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  • Articles  (10,031)
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  • Springer  (10,031)
  • 1965-1969  (10,031)
  • Geosciences  (6,307)
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (3,724)
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  • Articles  (10,031)
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  • 1
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 21-23 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A 10-stage digital light beam deflector is described using Kerr cell polarisation switches and calcite birefringent prisms. Optimum design criteria are derived with respect to resolution and drive voltage. The final device had an overall transmission of 91% and could be switched from one direction to another in 0.2μsec.
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  • 2
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 9-12 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The low-frequency unclamped electro-optic coefficients of proustite have been measured at an optical wavelength of 0.6328μm. The results show thatr 22 is comparable to that of lithium niobate,r 13 andr 33 are considerably lower. The maximum theoretical value is calculated at 10.8×10−12 m/V about three times the largest measured coefficient value.
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  • 3
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 69-74 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A simple dye-laser system is described in which Rhodamine dyes are pumped by a co-axial linear air flashlamp in a cylindrical elliptical pumping reflector. Output pulses lasting up to 1.5μsec and containing up to 250 mJ energy, have been successfully mode-locked to produce 100% modulated pulse trains. Employing a diffraction grating as cavity reflector to tune the laser frequency, in each case, for maximum absorption by the same Q-switching dye, successful mode-locking has been achieved with both Rhodamine B and Rhodamine 6G. Time resolved emission spectra have been recorded with an image tube streak camera and the effect of resonant reflectors has been studied.
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  • 4
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 128-133 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A theory of spatial frequency domain filters is presented from the standpoint of leastsquare linear estimation. The general expression of this filter is obtained with few assumptions, thus allowing considerable flexibility in its application. Noise common to pictorial information usually can be described as a mutually exclusive process, whereas much of the available signal processing theory assumes additive noise. Types of pictorial noise discussed in this paper include the background of signal patterns, pattern obscurity, and image modulation due to the recording process. It is shown that the additive noise assumption is valid under certain conditions. The general filter is described in terms of spatial frequency estimates which are conveniently expanded for particular applications. A detection filter for determinative patterns is obtained and compared to the matched filter. A filter is derived to restore patterns degraded by noise and a linear distortion filter.
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  • 5
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 134-137 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A method is described for producing two controllable pulses from a Q-switched solid state laser, the time separation of the pulses being variable from about 30 nsec to a few microseconds. The technique involves Q-switching the system with a time variant loss which has two steps, the application of the first step only partially depleting the population inversion. The method has been demonstrated with an electro-optically Q-switched Nd:CaWO4 laser.
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  • 6
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 152-154 
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  • 7
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 155-159 
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  • 8
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 151-152 
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  • 9
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. i 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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  • 10
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 25-28 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An equation of quadratic form is derived relating the phase mismatchΔk=¦k sum −k pump −k slgnl ¦ in an optical sum-frequency generation process to the angle ψ between the pump and signal wave vectors. For a special value ofk pump a solution ofΔk=0 exists having degenerate roots and consequently a single value of ψ. Because of this it is possible to choose a non-collinear phasematching situation for an optical up-converter which tolerates a much larger signal beam divergence than if a collinear-beam interaction were chosen. The case of up-conversion of 10.6μm radiation to the visible, using ruby-laser pumped proustite was chosen as an example for experimental study. Under tangential phase-matching conditions an angular acceptance angle of the infra-red beam of 300 mrad was achieved for a crystal 0.45 cm long.
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  • 11
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 13-19 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The role of the solvent in the passive Q-switching of lasers by solutions of organic dyes has been examined in detail. It was found that several pure organic solvents could themselves partially Q-switch the laser, in the absence of the dye. This behaviour was observed for both ruby and neodymium: glass lasers. Pulse-widths as short as 20 nsec were occasionally recorded. Peak powers up to 2 MW have been observed using 1-chloronaphthalene to switch a ruby laser. It is proposed that Q-switching arises from an enhancement of reflectivity of the liquid, during the evolution of the laser pulse, through the formation of a periodic refractive index modulation in the liquid by the action of standing waves.
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  • 12
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 33-35 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a method for determining some important laser parameters from the fluorescence changes of an excited media induced by a resonant laser pulse. The parameters measured include stimulated emission cross-section, metastable level population and spectral relaxation rate. Results are reported for Nd3+ in silicate and phosphite glasses and in solution in POCl3 and SeOCl2.
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  • 13
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 49-59 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We first describe the basic linear and non-linear mathematical operations underlying most image enhancement techniques, and compare the hardware available for carrying out these operations which includes digital computers, optical set-ups and special electro-optical devices. Then we give a brief account of the commonly used image enhancement techniques, such as contrast enhancement, crispening, noise elimination, and inverse filtering. Finally, we mention some examples of image enhancement in the biomedical area.
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  • 14
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 45-48 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract By means of a simple grating and lens arrangement, the detour phase effect makes it possible to add and subtract any number of one-dimensional functions. This process may also be used for certain logic applications.
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  • 15
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 37-44 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Huygens' principle is derived for short wavelengths in inhomogeneous, isotropic media from considerations of Green's second theorem and the solution to the time-independent wave-equation for a point-source in an inhomogeneous, isotropic medium. This principle leads to an integral equation for the field distribution on optical resonator mirrors, whose parameters depend only upon the geometrical-optics ABCD-matrices. The resonator parametersF, G 1,G 2, the resonance and stability conditions as well as the spot size of the fundamental mode at the mirrors are given as functions of A, B, C, D, for the special case of a rotationally symmetric optical system between square mirrors. The resonator parameters,F, G 1,G 2, are calculated by this new method for a case familiar from the literature.
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  • 16
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 119-120 
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  • 17
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 121-121 
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  • 18
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 165-171 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is shown how the theory of non-linear interaction between the modes of the open resonator, developed previously [1] and used to study resonant second harmonic generation [2], can be applied to second harmonic generation in the absence of a resonator. The conditions under which the second harmonic output, in the small conversion approximation, can be approximated by a Gaussian beam are derived. The optimum value of the focusing parameter I/z0 (hereI is the length of the crystal, andz 0 is one-half the confocal parameter of the fundamental beam) for the total output is shown to be 5.68 agreeing precisely with the value given by Boyd and Kleinman [3].
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  • 19
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 189-192 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Experiments are reported on 1.06μm scattering from a laser produced plasma. Generally in such experiments scattering is observed on the shock wave front at 90° from the incident beam. In our set-up the plasma is expanding in a Fabry-Perot resonator and we note a strong emission at 1.06μm.
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  • 20
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 174-178 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The absorption of light and subsequent thermalisation of the absorbed energy can be significantly affected by the presence of non-equilibrium population distributions in gases. The phenomenon of thermal blooming in gases is discussed from this standpoint. It is shown that a transient phenomenon of “absorption cooling” can occur, leading to a focusing rather than defocusing of an incident laser beam. Flux densities causing saturation in air and pure CO2 are calculated. For vibrational saturation in air, I 〉 3.66 kw/cm2, for pure CO2, I 〉 4.58 kw/cm2. For rotational saturation, in either gas, I 〉 840 kw/cm2.
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  • 21
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 196-204 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is known [1–3] that the statistical properties of the electrons emitted by a detector, which registers a light beam, contain information about light radiation statistics. This method has recently been widely used to measure the statistical properties of laser radiation [4]. In analysing non-linearly-transformed laser or thermal radiation, this method can give information about the non-linear process and also additional data on the statistics of the transformed radiation.
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  • 22
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 219-219 
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  • 23
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 213-217 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have determined the two independent “fast” non-linear refractive indices for liquid mixtures of CS2 and CCI4 to within 5% relatively and 8% absolutely over their range of more than a decade. These indices describe non-linear propagation of optical pulses of arbitrary polarisation, which are of a too short duration to be affected by electrostriction. We report measurements, having relative accuracy better than 1 %, of the static Kerr constants of these mixtures. We combine these results with recent data on Rayleigh wing depolarisation ratios for the same mixtures to deduce the desired non-linear indices with the aid of molecular theory. The non-linear refractive index for linearly polarised light is shown to be two-thirds (±5%) of the index difference measured by the Kerr effect, at least for molar concentrations of CS2 greater than 10%. Our measured relative values of the mixture Kerr constants are predicted to within experimental error if one simply replaces the Lorentz local field factors in the classical theory by their 0.6 powers.
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  • 24
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The optical and electrical problems in the design of a beam-sampling detector for laser power, energy and pulse duration measurements are discussed with a view to achieving an accuracy of 2% relative to a fundamental detector for pulses down to 3 nsec duration. Experiments show that a beam sampler using an ITT F4000 biplanar vacuum cell mounted in a coaxial taper is capable of this accuracy, but that the silicon diodes (EG + G SD100, Mullard BPY13A) trap some of the photoelectric charge and then release it with a time constant of up to a few microseconds giving a pulse length-dependent sensitivity: they can be used for energy measurements, however. The Mullard 90CV vacuum photo-cell holds back about 6% of the photo-electric charge for about 1μsec and can also give erratic currents up to ten times the computed saturation current: effects probably due to residual gas in the cell. The limits set on performance by the rise time and maximum linear current of the various detectors are discussed. The design of a holder for the ITT F4000 photo-cell giving a rise time constant of 0.25 nsec is given.
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  • 25
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 29-31 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract There is at present great interest in crystals which are suitable for efficient mixing at optical frequencies. Such a crystal should be acentric, have a wide transmission band, have a large non-linear coefficient and permit phase matching. Proustite possesses such properties [1], and this paper summarises the information that has been obtained to date at R R E on these properties and their use in “up-converting” 10μm radiation to the visible, on the available optical quality, on the electro-optic effect, and on electrical conduction in the crystal; some general observations on the type of damage caused to proustite by laser beams are given.
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  • 26
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 62-64 
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  • 27
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 64-66 
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  • 28
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 67-67 
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  • 29
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 75-87 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Notes: Abstract A general equation is proposed for the dynamical electric permittivity tensor, taking into account, besides frequency dispersion, spatial dispersion describing the linear and non-linear optical activities of the medium. It permits one to determine the symmetry relations and value of the optical Kerr effect, a generalised Havelock relation, and the non-linear change in optical rotation angle for arbitrary conditions of observation. Simple examples are adduced to give a microscopic interpretation of the results derived, rendering apparent the basic mechanisms (fluctuations of density, non-linear changes in the optical polarisability tensor and gyration tensor, molecular reorientation, and various radial and angular correlations) leading to induced optical non-linearities. Measurements of non-linear changes in optical rotation angle are shown to be promising in solutions of polymers or colloids, and will permit,inter alia, direct determinations of the anisotropy of gyration properties of molecules macromolecules and colloid particles.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 103-118 
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    Notes: Abstract The propagation of light near the axis of astigmatic optical systems may be described by the geometrical-optics approximation with the aid of ray-matrices. The application of the theory of diffraction to the propagation of light in such systems leads to integrals containing essentially the elements of the ray-matrices as parameters. The ABCD-law is derived by evaluating these integrals for gaussian beams. Integral equations applicable to astigmatic optical resonators, having nearly vanishing diffraction losses, are set up. They are only valid under certain conditions, which are comprehensively discussed. The eigensolutions and the eigenvalues of these integral equations are given. The spot-sizes at the resonator mirrors are derived from the eigensolutions, and the eigenvalues lead to the resonance condition. Spot-sizes and resonance condition appear as functions of the elements of the characteristic resonator matrices. The methods described here are applied to the propagation of gaussian beams through gas-lenses and to a resonator containing an internal gas-lens.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 89-101 
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    Notes: Abstract An analysis of the propagation process in fog has been performed by means of the Monte Carlo method. The effect of multiple scattering on image quality and on visibility range has been studied, together with the detailed time dependence of the light at the receiving system. The improvement in visibility achievable with range gating techniques has been evaluated.
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  • 32
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 120-120 
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  • 33
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. ii 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 123-127 
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    Notes: Abstract Pulse stretching of a passively Q-switched ruby laser is accomplished by the introduction of a non-linear absorber into the laser cavity. Single pulses of length 150 to 400 nsec are observed. The non-linear absorption is obtained by using a Rayleigh-wing scatterer as the solvent for a bleachable dye. This approach is unique in that stretched Q-switched pulses may be obtained by the introduction of a single liquid into the laser resonator with no electronics necessary. Since the Rayleigh Frequency is within the gain lineshape of the active medium, threshold for the stimulated Rayleigh scattering is exceeded at relatively low power densities.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 121-121 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 138-142 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that the image upconverter can operate with point source pump-beams as well as the commonly used planar pump source. The major effect of the pump beam divergence is not to degrade the resolution but is to change the transverse and longitudinal magnification of the image. We demonstrate by a paraxial ray-tracing analysis that these changes in image dimensions and location obey relations quite similar to thin-lens formulae.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 143-150 
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    Notes: Abstract The development of techniques for the deposition of semiconductor layers has led, over the last decade, to intensive studies of heterojunction systems. In this paper an outline is given of those properties relevant to the production of photodetectors, illustrated by a summary of the classes of device so far prepared with notes on the way in which their performances differ from classical detectors.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 159-159 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. II 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 61-62 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 160-160 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 172-173 
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    Notes: Abstract Polaritons associated with the 1072 cm−1 optical mode of quartz have been stimulated by a two-beam method and we have directly observed the far-infrared radiation corresponding to the electromagnetic part of the excitation with a HgTe-CdTe detector.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 161-164 
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    Notes: Abstract Wavelength and frequency data for far-infrared c.w. gas laser lines have been scanned using a computer for chains of harmonic coincidences suitable for transferring frequency measurements from the submillimetre to the 10μm wavelength region. A table of selected possibilities using up to three lasers in sequence is presented showing the calculated beat frequencies.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 179-181 
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    Notes: Abstract Temperature tunable, 90° phase matchable, parametric fluorescence has been observed in ADP and KDP crystals. The fluorescence was pumped by 2573 Å CW radiation obtained from a second harmonic argon-ion laser. Fluorescence was observed in ADP over the complete visible spectrum by temperature tuning through the range —12 to+40° C. The measurements demonstrate the usefulness of these materials for visible parametric oscillators. The values of d(n 2v e −n v o )/dT deduced from these and other measurements are found to disagree with values in the literature.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 182-188 
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    Notes: Abstract The insertion of a multi-photon absorber within a laser cavity has practical importance in providing stabilised laser amplitude and variable pulse duration. We report the relative non-linear absorption coefficients of semiconductors Si, CdSe, CdTe, and GaAs at 1.064μm using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The measurements on Si were carried out from 77 to 450° K, and the results confirm a stepwise process giving rise to induced absorption. The effects of the spatial and temporal distributions of the laser emission on the absolute non-linear coefficient values are briefly discussed. Preliminary observation of stepwise multi-photon absorption in aqueous PrCl3 and NdCl3 measured with a pulsed Nd:glass laser is also reported. The possibility of using a combination of inducible and saturable absorbers, placed within the laser cavity, as a means of providing laser intensities confined to a narrow range centred about a pre-set intensity, is raised.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 193-195 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this experiment, the transmission of the saturable absorber of a mode-locked laser is modulated optically by a train of ultra-short pulses emitted by another laser, with some power reflected inside the cavity to initiate the emission. The laser threshold is only attained during the opening time of the modulator, and stimulated emission is prevented at any other time. Once pulses are formed, the photon density is sufficiently high for auto-modulating the dye. Q-switching of the laser is only realised if the difference between the time of a round-trip in the cavity and the period of modulation is less than ±17 psec. The emission is a series of pulses of 5.2 nsec period lasting for 60 nsec. The total energy in all pulses is 60 mJ for a neodymium doped glass rod of 8 mm diameter. We describe a method for measuring the noise of the series of pulses using a saturated photo-cell. We find a ratio of 100 between the energy of one pulse and the energy emitted between two pulses.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 218-218 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 209-212 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with the investigation of a longitudinal electric field (1 V/cm) arising in a homogeneous piezo-electric crystal at a high level of optical excitation. The sign of the effect corresponds to free carrier drag (electrons — in the case of CdS) in the direction of light propagation. The magnitude of the effect and its kinetics have been related to the light intensity, temperature, crystal orientation and the distance between the fest points. The effect is assumed to be a result of generation of a phonon packet, referred to by the authors as an acousto-optical domain, and carrier drag by this domain. Calculations based on the Boltzmann kinetic equation for the electron distribution function give a reasonable phonon density inside the domain, necessary for generating the electric field observed. Estimates based on the calculated phonon density show considerable mechanical stresses to exist in the domain area. These can result in the destruction of the crystal when there is an increase in light intensity; so the effect observed can be directly related to the problem of optical strength.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 1 (1969), S. 145-156 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Baugeologische Probleme bei der Gründung des Biggekraftwerkes auf verkarsteten Devonischen Riffkalken im Sauerland und ihre Lösung Im nördlichen Gründungsbereich des Kraftwerkes der Biggetalsperre im Sauerland tauchten steilstehende, kalkige Schichten auf, in die Riffkalkklötze von unterschiedlicher Verteilung eingelagert waren. Während die Kalkmergelschiefer nur starke Entkalkungserscheinungen aufwiesen, zeigten sich in den Riffkalkzonen echte Karsthohlräume. Die Ecke eines wesentlichen Bauwerksteiles des Kraftwerkes lag über einer kolkartig eingebrochenen und mit Geröllen gefüllten Karsthöhle. Diese Kraftwerksbereiche wurden daher auskragend konstruiert. Die Lasten mußte das südlich anschließende nichtverkarstete Gebirge aufnehmen. Das völlig regellose Auftauchen verkarsteter Riffbereiche ließ aber die Gefahr vermuten, daß auch der standfeste Gebirgsteil durch Karsteinbrüche unterschnitten werden könnte. Dies umso mehr, als die Schichtung in Richtung des Karstkolkes einfiel und Schichtpakete des an sich standfesten Gebirges abgleiten könnten. Um dies zu verhindern, wurden den besonderen Verkarstungsbedingungen angepaßte systematische Injektionen in 3 Phasen ausgeführt. Eingepreßt wurde ein Gemisch aus ca. 70% Zement, 25% Sand und 5% Bentonit. Als wesentlichste Folgerung für den Felsbau werden die Unterschiede der Verkarstung zwischen homogenen Kalksteinen und Riffkalksteinen herausgestellt. Zur sicheren Gründung von Bauwerken wird eine ausreichende baugeologische Untersuchung, enge Zusammenarbeit zwischen Geologen und Ingenieur während der Planung und beim Bau sowie Anpassung der Bauausführung an die Besonderheiten des Karstes empfohlen.
    Abstract: Résumé Problèmes géologiques posés par la fondation de la centrale du barrage du Bigge sur les calcaires coralliens karstiques du Devonien dans le Sauerland et ses solutions Cet article traite la fondation de la centrale du barrage du Bigge (Biggetalsperre) construite sur des couches calcaires du Devonien moyen supérieur dans le Sauerland (Allemagne occidentale). Dans la zone nord des fondations on est en présence de stratifications calcaires fortement inclinées parmi lesquelles se trouvent des blocs coralliens intercalés avec une répartition variable. Alors que les schistes marneux accusent une décalcification prononcée, de véritables vides karstiques apparaissent dans les zones coralliennes. La pointe d'une partie importante de l'ouvrage se trouvait justement sur une cavité karstique creusée depuis longtemps et à présent remplie d'éboulis (cailloux). Cette partie de la centrale fut construite en porte à faux. Les charges résultant de cette construction sont transmises à la partie sud non karstique du massif. L'émergement tout à fait irrégulier des récifs karstiques faisait apparaître le risque de voir la partie saine du massif se fragmenter sous l'influence de phénomènes karstiques. Ceci d'autant plus que la stratification avait un pendage vers le calcaire corallien et que l'ensemble des couches d'un rocher sain en lui-même pouvait glisser. Pour écarter ce risque un programme systématique d'injection fut entrepris en suivant un mode opératoire particulier s'accommodant aux phénomènes karstiques. Le coulis d'injection utilisé était un mélange d'environ 70% de ciment, 25% de sable et 5% de bentonite. L'apport essentiel pour la mécanique des roches est constitué par la différence qui a été faite concernant les phénomènes karstiques entre les calcaires homogènes et les calcaires coralliens. Pour effectuer une fondation sure d'ouvrages il est conseillé de faire des études géologiques suffisantes, d'avoir une coopération étroite entre le géologue et l'ingénieur pendant le projet et lors de la construction et enfin d'adopter les procédés de construction aux phénomènes karstiques.
    Notes: Summary Engineering Geological Problems During the Foundation of the Biggetal Power Plant on Karstified Devonian Reef Limestones in the Sauerland, and Their Solution In the northern foundation of the powerstation of the Biggetalsperre in Sauerland inclined marly slate with intercalated parts of reef knolls of different distribution is existing. These marly slate shows partly heavy decalcification. But the reef knolls exclusively were cavernous. The corner of an essential part of the powerstation was situated above a collapsed underground karstbridge, now filled with gravel. Therefore this part was constructed with cantilever and the weight had to be borne by the noncavernous rock neighboured in the south. The appearance of karstificated reef knolls without any preferred orientation seemed to be a danger for the stability of the rock in the south, that had to bear the total weight of the construction. This danger existed also in undercutting the solid rock. Beyond it the strata fell in the direction of the karst holes and therefore some sedimentary complexes of this rock incline to sliding. To prevent this a systematic injection program was started, the injection material consisting of 70% cement, 25% sand and 5% bentonite. The most important conclusions for construction in rock are that it is necessary to distinguish between the karstification of homogeneous limestone and rock with reefknollfacies. To obtain a solid foundation in such rock sufficient geological investigations are necessary. A tight teamwork between geologists and engineers during the planning period and the time of construction is as neccessary as to accomodate the construction on the speciality of karst.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 1 (1969), S. 198-206 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bestimmung der Spannung in Gesteinen mit linearen oder nichtlinearen Elastizitätskennlinien Ein nichtlineares Elastizitätsgesetz wird vorgeschlagen, in dem jede der Hauptspannungen als die Summation von zwei Reihen ausgedrückt wird, von denen die eine eine Funktion der dilatorischen (hydrostatischen) oder oktaedrischen Normalspannung und die andere eine Funktion der deviatorischen oder oktaedrischen Schubspannung ist. Die Konstanten in diesen Reihen können durch einen einfachen einachsigen Druck- oder Zugversuch an dem Werkstoff ermittelt werden. Mittels dieser so gewonnenen Ausdrücke kann die Spannung aus Dehnungsmessungen ermittelt werden, die an Gesteinen mit nichtlinearen Spannungs-Dehnungskennlinien durchgeführt wurden; ferner wird die Anwendung dieser Ausdrücke erläutert, wenn das dreiachsiale Dehnungsmeßgerät des CSIR zur Untersuchung dieser Gesteine benutzt wird.
    Abstract: Résumé Détermination des contraintes dans une roche à caractéristiques élastiques linéaires ou non-linéaires Cet exposé propose une loi non-linéaire d'élasticité d'après laquelle chaque effort principal s'exprime comme la sommation de deux séries, l'une étant fonction de la déformation dilatoire (hydrostatique) ou octaédrique normale, et l'autre, fonction de la déformation de cisaillement déviatrice ou octaédrique. Les constantes dans les séries peuvent être obtenues par un simple essai de compression ou de traction uniaxiales sur le matériau. On peut employer ces fonctions pour déterminer l'effort d'après les lectures de déformation dans une roche caractérisée par des déformations non-linéaires sous contrainte. On démontre l'application de ces fonctions en utilisant la cellule tensimétrique à trois axes du CSIR.
    Notes: Summary Determination of Stress in Rock with Linear or Non-Linear Elastic Characteristics A non-linear law of elasticity is proposed in which each principal stress is expressed as the summation of two series, one a function of the dilatory (hydrostatic) or octahedral normal strain and the other of the deviatory or octahedral shear strain. The constants in the series can be obtained from a simple uniaxial compression or tension test on the material. These expressions can be used to determine the stress from strain readings in rock having non-linear stress-strain characteristics and the application of these expressions when using the CSIR triaxial strain cell in such rock is demonstrated.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 1 (1969), S. 241-248 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Rock Fabric Analysis and Its Importance for the Solution of Rock Mechanical Problems Rock fabric analysis enables the identification of mechanically important mineral orientations, which usually are invisible for the naked eye. It may be used to solve problems in rock mechanics and for the analysis of residual stresses.
    Abstract: Résumé Analyse structurale des roches et son importance pour la solution des problèmes de la mécanique des roches Des études concernant l'analyse structurale des roches ignées permettent à recenser le réglage de ces roches qui n'est pas perceptible macrocoscopiquement mais du point de vue de mécanique des roches très efficace. On peut utiliser les résultats de ces études pour la solution de problèmes de mécanique des roches et pour des conclusions sur l'état de contraintes résiduelles.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Gefügeanalytische Untersuchungen in Massengesteinen und ihre Bedeutung für die Lösung felsmechanischer Probleme Korngefügeanalytische Untersuchungen in Massengesteinen gestatten es, die freiäugig nicht erkennbare, felsmechanisch jedoch recht wirksame Regelung dieser Gesteine zu erfassen und für die Lösung felsmechanischer Probleme zu nutzen. Rückschlüsse auf Restspannungszustände sind möglich.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 1 (1969), S. 249-249 
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 1 (1969), S. 252-256 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 5-10 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Notes: Summary The effect of surface irregularities in the form of boundary discontinuous gradients has been studied. It has been shown that certain waves will be attenuated due to passage through such irregularities in internal structure.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 40-59 
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    Notes: Summary In continuation of Part II, investigations of the lateral variation of group velocity dispersion character of Rayleigh waves were carried out for the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and for Africa. Maximum group velocity at such short periods as 25 to 30 seconds is observed in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, in agreement with earlier observations from the East Pacific Rise, but was not observed for the Indian Rise. ‘Less continental’ dispersion regions are found in Africa and in the whole of the Arabian Peninsula. Eastern half of the Indian Ocean seems to have a typical oceanic crustal structure. The dispersion patterns were checked in every area by earlier data. All results so far obtained by the present author on the lateral variation of dispersion characteristics have been compiled into a world map.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 11-14 
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    Notes: Summary Inversion formulae for the operational interpretation of some integral equations, with the exponent of the integrand involving any number of radicals, are given. Equations of the form considered here are of common occurrence to quite a wide variety of impulsive wave propagation problems.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 15-22 
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    Notes: Summary Seismicity of a region is defined as a surface integral of the local seismicity in that region divided by its area. Local seismicity results from the assumed scattering of each epicentre according to normal distribution as continuous point function It is represented by the sum of the products of all seismic energies taken into consideration and the distribution functions of the concerned epicentres. For a plane rectangular region a practicable formula for computation of seismicity is given by means of the error integral.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 23-30 
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    Notes: Summary Seismic activity at a point of the surface of the earth up to a given time has to be computed by the total energy per unit area at the point considered in consequence of the earthquakes up to that time. The definition of seismic activity of a region can be developed from that. Seismic activity in a given time-interval results from earthquakes up to the upper limit of that interval. In consequence of a suitable valuation seismic activity is always convergent. For sufficiently large time-intervals a formal relationship between seismic activity and seismicity can be constructed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 60-67 
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    Notes: Summary The stress and displacement throughout a homogeneous, isotropic, elastic quarterspace have been evaluated when the stress is prescribed on one of the plane boundaries and the displacement on the other. The variations of the displacement and stress on the boundaries with time and distance from the origin have been shown graphically.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 68-81 
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    Notes: Summary A direct method has been applied in this paper to find the stresses in some steadily rotating, self-gravitating spherical earth models.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 31-39 
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    Notes: Summary In the prism method of making terrain corrections, the topography is approximated by a model consisting of right rectangular prisms. The vertical component of the gravitational attraction of each prism is calculated and the sum of these components gives the terrain correction. The prism method as programmed has no computational limitations. It can be used on all sizes of computers; it can be applied to a large area with any fine grid interval; it can be processed in a single run and yet provides complete flexibility for both research and routine computations. This has been achieved by breaking up larger areas into regions which fit into the computer memory. The contributions of these regions are automatically summed up for each station. While processing each region, various controls may be used at each station to exclude the contribution of a distant part of the area, to use approximate expressions farther from the station, to print out details around the station. There is also provision to refine the model by using smaller prisms around each computation point. Thus full use of elevation control can be made to calculate the terrain correction, the accuracy of which depends only on the quality of the input data. The prism method has been used to calculate terrain corrections for 130 stations in the New Quebec crater area. For five of these stations terrain corrections were also calculated by usingHammer's template. The two independent sets of values differ by less than four per cent.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 82-104 
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    Notes: Summary An efficient tool in seismic signal analysis is offered by the array data processing techniques which are based upon similarity of pulse shapes between stations. Records at the six Swedish stations in general exhibit the signal resemblance required by the array methods. By applying a simple processing technique, the signal-to-noise ratio is increased by a factor of about 2, and the accuracy ofP-wave readings is improved. High similarity is found not only between the same phase (P, pP) at different stations, but also between different phases (P, pP) at the same or different stations. Altogether, records of eleven earthquakes were investigated in detail. The Swedish station network can be considered as a ‘super-large aperture seismic array’ (SLASA), despite some differences in instrumental equipment. A general adaptation of array techniques to SLASA systems is discussed. Such methods will greatly improve the seismological information which can be extracted from ordinary station records, provided the stations are located on geologically homogeneous ground.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 105-108 
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    Notes: Summary The concept of comet orbit activity sphere as introduced byD'Alembert and developed byLaplace is modified and applied to the Sun-Earth-Moon system, leading to a new approximate relationship between astronomical constants usually regarded as independent quantities. When Sun-Earth mass ratio, the astronomic unit, and Earth-Moon separation distance are taken as known, an elementary algebraic formula gives the Earth-Moon mass ratio in terms of these. Despite the inherently imprecise character of this type of calculation, surprisingly close numerical agreement with independently determined values is obtained. The great simplicity and directness of the result contrast with ardous orthodox inference procedures for the lunar mass, suggesting that newer methods of general dynamic analysis are required in the study of asymptotic states of the three-body problem.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 109-120 
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    Notes: Summary The standard formulation of the dynamics of physical librations of the Moon is re-examined in the light of currently accepted reduced estimates of the mechanical ellipticity of the lunar equator. It is seen that a more complete mathematical model is required which accounts for centrifugal couples and in which the sum of inclinations of lunar orbit (5°9′) and equator (1°30′) is not regarded as an infinitesimal quantity. Although it remains doubtful whether linearized differential equations can be expected to yield a quantitatively useful theory, a preliminary to more accurate calculation consists in analyzing the motion with fewer restrictions than has been customary. The main features of such a treatment are given which unify the classical analysis by showing how the afore-mentioned inclinations can be used to estimate the two principal mass parameters that affect physical librations. When accurate short-period libration data become available, the constants in question can be evaluated without recourse to orbital data used in the past.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 121-132 
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    Notes: Summary Using the results of spherical harmonic analyses of the geomagnetic field for some fourteen different epochs, includingGauss' first analysis for epoch 1835, and theErman-Petersen analysis for epoch 1829, the strength and axes of geomagnetic multipoles have been computed. In particular, a dipole from the three first order spherical harmonic coefficients, a quadrupole from five second order coefficients, and an octupole from seven third order coefficients. The axes of the quadrupole and octupole have moved quite rapidly when compared with movements of the dipole axis, and show a general movement westwards. Although the strength of the dipole has generally diminished, the strengths of the quadrupole and octupole have generally increased.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 153-160 
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    Notes: Summary Gamma-ray spectra of the samples were measured by standard laboratory multichannel spectrometry. The weighted least squares method was applied to the digital output data in order to determine the concentrations of U238, Th232 and K40 present. U and Th increase towards the rim of the massif (from 4 ppm U and 20 ppm Th in the coarse-grained central facies to 23 ppm U and 42 ppm Th in the fine-grained rim variety), whereas K remains fairly constant at ∼3.85%.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 133-152 
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    Notes: Summary In palaeomagnetism it is usually assumed that the distribution of directions of natural remanent magnetization at a site is Fisherian. This assumption is used here for an analysis of dispersion on a sphere when only inclination (and not declination) of NRM directions is known. By this method, in spite of the lack of declination data, the mean inclination and precision of the parent Fisherian population are estimated, together with the probable errors in these estimates. The method is tested against known Fisherian populations and is then used for dealing with data from borecores, where the way-up of cores and dip of the hole are known, but the azimuth of cores is not. Uses of the information derived from this analysis include estimations of age of NRM, support for palaeomagnetic data from surface studies, and comparison of dispersion of the palaeomagnetic field with that of the present geomagnetic field.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 172-178 
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    Notes: Summary A tectonic interpretation of the magnetic anomalies off the coast of California, Oregon and Washington between 40° and 52° north latitude shows that in the area surveyed the oceanic crust is cut by seven major dislocation zones which divide the region in eight areas. For five of these areas the original connection can be reconstructed. The existence of a ‘window’ of young crust surrounded by older crust and of a short, isolated length of active oceanic ridge southwest of Vancouver Island as proposed recently by different authors is not confirmed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 161-171 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, dass sich die vonWollan undKanamori vorgeschlagenen Austauschmechanismen (letzterer in modifizierter Form) auch zur Erklärung der magnetischen Strukturen der im Nickel-Arsen-Gitter kristallisierenden Verbindungen der 3d-Übergangsmetalle eignen. Unter Berücksichtigung der direkten Wechselwirkungen können Erklärungen für die Unterschiede in der Höhe der magnetischen Umwandlungstemperaturen gegeben werden. Das paramagnetische Verhalten der Titanverbindungen wird auf das Fehlen lokalisierter magnetischer Momente zurückgeführt. Die Abnahme der magnetischen Umwandlungstemperaturen innerhalb der Reihe MeS, MeSe, MeTe (Me=V, Fe, Co, Ni) wird damit erklärt, dass diep-Funktionen der Anionen mit steigender Ordnungszahl an Stabilität verlieren, wodurch die «Richtwirkung» der Anionenfunktionen vermindert wird.
    Notes: Summary It is shown, that the kinds of superexchange mechanism ofWollan andKanamori are suitable for declaring magnetic structures of nickel-arsen-type compounds of the 3d-metals. Differences of the curie-temperatures are interpreted by change of direct exchange. Paramagnetic behaviour of the titan compounds is declared by lacking of localised magnetic moments. Reduced curie-temperatures within the serie MeS, MeSe, MeTe (Me=V, Fe, Co, Ni) indicate that anion-p-functions with rising ordinal number have decreasing stability.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 179-195 
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    Notes: Summary A layer of a few hundred meters thickness with suspended matter (a nepheloid zone) was discovered byEwing andThorndike [4]3) near the bottom on the continental slope of the North Atlantic. A downward pressure gradient is produced in this layer due to increment of water density with suspensoid. When only the Coriolis force balances with this pressure gradient, a bottom nepheloid current flows southwestward parallel to the depth contours with a velocity of about 10 (cm/sec) for a slope of one degree. The pressure gradient for fluid with locally variable density above a sloping bottom is treated and an extra term due to density gradient along the slope is derived. The vertical profiles of the nepheloid current with an effect on the vertical eddy viscosity are computed. Two kinds of vertical distributions of eddy viscosity are determined from the observed nepheloid distributions and used in the calculations: constant but different values at two layers and those increasing with height. The effect of the change of density along the bottom is treated by introducing dimensionless variables. Rossby number of the nepheloid current becomes about 10−2 indicating inertia terms to be negligible. Rossby number of turbidity currents ranges from 2 (in a decaying area) to 5 (developing area), suggesting that inertia terms are more important than Coriolis terms. The trajectories of turbidity currents are computed from motion of a mass of mud under the Coriolis force and friction, and the results are applied to those inferred byHand andEmery [6] in the San Diego Through off California.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 211-219 
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    Notes: Summary The radiation tables byElsasser andCulbertson [1]2) are based upon an integrated form of the radiative transfer equation. Unfortunately, a term dealing with the temperature dependency of the transmission function is left out. This leads to an inconsistency of their analysis. It is the aim of this paper to correct and to modifyElsasser's graphical-numerical procedure such as to make his treatment internally consistent.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 65 (1966), S. 152-159 
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    Notes: Summary Correlations between some group of multipliers in the decomposition of the kernel function in the Stefanescu integral into vulgar fraction and parameters of geoelectrical cross-section are considered. Dependences of this multipliers on resistivities and relative thicknesses of layers (or longitudinals conductivities and transversals resistivities) are given.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 65 (1966), S. 102-124 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine neue Technik ist vorgeschlagen, mit der das dynamische Spektrum der erdmagnetischen Pulsationen mit der Frequenz von 0.002 bis 2.0 Hz fortlaufend aufgenommen wird. Seit April 1964 sind die Beobachtung und die Analyse der Pulsationsspektra in unserem Observatorium durchgeführt worden. Die Hauptresultate der Analyse sind folgende: a) Pc-4 Pulsationen mit durchschnittlicher Frequenz von 0.015 Hz treten fast den ganzen Tag durch auf, mit der stärksten Aktivität um 09 Uhr lokale Zeit. Die Frequenz dieser Pulsationen ist am längsten um 07 Uhr, am kürzesten um 19 Uhr. b) Pi-2 Pulsationen mit geräuschausbruchähnlichen Hochfrequenz-Komponenten zeigen den häufigsten Auftritt gegen Mitternacht. Diese unregelmässigen Pulsationen regen die üblichen pc-4 auf. c) Pc-3 Pulsationen mit der Durchschnittsfrequenz von 0.035 Hz treten nur am Tage mit einer positiven Korrelation mit der erdmagnetischen Unruhe auf. Ihre Frequenz nimmt fast parallel zur Frequenz von pc-4 von Morgen bis Abend ab. d) Die bekannten Pulsationen von pc-1-, pc-2- und pi-1-Gruppen mit kürzeren Perioden werden auch registriert. Ihre Aktivität ist bemerkbar nur in der Nacht, wegen ihrer Verkleinerung durch die Ionosphäre. Ausser den Perlenhalskettenpulsationen treten die Geräuschausbrüche mit Frequenzen von 0.2 bis 2.0 Hz oft merkwürdig auf. Die Wellenfrequenz von pc-2 zeigt einen regel mässigen Tagesgang, der parallel zur Frequenzvariation von pc-4 ist.
    Notes: Summary A special technique is introduced to observe continuously dynamic spectra of geomagnetic pulsations from 0.002 to 2.0 cps in frequency. Observation and analyses of these spectra have been continued on semi-routine basis in the authors' observatory since April 1964. Main observed results are as follows: a) Pc-4 pulsations of 0.015 cps in average frequency appear almost throughout a day, being the most active around 09 h LT; their frequency is maximum about 07 h and minimum about 19 h. b) Pi-2 pulsations with noise-burst-like high frequency components are the most active around the midnight; these irregular pulsations excite the regular pc-4 band. c) Pc-3 pulsations of 0.035 cps in average frequency appear only in the daytime with a positive correlation with the geomagnetic activity; their frequency decreases almost parallel to that of pc-4 from the morning to the evening. d) The well-known pulsations of pc-1, pc-2 and pi-1 ranges are also observed. Owing to the attenuation by the ionosphere, their activity is dominant only in the night time. In addition to the pearl-necklace type, noise bursts of 0.2 to 2.0 cps are particularly characteristic in this rauge. The frequency of pc-2 has a regular daily variation which is parallel to that of pc-4.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 65 (1966), S. 160-163 
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    Notes: Summary Recently, a new theory of the subsidence of rock masses has been advanced byLitwiniszyn and coworkers, which is based on the notion that the individual rock particles perform random walks. It is shown in the present paper that the final equations of the random walk theory can be justified from general principles of statistical mechanics in which no specific theoretical model of particle behaviour has to be made. The theory appears to account appropriately for subsidence phenomena.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 65 (1966), S. 168-179 
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    Notes: Summary In order to throw light on the mechanics of the cellular patterns of clouds observed from satellites we have applied classical methods to a new class of convection problems, namely a system consisting of two superposed layers with different properties heated from below, and have considered specially the case in which fluid may pass from one layer to the other and change its properties as it does so. A means is provided for computing the critical Rayleigh number and cell width to height ratio when the physical properties of the two layers are given.
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    Notes: Summary This investigation concerns itself with the determination of infrared radiative flux divergence along the symmetry line of a cone. Such a cone, imbedded in the plane earth, is thought to idealize a large valley. The radiative transfer equations were set up in such a manner as to deal with the special geometry involved. It was found that radiative temperature changes within the valley are a strong function of the steepness of the valley walls.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 65 (1966), S. 180-184 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, dass für ein Gasgemisch, das geladene Komponenten enthält und von einem divergenzfreien und stationären Magnetfeld durchsetzt wird, für eine geladene Komponente (Ionen oder freie Elektronen) näherungsweise der Ertelsche Erhaltungssatz gilt, falls unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen das Verhältnis der Reibungskraft (innere) zur magnetischen Feldkraft sehr klein verbleibt. Weiter wurde nachgewiesen, dass derselbe Erhaltungssatz näherungsweise auch für ein viskoses Medium gilt, falls die Reynoldszahl (Verhältnis der Trägheitskraft zur Reibungskraft (innere)) sehr gross ist. Dies ist bei einem turbulenten Medium der Fall.
    Notes: Summary It is shown that in a gas mixture containing charged constituents (ions and free electrons) the conservation theorem of Ertel is valid on certain conditions for one of the charged constituent if the ratio of the friction force between the neutral and charged constituents to the magnetic force is small. The same conservation theorem is also valid for a viscous fluid if the Reynoldsnumber (ratio of inertial force to the viscous force) is large.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 65 (1966), S. 196-215 
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    Notes: Summary In a coordinate system in which the ground is always a coordinate surface, climatic equations for axially asymmetric and symmetric atmospheric motions are derived. These are compared with their counterparts in the pressure coordinate system. Some qualitative predictions regarding solutions are given.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 65 (1966), S. 216-216 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 66 (1967), S. 5-15 
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    Notes: Summary After showing the possible definitions of the fictioious anomalies of local gravitational maps derived from Bouguer-maps, in the first part is discussed that $$\frac{{\smallint G dF}}{{\smallint |G |dF}} = 0$$ is the better fulfilled, the greater the map is in comparison with the horizontal dimensions of the anomalies (it is to integrate for the whole map;G is the derived quantity, e.g. residual org zz , obtained with method which are applying linear combinations of mean values on circles). It means that ficitious anomalies appear necessarily by such residual methods in general.—Because of the dependency of theG-values ons (radius of the smallest circle) applying such methods, in the second part is proposed the deduction ofs-independent formula for computing ofG, to diminish the disturbing effect of the fictitious anomalies. It is shown that the expression $$8.9\mathop \smallint \limits_0^\infty Res(s)/s^3 ds$$ gives satisfactoryg zz -approximations by pointmass [Res(s) is the residual-value as a function ofs obtained by the surface interpolation formula, [3] (7), usingd 1 2 =d 2=2].
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    Pure and applied geophysics 66 (1967), S. 30-36 
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    Notes: Summary Numerous observations of teleseismicPn phases have been made on short-period seismograph records in Sweden. The observations now cover the distance range of 2360 to 4670 km, that is about six times the distance range reported in an earlier paper. The propagation paths are exclusively confined to the Russian platform, which means that a very homogeneous structure is required for the propagation ofPn to large distances. The relation between travel-timet (sec) and distance Δ along the earth's surface (km) ist=Δ: (8.20±0.12)+(0±6), based on 30 observations. The real velocity ofPn (underneath Moho) is 8.15±0.12 km/sec and the corresponding Poisson's ratio, obtained by combination with the teleseismicSn velocity (4.72 km/sec), is 0.248. These are averages for the Russian platform. The problem of the relative occurrence ofPn andSn in teleseismic records is briefly discussed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 66 (1967), S. 37-47 
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    Notes: Summary The displacement due to vertical impulsive load has been obtained by function theoretic method. Graphs have been drawn for horizontal as well as for vertical displacement. It has been shown thatPekeris's [12]2) method is easier to apply than that ofCagniard [2] for the same purpose.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 66 (1967), S. 77-86 
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    Notes: Summary An up to date (1965) collection of the geometric parameters of the eccentric dipole is given and a new approach to the theory is introduced visualising the eccentric dipole as a superposition of multipoles. Formulae are also given for the determination of the theoretical north and south dip-poles.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 66 (1967), S. 69-76 
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    Notes: Summary Systematic and extensive investigations on the magnetic and mineralogical properties of samples from basaltic lavas and doleritic dykes have been made. The results obtained lead to several interesting conclusions. Rocks giving Curie temperatures of around 250°C exhibit a high degree of magnetic stability, yield largeQn values (〉40) and often contain ore minerals possessing skeletal crystal structure. Also, such rocks can be saturated in low fields of the order of 1000 Oe, and give a value of around 0.5 for the ratioR of saturation remanence to the saturation intensity of magnetization. In contrast to this, rocks giving Curie temperatures of about 580°C are comparatively less stable, give smaller values ofQn, require higher fields for saturation and yield values ofR less than 0.2. Rocks with Curie temperatures ranging from 250°C to 550°C show general magnetic properties intermediate to those of the above two categories.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 66 (1967), S. 87-89 
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    Notes: Summary Some of the cases of reverse magnetic polarity of rocks might be explained by the influence of pre-existent normal magnetized surrounding rocks.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 66 (1967), S. 90-96 
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    Notes: Summary Processes representable by Newtonian cooling models are found to be of importance for tides in various planetary atmospheres. The equations of tidal theory are, therefore, rederived to include a rather general Newtonian cooling, and some of the effects of this inclusion are investigated.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 66 (1967), S. 103-125 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une situation d'hiver abnormale en Afrique du Sud pendant le mois de juin 1964 a été analysée. Deux de trois sévères vagues de froid ont traversé le pays. Un tourbillon froid profond restait stationnaire pendant quelques jours sur la région de Transvaal et Orange Free State.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine abnormale Winterwetterlage, die mit zwei von drei aufeinanderfolgenden Kaltluftausbrüchen Südafrika während des Monats Juni 1964 in Mitleidenschaft gezogen hat, wird analysiert. Ein tiefer Kaltluftwirbel hielt sich einige Tage lang im Gebiet von Transvaal und Oranje-Freistaat stationär.
    Notes: Summary An abnormal winter situation in South Africa during the month of June 1964 when two of three subsequent cold spells swept across the country has been analyzed. A deep cold vortex became stationary for a couple of days in the Transvaal and Orange Free State areas.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 66 (1967), S. 133-139 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The results of an investigation of the deposition of nuclear weapon debris from the third Chinese test explosion are discussed.t −(1+x )-curves were measured and the values of the parameterx are presented. The dry and precipitation fallout samples and a hot particle were gammaspectrometrically examined. Fractionation phenomena were studied.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Am 9. Mai wurde der dritte chinesische Kernwaffenversuch durchgeführt. Als Folge konnte etwa vierzehn Tage nach dem Explosionszeitpunkt in Stuttgart-Hohenheim eine deutliche Zunahme des radioaktiven Befalls festgestellt werden. Für die gewonneuen Niederschlags-, Staub- und Luftfilterproben, sowie für ein Heisses Teilchen wurdent −(1+x )-Kurven gemessen, diex-Werte bestimmt und gammaspektrometrisch die Nuklidzusammensetzung untersucht. An den aufgefundenen Nukliddiskriminierungen ist bemerkenswert, dass das Heisse Teilchen eine deutliche95Zr-95 Nb-Anreicherung aufwies.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 66 (1967), S. 169-182 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary General as well as quantitative details of reasons of the variations of the density of condensation nuclei is mentioned. Based on one year's records of observations in the morning and at noon in Vienna, executed by menas of a Pollak-condensation nucleus counter especially the effects of sedimentation, washout, rainout, exchange, wind advection, annual and weekly variation is discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach allgemeinen und quantitativen Angaben über die Ursachen der Zu-und Abnahmen der Kondensationskerndichte wird auf die natürliche und industrielle Kernproduktion verwiesen. Auf Grund einjähriger Morgen- und Mittagsbeobachtungen in Wien mit einem Pollak-Kondensationskernzähler wird besonders die Sedimentation, der Washout- und Rainouteffekt, der Einfluss von Austausch und Windadvektion sowie der Jahres- und Wochengang besprochen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 66 (1967), S. 156-168 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Based upon the hitherto available results of the American Rocket Network (MRN), the effect of the twenty-six months' oscillation on the spring transition in the mesosphere is investigated. Lack of the possibility to construct circumpolar charts for the mesosphere proves the major disadvantage. Whether the asymmetry in the March pressure distribution of certain years found byScherhag extends up into the mesosphere has not yet been determined owing the scarcity of rocket material in previous years. The date of the vernal transition is — apart from its automatically depending on geographical location — found to be strongly height-dependent. Several examples illustrating the mesospheric spring transition over the MRN area are given.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An Hand der bisher vorliegenden Ergebnisse des amerikanischen Raketennetze (MRN) wird der Auswirkung der sechsundzwanzigmonatigen Schwingung bei der Frühjahrsumstellung in der Mesosphäre nachgegangen. Das Fehlen der Möglichkeit zur Zeichnung zirkumpolarer Mesosphärenkarten erweist sich als Hauptnachteil. Ob die Asymmetrie der Märzdruckverteilung in gewissen Jahren, dieScherhag fand, bis in die Mesosphäre reicht, kann auf Grund des spärlichen Raketenmaterials früherer Jahre noch nicht entschieden werden. Der Zeitpunkt der Frühjahrsumstellung erweist sich — neben der selbstverständlichen Abhängigkeit von der geographischen Lage — stark höhenabhängig. Mehrere Beispiele zur Illustration der mesosphärischen Frühjahrsumstellung über dem Gebiet des MRN werden gegeben.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 67 (1967), S. 54-64 
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    Notes: Summary The potential functions caused due to anSH-torque pulse from a point source in any of the layers of a three-layered solid half-space have been evaluated in terms of definite integrals, usingCagniard's method. The solution is given as a double infinite series, of which only a finite number of terms contribute to the disturbance at a definite time, and the number of such terms increases with time.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 66 (1967), S. 140-155 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Absorption von Sonnenstrahlung und langwellige Ausstrahlung für wolkenfreien Himmel wurden für den Bereich des Amerikanischen Mittelmeers berechnet, auf Grund herkömmlicher Radiosondenaufstiege im Jahre 1960. Die Ergebnisse werden mit Hinblick auf die in der Literatur verfügbaren Breitenkreismittelwerte diskutiert. Absorption von Sonnenstrahlung und langwellige Ausstrahlung ändern sich mit der geographischen Breite besonders stark im Winter, wogegen horizontale Unterschiede im Sommer weniger ausgeprägt sind. Eine relativ starke Absorption von Sonnenstrahlung scheint in den unteren Schichten über der Karibischen See stattzufinden. Die langwellige Ausstrahlung ist besonders stark um 700 mb und unterhalb des 950 mb-Niveaus, und zwar sowohl im Sommer wie im Winter. Das steht im Gegensatz zu den Ergebnissen vonLondon, stimmt aber mit einer neueren Studie vonDavis überein. Die für wolkenfreien Himmel berechnete langwellige Ausstrahlung bis hinauf zum 500 mb-Niveau ist etwas grösser als die aus Aufstiegen von Radiometersonden im Herbst 1960 gewonnenen Werte vonRiehl. Unterschiede zwischen den Daten vonRiehl und den Breitenkreismittelwerten vonLondon scheinen im wesentlichen aus unterschiedlichen Bewölkungsverhältnissen herzurühren. Die aus Absorption und langwelliger Ausstrahlung resultierenden Abkühlungsbeträge entsprechen im allgemeinen den vonLondon für mittlere Bewölkungsverhältnisse mitgeteilten mittleren Vertikalschnitten. Die effektive Ausstrahlung der Erdoberfläche zeigt im Winter eine Abnahme von der Karibischen See auf den dann kalten Nordamerikanischen Kontinent hin; Unterschiede mit der geographischen Breite verschwinden hingegen im Sommer. Die Berechnungen entsprechen den Tabellenwerten vonBudyko und den Abschätzungen vonRiehl für den Herbst 1960;London's Daten sowie Abschätzungen nach dem Nomogramm vonSverdrup hingegen sind deutlich höher.
    Notes: Summary Computations of solar heating and infrared cooling for clear sky conditions in the area of the Central American Seas are presented, as based on conventional radiosondes in 1960. Results are discussed with regard to latitude mean data available in the literature. Both solar heating and infrared cooling display the most pronounced latitudinal variation in winter, while the distribution is rather uniform in summer. Large heating rates are found in the lower layers over the Caribbean Sea. The infrared cooling shows maxima around 700 mb and below the 950 mb level, in both summer and winter. This contrasts withLondon's result, but agrees with a more recent study byDavis. Infrared cooling rates computed for clear sky conditions up to 500 mb are somewhat larger than the results form radiometer soundings in fall 1960 as reported byRiehl. Discrepancies betweenRiehl's data andLondon's latitude mean values appear to result essentially from different cloud conditions. The pattern of net cooling is in general consistent withLondon's latitude mean cross-sections for average cloudiness. Effective outgoing radiation in winter displays a decrease from the Caribbean Sea towards the cold interior of the North American Continent, while latitudinal contrasts vanish during the summer season. Computations compare well withBudyko's table andRiehl's estimate for fall 1960, while they are substantially lower thanLondon's data and estimates fromSverdrup's graph.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 67 (1967), S. 5-14 
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    Notes: Summary Regional variations have been indicated in the slope of theP travel-time curve in the shadow zone of the earth's core. Further study is needed since the uncertainties of the slope are large, especially for the observations from North American stations. There is no significant difference between themean slope of theP travel-time curve in the 95°≦Δ≦102.9 range and those obtained byJeffreys, andJeffreys andBullen. However, there is a significant difference between themean slope in the 103° to 135° range as obtained in this study, and those obtained byJeffreys andBullen, and in a later revision byJeffreys. Themean travel-time curve ofP in the shadow zone of the earth's core should be lowered. A trial travel-time table is given with amean slope of 4.41 sec/deg. This table is in close agreement with the times obtained byGutenberg andRichter, and with the trial travel-times ofLehmann. Under the assumption of diffraction the longitudinal wave velocity has been determined to be 13.7 km/sec at the core-mantle boundary.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 66 (1967), S. 183-200 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De juin 1961 à décembre 1964, le rayonnement de courtes longueurs d'onde du soleil et du ciel (rayonnement global) a été enregistré à Locarno-Monti, au pied sud des Alpes, au moyen de surfaces réceptrices disposées suivant les faces d'un cube orienté vers le sud. Le matériel de mesure recueilli permet d'établir les variations journalières et saisonnières moyennes du rayonnement global lors de conditions extrêmes et moyennes de rayonnement. Rapportée à l'énergie rayonnante totale interceptée par le cube, la fraction de rayonnement reçue par une certaine face verticale dépend de l'orientation de cette face et de la durée relative d'insolation. On étudie l'influence de cette dernière sur l'éclairement dont jouissent les différentes faces du cube. A l'aide des relations trouvées, on calcule des moyennes climatologiques du rayonnement global à partir de moyennes tirées des longues séries d'enregistrements de la durée relative d'insolation à Locarno-Monti. En donnant encore le rapport des rayonnements du soleil et du ciel reçus respectivement par une surface verticale et par l'horizontale, on rend possible l'évaluation du rayonnement global tombant sur une paroi verticale aux stations où seuls des récepteurs horizontaux sont mis en œuvre.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung In Locarno-Monti am Alpensüdfuss wurde von Juni 1961 bis Dezember 1964 die kurzwellige Strahlung von Sonne und Himmel (Globalstrahlung) auf die Flächen eines nach Süden orientierten Würfels registriert. An Hand dieses Materials konnten mittlere Tages- und Jahresgänge der Globalstrahlung für extreme und mittlere Strahlungsbedingungen gewonnen werden. Der Anteil der Strahlungsenergie, die auf eine senkrechte Fläche fällt, an der gesamten Strahlung auf den Würfel, wird von der Orientierung der Wand und der relativen Sonnenscheindauer beeinflusst. Es wurde die Abhängigkeit des Strahlungsgenusses der verschieden orientierten Wände von der relativen Sonnenscheindauer untersucht. Mit Hilfe dieser Zusammenhänge wurden klimatologische Mittelwerte der Globalstrahlung aus langjährigen Mittelwerten der relativen Sonnenscheindauer in Locarno-Monti abgeleitet. Um auch für Stationen, an denen die Globalstrahlung nur auf die horizontale Fläche gemessen wird, jene auf senkrechte Flächen berechnen zu können, werden die Verhältnisse der Strahlung von Sonne und Himmel auf eine Wand zu der auf die horizontale Fläche angegeben.
    Notes: Summary Measurements of the short wave radiation of sund and sky (global radiation) on surfaces of a cube orientated to the south have been carried out at Locarno-Monti (Switzerland) from June 1961 to December 1964. These data were used for deducing the annual and daily variations of the global radiation under extreme and average conditions. The percentage of the radiation energy on a vertical surface on the entire radiation on the cube depends on the orientation of the surface and on the relative duration of sunshine. Further researches involve the dependence of the radiation on vertical walls of different orientation on the duration of sunshine. With the aid of these relations and the climatological means of the relative duration of sunshine at Locarno-Monti average values of the global radiation could be determined. In order to calculate the radiation on vertical surfaces for those stations, for which only measurements of the global radiation on a horizontal surface are available, the relations between the radiation on a wall to that on a horizontal surface must be known.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 67 (1967), S. 15-26 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary In this investigation, a method is developed which allows the determination of the distribution of the intrinsic attenuation with depth in the earth's mantle using single body wave observations. Focal mechanism, geometrical spreading and the source function are not involved in the proposed method. Several examples are presented obeying different laws of the quality factor decreasing or increasing with depth. A case is shown where a first order discontinuity is present, and also when the hypocenter varies with depth.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 67 (1967), S. 33-42 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The displacements on the free surface of a homogeneous isotropic semi-infinite medium has been obtained assuming a moving normal stress on the surface. It has been studied how the displacements behave with (1) the direction of propagation of the source with respect to the recording station and (2) the velocity of the source.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 67 (1967), S. 27-32 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The expression of the travel timet of bodily waves propagating in a layered earth, as a function of the emerging angle is obtained, to complement the one given in a previous paper [1]2) of the epicentral distance θ. The waves velocityV is again assumed to vary linearly with the depth. Having both expressions it becomes possible to construct a theoretical functiont=t(θ) and to explore the true values ofV by adjusting it to the experimental travel time tables.
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  • 98
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    Pure and applied geophysics 67 (1967), S. 65-70 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The possibility of propagation of Love-waves in a non-homogeneous internal stratum internal stratum of finite depth sandwitched between two semi-infinite isotropic media has been studied in this paper. The density and rigidity both are considered to be variable, density being taken as $$\varrho 2 = \frac{{\varrho 0}}{{\left( {1 + \alpha z} \right)}} and rigidity \mu 2 = \frac{{\mu 0}}{{\left( {1 + \alpha z} \right)}},$$ ϱ0 and μ0 are constants. The velocity β=c2 is taken here as constant $$ = \surd \overline {\mu 2} /\varrho 2 = \surd \overline {\mu 0} /\varrho 0$$ . It is found that the phase velocityc exists between the limitc 2〈c≦(1.121c 2). The variability ofKH (whereK, the wave number andH, the depth of the internal medium) with the change ofc/c 2 andC/c 2 (whereC is the group velocity) is shown graphically.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 67 (1967), S. 83-94 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The problem of a point source in an isotropic, inhomogeneous fluid medium is discussed. It is assumed that the density of the fluid is constant and the acoustic velocity varies with depth asc=c 0(1 +m z) wherem is a constant andc 0 is, the velocity at the level of the origin. An approximate expression for the field due to a point source in such a medium is obtained when the medium is infinite as well as when it is semi-infinite. It is found that the results obtained agree with the WKB solution of the problem.
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  • 100
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 51-60 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The possibility of propagation of Rayleigh waves in an incompressible crust of constant density and rigidity varying exponentially with depth lying on a semi-infinite transversely isotropic base has been discussed in this paper. Frequency equation has been derived and numerical calculations are made. The result obtained in this case is compared with that ofNewlands [3]2) andDutta [4].
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