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  • Articles  (3,951)
  • Springer  (3,951)
  • 1950-1954  (2,909)
  • 1945-1949  (1,042)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (3,523)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (428)
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  • Articles  (3,951)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The infestation of some Solanum species and of crossies between Solanum demissum and S. tuberosum by the stem eelworm Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn) Filipjev The reaction to infestation by stem eelworms of tubers and stems of someSolanum species and crossies between someSolanum demissum strains and the potato variety “Frühmölle” was investigated. The tubers were inoculated by putting the eelworms into an incision; the stems by putting them between young parts at the top of young shoots. The infestation after inoculation of tubers of theSolanum species investigated is determined by: 1. the affinity of the stem eelworms for the species or strain; 2. defence reactions of the infested tissue. Defence reactions consist in suberization of the walls of parenchyma cells in the neighbourhood of the infestation and the development of cork and gum layers, forming tissues of different morphological structure in different species or strains. In shoots no defence reactions were found. The results with regard to affinity and defence reactions in different species and strains were: Hosts Affinity Defence reactions Solanum demissum, strain 25 ........ great strong „ „ „ 33 ........ great noue Solanum antipoviezii strain 82 ....... some faily strong „ „ „ 10 ....... little strong Solanum chacoense ............. little strong Aya papa (S. andigenum) .......... some strong Some crossies (S. demissum× „ Frühmölle”) . some none Other crossies ............... great some „Eersteling” ............... great strong Three new hosts of the stem eelworm are recorded: 1. Solanum demissum Lindl. 2. Solanum antipoviczii Buk. 3. Solanum andigenum Juz. etBuk.
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  • 2
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    European journal of plant pathology 51 (1945), S. 91-92 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 3
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    European journal of plant pathology 51 (1945), S. 119-120 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 4
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    European journal of plant pathology 52 (1946), S. 22-25 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 5
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    European journal of plant pathology 52 (1946), S. 32-32 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 6
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    European journal of plant pathology 52 (1946), S. 66-67 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary During four years yellow rust was observed on cocksfoot. Telia did not occur in the field, but in the glasshouse they appeared. In the field only the minority of cocksfoot-plants was susceptible. Hibernation in the field was not observed, the yellow rust could only be stated in summer after May. In several inoculation-experiments it was found, that this origin of yellow rust was not pathogenic for several varieties of wheat, barley and rye. The type of infection was always i and 00-0. According to the experiments of Straib, this type of yellow rust might be identical to physiologie race 36. Otherwise it is a new physiologie race, till now not numbered.
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  • 7
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    European journal of plant pathology 52 (1946), S. 93-95 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 8
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    European journal of plant pathology 52 (1946), S. 97-118 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 9
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    European journal of plant pathology 53 (1947), S. 11-13 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Several field-trials in the Netherlands during the season of 1946 proved the effectiveness of a seed-treatment with D.D.T. to control the onion maggotChortophila antiqua Meig. in onions and leeks. The results obtained with D.D.T. were as good as or perhaps even a little better than those with calomel. After coating the seed with glue, the seed has to be stirred with the insecticide. The dose was 20 g D.D.T. on 100g onionseed, applied as 40 g of a D.D.T.-talc powder containing 50% D.D.T. on 100 g onionseed.
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  • 10
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    European journal of plant pathology 53 (1947), S. 13-16 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The method used for desinfection of the soil with CS2 is described extensively and the advantages and drawbacks of the method are brought forward.
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  • 11
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    European journal of plant pathology 53 (1947), S. 22-24 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 12
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    European journal of plant pathology 53 (1947), S. 57-58 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A survey of the literature in relation to the Chrysanthemum Gall Midge is given. The question is put whether the gall midge, that causes damage to cultivated Chrysanthemum and that so far has not been met with in our country, must be namedDiathronomyia hypogaea Löw.
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  • 13
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    European journal of plant pathology 53 (1947), S. 86-91 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary For the successful cultivation ofHibiscus sabdariffa for fiberproduction in Java a preceding determination is necessary whether either soil or organic manure are contaminated byPhytophthora sabdariffa or not. To this end a method has been elaborated analogous to the method to determined soil contamination byPhytophthora nicotianae. According toGarrett's scheme ofWaksman's classification of soil fungi into soil inhabitants and soil invaders,Phytophthora sabdariffa has to be classified as soil invader. To test the presence of this fungus in soil or in organic manure leaves ofRicinus communis prove to be useful as a detector, since leaves ofHibiscus sabdariffa are too small and too quickly given tot decay. A method is to spread a paste of the soil or of the organic manure on the leaves and to keep these leaves contaminated during 24 hours (spreading method). Afterwards the paste is washed away and the leaves are kept in humid conditions during another 24 hours or 2×24 hours. The number of spots caused by Phytophthora is a measure of soil- or manureinfection (Table I). A more sensitive method is obtained by making a suspension of the soil or of the manure and by streaming this suspension (submersion method) during two hours over Ricinus leaves (Thung, 3). Afterwards the leaves are kept in humid air to give the fungus occasion to form spots (Table 2). Since Ricinus leaves are also susceptible to tobacco- and Ricinus-Phytophthora, these fungi will also be detected by these leaves. Owing to the fact that these fungi are also a parasite ofHibiscus sabdariffa, these method prove to be useful to detect suspected soil or manure regarding the cultivation of this fiberplant.
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  • 14
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    European journal of plant pathology 54 (1948), S. 19-22 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary 93 muskrats have been captured in the south of the Netherlands since 1941. The places where they have been found are given.
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  • 15
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    European journal of plant pathology 54 (1948), S. 146-147 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 16
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    European journal of plant pathology 54 (1948), S. 142-146 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Tobacco black root rot, caused byThielaviopsis basicola (Berk. etBr.) Ferraris has been reported for the first time in the Netherlands. It occurred in tobacco seed beds in the Maas and Waal district, especially in the variety Kentucky Italiana. A part of the literature on this subject is briefly discussed and methods for control are given.
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  • 17
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    European journal of plant pathology 54 (1948), S. 95-108 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
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  • 18
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    European journal of plant pathology 54 (1948), S. 85-90 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary It has been shown in a field experiment that „stipplestreak” — a virus disease of haricot beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) — is carried by the soil. Keeping the infected soil at 100°C. for 30 minutes destroys the virus. Young haricot bean plants may become infected naturally with the „stipplestreak” virus within the first week after sowing the seeds in infected soil. The „stipple-streak” symptoms, however, do not appear until considerably later; for example, in 1947, they did not appear until about six weeks after the seedlings had been transferred (one week after seed sowing) from infected to non-infected soil. According toHubbeling, whose experimental results it was possible to confirm, the properties of the virus in freshly expressed sap are: — thermal inactivation point, between 85° and 90°C; solution end point, between 10−5 and 10−6. The virus resists drying out. The virus causes local necrotic spots — often in the form of concentric rings —on the leaves of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum).
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 20
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    European journal of plant pathology 54 (1948), S. 90-94 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommaire La résistance naturelle deSolanum demissum aux attaques du Doryphore (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) est due, suivantTrouvelot etBusnel, experimentant en général sur L3, à des propriétés toxiques. En cours des expériences, faites en 1947, nous avons pu observer: 1. en accord avecTrouvelot etBusnel, que les L2–L4 alimentées sur une lignée résistante deSolanum demissum, ne mangent que très peu, la période d'alimentation se limitant à±24 heures. 2. que la courbe de mortalité des L4, alimentées exclusivement sur une telle lignée, est la même que celle de larves jeûnant. 3. que les L2–L4, alimentées pendant 24 heures avecSol. demissum et placées ensuite sur des feuilles deSol. tuberosum, ont la même mortalité que celles élevées exclusivement surSol. tuberosum. Ces deux dernières observations ne s'accordent pas avec les résultats deTrouvelot etBusnel, peut-être par suite de differences des stades larvaires expérimentaux mais plûtot par des differences dans les lignées des plantes étudiées. En conclusion, pour déterminer la résistance des lignées deSol. demissum et leurs hybrides, la surface foliaire mangée par les larves semble une mesure plus importante que la mortalité, cette dernière dans nos expériences étant affectée plus par sous-alimentation que par une action toxique.
    Notes: Samenvatting De „resistentie” van sommige „stammen” vanSolanum demissum tegen de Coloradokever wordt door Franse onderzoekers uitsluitend toegeschreven aan toxische eigenschappen. Onze bevindingen zijn hiermee niet in overeenstemming. 1. Larven, die met loof van een „resistente”demissum-stam werden gevoederd, tasten het blad uiterst weinig aan, en wel gedurende ±24 uur. Zij gaan even snel te gronde als zulke, die in het geheel geen voedsel hebben ontvangen. 2. Worden larven op loof van een „resistente” stam vanSol. demissum geplaatst tot zij deze niet verder aantasten (d.w.z. ongeveer 24 uur) en vervolgens op loof vanSol. tuberosum overgezet, dan is de mortaliteit even gering als bij voedering met uitsluitendSol. tuberosum. Hieruit menen wij te mogen concluderen dat de larven, die als voedsel uitsluitend een „resistente” stam vanSol. demissum ontvangen, te gronde gaan door uithongering, door dat ze deze soort niet als voedselgewas accepteren, en dat eventuele giftige eigenschappen een ondergeschikte rol spelen. Onderzocht wordt echter nog in hoeverre het gebruik van verschillend materiaal (zowel wat het larvestadium als de „stammen” vanSolanum demissum betreft) oorzaak kan zijn van de verschillen tussen onze resultaten en die van de Franse onderzoekers.
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  • 21
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    European journal of plant pathology 54 (1948), S. 176-176 
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  • 22
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    European journal of plant pathology 55 (1949), S. 96-96 
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  • 23
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    European journal of plant pathology 55 (1949), S. 112-113 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
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  • 24
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    European journal of plant pathology 55 (1949), S. 221-228 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary During the westmonsoon 1947–1948 the sorghumvarieties Malang en nr 245 were found to be heavily attacked at Buitenzorg byColletotrichum falcatum Went (Fig. 1 and 2). The fungus causes a red rot in culms and stalks and produces lesions with numerous fruiting bodies on the surface of these parts (Fig. 3). The diseased stalk frequently breaks just above the leafsheath or in the culm. The red rot in the stalk can extend from the culm to the fourth internode below the culm; the lower stalk infections originate from the tunnels of boring insects. The grains of the var. Malang, ordinarily yellow, became blotched and red-speckled. The fungi present on the seeds of five sorghum-varieties were determined (Tab. 1), to obtain an impression of the relative importance ofColletotrichum in this respect. Seedlings from heavily infected seeds developed root rot, but this symptom was never observed in older plants. On the midribs of the leaves the fungus causes spots, which extend over almost their entire length. The lesions on the leaves, mostly some mm in length, are greyish in the centre, with a red margin (Fig. 4) They have problably little effect on the growht of the plant. By pouring a spore suspension in the leafsheath the leaves and culms were inoculated succesfully; the stalks, however, could only be inoculated through wounds. During the eastmonsoon the attack was less severe, but did not disappear. Seed disinfection did not have results. The marked susceptibility of the varieties Malang and no 245 to bothColletotrichum andHelminthosporium is of importance for the further breeding program for sorghum of the General Agricultural Experiment Station at Buitenzorg; outbreaks of these diseases may particularly be expected in humid areas or in the rainy season in dry areas.
    Notes: Bestrijding Daar de schimmel op het zaad voorkomt, is onderzocht of door behandeling met kwikpreparaten ziektevrij zaad verkregen kan worden. Hiertoe werd ontsmet zaad zowel in petrischalen als in gesteriliseerde grond uitgelegd. Zelfs na tweeurige behandeling met 0.1% sublimaat, waardoor een gedeelte van het zaad gedood werd, trad in de kiembakken nog sterfte doorColletotrichum op. De oorzaak hiervan is, dat het mycelium in het zaad door de ontsmettingsmiddelen niet gedood wordt. Ook een proef, die in het veld werd genomen met ontsmet en niet ontsmet zaad van het ras Malang leverde geen succes op. DaarLeukel e.a. (5) bovendien constateerden, datColletotrichum zowel in de grond als op rottende plantenresten op het veld achterblijft, raden zij voor sorghum aan om ter bestrijding van de schimmel resistente rassen te kweken.Abbott (1) kwam tot hetzelfde advies met betrekking tot suikerriet. Het zal dus gewenst zijn bij verdere selectie-werk van het Algemeen Proefstation voor de Landbouw met de bijzondere gevoeligheid van de twee rassen Malang en no 245 voorColletotrichum enHelminthosporium rekening te houden. Men kan verwachten, dat deze rassen vooral in vochtige streken en in de Westmoesson in drogere streken door genoemde ziekten zullen worden aangetast.
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  • 25
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    European journal of plant pathology 55 (1949), S. 262-271 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Since 1928 we have found sporadic outbreaks of a new disease in tulips that only in one case seemed to be of economic importance. At first a parasite could not be found till the descriptions of tobacco-necrosis virusdiseases lead us to the cause of the disease. During the war the culture of potatoes and tobacco in the bulb district increased and also the complaints about the disease became more frequent than before. Since the last years, however, possibly by the stopping of the tobacco-culture and by less use of the potatoes as a rotation crop, the frequency of the complaints has been considerably decreased. In Holland the disease got the name: Augusta-ziek, by the fact that the first great outbreak of this disease concerned a stock of E.V.T. Augusta.
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  • 26
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    European journal of plant pathology 55 (1949), S. 312-314 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary During the years 1947/'49 the susceptibility of 37 species and varieties of crabapples was registered. The results are summarised in the table above and compared with those, mentioned in a previous article in this periodical by DrD. Mulder (55: 4, 1949).
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  • 27
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    European journal of plant pathology 56 (1950), S. 89-90 
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  • 28
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    European journal of plant pathology 56 (1950), S. 98-100 
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  • 29
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    European journal of plant pathology 56 (1950), S. 173-252 
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    Notes: Conclusion Many insecticides could be used with good success against scale insects. The selection depends largely on the species of the scale insect and the stage of development is of great importance. A 4% oil winter spray applied as late as possible is a good control againstChionaspis salicis L. If a properly timed spray programme (mineral oil + DNOC; lime sulfur) is followed in Holland there is no reason to be afraid of a seriousAspidiotus perniciosus attack on fruit trees.
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  • 30
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    European journal of plant pathology 56 (1950), S. 1-88 
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  • 31
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    European journal of plant pathology 56 (1950), S. 91-95 
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    Notes: Summary In the winter of 1948–'49 some observations were made on the winter-moth,Cheimatobia brumata. the main flight occurred about the middle of November; after the 30th of December no female moths were seen on the grease bands. „Schone van Boskoop” was more infested than „Groninger Kroon” and „Brabantse Bellefleur”. The female moths prefer the south side of the stam; to a small extent they passed the grease bands. In misty weather, the moths are also active in the daytime.
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  • 32
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    European journal of plant pathology 56 (1950), S. 149-160 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
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    Notes: Summary For some years this injurious gall-mite, a pest also in England and America, has caused damage to the blackberries in the Bommelerwaard (Netherlands). The infestation developed in a few years from a harmless to a serious one. It appeared that control measures, based on American and English directions, gave no results in Holland. From our investgations it became evident that this will probably be due to the more hidden way of life of the mite here in Holland in winter. On account of this a modification of the control measures so far in use is proposed. Experiments proved that wettable sulphur, lime sulphur and mineral oil gave good results as to the control of the pest, while hexaaethyl-tetraphosphate (H.E.T.P.), parathion and Azobenzene (spray) proved to be of no value.
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    European journal of plant pathology 56 (1950), S. 171-172 
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  • 34
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    European journal of plant pathology 56 (1950), S. 262-264 
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  • 35
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    European journal of plant pathology 56 (1950), S. 286-287 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary As in America in Holland a survey has been conducted by ballot among Netherlands virologists to determine their preferences for the different systems of plant virus nomenclature. Ballots were sent to 22 persons and 18 answers were received. Fourteen virologists prefer the numbering system, 2 persons the binomial system and 2 others have no preference. In accord with the Committee on Nomenclature and Classification on Plant Viruses of the American Phytopathological Society the undersigned persons do not favour further discussion on the choice of one of the systems by the International Botanical congress at Stockholm, but prefer that free choice should be left open for the present.
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  • 36
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    European journal of plant pathology 56 (1950), S. 352-352 
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    European journal of plant pathology 58 (1952), S. 87-88 
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    European journal of plant pathology 58 (1952), S. 89-96 
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    European journal of plant pathology 58 (1952), S. 103-108 
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    Notes: Summary When large numbers of rye seedlings were grown in boxes of soil and inoculated with stem eelworms by means of a flat needle, to test their susceptibility to eelworm attack, the method proved unsatisfactory. Better results were achieved by a method described in the foregoing article in which rye seedlings were grown on thick filter paper pads; the grains being inserted into slits cut in the pad by means of a chisel (fig. 1). Each pad is covered with some sheets of thin filter paper on the side where the seedlings appear and the whole is dipped in Knopp's plant culture solution made up in 0.05 per cent. Aretan as a protection against the growth of bacteria and fungi. It is then put into an aluminium holder and placed vertically in a box with other pads which are watered daily or every second day. A trace of ferric chloride (FeCl3) is added to the water in order to prevent chlorosis of the seedlings which otherwise become evident about two weeks after planting. By numbering the pads and the slits in each, data can be obtained concerning each individual plant without risk of confusion (fig. 5). Infested rye, oats and mangolds served as a source of supply of stem eelworms; rye plants collected in the field in May and June contained large numbers of the infective, fourth stage larvae. Since a suspension of eelworms in water was found to clog the needle, suspensions of infective larvae in a solution of carboxymethylcellulose were made and this was inoculated into seedlings by means of a syringe using a No. 18 hypodermic needle (fig. 3,4). Seedlings are inoculated when they are about 2 cm long; smaller ones are damaged too much and this obscures symptoms or causes resistant plants to appear as though attacked. Low temperatures (10–15°C) prove favourable for the manifestation of symptoms.
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    European journal of plant pathology 58 (1952), S. 251-252 
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    European journal of plant pathology 58 (1952), S. 260-266 
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    Notes: Abstract This article discusses the characteristics on which a natural system of classification of thePyrenomycetes must be based and then considers the familyVenturiaceae, giving a key to the genera. The nomenclature and the synonymy of the genera and their type-species are briefly discussed.
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    European journal of plant pathology 58 (1952), S. 255-259 
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    Notes: Summary To study further the effect of heat treatments on „stunt” disease (1), small pieces of roots bearing shoots, taken from stunt diseased raspberry plants, were treated in different ways with high temperatures in January 1952. They were afterwards planted in sand in the greenhouse, and were transplanted to the field when the plants had developed sufficiently. As typical symptoms of the disease are slow to appear, observations were made during the whole summer, and for the last time on 3 October 1952. In the first series the diseased shoots were kept in petri dishes, covered inside with moist filter paper, in an incubator at 46°C for periods of 1, 1 1/4, 1 1/2, 1 3/4, 2, 2 1/4, 2 1/2, 2 3/4, 3 and 3 1/4 hours. The results are summarized in Table 1. It is evident that heat treatment for about 2 3/4 hours or less stimulated the growth of the shoots as compared with the control shoots. A longer treatment proved to be harmful. Shoots treated 1 3/4 hours or longer produced in most cases plants which were still healthy on 3 October 1952. Irregularities in the results are perhaps attributable to poor circulation of air in the dishes, with the result that the expected temperature was not reached or was reached for too short a time only. In the second series the diseased shoots were immersed in water at 45°C for periods of 1, 1 1/4, 1 1/2, 1 3/4, 2, 2 1/4, 2 1/2, 2 3/4 and 3 hours (Table 2). Growth of these shoots was less than the growth of those in the first series treated for 2 3/4 hours or less, but all plants which survived still appeared healthy on 3 October 1952. Shoots which had been immersed for periods of 5 to 60 minutes in water at 50°C showed similar results (Table 3). All surviving shoots produced plants that were still free from symptoms on 3 October 1952. From our experience that heat treatment of raspberry shoots leads to a curing of the disease (1), it may be concluded that the symptomless plants developed from shoots treated in these experiments are really healthy.
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 1-8 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Though bulbs are not grown in soil infested withH. rostochiensis in the Netherlands, a method has been developed which gives complete destruction of adhering cysts of this eelworm, without damaging the bulbs. Some organic mercury compounds, which are regularly used as dips in controlling fungus diseases of bulbs, proved to be effective againstH. rostochiensis also. With Aaventa a complete kill ofH. rostochiensis was obtained using 1/4% for 6 hours, 1/2% for 3 hours and 1% for 1 hour (tables 1 and 2). These lethal doses did not affect the germinative and productive power of the tested bulbs, viz., 2 varieties of daffodil, 4 of hyacinth, 1 of iris, 1 of crocus, 3 of tulip and 2 of gladiolus. The only exception was the tulip variety Red Emperor (table 3f), which is an exceptionally susceptible variety in several respects. A comparison of Aaventa with the more common commercial bulb dips proved that Aabulba was also useful and even better than Aaventa (tables 6a-d). From former experience we conclude, that Aabulba is also, not phytocidal to bulbs in doses completely lethal toH. rostochiensis.
    Notes: Samenvatting Hoewel op metH. rostochiensis besmette grond in Nederland geen bloembollen verbouwd worden, is een ontsmettingsmethode ontwikkeld waarbij aanhangende cysten van dit aaltje worden gedood zonder de bollen te schaden. Enkele organische kwikverbindingen, die geregeld worden gebruikt als bloembolontsmetters ter bestrijding van schimmelziekten, bleken ook goed werkzaam tegenH. rostochiensis. Bij Aaventa bleek dompeling in 1/4% gedurende 6 uur, 1/2% gedurende 3 uur en 1% gedurende 1 uur juist afdoende (tabellen 1 en 2). Deze voorH. rostochiensis dodelijke concentraties bleken zonder bezwaar verdragen te worden door alle onderzochte soorten bloembollen, namelijk 2 variëteiten narcis, 4 variëteiten hyacinth, 1 variëteit iris, 1 variëteit crocus, 3 variëteiten tulp en 2 variëteiten gladiool. De enige uitzondering was de tulpenvariëteit Red Emperor (tabel 3f), die echter ook in andere opzichten sterk afwijkt van het normale tulpensortiment. Bij vergelijking van Aaventa met de gebruikelijke bloembolontsmetters bleek Aabulba eveneens goed bruikbaar en zelfs beter dan Aaventa (tabellen 6a-d). Op grond van vroegere ervaringen wordt aangenomen, dat ook Aabulba niet phytocide is bij de voorH. rostochiensis dodelijke doses.
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 62-71 
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 76-76 
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 76-76 
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 77-81 
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    Notes: Summary This part of the survey of economic important gall midges in the Netherlands deals with the species injurious to vegetable crops. Two genera with three species are recorded vizContarinia pisi Winn. (pea),Contarinia nasturtii Kffr (cabbages), andGephyraulus raphanistri Kffr (cabbages). Descriptions of the galls are given and the characteristics of the genera are mentioned in the part in which the gall midges injurious to fruit-crops are inserted. The Swede Midge (Contarinia nasturtii Kffr) is responsible for damage and losses on cabbages, and the Pea Midge (Contarinia pisi Winn.) causes damage on peas; the flower bud galls ofGephyraulus raphanistri Kffr are very similar to those ofContarinia nasturtii; the morphology of the adults does not differ much from Dasyneura species. It has been recorded byde Meyere for the Netherlands but little detailed information of the biology is available. The biology of the Swede Midge was studied byLeefmans in 1936–1939 and by MissB. M. Stokes in 1952 (see p. 82). Some notes on the biology, the distribution and the food plants are given, followed by references to important literature on the biology and the control.Dr S. Leefmans, Dr W. J. Maan, Dr C. J. H. Franssen and MissBarbara Stokes provided me with information and material ofC. nasturtii andC. pisi for my collection.
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 101-103 
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    Notes: Summary A fungal parasite of the cyst contents ofHeterodera rostochiensis was frequently found in Holland on sandy soil. The attacked cysts show black spots which consist of the pycnidia of the fungus. The pycnidia mainly occur inside the cysts against the wall. They have oblong, hyphal appendages. The genus is unknown but it seems to be placed close by eitherPhoma orPyrenochaeta. A description of the fungus will appear elsewhere. Hatching tests with both black-spot and spotles cysts showed that fewer larvae hatch from the spotted cysts (Table 1). Infection of cysts with the fungus succeeded easily in agar tubes. The fungus was seen inside the cysts, entwining and mummifying the eggs. It could be re-isolated from the formerly infected cysts. The vitality of the cysts was investigated also by usingHomeyer's Acridin Orange test. Details of this method will be published later on.
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 137-142 
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 143-148 
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    Notes: Summary On account of recent records ofDitylenchus radicicola (Greeff, 1872)Filipjev, 1936 in Dutch meadows, a study was made of its biology. Literature data were summarized. The eelworm attacks the roots of Gramineae and causes spiralshaped galls, which may contain up to 60 adults and some thousands of eggs and larvae each. Young larvae may actively hatch in water from whole, undecayed galls at temperatures around 17°C (Graph. 1). Root exudate of host plants did not stimulate the hatching process. The first larval stage is infective and may penetrate young root tips and also young galls (Fig. 1); it can withstand 2 month desiccation and also desinfection in a solution of an organic mercury compound. The host plant influences the number and size of the root galls (Graph. 2). Fig. 2 shows the anatomy of a young gall. The parasite is only found in grasses in this country and damage has not yet been found. Rye, wheat, barley and oats proved to be susceptible in inoculation trials; 17 plant species have been mentioned as natural hosts in different countries now and 3 are only found susceptible in inoculation trials.
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 154-159 
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 169-169 
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 192-194 
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 188-191 
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 195-197 
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 200-200 
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 201-204 
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    Notes: Summary Observations on the biology ofLimnaecia phragmitella Stt. (fam. Momphidae, Lepid.) — made in the Netherlands — are mentioned. The species was previously considered as being rare but now is known to be numerous in a few areas. The caterpillars live in the heads of Typha where they feed on the seeds and later on the core. They hibernate when halfgrown, develop further in the spring and early summer and pupate in June; the moths appear during July. The species has a worldwide distribution: England, Central and Southern Europe, Northern Africa, Australia, New Zealand and the United States of America. In the latter country it was studied byP. W. Claassen together with a number of other Typha-insects occurring in the U.S.A. (Cornell Un. Memoir 47, Oct. 1921). The present author has found an hemipteron,Chilacis typhae Perris (Lygaeidae), in Typha heads occurring together with the caterpillars ofLimnaecia. This insect has also been reported in the literature as being rare in the Netherlands. It is suspected of living on the caterpillars but this has not been shown.
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 207-216 
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    Notes: Summary and conclusions 1. In the Netherlands already seven differentParatylenchus strains resp. species have been found, but probably none of them is identical with the originalP. macrophallus (de Man, 1880). One remarkable strain is described asP. goodeyi n. sp.; the other are provisionally headed under known species. 2. Spear length proved to be a useful specific character in addition to shape of head and tail in all strains encountered so far in this country. The presence of ♂♂ and the presence of a spear in ♂♂ also varied consistently between strains. α and β may show great variation when maturing ♀♀ swell considerably, as inP. goodeyi. Lateral vulva membranes, as indicated byThorne & Allen (1950), were always present with the ♀♀ and a thick, anal sheath with dorsal extension with the ♂♂ and a thick, anal sheath with dorsal extension with the ♂♂, so that these characters may be generic. The same was true for the presence of lip annules and of a lateral field with 4 lines. 3. Goodey's redescription ofP. macrophallus in 1934 is probably based on a mixture of species. A similar mixture is met with in the Netherlands and analysed in this paper. 4. Some described species ofParatylenchus may be synonyms of others, but in the case ofP. macrophallus the present synonymy has probably gone too far. The genus evidently needs an over all revision, including the description of several commonly occurring new species.
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    European journal of plant pathology 60 (1954), S. 251-252 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Auf der mehrjärigen ZierpflanzeAchillea ptarmica L. var.multiplex Heim “Perry's White” wurde in einigen Gärtnereien eine durch den AscomycetenSchizothyrioma ptarmicae (DC.) v.Höhn. verursachte Krankheit beobachtet. Der Pilz befällt die Stengel (Fig. 1), Blätter und Blüten (Fig. 2), wo zwischen Kutikula und Epidermis die bereits auf der lebenden Pflanze reifenden Ascusfrüchte (Fig. 3) angelegt werden. Die befallenen Pflanzen sterben nicht ab, bleiben aber in ihrem Wachstum zurück und werden unansehnlich. Verschleppung erfolgt wahrscheinlich durch Saatbefall. Der Pilz war bisher nur auf der wild wachsenden Form vonAchillea ptarmica bekannt.
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    European journal of plant pathology 60 (1954), S. 265-266 
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    Notes: Summary Cucumber seedlings were infected with a virus from sour cherry by rubbing the cotyledons with sap from young sour cherry leaves, showing shock effect symptoms of a virus infection (probably necrotic ringspot). The symptoms on cucumber consisted of necrosis of vegetation point, yellow spots in the leaves and rosette formation, thus showing the resemblance of this infection to the oneMoore, Boyle andKeitt effected in cucumber by using a mixture of necrotic ringspot and yellows virus.
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    European journal of plant pathology 60 (1954), S. 82-82 
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    European journal of plant pathology 60 (1954), S. 93-108 
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    European journal of plant pathology 60 (1954), S. 109-127 
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    European journal of plant pathology 60 (1954), S. 139-145 
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    European journal of plant pathology 60 (1954), S. 152-156 
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    European journal of plant pathology 60 (1954), S. 203-204 
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    European journal of plant pathology 60 (1954), S. 199-202 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A concentration of organic mercury (Aaventa) strong enough to kill the larvae in the cysts ofH. rostochiensis also damaged or killed the lily- of the-valley pips. The cysts can be killed by immersing them, together with the pips, in low concentrations of nematicides and then placing them for several months, in a freeze chamber. However, a treatment of the pips with low concentrations of nematicides followed by storage at low temperatures, useful in controlling the cysts, severely damaged the pips (Tables 2 and 3).
    Notes: Conclusies Bij de concentratie van organisch kwik (Aaventa), waarbij de larven vanHeterodera rostochiensis niet meer uit de cysten worden gelokt en dus dood zijn, wredenConvallaria-kiemen zeer ernstig beschadigd of gedood, zodat het middel niet bruikbaar is. Het is mogelijk eieren en larven in de cysten te doden door ze in bevroren toestand gedurende lange tijd in contact te houden met lage concentraties nematicide stoffen. De nematiciden blijken evenwel bij de voor de bestrijding bruikbare, lage concentraties onder het vriespunt deConvallaria-kiemen zwaar te beschadigen.
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    European journal of plant pathology 60 (1954), S. 205-220 
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    European journal of plant pathology 60 (1954), S. 221-227 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The nomenclature ofSclerospora maydis (Rac.) Butler is discussed. The susceptible period of the host and the time of incubation of this fungus (graphs 1 and 2) were determined. Since 1947 a species ofSclerospora has caused considerable damage on maize in North Celebes. It is stated to beSclerospora philippinensis Weston. The differences between this fungus andSclerospora sacchari T. Miyake are very slight. AsSclerospora sacchari is still unknown in Indonesia, it is very important for the culture of sugarcane on Java to investigate by means of inoculation trials, ifSclerospora philippinensis can attack sugarcane. Sclerospora northii Weston has been found onErianthus spec. on the isle of Sumba; it is the only knownSclerospora species in Indonesia which forms oögonia.
    Notes: Samenvatting De gevoelige periode van de maisplant voor infectie doorSclerospora maydis (Rac.) Butler werd bepaald, alsmede de incubatietijd (grafieken 1 en 2). Behalve deze soort komt sinds 1947 op Noord CelebesSclerospora philippinensis Weston voor, die daar aanzienlijke schade aan mais toebrengt. De verschillen van deze schimmel metSclerospora sacchari zijn slechts gering en een nader onderzoek dienaangaande is dan ook zeer gewenst. De eerste oögoniën-vorm vanSclerospora in Indonesië werd gevonden en wel vanSclerospora northii Weston op eenErianthus spec. op het eiland Soemba.
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    European journal of plant pathology 60 (1954), S. 230-239 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Field observations were made on the flight activity of the cabbage seedpod weevil,Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis Payk. at various temperatures and wind speeds. 1. Population counts made in colza fields by sweeping a net showed the invasion periods. 2. The daily flight activity was registered with a yellow Moericke trap. 3. The flights were registered with a yellow sticky trap. These three methods gave similar results. A high temperature (over 15°C) and a low wind speed (2 degrees Beaufort or less) are most favourable for weevil flights. A high temperature may reduce the detrimental effect of a higher wind speed while low wind speeds reduce the detrimental effect of low temperatures. The highest flight activity was observed at temperatures between 20–25°C and a wind speed of 2 degrees Beaufort or less.
    Notes: Samenvatting Het is bij de bestrijding van de koolzaadsnuitkever van belang een inzicht te hebben in de weersomstandigheden, welke gunstig zijn voor het vliegen van de koolzaadsnuitkever. Drie methoden van onderzoek werden toegepast. Met de netvangmethode werden populatietellingen in koolzaadvelden gedaan. Uit de populatiestijging in het voorjaar kon worden vastgesteld, dat de invasies van het koolzaadveld plaats vinden bij temperaturen boven ongeveer 15°C en bij windsterkten van 2 Beaufort of zwakker. Met de gele vangbak werden door dagelijkse waarnemingen kevervluchten geregistreerd. Door de dagen, wat temperatuur en windsterkte betreft, te karakteriseren door hun maximum temperatuur en hun minimum windsterkte werd een indruk verkregen over de vliegactiviteiten van de kevers bij verschillende temperaturen en windsterkten. Hoge temperaturen en zwakke wind blijken gunstig te zijn voor het vliegen. De hoge temperatuur kan gedeeltelijk het nadelig effect van sterkere wind te niet doen en zwakkere wind kan het nadeel van lagere temperaturen gedeeltelijk opheffen. Grote vluchten treden echter vooral op bij temperaturen van 20–25°C en windsterkten van 2 Beaufort of zwakker. Met de gele vangpaal werden eveneens waarnemingen gedaan, waarvan de resultaten niet afweken van die van de vangbak.
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    European journal of plant pathology 60 (1954), S. 256-258 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In Holland the haulm of seed potatoes of many varieties is removed in time to prevent virus infection by aphids. In the last few years pulling the haulm by hand has been partly replaced by killing the haulm with chemicals. The relative effect of these two methods upon the number of tubers subsequently diseased byPhytophthora infestans has been studied in a field experiment. In the plots where the haulm was pulled by hand, twice as many diseased tubers occurred, as in the plots where it was killed with sodiumarsenite.
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    European journal of plant pathology 60 (1954), S. 259-260 
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    Notes: Summary Pink discoloration, observed by growers in Holland and England in peas and beans (Phaseolus), is caused byBacterium rubefaciens. Presumably the infection of the seeds had taken place during unfavourable weather at harvest-time. The bacterium can not be considered as a plant pathogen. The pink colour is soluble in water.
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    European journal of plant pathology 60 (1954), S. 267-272 
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    Notes: Summary The results of the first test indicate that the cauliflower mosaic virus belongs to the non-persistent viruses as defined byWatson enRoberts (1939). The results of the second test, and the new definition of non-persistent viruses byWatson (1946) would, however, place cauliflower-mosaic in the persistent viruses. WithMyzus persicae very short infection feeding times probably will result in a response to the period of preliminary fasting but withBrevicoryne brassicae this can not be expected. Therefore the definition ofWatson (1946) is in my opinion not an improvement of the definition ofWatson enRoberts (1939). The response of the vectors to preliminary fasting time, with regard to the non-persistent viruses, is not constant and needs further research. From the results of the second test it is also evident that long infection feeding times do not always result in a deminishing of the efficiency of the vector; in certain cases they result in an increase in efficiency. The results of the third trial make it evident that the virus protein is inactivated rapidly byMyzus persicae during a post infection fasting period. WithBrevicoryne brassicae this inactivation is very slow. It may be that we have here a case of adaption of the cabbage aphid to the. cauliflower mosaic virus.
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    European journal of plant pathology 57 (1951), S. 15-32 
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    European journal of plant pathology 57 (1951), S. 52-64 
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    European journal of plant pathology 57 (1951), S. 72-74 
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    European journal of plant pathology 57 (1951), S. 1-15 
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    European journal of plant pathology 51 (1945), S. 1-16 
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    European journal of plant pathology 51 (1945), S. 26-27 
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    European journal of plant pathology 51 (1945), S. 53-53 
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    European journal of plant pathology 52 (1946), S. 123-124 
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    European journal of plant pathology 52 (1946), S. 157-160 
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    European journal of plant pathology 52 (1946), S. 165-172 
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    European journal of plant pathology 53 (1947), S. 3-10 
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    Notes: Summary The Pyrethrum flowers cultivated in the Netherlands and made to dusts are according to the chemical and biological investigations equal in content and activity of pyrethrine to the foreign products. A sudden, rather quick disintegration of this powder was observed but the foreign product can also have this property according to the results obtained with the powder No 162.
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    European journal of plant pathology 53 (1947), S. 18-21 
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    European journal of plant pathology 53 (1947), S. 21-22 
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    European journal of plant pathology 53 (1947), S. 16-18 
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    Notes: Summary In the Wieringermeerpolder reclaimed about 1930, some cases of severe damage caused by the Oats Nematode (Heterodera avenae Filipjev) have been observed since 1943. In one of the cases mentioned (I) 8×cereals have been grown in 13 years, viz. 3×oats, 3×wheat, 1×barley and 1×rye. In another case (II) 8×cereals occurred in 12 years, viz. 3×oats, 3×wheat and 2×barley. It is obvious that this crop rotation promotes the occurrence of the Oats Nematode. A crop rotation with less cereals is recommended.
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    European journal of plant pathology 53 (1947), S. 43-48 
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    European journal of plant pathology 53 (1947), S. 55-55 
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    European journal of plant pathology 54 (1948), S. 1-13 
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    European journal of plant pathology 54 (1948), S. 13-15 
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    Notes: Summary In potato plants of the variety „Eigenheimer”, which during several years had showed the symptoms of a strong strain of the A-virus, plants were found with the symptoms of a weak strain. The offspring of these plants in the following generations sometimes showed the symptoms of the strong strain and sometimes the symptoms of the weak strain.
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    European journal of plant pathology 53 (1947), S. 118-120 
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    European journal of plant pathology 53 (1947), S. 120-120 
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    European journal of plant pathology 54 (1948), S. 15-19 
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    Notes: Summary Symptoms: The petioles loose their turgescense and become white (picture 1). Part of the middle vein with adjacent parenchyma and the stem may be likewise damaged. In this case the whole plant wilts (picture 2). Exteriorly hardly damaged plants may show ruptures of the tissues Later on the leaves may be distorted when the epidermis at the underside of the leaf, being torn from the parenchyma, stops growing (pictures 3 and 4). The damage is found to be most serious in light and dry soil and of plants which are insufficiently hardened off.
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    European journal of plant pathology 55 (1949), S. 92-95 
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    European journal of plant pathology 55 (1949), S. 97-98 
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    European journal of plant pathology 53 (1947), S. 143-144 
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    European journal of plant pathology 53 (1947), S. 145-180 
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    European journal of plant pathology 53 (1947), S. 121-133 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary For a number of soil-organisms, injurious to plant-growth, the process of dying-off was examined at different temperatures (see curves 1–5). The relation between the period of heating (x) and the death-temperature (y) is expressed reasonably well in a curve of the general form: (y−a)√x=b. In sterilizing the soil by steaming it is desirable to keep the ground covered, also after the treatment, for about three hours. At the following temperatures a thorough killing-off is obtained: Fusarium 70°C;Sclerotinia andVerticillium (from cucumber) 60°C;Heterodera 55°C;Verticillium (from tomato) andAgriotes (wireworms) 50°C. Tomatoseed may be rendered sterile against Verticillium by submerging it it water of 45–50°C for half an hour. By this treatment the germinative power is not harmed in the least.
    Notes: Samenvatting Van een aantal voor de plantengroei schadelijke bodemorganismen werd het verloop van de afsterving bij verschillende temperaturen nagegaan (zie grafieken 1–5). Het verband tussen de duur van verhitting (x) en de afstervingstemperatuur (y) wordt goed weergegeven door een curve van de algemene gedaante (y−a)√x=b. Bij een grondontsmetting door stomen is het gewenst de grond ook na de behandeling ongeveer 3 uur afgedekt te houden. Bij de volgende temperaturen wordt een afdoende doding verkregen: Fusarium 70°C;Sclerotinia enVerticillium (komkommerstam) 60°C;Heterodera marioni 55° C;Verticillium (tomatenstam) enAgriotes (ritnaalden) 50°C. Tomatenzaad kan ontsmet worden tegenVerticillium door het een half uur onder te dompelen in water van 45–50°C. De kiemkracht van het zaad wordt hierdoor niet in het minst geschaad.
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