the images in a stereo plotting machine; the arguments for and against some convergence of the eyepiece axes; the special problems of spectacle wearers; the functions of field stop. An analysis of the visual task in contour plotting is attempted, but a more complete analysis would be possible if records were available of the observer's eye movements while plotting. Finally, chromatic aberration in relation to the Multiplex system is considered, and also in connection with the stereoscopic effect observed with differently coloured objects lying in a plane.
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  • 12
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 1 (1953), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The object of this paper is to provoke discussion and not to present a finished study. It deals briefly with quantitative analysis of drainage patterns in geomorphological studies and refers to methods that have recently received some attention in the United States. It points to the value of aerial photographs in such studies and asks for discussion of two important points: firstly, whether the mathematical approach is soundly based; and, secondly, whether the analytical method is likely to give useful practical results.
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  • 13
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 2 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: When a rather extensive network of short distance refraction profiles was shot the following two observations were made. Firstly, the wave velocity in the weathered layer showed a quite considerable fluctuation in horizontal direction, the extreme values being of the order of 300 and 700 m/sec. A practical result of this scattering of the velocities is that an uncertainty of about 10% is introduced in the computation of the weathering corrections. The second observation is that, in the majority of cases, the travel time curve does not pass through the origin. It could be ascertained that this observation was not caused by errors in the method of observation. A probable explanation of the phenomenon is found in a theory that has been developed by Gassmann, who derived the velocity distribution for a hexagonal packing of spherical solid bodies. According to this theory extremely low velocities would occur in the first few centimeters of the crust of the earth. Qualitatively, our observations are in agreement with the theory of Gassmann.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 2 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 15
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 2 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The geophysicists who attempted to evaluate elastic anisotropy of some bedded formations most often gave but little information about recording and interpretating the measurements.May be they did not lay enough stress on the fact that any determination of the anisotropy factor is a critical operation and that, to have some certainty. it must be made under good conditions and then discussed.Due to the very favourable conditions offered: undisturbed tectonics and topography, relatively regular series the Berriane district in Northern Sahara, is rather well suited to accurate measurements and to an anisotropy study down to 1,250 meters. Since measurements have been carried out in the wildcat drilled at Berriane by S. N. Repal, it seems interesting to communicate the results obtained and to discuss them according to the influence of high velocity layers.It can be noted that in the clay and sand series which have been investigated, anisotropy coefficient amounts to 1.09 or so.To conclude, it seems desirable that determinations made by numerous operators should allow a more accurate knowledge of the anisotropy factor in the main types of rocks.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 2 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The aim of the present investigation is to examine the significance of the second derivative for the purpose of the prospective determination of the geological properties of the district of Offenburg, which are relatively wellknown as a result of both reflection seismic and bore profile findings.The calculation of the second derivative is carried out by means of three approximation formulae, which are compared with each other. In contrast to the isogam map the second derivative shows some additional characteristics, whose structural significance illuminates the comparison with the results of reflection seismics.A geological profile constructed on the basis of 6 wells completely confirms the geophysical findings.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 1 (1953), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Using a comprehensive theory of the vertical force variometer, it is shown that the mean of the two readings taken in azimuths 180 degrees apart only eliminates the error of misorientation and of inclination of the knife edge if these factors are sufficiently small. The necessary accuracy in the 180 degree rotation and in the readjustment of the levels are investigated and a practical test is developed to allow the initial adjustments to be determined. Finally, a brief description of a new variometer tripod is given.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 1 (1953), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: It is known that good use can be made of calculating the second vertical derivative of gravitational and magnetic fields. The first derivative, or Vertical Gradient, has the same properties, Like the second derivative, it does not depend on the locally linear regional anomaly. Moreover, the gradient is less affected by experimental errors.The report gives a practical method of calculating the vertical gradient. Its application is identical to that in general use for calculating the second derivative, except that the numerical coefficients are different. The method also allows the establishment of formulae for downward extension of the field and its derivatives.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 1 (1953), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 20
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 1 (1953), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: In the region covered by the paper, electrical methods have been applied in four different zones:〈list xml:id="l1" style="custom"〉a) Ales-Maruejols Basin (resistive lower Oligocene blanketed by conductive Upper Oligocene);b) Ledignan and Vaunage-Lunel anticlines (faulted structures in the marly and limy Cretaceous, with different resistivities;c) Camargue (thick series of conductive sediments);d) Beziers Basin (highly complicated structures in the Mesozoic, widely blanketed by conductive Miocene).It may be assumed that electrical methods can yield valuable information enabling one to define the rugged subsurface topography of resistive strata burried under a reasonably thick cover of conductive sediments especially when a part of the lower formation outcrops even if the part exposed be small. Faults may be delineated and much, more information is obtainable than can be expected from gravity meter survey at a price not very much higher.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 1 (1953), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: For the treatment of the problems involved in the interpretation of gravity pictures this paper gives a formula that holds generally for any potential function. It provides an extended applicability of the relation used by Elkins for the computation of the second derivative, and also yields an analogous relation to derivatives of higher order of the gravity field.This relation has not been utilized to determine in details the course of the derivatives of higher order in a plane, but is merely applied to points of comparatively extreme curvature of the isogams where the differential values present a ratio favourable to the “noise level”. By this method the values of the derivatives of higher order will not be determined themselves but only the ratio's responsible for the depth of divergence in comparison with the course of an anomaly of masses replaced by points.It is shown by examples of intercalated masses that the divergence points are important and by law related to the form and position of the density contrasts themselves.An analysis of the total gravity picture is made possible by progressing from elements close to the surface to deeper ones. In this way the fundamental features of the earth's crust will be obtained. The application of the analysis process to a gravity anomaly actually measured in Northwest Germany is given.
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  • 22
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 1 (1953), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: When refraction time signals are transmitted over a radio link between shooter and observer there is a serious risk of interference from electrical storms. This risk can be minimised by sending a series of signals at fixed time intervals and the paper describes a simple device which will do this with the required accuracy.
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  • 23
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 1 (1953), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Seismic reflection, telluric and gravity results are given for the lifted area of Ferrara, in Northern Italy. The agreement is shown between the available shallow seismic data and the gravity evidences. For a portion of the above area where seismic results are particularly poor the vertical gradients method gives a resolution of a gravity anomaly and confirms the telluric information. The residual gravity values, the vertical gradients and the telluric data along a seismic line crossing the zone are compared with seismic results and with evidences from adjacent wells.
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  • 24
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 1 (1953), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Investigations into reflection seismic on the salt structure of Heide raised the following questions:〈list xml:id="l1" style="custom"〉1) How can the different directions of trend of a series of layers be established?2) How are the contour maps of reflecting horizons to be constructed if there is no general trend of the layers?To answer these questions, the case of the subsoil consisting of a series of layers with plane reflecting beds and constant layer-velocities is treated strictly. The strike lines of the reflecting planes may be at any angle whatever. However, formulas for constructing contour maps of the reflecting planes have been derived. With these formulas, the problem quoted under 1) has also been solved.The construction of contour maps is given.For special cases, formulas are obtained which have already been proved by others.
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  • 25
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 1 (1953), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The triple integral for the attraction of a mass on a point is transformed in a double sum. This double sum serves to construct a graph for the rapid determination of the gravimetric influence of structures given by depth contours. The influence of topography can also be computed with this graph.
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  • 26
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 2 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The formulas derived by the author in a preliminary paper for taking into consideration refraction when dealing with the problem of a vertical plane are extended to the three-dimensional case. Vector analysis is extensively applied. Among others it is shown that in the general case the 3 horizontal twodimensional vectors, i.e.〈list xml:id="l1" style="custom"〉1) the gradient of the time of reflection2) the direction of true dip3) the vector from the shot point to the projection of the reflecting point, point into 3 different directions.
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  • 27
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 2 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The dependence of the apparent resistivity on the distance between the potential electrodes is examined and a numerical method is described permitting quantitative calculations. Such a numerical relation is also established for the transformation of Wenner graphs into Schlumberger graphs.In addition it is shown, in which manner the jumps in observed Schlumberger curves, that result from changing the probe spacing, must be smoothed out.
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  • 28
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 2 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The luni-solar corrections are considered under the three following aspects:Quality of results: the application of tidal corrections to all stations is pointless as long as the operations do not substantially exceed two hours.Working conditions: it seems possible to increase the duration of programs without any loss of precision, but operating in such a way requires particular care.Behaviour of gravity meters: the introduction of tidal corrections allows to separate three kinds of instrumental drifts; a good knowledge of the mean operational drift enables to appreciate the quality of a given set of measurements.An example is given to show the possibility in some cases to detect small errors which are close to the limit of precision of the instrument.
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  • 29
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 2 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Exploration of the Catania region was carried out for over a year by means of electrical soundings. The thickness of the overburden (lava and alluvium) was thus computed and the contour map of the blue clays basement shows the existence of several buried channels where new wells were drilled, all of them successful.
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  • 30
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    Geophysical prospecting 2 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The paper consists of an account of a resistivity investigation into an old river valley in Coal Measure strata. This valley denuded several of the upper coal seams leaving behind unconsolidated material and it was the purpose of the work to be described to investigate how far the extent and nature of this material could be determined by resistivity methods conducted at the surface.As such the survey fits into a wider programme of research instigated by the National Coal Board.The feature, which is quite well known geologically, was surveyed by conventional methods and the results obtained are discussed in relation to the above project.Thus, the investigations succeeded in tracing the approximate centre line of the feature and in yielding some information on the nature and order of thickness of the deposits. Limitations of the method and its future application are also discussed.
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  • 31
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    Geophysical prospecting 2 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The efficient production of “Geophysical Prospecting” depends upon the co-operation of the individual authors and this paper serves as a guide for them. Some suggestions are also made on the presentation of papers at meetings in the hope of promoting successful discussions.
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  • 32
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    Geophysical prospecting 2 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 33
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    Geophysical prospecting 2 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A process is described whereby the interpretation of seismic reflection data is carried out by a preliminary two-dimensional plotting procedure followed by a three-dimensional migration. The concept of a surface of maximum convexity is introduced as an integral part of the process of migration. The procedures for deriving the necessary charts of curves are considered and a number of serviceable charts presented.
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  • 34
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    Geophysical prospecting 2 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: In the first part of the present paper we shall investigate the possibility of localising highly situated inclined faults with the aid of the vertical gradient and the second derivative in the direction of the vertical. Since these quantities have been computed from gravity values by means of formulae of approximation we shall have to study the question as to their applicability for possible quantitative interpretation. Particular caution should be exercised when making the usual comparison with theoretical test examples. For three effects have to be taken into account which result from the application of the formulae of approximation:〈list xml:id="l1" style="custom"〉1) The extreme values appear more or less smoothed out2) Extremal abscissae are being displaced3) The results are influenced by the orientation of the grid which forms the basis of the calculation.For a practical instance it was possible to locate a well under troublesome circumstances. This well is situated on the downthrown side of an inclined fault, the depth of the upthrown side being known as a result of another well.We shall show in the second part of the present paper how small, deeply situated structures may be recognised in the diagrams of the vertical gradient and of the second derivative. In the case of two practical instances the effect of these structures is rendered unrecognisable in the isogam map in view of regional influences. The results according to the formulae of Baranov, Elkins and Rosenbach are contrasted with each other.
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  • 35
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    Geophysical prospecting 2 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: It has been shown in a paper by L. Y. Faust that the wave velocity in rock depends on the depth below the ground surface according to a specified equation. It follows that the attitude of the planes of equal velocity is influenced by the topographic relief. Under these conditions the problem arises of how to place the reference plane in such a manner, that the fluctuations of the planes of equal velocity, that result from the fluctuations in the topography, shall not affect the results of the depth computations. In the present paper an analytical solution of this problem is given.
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  • 36
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    Geophysical prospecting 2 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: In a previous paper by the first author a method has been presented for computing the first vertical derivative of the gravity field or of the magnetic field. In the present paper an analysis is given of the errors in the first vertical derivative that result when the latter is computed by the above method. Two sorts of errors are considered. Firstly, the error in the first vertical derivative that results from the errors in interpolating between isogam lines on the Bouguer anomaly map. Secondly, the error in the first vertical derivative that results from the approximations upon which the computation method is based. The conclusion is reached that both sorts of error are only of minor importance.
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  • 37
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    Geophysical prospecting 2 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The common notion, that the regional anomaly must be as regular as possible, can be translated into mathematical language by requiring that the regional anomaly shall be represented, over a not too large area, by a surface of the second or of the third degree. The residual anomaly is commonly defined by the requirement that its horizontal dimensions must be as small as possible. This implies that also its amplitude should be small. This requirement may be moulded into a mathematical form by stating that the square of the difference between the Bouguer anomaly and the regional anomaly, integrated over a certain area, must be a minimum. On these two definitions an analytic method is based for deriving the regional anomaly. Practical computation procedures are presented.
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  • 38
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    Geophysical prospecting 2 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The different equations of elasticity concerning the departure of the behaviour of rocks from perfect elasticity are discussed. The theory of elastic afterworking and its significance for the propagation of elastic waves is studied in detail. It is found that this theory does not explain the observations on seismic waves in exploration geophysics so well as the theory of viscoelasticity suggested by Ricker.
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  • 39
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    Geophysical prospecting 2 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 40
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    Geophysical prospecting 2 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The writer classifies problems of geophysical interpretation. He distinguishes four fundamental problems and indicates the methods of solving them. Among these methods he refers to classical methods and methods based on the writer's theoretical work.The geophysical examples are developed, as well as the very simple numerical examples. Methods of enumeration are also referred to. The whole object is to show that the practical application of the geophysical methods suggested will not give prospectors any difficulty.
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    Notes: The results obtained from a number of seismic velocity well-logging surveys and adjacent refraction sections are compared. The velocities derived by these two methods for a certain layer are found to differ appreciably. This is shown by presenting the time-depth relations of the well-surveys and the time-d stance relations of the refraction sections at three locations, plotted on graphs with sloping depth- and distance axes.
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    Notes: Supersonic pulses are transmitted into rock samples and cylindrical drill cores of about 10 cm to about 100 cm in length by a magnetostrictive driver attached to one end. The pulses are received at any chosen distance along the core by a small crystal geophone resting on the specimen. The beginning of the supersonic pulse and the wave form of the received disturbance, together with the marks of an accurate timer by a quartz clock, are made visual and stationary on the screen of a cathode-ray oscillograph and the travel-time is measured. Thus the core is picked up at different distances and a travel-time curve is drawn from which the velocity of the waves is determined.The method is interpreted and the measuring device described. Graphs give several travel-time curves of different rock samples, drill cores, metal rods and rods of other solid materials. The elastic moduli E of the samples are communicated, and an example is given for determining Poisson's ratio S from longitudinal and transversal velocities on two cores of sandstone.
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    Notes: Two geometric methods are given: one for estimating the position of mass distributions from the gravity anomalies, the other for determining the position of a thin plate of magnetized material from the magnetic anomalies. Finally a computational form of Nettleton's method for the determination of density is given.
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    Notes: The supply of drinking water and water for general use in the towns and communities of Western Germany is in many cases insufficient. In order to eliminate the difficulties in the supply of water, geophysical methods have been applied to a large extent since the end of the war.The most important hydrological problems, which were solved successfully by geo-electrical measurements, are as follows:〈list xml:id="l1" style="custom"〉1Search for, and delimitation of, areas with salty ground water.2Investigation of the geological situation in catchment areas for large waterworks, and the finding of suitable places for the establishment of new plants, and in particular.3Search for and determination of the thickness and nature of water-bearing sands and gravels and of the relief of the underlying impervious strata.Some typical examples are presented herewith.
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    Notes: The main features of the gravimetric map of the Gharb can be related to the shape of the basement, covered by cretaceous and miocene layers, with a total maximum thickness of 13,000 feet. For the interpretation of local features, in the northern part of the basin, first a regional anomaly has been drawn, then the map of the first derivative has been established.Both maps are compared with geological maps and seismic and electrical surveys. The results are the following:As for method, the advantages and limitations of both processes are outlined.As for geological interpretation, it is suggested that most of the local features of the gravimetric map are due to the preriffan tectonics.
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    Notes: In the Cannock Chase Coalfield the rocks of the overburden are heavily waterlogged, thus constituting a source of difficulty and even danger to the miner. In order to ensure maximum safety with the maximum use of reserves, the area has been investigated by boreholes and by resistivity surveys.In this paper a short summary of the resistivity work is given, with especial reference to electrode arrangement and methods of interpretation used. Where applicable, comparison between resistivity evidence and borehole data is shown.
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    Notes: This paper summarizes and extends the published information on the theoretical design of electromagnetic geophones. Both moving-coil and moving-armature instruments are considered, their behaviour compared and various design criteria established.
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    Notes: After a short introduction, some examples of obliques multiple reflexions are treated and possible solutions given.
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    Notes: The following article and correspondence have been reproduced from ‘The Photogrammetric Review,’ the journal of the Ordnance Survey Photogrammetric Society, by permission of the editor, as it is relevant to the paper by Professor Thompson, published in ‘The Photogrammetric Record,’ Vol. 1, No. 1, of March, 1953.
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    Notes: This paper deals with the problem of systematic error in aerial triangulation. It is shown that random errors produce errors of displacement that may often appear, at first sight, highly systematic; and that therefore some statistical test is necessary to confirm the reality of a suspected systematic error. A test that can be applied in practice is fully developed and an example given. The paper concludes with an attempt to justify the test and hence the assumptions made in the development.
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    Notes: The paper discusses the subject of resolution in photographic systems and in particular systems for air survey. While not claiming any originality, its purpose is to explain the background of the phrase‘Lens Resolution,’to present some of the difficulties encountered in practical resolution work, and to clear up some popular misconceptions on the whole subject.
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    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:LA PHOTOGRAMMÉTRIE APPLIQUÉE A LÀ TOPOGRAPHIE. By R. Daniel.
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    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:GEOGRAPHY FROM THE AIR. By F. Walker.SURVEYING THEORY AND PRACTICE. By Raymond E. Davis and Francis S. Foote.THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF SURVEYING.-VOL. II: HIGHER SURVEYING. By C. B. Breed and G. L. Hosmer.
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    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF AIR PHOTOGRAPHY. By G. C. Brock, M.SC., F.R.P.S.PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MAPPING FROM AIR PHOTOGRAPHS. A Simple Explanation, by the Technical Staff of Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd.MANUAL OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY. 2nd Edition.
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    Geophysical journal international 6 (1953), S. 0 
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    Notes: Part I of this paper contains the presentation of a new analysis of observational material, mainly from Eskdalemuir, and describes some unexpected properties of geomagnetic fluctuations. The chief of these are (a) that there is a change of type at sunset from a continuous flux of disturbance to a comparative quiet punctuated by short damped wave trains, and (b) that the daytime fluctuations have a spectrum with definite fine structure. Part II is a discussion of the probable origin of geomagnetic pulsations. By comparing the characteristics found in Part I with those reported by previous observers it is concluded that the effects have a common cause, and very general arguments are then put forward to show that their origin is terrestrial. A survey of possible physical models points, after elimination, to a magneto-hydrodynamical resonance in one or more of the ionospheric layers.
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    Notes: Values of the coefficient of surface friction between the ocean and the overlying air are deduced from pilot balloon observations. They would seem to indicate that this coefficient varies directly as the wind speed, the proportionality expressed in c. g. s. units being about 7 × 10−7. On the assumption that this is so, the coefficient of turbulence in the ocean is estimated to be represented by K= 7.3 × 10−11(V8)4, where k is the coefficient of turbulence and V8 is the surface wind speed.
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    Notes: The hypothesis has been set down that at pressures ranging from 0.4 × 1012 to at least 3.6 × 1012 dynes/cm.2 (the latter being the pressure at the Earth's centre) the compressibility K−1 of a substance at temperatures of the order of those in the Earth's deep interior is essentially independent of its chemical composition. A simple form of the hypothesis to the effect that K and dk/dp (where p denotes pressure) change continuously and smoothly throughout the Earth below a depth of 1000 km. has been discussed in relation to seismic data. The hypothesis entails an abnormally large density gradient in the lowest 200 km. of the Earth's mantle, and in the Earth's inner core, and that these two regions are not chemically homogeneous. It entails that the density near the Earth's centre lies between about 16 g./cm.3 and 20 g./cm.3 (apart from a possible accumulation of even denser material very close to the centre). The hypothesis in its simplest form would require the Earth's density to be a little higher in the region above the 1000-km. level than the figures given in a previous model. The hypothesis would entail that the inner core is solid, capable of transmitting S waves at a speed not less than about 4.9 km./sec. and probably less than 6.0 km./sec.
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    Notes: In a previous paper (M. N., 108, 406, 1948) the author has suggested that the density jump at the boundary of the Earth's core is duc to a phase transition under pressure, and not to the appearance of a new material such as iron. A metallic type of structure was proposed for the material in the core. In the present paper the transition to the metallic phase is explained in greater detail. Seismological data are used to prove that the core cannot be composed of either iron or an alloy of nickel and iron. It is shown how the theory removes certain difficulties arising from the hypothesis of an iron core, and how it can account for features not hitherto explained.
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    Notes: A simplified method is given for finding the corrections for bending and stretching of a pendulum used for making an absolute determination of gravity. It appears that the correction given by Clark is incorrect and that the value of g for Teddington consequently needs an increase of about 1.7 mgal. Examination of several minor corrections mentioned by Heyl and Cook for the Washington determination shows that they mount up and that the value given by these authors also needs an increase of about 1.5 mgal. When taken in conjunction with the relative determination by Bullard and Browne, the revised values give a discrepancy of 4.7 ± 1.6 mgal., which is large enough to need attention. An independent determination is desirable.
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    Notes: The constitution of Venus is discussed in the light of the density-pressure hypothesis stated by W. H. Ramsey. It is shown that on this theory, an increase in the precision of observations of the diameter of Venue can lead to a useful test on the question of the chemical homogeneity of the Earth's mantle. ‘The bearing of the writer's compressibility-pressure hypothesis on the density distribution in Venus is discussed. Values of the density and pressure in Venus are also given on the older hypothesis that the Earth's mantle and core are composed of chemically distinct materials.
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    Notes: The tidal movement of sea water relative to the Earth's magnetic field induces electromotive forces of a few millivolts per kilometre. Recent measurements off Plymouth show that the potential gradient is at right angles to the streams in that part of the English Channel. Observations on cross-channel telephone cables indicate that a considerable flow of electric current takes place, which can be accounted for b assuming the mean conductivity of the sea-bed to be of the order of 6 × 10-5 (ohms-cm.)-1. Tidally generated earth-currents spread into the land on either side of the Channel and have been measured near Lulworth. It may be possible to use them for the measurement of tidal stream velocities.In the second part of the paper the potential gradients generated by water flow in shallow channels of rectangular or elliptical section are examined. The horizontal gradient in the water is almost independent of vertical variations in water velocity but is affected critically by the depth of the channel and the conductivity of the channel-bed. The induced electric currents can be expected to extend to depths comparable with the width of the channel.
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    Notes: The magnetic profiles taken over various members of the tholeiite dykes of the North of England show that they possess abnormal magnetic polarization. Direct measurement of the residual magnetism gives a series of magnetic vectors which could arise from a magnetizing field in opposition to the present field. Minor deviations in direction can be explained by flow of the molten material below the Curie point of the magnetic content.
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    Notes: With the use of international magnetic character figures, the statistical rise of geomagnetic activity is investigated for the solar disk passage of four area groupings of sunspots, 1914-1944. This is the reverse process of earlier Greenwich work in which the comparison was made from geomagnetic storms to sunspots.For sunspots exceeding 1500 millionths of the Sun's hemisphere there is a very definite increase of geomagnetic activity centred at about two days after the date of central meridian passages of the sunspots. But this relationship rapidly degenerates, and from the area criterion alone ceases to be significant below the area group 1000-750 millionths. Other sunspot groupings based on solar flare incidence greatly improve the correlation. and for the minor naked-eye sunspots, around 500 millionths, a peak of geomagnetic activity now appears.Twenty-seven-day recurrence tendencies of the geomagnetic activity associated with the various sunspot groupings are examined, and the pseudocharacter of what is found is contrasted with the strong and more precise twenty-seven-day recurrence tendency of the smaller storms, especially those without SC onset and not apparently dependent upon sunspot or solar flare incidence.The statistical non-recurrence of great magnetic storms is confirmed from 1907-1944 data.
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    Geophysical journal international 5 (1949), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
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    Geophysical journal international 5 (1949), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The authors present gravity data covering a small part of the Bahama platform in the hope that they will assist in solving the problems concerning the formation and folding of the interesting area. The results suggest that the Bahamas are essentially part of the Florida foreland, but that Cuban diastrophism may have affected the S. W. marginal zone.
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  • 90
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    Geophysical journal international 5 (1949), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The seismological consequences of a departure from isotropy in the surface layers of the Earth are discussed. It is noted that erroneous values of the focal depth and the thickness of the layers might be found in near earthquakes. For a transversely isotropic continent it is shown that SH waves would travel with a different velocity from that of SV, and that the law of variation of velocity with direction is different. With body waves the sharp distinction into compressional and distortional waves does not hold, and an explosion would generate an S wave as well as a P wave; an apparent difference in the instant of generation of P and S might arise.It is proved that waves of the Rayleigh type can be propagated over the surface of a transversely isotropic body in which the axis of circular symmetry is normal to the free surface, supposed plane; in such waves the diminution of amplitude with depth is different from that in an isotropic body, so that the amplitudes of the surface waves generated by a source at a given depth will be different from what they would be in an isotropic medium. Love waves can be propagated as in isotropic media.
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  • 91
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 6 (1952), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: It is suggested that the coincidence of the period of rotation of the Earth and a natural period of vibration of the atmosphere is not fortuitous but due to the Earth being driven at a constant rate in synchronism with the vibration. An observation by Kelvin that the gravitational couple on the atmospheric tides accelerates the Earth's rotation is recalled, and the production of mechanical energy to balance the dissipation of the oceanic tides is discussed. The astronomical evidence supporting the current view that the rotation is being steadily retarded is reviewed and found to contain contradictions, and it is claimed that the high value of the angular momentum of the Earth-Moon orbit supports the hypothesis of equilibrium.
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  • 92
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 6 (1952), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Astronomical observations have indicated that variations in the Earth's rotation by several parts per hundred million sometimes occur over periods of one or two decades. These irregularities may be caused by variations in the distribution of matter, or by variable motion relative to the Earth. It is found that processes in the atmosphere and ocean are inadequate to account for all of the observed irregularities, but that their effect is not necessarily negligible. Processes in the crust and mantle could barely do so, but such processes seem highly unlikely for a number of reasons. The irregularities can be accounted for by a variable motion in the core amounting to a fraction of the total motion indicated by the westward drift of the Earth's magnetic field.
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  • 93
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    Geophysical journal international 6 (1952), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: An extensive network of gravimeter stations has been observed by the Geological Survey of Great Britain using a Frost gravimeter. In the course of this survey gravimeter observations were made at recent pendulum stations in York, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Edinburgh and Aberdeen. At these stations the gravimeter determinations gave values for differences in gravity from Pendulum House, Cambridge, which were consistent with the pendulum observations of Browne, Cook, McCarthy and Parasnis (1950). If the value of gravity at Pendulum House, Cambridge, is assumed to be 981.26500 cm/s2 the values at the other stations are found by combining the pendulum and gravimeter observations as:–York, Minster Crypt 981.41474 cm/s2± 0.00011Newcastle, King's College 981.50608 cm/s2± 0.00012Edinburgh, Royal Observatory 981.58014 cm/s2± 0.00013Aberdeen, Marischal College 981.69597 cm/s2± 0.00014From the observations at these pendulum stations an accurate calibration factor was obtained for the Frost gravimeter and this was found to differ significantly from the calibration factor determined from observations in the tower of Westminster Cathedral. Further measurements at Westminster Cathedral showed that the vertical variation in gravity is not linear but is distorted near the base of the tower, probably due to local terrain effects.
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  • 94
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    Geophysical journal international 6 (1952), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Using the Cambridge pendulum apparatus the value of gravity at the National Physical Laboratory has been found to be 69.90 ± 0.16 mgal greater than that at the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton. The result of a measurement with a Worden gravimeter was 70.36 mgal, and other indirect gravimeter measurements are in satisfactory agreement with the pendulum result.
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  • 95
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 5 (1947), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Seismic waves from the Burton-on-Trent explosion of 1944 November 27 were recorded at four British and six continental stations. The five observations of Pn suggest that the times of Pn about distance 8° for a surface focus are 3s.9+.3 shorter than those given in my 1940 table. The anomaly cannot be explained by any permissible reduction of the thicknesses of the upper layers. It seems just possible that it might be explained by an increase of the velocity of Pn at short distances, but further investigation is needed before this explanation can be adopted. Sg was satisfactorily recorded, and it is likely that the low velocity of Sg found in the Oppau explosion was not due to misidentification, but to ordinary errors of observation.The energy of the explosion and that of the ground movement were in about the same ratio as in the Oppau explosion.
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  • 96
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 5 (1947), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: An examination of six near earthquakes in Western and Central Europe indicates that the velocity of P in this region is somewhat higher than in Southern Europe and Japan, the difference in dt/dΔ being about os.5/1°. The agreement found in a previous comparison is attributed to a possibility that P in the Tauern earthquake was read late owing to weakness. Apart from the Tauern earthquake the earthquakes used in previous discussions are consistent with the existence of the difference. The results are consistent with the observations of the Burton-on-Trent explosion provided that the foci were shallow, probably within the sedimentary layer. The direct examination of Pg and Sg at short distances leads to a suggestion of differences of focal depth, but this is contradicted by the comparison of P with Pg and of S with Sg. The chief anomaly outstanding is that the comparison of P with Pg suggests an increase in the allowance for the upper layers for a surface focus, that of S with Sg a decrease; the residuals of S and Sg show discrepancies at several points from the hypothesis that the errors are purely random, but their distribution does not suggest any explanation.
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  • 97
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 6 (1952), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide: The rate of photo-dissociation of CO2 is appreciable only in the region above about 100 km. If local equilibrium prevails the carbon would occur mainly as the monoxide in this region, and as the dioxide below. However, oxidation may proceed so slowly that the life of a CO molecule is long compared with the characteristic time associated with atmospheric mixing effects. In this case the CO resulting from photo-dissociation would not be confined to above the 100 km level, but would extend much lower; its total abundance could scarcely be great enough to produce the observed absorption lines. It is estimated that the various forms of combustion taking place on the Earth would provide the CO content of the atmosphere within perhaps four years or even less. Methane: Dissociation of CH4 in the upper atmosphere is brought about mainly by collision processes. These prevent the existence of appreciable CH4 above the 100 km level and probably keep the concentration low even down to 70 km. The yield to date from oil wells and coal mines appears to be less than the amount of the gas now in the atmosphere. Seepage from fuel beds, and the anaerobic decay of vegetable matter, are the only obvious naturally occurring sources of significance. As far as can be judged at least ten years (and probably much longer) is required for the production of the atmospheric abundance. Nitrous oxide : Information on the necessary rate of formation of N2O is obtained by calculating the photo-dissociation rate. One hypothesis is that soil micro-organisms produce the gas, but it appears that the yield would only be sufficient if N2O were a major end-product of denitrification. Many of the homogeneous gas reactions suggested by earlier workers must be rejected, since there is an inadequate supply of the requisite parent particles. The only acceptable parent particles seem to be those arising directly or indirectly from the photo-dissociation of O2 in the Herzberg continuum. Various reactions involving O, O3 and N2 are discussed. Though they are very slow they might nevertheless give rise to sufficient N2O.
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  • 98
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 5 (1947), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 99
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    Geophysical journal international 6 (1952), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: A definition of height is given in terms of the geopotential that will agree to the second order with the height determined by direct measurement along the vertical where such measurement is possible. The free-air reduction of gravity is carried to the second order so as to permit allowance for terms in eh and h2.
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    Geophysical journal international 5 (1947), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The time for which it is necessary to leave a bore hole in order that the disturbance of temperature due to drilling may have disappeared is discussed.
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