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  • Articles  (30,851)
  • 1960-1964  (24,033)
  • 1945-1949  (6,818)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (19,028)
  • Political Science  (4,986)
  • Education  (3,760)
  • Sociology  (3,714)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • Articles  (30,851)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 3 (1961), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Book reviews in this article:THE CHESA PHOTOGRAMMETRIC EXPERIMENT (Technical Publication
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The author describes conventional methods of highway planning and explains at what points modern methods, involving photogrammetric and electronic computation techniques, can be applied with advantage. Detailed accounts are given of the photogrammetric measurement of cross-sections and of programmes for the computation of masses.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A Leica camera on an indexing head was used to obtain photographic panoramas from three stations on a mountaineering expedition to Lahul in 1958. The field calibration of the camera presented some problems and various methods of calculating the focal length were investigated; a more convenient form of the Hotine method was derived. A map of the area at a scale of 1:50,000 was plotted from the photographs. The authors conclude that a good 35-mm. camera has some advantages over a plane table for exploration mapping.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper discusses the principal changes made to the Thompson- Watts plotter Model 1 as a result of experience gained with that instrument under test and in production. Some test results with the new instrument, Model 2, are given at the end of the paper. The opportunity is also taken to describe the variable magnification system of the instrument, not changed from Model 1.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1963), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1963), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1962), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1962), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper is divided into two parts: the first discusses the practical navigation techniques evolved for air survey, and the second deals with the associated techniques of ground plotting and flight-line recovery. Both parts of the paper have a geophysical bias since it is in this field that most experience has been gained, but the basic principles apply equally to photographic survey.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Calculated precision turns can be valuable as an aid to visual navigation at all scales and under all conditions of air survey navigation. The turns can be performed either at a given rate of turn or at a given angle of bank, and a slide rule has been developed at the International Training Centre for Aerial Survey, Delft, on which the necessary calculations for either case can be performed quickly and easily. The accuracy of location aimed at is such that the threshold of the new run presents an angle-off of not more than 3° on the completion of the turn. Examples show that this can be achieved in normal practice.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Recent developments in stereoscopy are reviewed, and their relevance to photogrammetry discussed.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: ELEMENTARY PHOTOGRAMMETRY. By D. R. Crone. INTERNATIONAL YEARBOOK OF CARTOGRAPHY (Vol. III, 1963). Editor, Eduard Imhof.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1963), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The author describes the responsibilities of the forester both for the production of timber and the preservation of natural resources, and shows how aerial photographs can assist in supplying the information required for organising the management of forest areas. On limited experience with infrared and colour films, the author compares them with panchromatic film for aerial photography of forest country; he considers that in most cases good definition is the most desirable quality in such photographs, although special contrast effects may be useful for particular purposes.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1963), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1963), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A brief description is given of the history of the stereocomparator, followed by a comparison of the major features of five modern instruments: the Wild STK 1, Nistri TA 3 and TA 3/A, S.O.M., Zeiss PSK 1 and Hilger and Watts stereocomparators. Special attention is paid to the production model of the Hilger and Watts stereocomparator, which differs in several important respects from the prototype.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1963), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Three unrelated matters are discussed. Firstly, the recent rapid advances in the application of precision engineering, electronics and digital computers to photogrammetric surveying operations are shown to be likely to result in a change of emphasis; from the need for great skill in making each particular map, to the need for even greater skill in making machines which, once made, will make many maps, largely automatically. This in turn is likely to have far-reaching effects on the type and training of persons employed in the profession. Secondly, an example is quoted which suggests that the value of photogrammetric methods, as an aid to the work of professions other than land surveying, is not sufficiently recognised by the teaching faculties of some of our universities. Ways and means of improving the situation are considered. Thirdly, after a brief historical survey of the birth and growth of the Photogrammetric Record, arguments for and against some possible changes in editorial policy are stated and certain conclusions reached.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1963), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Book reviews in this article:GEODESY. By Brigadier G. Bomford.INTERNATIONAL YEAR BOOK OF CARTOGRAPHY (Vol. II, 1962). Editor, Eduard Imhof.MODERN COMPUTING METHODS. National Physical Laboratory: Notes on Applied Science.SCIENTIFIC PHOTOGRAPHY. Editor, H. Sauvenier.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The Stereomat System has been adapted to a modified Wild B8 Aviograph Stereoplotter. A brief description is given of the new instrument and the principles employed.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1962), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1962), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 3 (1961), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The salient features of a method of analytical triangulation operating directly on single photographs are described, and the close analogy with geodetic triangulation computation is demonstrated.Any combination of photographs, whether in stereo pairs, stereo triples, strips, sub-blocks or blocks, is handled by forming the set of observation equations for each individual photograph in turn, and then taking all these sets together and solving them simultaneously by the method of least squares.Special procedures for dealing with very large numbers of variables are discussed, and certain applications of the method are indicated.
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 3 (1961), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 3 (1961), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 4 (1949), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 4 (1949), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 4 (1949), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: This contribution from the Commonwealth Bureau of Pastures and Field Crops gives notes on questions of current concern in countries where conditions and types of grassland resemble those in Great Britain or where the results of trials might be of interest to our readers. The items in this issue are provided by E. Biasutti (Italy) and P. Mackintosh (New Zealand).
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 4 (1949), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 3 (1948), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 3 (1948), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:LAITY, J. Profitable ley farming.BROMFIELD, L. Malabar farm.ELLIS, J. C. B. The feeding of farm livestock.
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 3 (1948), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: “The roots of plants are the least known, least understood and least appreciated part of the plant.”—Weaver and Bruner (125).
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 19 (1964), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Two groups of ewes, each containing single and twin lambs, were folded over a ‘worm-free’ pasture, with a creep provided for the lambs, allowing them to graze ahead of the ewes. The lambs of one group received supplementary feeding. Higher growth rates of the Iambs were recorded than those previously reported by other workers. The growth rates of twin lambs were improved more than those of singles and the lambs receiving supplementary feeding gained at a significantly faster rate than those on pasture only. Faecal egg counts indicated that worm infestation in the lambs was maintained at a very low level.
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 19 (1964), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Data from an experiment already reported (2) are used to examine a statistical method proposed by Walker et al. (8) for apportioning the nitrogen harvested in grass in a grass/ legume sward to legume, fertilizer and soil. Multiple regressions of the yield of N in the grass (Gn) upon N harvested in the associated legume (Cn) and N applied in fertilizer (Fn) were highly significant; but they were very variable, mainly because of the strong (negative) correlation between Cn and Fn. In some cases the coefficient for clover N was negative, in some cases the coefficient for fertilizer N exceeded unity; and the residual constant varied widely among 4 sets of plots on the same soil. The interpretation of such equations in physical terms is criticized on these grounds. The use of pure grass swards in conjunction with mixed swards gave estimates of the recovery of fertilizer N, and of the transfer of N from clover to grass, which agreed better with other published data than did the coefficients in a multiple regression. A simple regression of the estimate of transferred N in the grass upon the N harvested in the clover yielded a second constant. This constant, which varied considerably from one series of plots to another, is thought to indicate interactions between the various sources of N, which would be attributed to a direct effect of soil N if the multiple regressions were interpreted as Walker et al. suggest.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Pure swards of S22 Italian ryegrass, H.1 hybrid ryegrass, S170 tall fescue, S48 timothy, S215 meadow fescue and Germinal cocksfoot were each harvested at several stages of maturity during first growth in the spring, and in the subsequent regrowths. Each batch of herbage was fed to sheep in a digestion trial under conditions of voluntary intake. Results from the first growth herbages showed the expected fall in digestibility with increasing maturity. However, the digestibility of S22, H.1, S170 and S48 began to fall well before ear emergence, whereas the digestibility of Germinal fell only slowly up to the time of ear emergence, as had been found previously with S24 and S23 ryegrass and S37 cocksfoot. The rate of fall of digestibility in H.1 and S48 (0.4 units/day) also appeared to be lower than with the perennial ryegrasses and cocksfoot (0.5 units/day). The monthly regrowths within each herbage were of similar digestibility, but the mean digestibility of regrowths differed between herbages, being highest for S215 and lowest for Germinal and S170. The grasses with highest digestibility in the early Spring, in particular S22 ryegrass, were not, however, always the most digestible in the subsequent regrowths. The numbers of sheep fed on each herbage were insufficient to show whether there were significant differences in voluntary intake between different herbage species of the same digestibility. It is suggested that an intake/digestibility relationship, based on data from more animals, should be developed for each herbage species. Only if different relationships are found can it be concluded that factors other than level of digestibility have an effect on intake.
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  • 40
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 19 (1964), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 41
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 2 (1947), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 42
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 2 (1947), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 43
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 2 (1947), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 44
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    Grass and forage science 2 (1947), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In this contribution from the Imperial Bureau of Pastures and Field Crops, brief notes are given on a number of questions of current concern in countries where conditions and types of grassland resemble those in Great Britain. It is hoped to make this section a regular feature of this Journal. More complete extracts from the literature may be found in the abstracting journal of the Bureau, Herbage Abstracts. Items in this issue are provided by D. Brown (France), M. Hall (New Zealand), Louis Hedin (France), R. Peter Jones (Sweden), and G. M. Roseveare (Netherlands and Switzerland).
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  • 45
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    Grass and forage science 18 (1963), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Moisture losses from swaths of long herbage were recorded on eleven occasions in May, June and September, in order to supply data on which to base advice on making prewilted silage. Mowing in the late afternoon and picking up the following afternoon and mowing in the morning and picking up in mid-afternoon both resulted in losses averaging 9·6%. These losses occurred in fairly dry weather throughout the season, even when it was cloudy and cool. Mowing in the late afternoon and picking up next morning, before dew or overnight rain had evaporated, resulted in negligible losses, averaging only 2·4%.
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  • 46
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    Grass and forage science 18 (1963), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Results of the analysis for dry-matter, nitrogen and major base content of 9 silage effluents obtained from farm silos and 3 effluents from experimental tower silos are presented. The mean values obtained for the principal plant nutrients in the 12 effluents examined were 0·19% N, 0·037% P and 0·38% K. The results indicate that effluents may be a useful source of plant nutrients, particularly when undiluted with rainwater, and that, in general, silage effluents appear to be superior to liquid manure in manurial value.
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  • 47
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    Grass and forage science 18 (1963), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: An experiment is described that examined mowing with the return of excreta and mowing with the return of clippings as methods of simulating the return of nutrients by grazing animals in experiments where grazing is impracticable. These treatments were applied to a pure grass and to a grass/clover sward. Both methods gave herbage nearer in yield and composition to that resulting from natural grazing than did mowing with no return, but neither was suitable for use on sites outside experimental stations. Although the nitrogen returned in excreta was rather inefficiently used, it appeared to be the major factor in increasing yield on the grass sward and in changing the grass/clover balance on the mixed sward. The return-treatments had a marked effect on the potassium nutrition of both swards and the results suggest that omitting the grazing animal from trials assessing potassium fertilizer requirements may invalidate the results.
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The results are presented of digestibility trials on silage samples made from the following materials: Andropogon gay anus, Chloris gayana (Rhodes grass), Hyparrhenia rufa (Jaragua grass), Panicum maximum (Guinea grass), Pennisetum pedicellatum, P. purpureum (Elephant grass). Sorghum vulgare (sorghum), Acanthospermum hispidum, Helianthus annuus (sunflower), Stizolobium sp. (velvet bean), Zea mays (maize) and mixtures of A. gayanus/P. pedicellatum, Arachis hypogoea (groundnut haulms)/P, pedicellatum. Sorghum vtdgare/Stizolobium sp., Z. mays/Vigna sinensis (cowpea). The results obtained, also the agronomic aspects of the subject and the use of the materials as fodder for cattle during the dry season are discussed.
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Book reviews in this article:BEST, R. H.; COPPOCK, J. T. The changing use of land in Britain.SUB-COMMITTEE ON RANGE RESEARCH METHODS OF THE AGRICULTURAL BOARD, U.S.A. Basic problems and techniques in range research.LARIN, I. V. Pasture economy and meadow cultivation.
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    Grass and forage science 19 (1964), S. 0 
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    Notes: The productivity and persistence of 27 varieties of herbage plants were compared, following sowing on a blanket peat after ploughing. Yields were estimated from 3–5 cuts per year for 5 growing seasons. The top yields in each year ranged from 2510 lb/ac. in the 5th year when no nitrogenous fertilizer was applied up to 4700 lb/ac. in the 3rd year when given 174 lb N/ac. Such levels are slightly less than half the level expected on lowland, but livestock output on hill land is far lower than on lowland. Varietal differences were significant, with red fescues, especially S59 smooth-stalked meadow grass, S170 tall fescue, S143 cocksfoot, Yorkshire fog and S53 meadow fescue giving top yields and persistence. Aberystwyth varieties were in all cases superior to other varieties. S50 timothy and S23 perennial ryegrass were persistent but production was low. The conclusions are compared with those of other investigators.
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    Notes: The traditional method of calculating field output by the utilized-starch-equivalent (U.S.E.) system is compared with a recommended simpler and quicker method. The concept of calculating a U.S.E. factor is introduced and forms the basis for the new method. A monthly U.S.E. factor is used, in conjunction with monthly cow-day (CD.) records to calculate U.S.E. Savings of at least 50% may be expected. Agreement between the two methods is very close and the more seasonal nature of the calculation for sheep and non-milking cattle under the new method may be preferable.
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    Grass and forage science 17 (1962), S. 0 
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    Grass and forage science 17 (1962), S. 0 
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    Notes: Book reviews in this article:ANSLOW, R. C. The seed production of some herbage species in temperate regions.COMMITTEE OF THE DIVISION OF TROPICAL PASTURES, C.S.I.R.O., AUSTRALIA (Eds). A review of nitrogen in the tropics with particular reference to pastures. A symposium.SYMON, D. E. A bibliography of subterranean clover together with a descriptive introduction.VOLGER, E. Graserbestimmung nach Photos. [Identification of grasses from photographs.]
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    Grass and forage science 17 (1962), S. 0 
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    Notes: This is a preliminary report on an instrument being developed for the measurement of pasture yield in situ. In essence the instrument is an electrical capacitance measuring unit in which the introduction of herbage to a measuring head causes a change in the electrical capacitance of the system. This capacitance change is measured at a radio frequency and used as an indicator of the mass of herbage contained within the measuring head.The development and construction of the instrument is described and data are presented for 15 calibration series in which frequency change has been related to pasture yield.Within series the instrument accounts for approximately 90% of the variation in pasture sample yield measured either as wet, dry or organic matter. However, significant differences exist between series. These differences would give rise to bias if pasture yield were estimated from a prediction equation derived from the pooled data.Possible sources of the differences between series are discussed and avenues for further development indicated.
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    Notes: The production of six varieties of Italian ryegrass was compared for three years by cutting 5 or 6 times during the growing season. All varieties showed falls in production of dry matter at high and low levels of N fertilization, but New Zealand HI and New Zealand Italian ryegrass showed significantly lower falls and gave top yields over the three years, in spite of severe frost damage in the first two. Crude protein and nitrogen absorption remained high at the lower level of fertilization (174–209 lb N/acre) and showed a fall only in the third year at the high level of N fertilization (348–418 lb N/acre).The significance of the high response of the New Zealand varieties is discussed.
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Book reviews in this article:McMeekan, C. P. Grass to milk.MURDOCH, J. C. Making and feeding silage.
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    Grass and forage science 15 (1960), S. 0 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A review of American literature indicates that barn drying of hay and silage making are both greatly superior to the field curing of hay in preserving nutrients. This is true of total dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and ash; crude-fibre losses are greater in silage making. Energy losses run parallel with dry matter. Bam drying of hay with heat preserves a rather greater proportion of nutrients than does silage making.Chemical composition and digestibility are mostly a function of stage of maturity of the crop at the time of cutting. Actual carbohydrate (energy) losses are greater than protein losses in all methods. The influence of method of conservation is unimportant if conservation is properly carried out, but considerable deterioration can result from bad application. Field-cured hay usually suffers most in this respect, due to weather damage.The conservation processes reviewed have no influence per se on feeding value where each is applied under ideal conditions. Differences found in practice are usually linked to the stage of maturity or to weather damage, which explains the usually superior feeding value of silage and barn-dried hay over field-cured hay.When the efficiency of each method is compared by determining the quantity of milk produced from equal areas of forage, conserved in the three different ways, barn-dried hay is somewhat superior to silage, but both are greatly superior to field-cured hay.
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    Notes: The effect of temperature on silage quality was investigated in a series of trials over a period of three years.The results indicated that when conditions in the silage were favourable for the formation of lactic acid, either through treatment or because of the herbage itself, low temperatures in the mass had no adverse effect on silage quality.Some results suggest that, with chopped or lacerated silage, low maximum temperatures are associated with better quality silage. The results, however, were not entirely consistent.There appeared to be little or no advantage in allowing unchopped silage to heat to 100°F.
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    Notes: An experiment was started in 1957 that compared the production from dairy cows on daily strip-folding with that from a system of rotational grazing where the cows were given a fresh allocation of pasture about once or twice a week. Management was so arranged that equal areas of pasture were grazed off by the same number of cows in a similar period of time. The experiment was carried out at two rates of stocking, one about 20% greater than the other, the lower rate considered to be equivalent to good close folding practice and the higher rate therefore somewhat restrictive. No supplementary food was given during the grazing season.At the high rate of stocking, rotational grazing gave an average milk yield of 40 lb./cow/day whilst daily strip-folding yielded 38 lb./cow/day. At the low rate of stocking production was 42 lb./cow/day for both methods.At the high rate milk yield/acre from the rotational grazing was 1007 and from the strip-folding 977 gals. At the low rate comparable results were 881 and 874 gals.There was no general trend in yield per cow or per acre in favour of either the rotational grazing or daily strip-folding systems of management. Increasing cow days/acre by 21% decreased yield/cow/day by 7% but significantly increased milk yield/acre, by 13%.
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    Notes: In an attempt to measure the influence of leys on the yield of barley, as a means of measuring soil fertility, details of the yields of barley, fertilizer usage and rotations were collected from a number of Hampshire farms and compared with the average results obtained from the ley fertility experiment at Bridget's Experimental Husbandry farm. In the arable rotation experiment increasing the nitrogen level from 37 to 74 units, increased the barley yield from 20·2 cwt. to 24·3 cwt.Farm number 1 used 43 units of nitrogen compared with 61 units of nitrogen on farm 2. The yield rose from 18·7 to 25·4 cwt.Following 3 years grazed ley at Bridget's and increasing the nitrogen level from 37 to 74 units raised the yield from 25·5 cwt. to 29 cwt.Farms 4 and 5 used 47 units of nitrogen compared with 74 units of nitrogen on farms 7, 8 and 9. The yield rose from 24·7 cwt. to 30 cwt.Farms 6 and 10 obtained 29·1 and 28·7 cwt. from only 49 units of nitrogen and 26 units of nitrogen respectively, by the use of some lucerne leys on farm 6, and by only taking one grain crop on farm 10.A three year ley is therefore probably worth 15 cwt. of increased barley yield in the 3 succeeding crops of grain, when using not less than 26 units of nitrogen. An additional 5 cwt. of barley can be obtained annually by the use of 37 units of nitrogen.A sharp fall in yield in 1956 and 1957 on farm 10 to 217 cwt. may have been due to a reduction in the use of nitrogen, or other causes.Farm number 3, without livestock, obtained 28·1 cwt. when using 86 units of nitrogen. Was this due to the use of a 2 year ley and fallow crop in a six year rotation, or the use of additional nitrogen: farm 8, at the same level of nitrogen, stocking and use of clover, has only gained 2·3 cwt. per acre.
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    Notes: Book Reviews in this article:BATES, G. H. Weed control. 22 × 14. pp. 244. London: Farmer and Stock Breeder Ltd.LEVY, E. B. Construction, renovation and care of the bowling green. 22 × 14. pp.83. Palmerston N. Z. Greenkeeping Research Committee, n.d.
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    Notes: Book Reviews in this article:FBANKLIN T. B. A history of agricuUure. 19 × 13. pp. 246. London
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    Notes: He could not deny that, looking round upon the dreary region, and seeing nothing but bleak fells and naked trees, hills obscured by fog and flats covered with undulations, he did for sometime suffer melancholy to prevail upon him, and wished himself safe at home.(1)
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    Notes: In 1960 spring-born calves were reared indoors or at pasture on 3 dairy farms near Hurley. In the following year the experiment was repeated on 3 farms in the nortli-east and on 2 in the south-west of England.Several calves died, and this may have been because of inadequate milk feeding. Generally, however, the growth of calves reared at pasture was comparable with that of animals reared indoors. Tfie use of grass enabled substantial savings to be made in the amount of concentrate feedingstuffs and hay fed.
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    Notes: Digestibility data are presented on the following; Andropogon gayanus hay and bush foggage, Arachis hypogoea (groundnut) haulms, Glycine max (soya-bean) hay. Sorghum vulgare (sorghum) leaves and hay, Stizolobium sp. (velvet bean) hay, Vigna sinensis (cowpea) hay and haulms, and S. vnlgare/Stizolobium sp. mixture. The results are discussed from the agronomic aspect.
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    Notes: Two systems of recording the output of grass fields—by cow-days (CD.) and by utilized starch equivalent (U.S.E.)—were compared with field measurements of the dry matter and digestible matter consumed over a period of two years.On one farm, each recording system was positively correlated with both the amount of dry matter and the amount of digestible matter consumed from individual fields by grazing cows. Consequently, the two systems reflected equally well the total quantity of utilized herbage and its quality. This was explained by a highly significant correlation between the two recording systems. The same correlation between the two recording systems existed on 20 other farms.It was concluded that the C.D. and the U.S.E. systems gave equally reliable results when assessing field output within dairy farms. Because C.D. can be determined with greater ease they should be used instead of the U.S.E. system. However, the U.S.E. system is still advocated for assessing grass utilization for animal production on a farm basis, since it indicates the level of efficiency which farmers achieve in using their grass.
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Pure cultures and mixtures of equal numbers of plants of Irish. New Zealand and S23 perennial ryegrass were grown in artificially constructed swards under field conditions. They were cut every time they reached grazing height for three successive years. Counts of plant numbers and tiller numbers per plant made each November show that S23 suppressed both plant number and tiller number per plant of Irish ryegrass and to a lesser extent of New Zealand perennial ryegrass. Its own plant number and tiller number per plant were improved in these combinations. New Zealand perennial ryegrass suppressed plant and tiller numbers of Irish perennial ryegrass.Varying the method of cutting to match the growth of each variety resulted in improved plant survival and tiller number per unit area of Irish perennial ryegrass when cut according to the growth of S23, i.e. late in the spring. The importance of the effect of experimental technique is discussed.
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  • 88
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 2 (1947), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 89
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 19 (1964), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: An investigation into the merits of intensive rotational grazing or paddock grazing was started in 1960. The experiment covered 40 acres, half of which was divided into 20 single-acre paddocks and the other half into 2 fields of 9 and 11 acres, respectively. Two groups of carefully paired cows were used to measure the output of milk per acre. Surplus grass was used for drystock and for conservation. The final output was expressed in terms of U.S.E. per acre, which was computed from the records of milk production, livestock maintenance and fattening and grass cut for conservation. The following conclusions seem reasonable: (a) Where the stocking rate is the same under both systems and the grass supply exceeds the animals' appetites, very little difference in terms of milk yield per acre will be found between intensive rotational grazing and lax rotational grazing over the grazing season; (b) Where, because of heavier stocking or a poorer growth of grass, the animals' appetites begin to exceed the grass supply, the intensive system of rotational grazing will be able to carry the stock for a longer period and consequently will give a greater output of milk per acre; (c) Intensive rotational grazing gives greater opportunity for taking off surplus grass for dryslock or for conservation.
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  • 90
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 19 (1964), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A comparison of non-mat and mat ecotypes of three reseeded hill swards showed that mat pasture soil was characterized by relatively high C/N ratios, low available nutrient status, low burrowing earthworm biomass, and low soil microbial activity (determined as CO2 evolution).A replicated trial was laid out on a uniform mat area of one of these swards (Ciderhouse Hill) and lime and fertilizer treatments were applied in two successive seasons. Lime treatment reduced mat weight, increased the proportion of ‘sown’ grasses in the sward and stimulated soil microbial activity, Initially, burrowing earthworm biomass was inhibited by lime; but, after an interval of four years, a positive response was noted at the lower treatment level. Sodium nitrate interacted with lime to increase soil microbial activity. Soil cellulolytic activity was increased by nitrate and phosphate treatments. The level of soil moisture in the field at the time of soil sampling appeared to influence soil microbial activity measured under standard conditions in the laboratory: high rainfall tended to reduce microbial activity. The significance of these findings and the infiuence of nutritional and climatic factors on sward reversion and mat formation are discussed.
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  • 91
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 18 (1963), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Field experiments on the management of ryegrass/white-clover pastures for seed production were carried out from 1958 to 1961. Replicated trials with 1/6-acre plots compared continuous grazing, rotational grazing and cutting once at the silage stage of growth as methods of pasture management from April to June. An additional mechanical method, gang mowing, was introduced in 1960 and Hayter mowing was used in 1961. In 1958 to 1960 the treatments were studied with and without the application of 70 lb nitrogen per acre. Clover flower heads per square foot, clover seed and ryegrass seed yields were greatest under continuous grazing, although in some years comparable results were obtained from the mechanical defoliation treatments. There were substantial differences between potential and harvested clover seed yields, the latter ranging from 20% to 75% of the potential yield. The weight of ryegrass seed harvested was highest under continuous grazing and least under the cutting treatments. The nitrogenous fertilizer increased the production of herbage dry matter and of ryegrass seed, but greatly reduced clover seed yields. The results are discussed in relation to the influence of weather on the incidence of flowering and the influence of methods of defoliation on flower-bud emergence. It is concluded that mechanical methods of defoliation can produce yields similar to those obtained under continuous grazing, provided that cutting is carried out at the correct stage of growth.
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  • 92
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 17 (1962), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 93
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 17 (1962), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Methods used by growers to establish seed crops of perennial ryegrass, cocksfoot, timothy and meadow fescue have been examined. While satisfactory establishments were obtained by sowing perennial ryegrass broadcast, cocksfoot, timothy and meadow fescue should be sown in rows, especially if they are to be sown under a cover crop.
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  • 94
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 17 (1962), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Autumn defoliation of the early perennial ryegrass, S24, expedited or delayed heading and increased or decreased the number of heads and seed yield, according to the age of the stand, winter conditions and previous management.Nitrogen applied as late as anthesls significantly increased the seed yield of the first harvest crop, but the after-effect on the next seed crop was not better than from an application made immediately after the first harvest. One application in spring was more effective than two in the previous summer and autumn.Autumn defoliation influenced seed yield more strongly than the gross weight of the unthreshed crops.
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  • 95
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 17 (1962), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: This report deals with an experiment in which it was possible to follow a crop of grass through from the growing state in the field to its feeding performance as measured by the liveweight gain of bullocks. The objective was to compare what happened according to whether the first growth of the crop was made into silage or into barn-dried hay.
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  • 96
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 17 (1962), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 97
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 18 (1963), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 98
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 18 (1963), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effect of dalapon is described on pastures of Agrostis/Festuca, Festuca ovinal Deschampsia flexuosa and related Nardus- or Molinia-rich hill grasslands. The results are discussed in relation to the technique of surface sowing and the choice of vegetation types suitable for treatment.
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  • 99
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 18 (1963), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 100
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 17 (1962), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The application of lime reduced the weight of mat. The original botanical composition of the sward, the method of utilization of the herbage, and the application of manures other than lime had little effect upon this weight.
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