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  • Articles  (66,096)
  • Elsevier  (39,042)
  • Springer  (27,054)
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  • 1965-1969  (66,096)
  • Physics  (66,096)
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  • Articles  (66,096)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Durchmesser der achsensymmetrischen Strömungen zweier newtonischer Flüssigkeiten verschiedener Viskositäten, die unter ihrem Eigengewicht senkrecht austreten, werden als Funktion des Abstandes von einer Düse gemessen. Die Messungen werden mit zwei Theorien (I, II) verglichen, die auf verschiedene Näherungen beruhen. Die Theorie I führt auf eine gewöhnliche Differentialgleichung zweiter Ordnung, während die Theorie II eine asymptotische Lösung derNavier-Stokes-Gleichung ergibt. Es zeigt sich, daß die erste Näherung ausreicht, um die Messungen der hochviskosen Flüssigkeit (30.000 cS) zu beschreiben. Zur Erläuterung der Messungen des niedrig-viskosen Silikonöls (1.000 cS) bedarf es der asymptotischen Lösung.
    Notes: Summary The diameters of the axially symmetric streams of two Newtonian liquids of different viscosities falling vertically under gravity have been measured as a function of the distance from the nozzle. The measurements have been compared with two theories, (I, II) based on different approximations. Theory I leads to a second-order ordinary differential equation and theory II gives an asymptotic solution of theNavier-Stokes equations. It was found that the first approach was sufficient to explain the measurements in the high viscosity liquid (30,000 cS) but the asymptotic solution was needed to explain the low viscosity (1,000 cS) measurements.
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  • 2
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    Springer
    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 22-38 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Summary The propagation of elastic waves (both longitudinal and transverse) through polyurethane rubbers filled with different amounts of sodium chloride particles was studied at 0.8 MHz and 5 MHz. At a constant filler concentration (∼10% by volume), the velocity of these waves appeared to be independent of filler size. On the other hand, both velocities were found to increase with filler content. From the wave velocities, the effective modulus for longitudinal waves, L, bulk modulus, K, and shear modulus, G, were calculated according to the relations for a homogeneous isotropic material. All three moduli appear to be monotonically increasing functions of filler content, c, over the whole experimentally accessible temperature range (−80°C to +80°C for L and K; −80°C to about −30°C for G) and they, moreover, reflect the glass-rubber transition of the binder. Poissons ratio, μ, was found to decrease with increasing filler content and shows a rise at about −30°C as a result of the approach of the glass-rubber transition. The attenuation of the elastic waves was also measured in the temperature ranges mentioned. For filler particles beyond a critical size both tan δL and tan δG in the hard region are independent of the filler content within the accuracy of the measurements. The critical size depends on the type of wave and on its frequency. In the rubbery region, however, tan δL increases with particle size (at a constant content of 10% by volume) and even shows an enhancement with the smallest particles (1–5 μ) at 0.8 MHz. Moreover, it is found that for the same filler size tan δL increases with filler content. In some cases an anomalous damping behaviour was found, such that in the rubbery region the attenuation rises indefinitely with temperature. For filler particles larger than the above-mentioned critical size, tan δG and tan δL increase in the hard region as well. Finally, the experimental results are compared with existing theories on the elastic properties of and wave propagation through composite media.
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  • 3
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 54-59 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Summary In the absence of disturbances at the free surfaces, secondary flow due to elastic forces occurs in elastic liquids sheared in cone-and-plate rheometers but not in parallel-plate rheometers. In both types of apparatus an instability is observed. Using a theory based on a fracture mechanism, the critical normal stress differences for the onset of the instability can be correctly predicted for both types of apparatus. It is concluded that the fracture instability is a distinctly different effect from the secondary flow considered.
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  • 4
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 89-123 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The article deals with boundary-value problems of the flowing of Newtonian liquids and of second-order liquids out of a plane slit or circular tube. The streamlines and the velocity- and stress-components have been calculated especially for the transition range and are represented graphically. It is possible to recognize there-from the length of the rearrangement region from the shear field into the strain field and to arrive at an explanation of theBarus effect. A newly developed spin balance which is suitable for measuring the strain viscosity on a broad class of liquids is described in detail, and the possibilities of using it are discussed. Also, measurements of the strain viscosity on three different liquids are communicated and discussed. The conclusion is drawn therefrom that the increase of the strain viscosity with the strain tension is a necessary prerequisite for the technical spinning processes. Some possibilities of interpretation are given.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden Randwertprobleme des Ausströmens von newtonischen Flüssigkeiten und Flüssigkeiten zweiter Ordnung aus einem ebenen Spalt bzw. Kreisrohr behandelt. Die Stromlinien und Geschwindigkeits- sowie Spannungskomponenten sind insbesondere für das Übergangsgebiet berechnet worden und werden graphisch dargestellt. Daraus kann man die Länge des Umschichtungsgebiets vom Scherins Dehnfeld erkennen und eine Erklärung desBarus-Effektes folgern. Eine neu entwickelte, für Messung der Dehnviskosität an einer breiten Klasse von Flüssigkeiten geeignete Spinnwaage wird im einzelnen beschrieben, und es werden die Möglichkeiten ihrer Anwendung diskutiert. Weiterhin werden Messungen der Dehnviskosität an drei verschiedenen Flüssigkeiten mitgeteilt und erörtert. Daraus wird gefolgert, daß die Zunahme der Dehnviskosität mit der Dehnspannung eine notwendige Voraussetzung für die technischen Spinnprozesse ist. Einige Deutungsmöglichkeiten werden gegeben.
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  • 5
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 38-44 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein aus einem Spalt mit rechteckigem Querschnitt bestehender Apparat wird beschrieben, der zur Messung der Strömungsdoppelbrechung geschmolzener Polymeren in einem Bereich von Schubspannungen dient, die höher sind als die üblicherweise für diesen Zweck zugänglichen Schubspannungen. Einige Ergebnisse von Messungen an einem Polystyrol und an zwei Polyäthylenen werden gegeben. Bei diesen Messungen wurde der Punkt, bei dem Schmelzbruch in zylindrischen Kapillaren auftritt, erreicht und überschritten. Die im Gebiet kleinerer Schubspannungen erhaltenen Werte des Unterschiedes der Brechungsindices (n 11–n 33) liegen nahe bei den Werten für (n 11–n 22), wie sie im Kegel-Platte-Apparat erhalten werden.
    Notes: Summary A description is given of a rectangular slit apparatus suitable for the measurement of streaming birefringence in molten polymers at much higher shear stresses than are currently available. Some results are given of measurements on a polystyrene and two polyethylenes up to and including the incipient point of melt fracture in circular capillaries. Measurements of the refractive index differences (n 11–n 33) were found in the lower shear stress region to lie close to (n 11–n 22) values measured with a coneand-plate apparatus
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  • 6
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 44-54 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Summary In this paper, we have studied the secondary flow induced in a micropolar fluid by the rotation of two concentric spheres about a fixed diameter. The secondary flow exhibits behaviour commonly observed in visco-elastic fluids. In particular we have obtained the expressions for microrotation vector. Numerical results have been obtained for a number of values of relative rotations of the two spheres for a chosen set of values of fluid parameters. The results are presented graphically and compared with the previous investigations.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The influence of pressure dependence of viscosity on capillary flow of Newtonian liquids has been calculated with following results: 1. For a pressure coefficientα which is known, the nonlinear pressure gradient along the capillary as well as the decrease in volumetric flow can be given. 2. By variation of capillary dimensions the pressure coefficientα can be determined. 3. A general, substance independent diagram has been deduced, giving the error in measurement induced by neglecting the pressure dependence of viscosity. Some experimental results are shown and discussed in comparison to previous results ofKuss (2).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß der druckabhängigen Zähigkeit auf die KapillarströmungNewtonscher Flüssigkeiten wurde — unter Berücksichtigung der Kompressibilität — quantitativ berechnet mit folgenden Ergebnissen: 1. Bei bekannten Druckkoeffizientenα kann der nichtlineare Druckverlauf längs der Kapillare sowie die Verminderung des Durchflußvolumens angegeben werden. 2. Der Druckkoeffizientα kann mittels Variation der KapillardimensionenL/R bestimmt werden. 3. Es wird ein allgemeines, stoffunabhängiges Diagramm abgeleitet, das den durch Nichtberücksichtigung der Druckabhängigkeit der Viskosität verursachten Meßfehler abzulesen gestattet. Einige experimentelle Ergebnisse werden mitgeteilt und im Vergleich zu denjenigen vonkuss (2) diskutiert.
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  • 8
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 176-183 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Apparatur zur Messung der Normalkraft, die bei der Scherung viskoelastischer Flüssigkeiten auftritt, wird beschrieben. Sie beruht auf der Beobachtung des Rückstoßes einer Kapillare (oder eines Spaltes), aus der ein Flüssigkeitsstrahl ausströmt. Zwei experimentelle Anordnungen werden beschrieben. Eine von diesen benutzt die Stoßkraft, die auf ein Schiffchen ausgeübt wird, um das Impulsmoment des Flüssigkeitsstrahles zu bestimmen, während die andere auf der Messung des Rückstoßes der Düse beruht. Die Annahmen, die gemacht werden, um die Stoßkraft in eine Spannung, die rechtwinklig zur Dehnungskraft steht, umwandeln zu können, werden diskutiert. Es ist bemerkenswert, daß Oberflächenspannungseffekte berücksichtigt werden können, so daß es nicht nötig ist, die Gültigkeit derWeissenberg-Hypothese vorauszusetzen, falls parallele Spalte benutzt werden. Eine allgemeine Diskussion der Ergebnisse an einfachen Flüssigkeiten und an Lösungen von Polymeren wird gegeben. Versuche mit Stärkelösungen werden erwähnt, wo mit der Rückstoßanordnung Spannungen in der Normalrichtung gemessen worden sind, die direkt mit denen, die mit einem Rheogoniometer erhalten wurden, verglichen werden. Mehrere Anwendungen der Methode werden kurz gestreift; zum Beispiel die Anwendung der Methode zu Messungen an Gasen, zur Bestimmung der elastischen Eigenschaften sehr verdünnter Lösungen von Polymeren und zur Untersuchung des Einlaufgebiets durch Beobachtung des Effekts, welchen dasL/D-Verhältnis der Düse auf den Rückstoß des Flüssigkeitsstrahls hat.
    Notes: Summary Apparatus is described which enables the normal stress-shear rate behaviour of a viscoelastic liquid to be obtained from observations of the thrust of a jet of the liquid issuing from a capillary tube (or slot). Two types of apparatus are mentioned. In one type the jet thrust is obtained from the impact force on a boat which the jet strikes and in the other the reaction force on the jet nozzle is measured. The assumptions which are made in converting the measured thrusts into normal stresses are discussed. In particular, it is shown that surface tension effects may be allowed for, and that there is no need to assume the validity of theWeissenberg hypothesis when parallel slots are used. A general discussion of the results obtained when using “Newtonian” liquids and polymeric solutions is given. Tests on a series of starch solutions are described in which normal stress data obtained using the jet thrust apparatus are directly compared with those obtained by means of the rheogoniometer. Several applications of the method are briefly given: a description of how the method may be applied to gases; measurement of the elastic properties of very dilute polymer solutions; and an examination of the entrance region by observing the effect of varying tubeL/D ratio on jet thrust.
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  • 9
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 201-205 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den vergangenen Jahren hat sich ein wachsendes Interesse an der Schwingungs-Scheruntersuchung in der Rheologie gezeigt. Diese Arbeit beschreibt eine Meßmethode, die auf Korrelationstechniken beruht und die in Verbindung mit einem Weißenberg-Rheogoniometer zur direkten digitalen Anzeige der Porengoniometer zur direkten digitalen Anzeige der Probencharakteristiken führt. Der Solartron JM 1600, ein digitaler Frequenzanalysator, und der JX 1606, ein mechanisches Vergleichssynchronisiergerät, bilden die Grundlage des Meßsystems. Das Signal wird vom Übertrager auf der unteren Platte des Rheogoniometers übernommen und an das mechanische Bezugssynchronisiergerät weitergegeben. Das mechanische Bezugssynchronisiergerät gibt eine digitale Information in Abhängigkeit von der Frequenz und Phase der oszillatorischen Bewegung. Diese Information wird dem JM 1600 eingegeben und bildet ein Vergleichssignal für den Korrelator. Ein zweites Signal wird vom Übertrager, der sich auf der oberen Platte des Rheogoniometers befindet, entnommen. Der JM 1600 vergleicht dann die obere mit der unteren Platte. Die auf diese Art und Weise korrelierten Signale sind repräsentativ für jeden beliebigen Parameter, den der Übertrager liefert. Verstärkung und Phase des Ausgangs im Vergleich zum Eingang werden in kartesischen, Polar- oder log-Polarkoordinaten dargestellt. Das Gerät liefert Ausgangssignale sowohl in digitaler als auch analoger Form zur direkten „on-line“-Speicherung der Ergebnisse. Der Frequenzbereich erstreckt sich von 10−5 bis zu 160 Hz. Das Gerät ist voll programmierbar für die regelmäßige „on-line“-Probenahme bei Theologischen Prüfungen.
    Notes: Summary In recent years, a growing interest has been shown in oscillatory shear testing when applied to Rheology. This paper describes a method of measurement based on correlation techniques, which when used in conjunction with aWeissenberg Rheogoniometer, provides direct digital readout of the specimen characteristics. The Solartron JM 1600 Digital Frequency Response Analyser and JX 1606 Mechanical Reference Synchroniser form the basis of the system. A signal is taken from the transducer on the lower platen of the rheogoniometer and fed to the mechanical reference synchroniser. The mechanical Reference Synchroniser provides digital information relating to the frequency and phase of the oscillatory motion. This information is fed to the JM 1600 Digital Transfer Function Analyser and forms a reference signal for the correlator. A second signal is taken from the transducer on the upper platen of the Rheogoniometer, and the JM 1600 then correlates upper against lower platens. The signals so correlated, can be representative of whatever parameters the transducers provide. The gain and phase of the output with respect to the input, are displayed in cartesian, polar or log polar co-ordinates. The instrument also provides outputs in both digital and analogue form, for direct on line recording of the results. The frequency spectrum covered is from 10−5 c/s to 160 c/s, and the instrument is fully programmable for on line routine sampling of rheological specimens.
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  • 10
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 221-225 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Angeblich sei es angebracht, die nach stetiger Kreisscherung einer Polymerschmelze eintretende Spannungsrelaxation in einemWeissenberg-Rheogoniometer zu bestimmen. Es heißt, für diesen Zweck könne die Umdrehung innerhalb 10 Millisekunden beendet werden. Sorgfältige Versuche haben jedoch gezeigt, daß keine der zwei Behauptungen zutrifft. Die Hauptwelle des Rheogoniometers wird von einer Kupplungsscheibe, die mittels eines Elektromagnets mit einer Antriebsscheibe in engem Kontakt gehalten wird, angetrieben. Das Abbremsen findet infolge des Einschaltens einer in ähnlicher Weise betätigten Reibungsscheibe, die mit dem Gehäuse des Apparates unbeweglich verbunden ist, statt. Der Zeitverlust zwischen dem Moment des Ausschaltens der Antriebsscheibe und des Einschaltens der Bremsscheibe hängt von der Drehgeschwindigkeit des Schalters ab. Die Ersetzung des Drehschalters durch einen Kniehebelschalter eliminiert diese Abhängigkeit: Bremszeiten von weniger als 10 Millisekunden wurden somit wiederholt erzielt. Im Rheogoniometer wird die Scherspannung in der Gestalt des Ausschlages einer Welle gemessen. Nach einer stetigen Scherung wird die Welle aus ihrer Ruhelage gedreht und die beobachteten Spannungsrelaxationserscheinungen entsprechen der Bewegung der Torsionswelle. Die Spannungsrelaxation findet also nicht unter konstanten Begrenzungen statt wie es die Theorie bedingt; eine einfache Berechnung auf Grund der Scheibenbewegung-Zeitfunktion zeigt das „Ungleich-Null“ — Schergeschwindigkeitsgefälle an. Unbeweglich im System sind der stillstehende Konus und der obere Teil der Torsionswelle. Es wird also das Relaxationsverhalten von der Wellenkonstante beeinflußt, wie es mittels des Versuches mit einer elastoviskosen Flüssigkeit veranschaulicht wurde. Bei einer Newtonschen Flüssigkeit benimmt sich das System wie ein drehendesMaxwell-Element, worin die Zeitkonstante von der Viskosität der Flüssigkeit und der Elastizitätskonstante der Torsionswelle bestimmt wird.
    Notes: Summary It has been suggested that stress relaxation after steady rotational shear flow of a polymer melt can be conveniently studied in theWeissenberg Rheogoniometer. To carry out such experiments, it is claimed that rotation can be stopped in a time interval of less than 10 milliseconds. Careful experiments reveal that neither of these statements is correct. The drive to the main spindle of the Rheogoniometer is effected through a clutch disc held in close contact with a driving plate by means of a magnetic coil. Braking is effected by a similar friction disc and coil attached to the body of the apparatus. With the standard rotary switch the time interval between deenergising the drive coil and energising the brake coil is arbitrarily determined by the speed of rotation of the switch. The replacement of the rotary by a toggle switch eliminates this variation and gives a reproducible time of braking of less than 10 milliseconds. In the Rheogoniometer the shear stress is determined by the deflection of a torsion bar. After steady shearing, the bar is displaced from its mean position, and the “stress” relaxation characteristics which are observed correspond to the changing position of the torsion bar. Consequently the relaxation of stress in the system does not occur under conditions of fixed boundaries as demanded by the theory, and the non-zero rate of shear can be readily obtained from the plate displacement-time relation. The fixed points in the system are the stationary cone and the top of the torsion bar. Hence the bar constant influences the relaxation behaviour, as has been demonstrated experimentally with an elastoviscous fluid. With aNewtonian fluid, the system behaves as a rotaryMaxwell element, with a time constant determined by the viscosity of the fluid and the elastic constant of the torsion bar.
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  • 11
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 240-242 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das rheologisohe Verhalten plastischen Treibstoffs unter Raketenbedingungen wird in einer Versuchsanordnung nachgeahmt. Dabei wirkt eine Druckdifferenz auf einen Treibstoffpfropfen in einem starren Rohr so, daß dieser in einer teleskopartigen Soherung verformt wird. Vorläufige Ergebnisse werden gegeben und besprochen.
    Notes: Summary The rheological behaviour of plastic propellent in rocket motor situations is simulated in an experimental technique. In this a differential gas pressure is applied across a plug of propellent in a rigid tube so as to deform it in an approximately telescopic shear fashion. Preliminary results are given and discussed.
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  • 12
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 205-214 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Rheologische Untersuchung von pharmazeutischen Produkten wie Pasten und Cremen war bisher auf Experimente mit kontinuierlicher Scherbeanspruchung beschränkt. Man weiß jedoch, daß es komplexes rheologisches Verhalten gibt und daß die Untersuchung der Hysteresisschleife nur ein qualitatives Erfassen von Strukturen und Theologischen Eigenschaften ermöglicht. Untersuchungen unter oszillierenden Bedingungen wurden vermieden, hauptsächlich wegen der zeitverbrauchenden Messungen, die die Berechnung von Amplitude und Phasenwinkel mit sich bringen und wegen der Schwierigkeiten, eine „saubere“ Wellenform zu erhalten. Die Solartron Electronic Group Ltd. hat vor kurzem ein Gerät entwickelt, das diese Schwierigkeiten überwindet: den „transfer function analyser“ JM 1600 und den „mechanical reference synchroniser“ JX 1606. Unschärfe wegen Interferenz kann durch Filtern vermieden werden und Ergebnisse können fast augenblicklich erhalten werden. Dieses Gerät wurde in Verbindung mit demWeissenberg-Rheogoniometer benützt, um das rheologische Verhalten von pharmazeutischen Produkten wie Emulsionen, Cremen und Salbengrundlagen zu testen. Die Änderung von Phasenwinkel und Amplitude wurde mit parallelen Platen und konzentrischen Zylindern im Bereich von 25 Hz bis 7,9 · 10−3 Hz untersucht. Das rheologische Verhalten der untersuchten Systeme wurde über einen weiten Bereich variiert, von linearen newtonischen Flüssigkeiten zu nichtlinearen plastischen Festprodukten. Man kann daraus schließen, daß das Solartrongerät ein schnelles und genaues Verfahren bietet, um rheologische Bestimmungen von komplexen pharmazeutischen Produkten durchzuführen.
    Notes: Summary The rheological investigation of pharmaceutical materials such as pastes and creams has been limited to continuous shear experiments although it is known that complex rheological behaviour (visco-elasticity) is present and that analysis of hysteresis loops can only give a qualitative estimate of structure and rheological properties. Oscillatory testing has been avoided largely due to the lengthy measurements involved in calculation of amplitudes and phase angle and the difficulty in obtaining a “clean” wave form. Solartron Electronic Group Ltd. have recently introduced an apparatus that overcomes these objections: the transfer function analyser J. M. 1600 and mechanical reference synchroniser J. X. 1606. Electronic noise can be filtered out and the results are available almost instantaneously. This apparatus has been used in conjunction with aWeissenberg rheogoniometer to study the rheological properties of a variety of pharmaceutical materials, including emulsions, creams and ointment bases. The change in phase angle and amplitude has been studied over the frequency range 25 Hz to 7.9 × 10−3 Hz for parallel plate and concentric cylinder geometries. The systems examined have demonstrated a large range of rheological behaviour ranging from essentially linear Newtonian liquid to very non linear plastic solid. It is concluded that the Solartron apparatus will provide a rapid and accurate method for the rheological analysis of complex pharmaceutical materials.
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  • 13
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 229-234 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Gelenksteifheit wird durch exakte physikalische Größen definiert. Es werden Methoden beschrieben, mit denen die Gelenksteifheit objektiv, qualitativ und quantitativ gemessen werden kann. Es wird eine Apparatur vorgestellt, die Messungen am Knie- und dem zweiten Metacarpophalangeal-Gelenk gestattet. Den Hauptanteil an der Gesamtsteifheit während einer Schwingung stellt die elastische Steifigkeit. Die plastische Steifigkeit erreichte Werte bis zu 40% der Gesamtsteifigkeit bei der Maximalamplitude. Bei kleinen Amplituden war dieCoulombsche Reibungssteifigkeit mit der elastischen Steifigkeit vergleichbar. Die viskose Steifigkeit ist gering.
    Notes: Summary Joint stiffness has been defined in precise physical terms. Methods are described whereby joint stiffness may be measured objectively, qualitatively and quantitatively. Apparatus is described to permit measurements to be made at the knee and the second metacarpophalangeal joints. The major contribution to overall stiffness during a particular oscillation was elastic stiffness. Plastic stiffness was significant (up to 40 per cent at maximum amplitude). At small amplitudesCoulomb frictional stiffness was comparable with plastic stiffness. Viscous stiffness was small.
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  • 14
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 243-243 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The importance of the consistency of wheat flour dough in baking is defined. This is normally determined with the aid of a recording dough mixer. Such a mixer was first patented byHogarth, a Scottish miller in 1889 but proved inadequate. About 40 years laterHankóczy a Hungarian cereal chemist initiated the line of recording dough mixers which are used today. His andBrabender's work are reviewed which led from a factory mixer fitted with an ammeter, via the early torque recording laboratory instruments to the modern Farinograph. The basic unit is described in some detail. Slides of the various attachments are shown which allow application to grinding and high speed mixing both on a batch and continuous basis. The use of the system for the testing of cereal products, fats, rubber, filler and plastics is described. The theoretical significance of the results obtained is briefly discussed. The lecture is illustrated by 14 slides.
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  • 15
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 245-245 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The rheometer is based on an original design by the Monsanto Chemical Co., for the study of flow properties of polymer melts. Shear rates over the range 101 to 106 reciprocal seconds are obtained by driving a plunger at constant rates through a barrel with interchangeable capillary tubes at the exit. The resulting shear stress is measured by the accurate load measuring system of the basic instrument. Errors due to the length to diameter ratio of the capillaries, plunger friction, polymer compressibility, temperature rise due to friction and pressure drop in the barrel, are discussed and correction methods suggested. Standard and special applications of the rheometer are discussed indicating that it can be used to determine factors other than apparent viscosity.
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  • 16
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 246-246 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract During the past two decades, the information explosion has led to a demand for systems of storing and retrieving information in every branch of science and technology. A number of the larger abstracting services are already experimenting with systems covering so great an area that the use of a computer is essential. Since, however, the, field of rheology is relatively small a simple classification and retrieval system is being developed, for use inRheology Abstracts, based upon ordinary 132-hole edge-punched cards. The first half of the system deals with the rheology of fluids and is already in use; it is described in detail in a recent paper (1). The second half, dealing with the rheology of solids, is still being developed. In the fluids system, holes are punched to indicate the following essential features of a paper: general nature; language; type of fluid; rheological properties; type of flow; boundary conditions; important variables and effects; theoretical treatment; type of apparatus; industrial processes involved. As a result two simple hand operations will serve to retrieve, for example, all the papers concerned with turbulent flow of suspensions, or with fracture in polymer melts. Additional operations lead to a narrower, more precise, retrieval. At present the classifying is being done by abstractors. It is hoped that authors will become familiar with the system and will make a practice of classifying their own papers; this would lead to more accurate classification and to the benefit of all concerned.
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 428-429 
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 472-480 
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    Notes: Summary A series of visualisation studies of the slow flow ofBingham plastics round bodies of various shapes led to the conclusion that the drag is not simply due to the effective volume of the body being increased by the presence of an enveloping layer of stagnantBingham plastic round the body. Such a model requires the layer to be much thicker than was observed in practice; and an alternative model, based on the effective viscosity of theBingham plastic, is proposed.
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 421-427 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The flow in liquid metals on casting and solidifying can be made visible by means of model experiments. The similarity conditions must be adhered to. The model of the mould to be investigated is made of plexiglass. The most suitable replacement liquid is, in most cases, water. The flow is marked by adding to the water small particles of colophonium or stearin. It is possible by slit-shaped seperation of the light of an electric lamp to place light sections through the model and, if the intensity of the light is sufficient, also to photograph these light sections. Several light sections in various planes of the model result in in geometric flow profile. Model investigations on the course of flow in a mould when casting killed steel and when casting and solidifying unkilled steel show the informative value and the usefulness of the process described here.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Strömungen in flüssigen Metallen beim Gießen und Erstarren können mit Hilfe von Modellversuchen sichtbar gemacht werden. Die Einhaltung der Ähnlichkeitsbedingungen muß beachtet werden. Das Modell der zu untersuchenden Gießform wird aus Plexiglas hergestellt. Als Ersatzflüssigkeit ist in den meisten Fällen Wasser am besten geeignet. Zur Markierung der Strömung werden dem Wasser kleine Teilchen aus Kolophonium oder Stearin zugegeben. Durch spaltförmiges Ausblenden des Lichtes einer elektrischen Lampe können Lichtschnitte durch das Modell gelegt und bei ausreichender Lichtstärke auch photographisch festgehalten werden. Mehrere Lichtschnitte in verschiedenen Ebenen des Modells ergeben ein räumliches Strömungsprofil. Modelluntersuchungen über den Strömungsverlauf in einer Kokille beim Gießen von beruhigtem und Gießen und Erstarren von unberuhigtem Stahl zeigen die Aussagefähigkeit und den Nutzen des hier beschriebenen Verfahrens.
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 411-421 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In continuation of a preceding investigation of non-linear effects in viscoelastic flow through dies three different phenomena are analyzed: First it is shown that air bubbles and solid particles, suspended in such fluids, in many cases do not pass through the die, but migrate laterally and accumulate in the neighbouring circulation zones. This effect is explained by the inhomogeneity of the stress field in the inflow area. Subsequently the “haze”, first observed byMetzner et al. in the inflow zone with solutions of long-chain polymers, is studied particularly, and it is shown that its intensity does not depend on pressure at the outflow side. Hereby the suggestion that this haze should be a degassing phenomenon due to local pressure reduction below atmospheric is shown to be maintainable no longer, and it is pointed out as being very likely to originate from a reversible aggregation of parallelized, elongated chain molecules. Finally, discharge out of holes into a fluid reservoir is studied. In contradiction to certain theoretical predictions, a flow everywhere directed outwards and monotonously decreasing from the midst to the walls with no circulation areas at all is observed which only deviates from slowNewtonian, flow by some curvature of stream lines near the outlet. With high flow rates, however, a transition occurs into a quite different flow type (“tree-like outflow”) which is characteristically divergent from instability phenomena inNewtonian fluids but corresponds to “onion slide-down” in free jets. This is also explained by aggregation before entering the die and its finite decay time. It is elucidated why approximation theory, which provides reasonable predictions for inflow, must fail for discharge flow.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In Fortsetzung einer vorangegangenen Untersuchung über nicht-lineare Effekte beim Strömen viskoelastischer Flüssigkeiten durch Düsen werden drei verschiedene Phänomene behandelt: Zuerst wird gezeigt, daß Luftblasen und Feststoffteilchen, die in solchen Flüssigkeiten suspendiert sind in vielen Fällen nicht durch die Düse hindurchgehen. sondern seitlich auswandern und sich in den Zirkularströmungszonen anreichern. Dieser Effekt wird durch die Inhomogenität des Spannungsfeldes im Einströmbereich gedeutet. Anschließend wird die zuerst vonMetzner u. Mitarb. an Lösungen sehr hochmolekularer Polymerer beim Einströmen beobachtete Trübung genauer analysiert und insbesondere gezeigt, daß diese nicht vom Druck an der Auslaufseite abhängt. Hierdurch wird die Vermutung, daß es sich um einen Entgasungseffekt infolge lokalen Unterdrucks handeln könnte, als unhaltbar erwiesen, und es wird wahrscheinlich gemacht, daß die Ursache in einer reversiblen Aggregation der parallel gerichteten, gestreckten Molekülketten zu suchen ist. Endlich wird die Ausströmung aus Lochdüsen in ein Flüssigkeitsreservoir hinein untersucht. Im Widerspruch zu gewissen theoretischen Voraussagen beobachtet man hier keine Zirkulationszonen, sondern eine überall auswärts gerichtete, von der Mitte zum Rand hin monoton abnehmende Strömung, die — abgesehen von einer Krümmung der Stromlinien in unmittelbarer Nähe der Düsenöffnung — nur wenig von der schleichenden Strömung einerNewtonschen Flüssigkeit abweicht. Bei hohen Durchsätzen tritt allerdings ein von den Instabilitätsphänomenen inNewtonschen Flüssigkeiten wesentlich verschiedener Umschlag in eine ganz andere Strömungsform (‚'bäumchenartige Strömung“) auf, die der bei Freistrahlen beobachteten ‚'Zwiebelablösung“ korrespondiert. Diese wird ebenfalls durch die vor der Düse gebildeten Aggregationen und deren endliche Zerfallszeit gedeutet. Es wird einsichtig gemacht, warum die Approximationstheorie, welche für Einlaufströmungen durchaus vernünftige Voraussagen liefert, für Auslaufströmungen versagen muß.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This paper describes a procedure to obtain polycarbonate of bisphenol A samples of various degrees of crystallinity. The modulus-temperature curves and the impact strength of these materials are investigated. The results show the importance of the annealing procedure on the mechanical properties of these systems.
    Notes: Résumé On étudie dans cet article un procédé pour obtenir des polycarbonates de bisphénol-A de divers taux de cristallinité. On détermine la variation thermique du module-(10 sec) et la résistance au choc des ces polymères. On étudie également l'influence du recuit sur les propriétés mécaniques.
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    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 519-525 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das rheologische Verhalten von Pigmentdispersionen in viskoelastischen Flüssigkeiten wird mittels dynamischer Messungen im kHz-Bereich untersucht. Die Ergebnisse werden mit stationären Viskositätswerten verglichen. Auf dieser Basis wird die allgemeine Form des Viskositätsspektrums bei Pigmentdispersionen diskutiert. Die Resultate werden auf die spezielle Strömung beim Durchgang durch ein rotierendes Walzenpaar angewandt. Die Mitnahmekraft wird als Funktion der Geschwindigkeit gemessen. Einige theoretische Näherungen werden diskutiert. Es wird vorgeschlagen, als erste Näherung eine nicht-Newtonsche, nichtelastische Flüssigkeit anzunehmen. Als spezielles Beispiel wird dasOstwald-de Waelsche Gesetz benutzt. Aus den experimentellen Ergebnissen läßt sich eine Beziehung zwischen Mitnahmekraft und relativer dynamischer Viskosität ableiten. In einer loglog-Darstellung ergibt sich, wie theoretisch vorausgesagt, eine Gerade. Dennoch zeigen sich Unterschiede zwischen Theorie und Versuch. In diesem Fall würde ein allgemeineres Modell einer nichtelastischen Flüssigkeit zu einer besseren Näherung führen.
    Notes: Summary The rheological behaviour of pigment dispersions in a viscoelastic liquid have been investigated by dynamic measurements in the kHz range. The results are compared with stationary viscosities. On this basis the general shape of the viscosity spectrum for pigment dispersions is discussed. The results have further been applied to a particular flow problem: passage between rotating rollers. The drag force or “tack” has been measured as a function of speed. Some theoretical approaches are discussed. As a first approximation, it is proposed that a non-Newtonian non-elastic liquid must be assumed. The power law model has been used as an exemple. A correlation has been found experimentally between the drag force and the relative dynamic viscosity. In a double logarithmic plot a straight line is obtained as predicted from a simple power law theory. However, some discrepancies between theory and experiment still exist. A more general non-elastic liquid model would give a better approximation in this case.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 21-23 
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    Notes: Abstract A 10-stage digital light beam deflector is described using Kerr cell polarisation switches and calcite birefringent prisms. Optimum design criteria are derived with respect to resolution and drive voltage. The final device had an overall transmission of 91% and could be switched from one direction to another in 0.2μsec.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 9-12 
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    Notes: Abstract The low-frequency unclamped electro-optic coefficients of proustite have been measured at an optical wavelength of 0.6328μm. The results show thatr 22 is comparable to that of lithium niobate,r 13 andr 33 are considerably lower. The maximum theoretical value is calculated at 10.8×10−12 m/V about three times the largest measured coefficient value.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 69-74 
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    Notes: Abstract A simple dye-laser system is described in which Rhodamine dyes are pumped by a co-axial linear air flashlamp in a cylindrical elliptical pumping reflector. Output pulses lasting up to 1.5μsec and containing up to 250 mJ energy, have been successfully mode-locked to produce 100% modulated pulse trains. Employing a diffraction grating as cavity reflector to tune the laser frequency, in each case, for maximum absorption by the same Q-switching dye, successful mode-locking has been achieved with both Rhodamine B and Rhodamine 6G. Time resolved emission spectra have been recorded with an image tube streak camera and the effect of resonant reflectors has been studied.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 128-133 
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    Notes: Abstract A theory of spatial frequency domain filters is presented from the standpoint of leastsquare linear estimation. The general expression of this filter is obtained with few assumptions, thus allowing considerable flexibility in its application. Noise common to pictorial information usually can be described as a mutually exclusive process, whereas much of the available signal processing theory assumes additive noise. Types of pictorial noise discussed in this paper include the background of signal patterns, pattern obscurity, and image modulation due to the recording process. It is shown that the additive noise assumption is valid under certain conditions. The general filter is described in terms of spatial frequency estimates which are conveniently expanded for particular applications. A detection filter for determinative patterns is obtained and compared to the matched filter. A filter is derived to restore patterns degraded by noise and a linear distortion filter.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 134-137 
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    Notes: Abstract A method is described for producing two controllable pulses from a Q-switched solid state laser, the time separation of the pulses being variable from about 30 nsec to a few microseconds. The technique involves Q-switching the system with a time variant loss which has two steps, the application of the first step only partially depleting the population inversion. The method has been demonstrated with an electro-optically Q-switched Nd:CaWO4 laser.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 152-154 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 155-159 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 151-152 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. i 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 25-28 
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    Notes: Abstract An equation of quadratic form is derived relating the phase mismatchΔk=¦k sum −k pump −k slgnl ¦ in an optical sum-frequency generation process to the angle ψ between the pump and signal wave vectors. For a special value ofk pump a solution ofΔk=0 exists having degenerate roots and consequently a single value of ψ. Because of this it is possible to choose a non-collinear phasematching situation for an optical up-converter which tolerates a much larger signal beam divergence than if a collinear-beam interaction were chosen. The case of up-conversion of 10.6μm radiation to the visible, using ruby-laser pumped proustite was chosen as an example for experimental study. Under tangential phase-matching conditions an angular acceptance angle of the infra-red beam of 300 mrad was achieved for a crystal 0.45 cm long.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 13-19 
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    Notes: Abstract The role of the solvent in the passive Q-switching of lasers by solutions of organic dyes has been examined in detail. It was found that several pure organic solvents could themselves partially Q-switch the laser, in the absence of the dye. This behaviour was observed for both ruby and neodymium: glass lasers. Pulse-widths as short as 20 nsec were occasionally recorded. Peak powers up to 2 MW have been observed using 1-chloronaphthalene to switch a ruby laser. It is proposed that Q-switching arises from an enhancement of reflectivity of the liquid, during the evolution of the laser pulse, through the formation of a periodic refractive index modulation in the liquid by the action of standing waves.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 33-35 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a method for determining some important laser parameters from the fluorescence changes of an excited media induced by a resonant laser pulse. The parameters measured include stimulated emission cross-section, metastable level population and spectral relaxation rate. Results are reported for Nd3+ in silicate and phosphite glasses and in solution in POCl3 and SeOCl2.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 49-59 
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    Notes: Abstract We first describe the basic linear and non-linear mathematical operations underlying most image enhancement techniques, and compare the hardware available for carrying out these operations which includes digital computers, optical set-ups and special electro-optical devices. Then we give a brief account of the commonly used image enhancement techniques, such as contrast enhancement, crispening, noise elimination, and inverse filtering. Finally, we mention some examples of image enhancement in the biomedical area.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 45-48 
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    Notes: Abstract By means of a simple grating and lens arrangement, the detour phase effect makes it possible to add and subtract any number of one-dimensional functions. This process may also be used for certain logic applications.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 37-44 
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    Notes: Abstract Huygens' principle is derived for short wavelengths in inhomogeneous, isotropic media from considerations of Green's second theorem and the solution to the time-independent wave-equation for a point-source in an inhomogeneous, isotropic medium. This principle leads to an integral equation for the field distribution on optical resonator mirrors, whose parameters depend only upon the geometrical-optics ABCD-matrices. The resonator parametersF, G 1,G 2, the resonance and stability conditions as well as the spot size of the fundamental mode at the mirrors are given as functions of A, B, C, D, for the special case of a rotationally symmetric optical system between square mirrors. The resonator parameters,F, G 1,G 2, are calculated by this new method for a case familiar from the literature.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 119-120 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 121-121 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 165-171 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown how the theory of non-linear interaction between the modes of the open resonator, developed previously [1] and used to study resonant second harmonic generation [2], can be applied to second harmonic generation in the absence of a resonator. The conditions under which the second harmonic output, in the small conversion approximation, can be approximated by a Gaussian beam are derived. The optimum value of the focusing parameter I/z0 (hereI is the length of the crystal, andz 0 is one-half the confocal parameter of the fundamental beam) for the total output is shown to be 5.68 agreeing precisely with the value given by Boyd and Kleinman [3].
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 189-192 
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    Notes: Abstract Experiments are reported on 1.06μm scattering from a laser produced plasma. Generally in such experiments scattering is observed on the shock wave front at 90° from the incident beam. In our set-up the plasma is expanding in a Fabry-Perot resonator and we note a strong emission at 1.06μm.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 174-178 
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    Notes: Abstract The absorption of light and subsequent thermalisation of the absorbed energy can be significantly affected by the presence of non-equilibrium population distributions in gases. The phenomenon of thermal blooming in gases is discussed from this standpoint. It is shown that a transient phenomenon of “absorption cooling” can occur, leading to a focusing rather than defocusing of an incident laser beam. Flux densities causing saturation in air and pure CO2 are calculated. For vibrational saturation in air, I 〉 3.66 kw/cm2, for pure CO2, I 〉 4.58 kw/cm2. For rotational saturation, in either gas, I 〉 840 kw/cm2.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 196-204 
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    Notes: Abstract It is known [1–3] that the statistical properties of the electrons emitted by a detector, which registers a light beam, contain information about light radiation statistics. This method has recently been widely used to measure the statistical properties of laser radiation [4]. In analysing non-linearly-transformed laser or thermal radiation, this method can give information about the non-linear process and also additional data on the statistics of the transformed radiation.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 219-219 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 213-217 
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    Notes: Abstract We have determined the two independent “fast” non-linear refractive indices for liquid mixtures of CS2 and CCI4 to within 5% relatively and 8% absolutely over their range of more than a decade. These indices describe non-linear propagation of optical pulses of arbitrary polarisation, which are of a too short duration to be affected by electrostriction. We report measurements, having relative accuracy better than 1 %, of the static Kerr constants of these mixtures. We combine these results with recent data on Rayleigh wing depolarisation ratios for the same mixtures to deduce the desired non-linear indices with the aid of molecular theory. The non-linear refractive index for linearly polarised light is shown to be two-thirds (±5%) of the index difference measured by the Kerr effect, at least for molar concentrations of CS2 greater than 10%. Our measured relative values of the mixture Kerr constants are predicted to within experimental error if one simply replaces the Lorentz local field factors in the classical theory by their 0.6 powers.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 1-8 
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    Notes: Abstract The optical and electrical problems in the design of a beam-sampling detector for laser power, energy and pulse duration measurements are discussed with a view to achieving an accuracy of 2% relative to a fundamental detector for pulses down to 3 nsec duration. Experiments show that a beam sampler using an ITT F4000 biplanar vacuum cell mounted in a coaxial taper is capable of this accuracy, but that the silicon diodes (EG + G SD100, Mullard BPY13A) trap some of the photoelectric charge and then release it with a time constant of up to a few microseconds giving a pulse length-dependent sensitivity: they can be used for energy measurements, however. The Mullard 90CV vacuum photo-cell holds back about 6% of the photo-electric charge for about 1μsec and can also give erratic currents up to ten times the computed saturation current: effects probably due to residual gas in the cell. The limits set on performance by the rise time and maximum linear current of the various detectors are discussed. The design of a holder for the ITT F4000 photo-cell giving a rise time constant of 0.25 nsec is given.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 29-31 
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    Notes: Abstract There is at present great interest in crystals which are suitable for efficient mixing at optical frequencies. Such a crystal should be acentric, have a wide transmission band, have a large non-linear coefficient and permit phase matching. Proustite possesses such properties [1], and this paper summarises the information that has been obtained to date at R R E on these properties and their use in “up-converting” 10μm radiation to the visible, on the available optical quality, on the electro-optic effect, and on electrical conduction in the crystal; some general observations on the type of damage caused to proustite by laser beams are given.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 62-64 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 64-66 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 67-67 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 75-87 
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    Notes: Abstract A general equation is proposed for the dynamical electric permittivity tensor, taking into account, besides frequency dispersion, spatial dispersion describing the linear and non-linear optical activities of the medium. It permits one to determine the symmetry relations and value of the optical Kerr effect, a generalised Havelock relation, and the non-linear change in optical rotation angle for arbitrary conditions of observation. Simple examples are adduced to give a microscopic interpretation of the results derived, rendering apparent the basic mechanisms (fluctuations of density, non-linear changes in the optical polarisability tensor and gyration tensor, molecular reorientation, and various radial and angular correlations) leading to induced optical non-linearities. Measurements of non-linear changes in optical rotation angle are shown to be promising in solutions of polymers or colloids, and will permit,inter alia, direct determinations of the anisotropy of gyration properties of molecules macromolecules and colloid particles.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 103-118 
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    Notes: Abstract The propagation of light near the axis of astigmatic optical systems may be described by the geometrical-optics approximation with the aid of ray-matrices. The application of the theory of diffraction to the propagation of light in such systems leads to integrals containing essentially the elements of the ray-matrices as parameters. The ABCD-law is derived by evaluating these integrals for gaussian beams. Integral equations applicable to astigmatic optical resonators, having nearly vanishing diffraction losses, are set up. They are only valid under certain conditions, which are comprehensively discussed. The eigensolutions and the eigenvalues of these integral equations are given. The spot-sizes at the resonator mirrors are derived from the eigensolutions, and the eigenvalues lead to the resonance condition. Spot-sizes and resonance condition appear as functions of the elements of the characteristic resonator matrices. The methods described here are applied to the propagation of gaussian beams through gas-lenses and to a resonator containing an internal gas-lens.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 89-101 
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    Notes: Abstract An analysis of the propagation process in fog has been performed by means of the Monte Carlo method. The effect of multiple scattering on image quality and on visibility range has been studied, together with the detailed time dependence of the light at the receiving system. The improvement in visibility achievable with range gating techniques has been evaluated.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 120-120 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. ii 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 123-127 
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    Notes: Abstract Pulse stretching of a passively Q-switched ruby laser is accomplished by the introduction of a non-linear absorber into the laser cavity. Single pulses of length 150 to 400 nsec are observed. The non-linear absorption is obtained by using a Rayleigh-wing scatterer as the solvent for a bleachable dye. This approach is unique in that stretched Q-switched pulses may be obtained by the introduction of a single liquid into the laser resonator with no electronics necessary. Since the Rayleigh Frequency is within the gain lineshape of the active medium, threshold for the stimulated Rayleigh scattering is exceeded at relatively low power densities.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 121-121 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 138-142 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that the image upconverter can operate with point source pump-beams as well as the commonly used planar pump source. The major effect of the pump beam divergence is not to degrade the resolution but is to change the transverse and longitudinal magnification of the image. We demonstrate by a paraxial ray-tracing analysis that these changes in image dimensions and location obey relations quite similar to thin-lens formulae.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 143-150 
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    Notes: Abstract The development of techniques for the deposition of semiconductor layers has led, over the last decade, to intensive studies of heterojunction systems. In this paper an outline is given of those properties relevant to the production of photodetectors, illustrated by a summary of the classes of device so far prepared with notes on the way in which their performances differ from classical detectors.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 159-159 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. II 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 61-62 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 160-160 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 172-173 
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    Notes: Abstract Polaritons associated with the 1072 cm−1 optical mode of quartz have been stimulated by a two-beam method and we have directly observed the far-infrared radiation corresponding to the electromagnetic part of the excitation with a HgTe-CdTe detector.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 161-164 
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    Notes: Abstract Wavelength and frequency data for far-infrared c.w. gas laser lines have been scanned using a computer for chains of harmonic coincidences suitable for transferring frequency measurements from the submillimetre to the 10μm wavelength region. A table of selected possibilities using up to three lasers in sequence is presented showing the calculated beat frequencies.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 179-181 
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    Notes: Abstract Temperature tunable, 90° phase matchable, parametric fluorescence has been observed in ADP and KDP crystals. The fluorescence was pumped by 2573 Å CW radiation obtained from a second harmonic argon-ion laser. Fluorescence was observed in ADP over the complete visible spectrum by temperature tuning through the range —12 to+40° C. The measurements demonstrate the usefulness of these materials for visible parametric oscillators. The values of d(n 2v e −n v o )/dT deduced from these and other measurements are found to disagree with values in the literature.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 182-188 
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    Notes: Abstract The insertion of a multi-photon absorber within a laser cavity has practical importance in providing stabilised laser amplitude and variable pulse duration. We report the relative non-linear absorption coefficients of semiconductors Si, CdSe, CdTe, and GaAs at 1.064μm using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The measurements on Si were carried out from 77 to 450° K, and the results confirm a stepwise process giving rise to induced absorption. The effects of the spatial and temporal distributions of the laser emission on the absolute non-linear coefficient values are briefly discussed. Preliminary observation of stepwise multi-photon absorption in aqueous PrCl3 and NdCl3 measured with a pulsed Nd:glass laser is also reported. The possibility of using a combination of inducible and saturable absorbers, placed within the laser cavity, as a means of providing laser intensities confined to a narrow range centred about a pre-set intensity, is raised.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 193-195 
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    Notes: Abstract In this experiment, the transmission of the saturable absorber of a mode-locked laser is modulated optically by a train of ultra-short pulses emitted by another laser, with some power reflected inside the cavity to initiate the emission. The laser threshold is only attained during the opening time of the modulator, and stimulated emission is prevented at any other time. Once pulses are formed, the photon density is sufficiently high for auto-modulating the dye. Q-switching of the laser is only realised if the difference between the time of a round-trip in the cavity and the period of modulation is less than ±17 psec. The emission is a series of pulses of 5.2 nsec period lasting for 60 nsec. The total energy in all pulses is 60 mJ for a neodymium doped glass rod of 8 mm diameter. We describe a method for measuring the noise of the series of pulses using a saturated photo-cell. We find a ratio of 100 between the energy of one pulse and the energy emitted between two pulses.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 218-218 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 209-212 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with the investigation of a longitudinal electric field (1 V/cm) arising in a homogeneous piezo-electric crystal at a high level of optical excitation. The sign of the effect corresponds to free carrier drag (electrons — in the case of CdS) in the direction of light propagation. The magnitude of the effect and its kinetics have been related to the light intensity, temperature, crystal orientation and the distance between the fest points. The effect is assumed to be a result of generation of a phonon packet, referred to by the authors as an acousto-optical domain, and carrier drag by this domain. Calculations based on the Boltzmann kinetic equation for the electron distribution function give a reasonable phonon density inside the domain, necessary for generating the electric field observed. Estimates based on the calculated phonon density show considerable mechanical stresses to exist in the domain area. These can result in the destruction of the crystal when there is an increase in light intensity; so the effect observed can be directly related to the problem of optical strength.
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    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 1 (1969), S. 2-2 
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    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 1 (1969), S. 3-5 
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    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 1 (1969), S. 11-11 
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    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 1 (1969), S. 12-30 
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    Notes: Abstract The concept of a Lie series is enlarged to encompass the cases where the generating function itself depends explicity on the small parameter. Lie transforms define naturally a class of canonical mappings in the form of power series in the small parameter. The formalism generates nonconservative as well as conservative transformations. Perturbation theories based on it offer three substantial advantages: they yield the transformation of state variables in an explicit form; in a function of the original variables, substitution of the new variables consists simply of an iterative procedure involving only explicit chains of Poisson brackets; the inverse transformation can be built the same way.
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    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 1 (1969), S. 6-10 
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    Notes: Abstract It has been claimed that the representation of satellite motion in the vicinity of the critical inclination is a matter of practical, as well as theoretical interest, since “the perturbations in the coordinates are of the order of 25 times greater near the critical inclination than away from it” (Messageet al., 1962). In this paper we show, using Encke's method of numerical integration for satellites which are at, near, and away from the critical inclination, that there are no discernible features in the coordinate perturbations which distinguish the critical inclination from any other.
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    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 1 (1969), S. 31-35 
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    Notes: Abstract The results of Chernous'ko are extended numerically in order to investigate the character of locked-in rotational motion for orbits of arbitrary eccentricity. It is found that for certain ranges of eccentricity, the rotational lock for the higher spin rates in stronger than that of a 1/1 rotational lock in a circular orbit. Furthermore the limiting values of the instantaneous spin rate of the satellite are established for any given rotational lock.
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    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 1 (1969), S. 46-58 
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    Notes: Abstract Generalized predictor-corrector algorithms are developed based on non-polynomial functions. The special case of two-body elliptic motion is examined, suitable function sets are established, and numerical results described.
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    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 1 (1969), S. 36-45 
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    Notes: Abstract In an axially symmetric three-dimensional Riemann-spaceg ik(u 1,u 2)−u 3 represents the cyclic parameter-, a gravitational potential ϕ(u 1,u 2) is given. For all masspoints with equal total energy and equal angular momentum there exists a function Ψ(u 1,u 2) by means of which the equations of motion can be reduced to a simple ordinary second-order differential equation. The function ϕ can be interpreted as the velocity with which the masspoint moves in the two-dimensional spaceu 1,u 2. Of particular interest is the case where the spaceu 1,u 2,u 3 is Euclidean. Ifu 1,u 2 are Cartesian coordinates in a planeu 3=const., and if the tangent vector of the trajectoryu 1(t)u 2(t) has the components cosω, sinω it is shown that the triple integral $$\smallint \smallint \smallint \psi du^1 du^2 d\omega $$ is an invariant integral in Cartan's sense, in other words, if the integral is extended over a domain in a meridian plane at timet=0, it keeps its value at any time.
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    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 1 (1969), S. 59-71 
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    Notes: Abstract The paper derives the well known stabilities of free rotation of a rigid body about its principal axes of least and greatest moments of inertia directly from the constancy of the kinetic energy and of the square of the angular momentum. The resulting proof of Liapounov stability yields new quantitative measures of this stability. Involving only simple algebra, it depends on satisfying a weak sufficient condition that insures an unchanging sign of the main component of the angular velocity ω. The method cannot be used, however, to prove the well known instability of rotation about the intermediate axis. The quantitative results for the radii of the spheres in ω-space that occur in the Liapounov proof lead to a physical result that may be of interest. If the earth were truly a rigid body, rotating freely, the angular deviation of its instantaneous polar axis from the nearest principal axis could not increase from a given initial value by more than the factor ℚ2. These same quantitative results for the radii of the Liapounov spheres in ω-space also lead to suflicient conditions for the rotational stability of almost spherical bodies of various shapes, prolate or oblate. They may be pertinent in designing ‘spheres’ to be used in currently planned experiments to test general relativity by observing the rate of precession of a rotating sphere in orbit about the earth. The above results follow from restricted Liapounov stability alone. The last section contains the proof of general Liapounov stability.
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    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 1 (1969), S. 91-109 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper considers the ground trace of an artificial earth satellite. It determines the effects of the trace caused by perturbations due to atmospheric drag, the oblateness of the earth, and the moon and the sun as a third body. The necessary mathematical relations giving these perturbations which are available in literature are utilized (Betz, 1967; Brouwer and Clemence, 1961; Brouwer and Hori, 1961; Danby, 1962; Escobal, 1965; Kentet al., 1963; Kozai, 1962). Those relations unavailable elsewhere are derived. The computation was done by programming in FORTRAN language and utilizing an IBM 360/65.
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    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 1 (1969), S. 127-129 
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    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 1 (1969), S. 72-90 
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    Notes: Abstract Preliminary orbit determination is a multipoint boundary value problem which may be solved by the generalized Newton-Raphson iteration. When applied formally the method suffers from extensive computer storage requirements, fairly long execution times and in some cases, insufficient accuracy. In this work we seek to remove these practical difficulties via modification of the computational algorithm in such a way that solution storage is eliminated for the most part and computational speed and tolerance to imprecise integration algorithms is improved. The modified methods are applied to nine typical preliminary orbit determination problems to demonstrate fast convergence and short computation times, even with very poor starting values for the iteration. Excellent precision of the resulting solution is also demonstrated as well as the algorithm's ability to handle circular, elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic orbits.
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    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 1 (1969), S. 130-140 
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    Notes: Abstract The Peano-Baker method is applied to the integration of the variational equations to produce the partial derivatives used in satellite navigation. In this method the analytic form of the state transition partial derivatives can be factored so that numerical integration is applied only to the departures from a simplified analytical model. The advantage of using the Peano-Baker approach rather than direct integration of the variational equations is that with the Peano-Baker method numerical integration can be performed adequately with low order formulae and relatively large step sizes. Numerical results are indicated.
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    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 1 (1969), S. 110-126 
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    Notes: Abstract An investigation has been made on computing orbits with Picard's method of successive approximations. The perturbations are integrated in the form of a general displacement from a fixed Keplerian reference orbit. Several variation-of-parameters methods are obtained for the integration of the displacement equation. These variation-of-parameters methods could be used as special perturbation or general perturbation methods. The present paper investigates the applications as iterative numerical perturbation techniques. Four different formulations are proposed. They have been implemented on a computer with Chebychev series and their respective advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. Connections with other known perturbation methods are also described.
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    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 1 (1969), S. 143-143 
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    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 1 (1969), S. 150-162 
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    Notes: Abstract A predictor-corrector algorithm is proposed for continuing analytically families of periodic orbits beyond collision trajectories in the restricted problem of three bodies. It is based on Hill's equation for normal variations in Thiele's regularizing coordinates.
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    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 1 (1969), S. 144-149 
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    Notes: Abstract The figure of Mercury is estimated in terms of an isostatic form of equilibrium which tends to be controlled by the situation near perihelion passage at the 3∶2 resonance spin rate. The ratios of the principal moments of inertia for Mercury are: (1)(C−A)/C≥7×10−5; (2)(C−B)/C≥5×10−5 and (3)(B−A)/C≥2×10−5. The thermal effect on Mercury's figure during solidification forces Mercury's rotation to be trapped in the 3∶2 resonance lock as its spin rate is being slowed by tidal effects. It is shown that the process of trapping of Mercury has been naturally affected by the instantaneous solidification of Mercury into a shape with two thermal bulges, and that the two permanent thermal bulges stabilize the planet's rotation.
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    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 1 (1969), S. 167-189 
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    Notes: Abstract Resonance effects on satellite orbits due to tesseral harmonics in the potential field have been studied by many authors. Most of these studies have been restricted to nearly circular 24-hour orbits and to the deep resonance regime, where there is exact commensurability between earth rotation and orbit period. Resonance effects have also been noted, however, on eccentric synchronous and subsynchronous orbits and on orbits with far from commensurate periods. These have received much less attention; the object of this paper is to study the whole spectrum of orbits with respect to resonance effects.
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    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 1 (1969), S. 163-166 
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    Notes: Abstract Based primarily upon the formation of new conditional equations using analytical partial derivatives of the moon's mean elements, meridian circle observations of the moon from 1952–67 have been examined to determine corrections to the constants of lunar theory and to the fundamental coordinate system (FK4). With certain exceptions, the new corrections are in agreement with those published earlier by the author. Systematic corrections to FK4 are surprisingly large, although in agreement with some other recent determinations. New corrections to the lunar ephemeris, resulting from the discussion, are also presented.
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    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 1 (1969), S. 190-199 
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    Notes: Abstract The theory of perturbation based on Lie transforms is considered. Deprit's equation is reduced to a form which enables us to generate simplified general recursion formulae. These expansions are then modified to speed up the implementation of such perturbation theory in the computerized symbolic manipulation.
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    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 1 (1969), S. 210-212 
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    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 1 (1969), S. 200-209 
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    Notes: Abstract Two applications of von Zeipel's method to the stellar three-body problem eliminate the short period terms and establish two new integrals of the motion beyond the classical integrals. The remaining time averaged problem with only the second order Hamiltonian has one additional integral and can be solved. The motion with the third order averaged Hamiltonian included is more complex, in that there may be additional resonances, and the additional integral does not exist in all cases.
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    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 1 (1969), S. 213-221 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that, in the neighborhood of a collision singularity, the motion in a perturbed two-body problem $$\ddot r = - \mu r^{ - 3} r + P$$ , whereP remains bounded, has the same basic properties as the motion in the neighborhood of a collision in the unperturbed two-body problemP=0.
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    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 1 (1969), S. 222-251 
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    Notes: Abstract Birkhoff's normalizing canonical transformation at an equilibrium of elliptic type with no internal resonance can be built explicitly and recursively, without partial inversions or substitutions, by means of Lie transforms. Invariant sections and ordinary families of periodic orbits for truncated normalized systems are analyzed in detail.
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    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 1 (1969), S. 271-284 
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    Notes: Abstract A programming system is described for the manipulation of Poisson series on a computer. The general structure is described together with the most important individual subroutines. The system exists in two versions, one with 3 angular and 3 polynomial variables and the other with twice as many variables. The programming has been done first in FORTRAN IV, but the most crucial subroutines have been rewritten in machine language for more efficiency. The storage mechanism is such that obsolete series can be erased from the main memory in order to make room for new series to be created.
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    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 1 (1969), S. 252-270 
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    Notes: Abstract An error analysis of resonant orbits for geodesy indicates that attempts to use resonance to recover high order geopotential coefficients may be seriously hampered by errors in the geopotential. This effect, plus the very high correlations (up to .99) of the resonant coefficients with each other and the orbital period in single satellite solutions, makesindividual resonant orbits of limited value for geodesy. Multiple-satellite, single-plane solutions are only a slight improvement over the single satellite case. Accurate determination of high order coefficients from low altitude resonant satellites requires multiple orbit planes and small drift-periods to reduce correlations and effects of errors of non-resonant geopotential terms. Also, the effects of gravity model errors on low-altitude resonant satellites make the use of tracking arcs exceeding two to three weeks of doubtful validity. Because high-altitude resonant orbits are less affected by non-resonant terms in the geopotential, much longer tracking arcs can be used for them.
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    Astrophysics and space science 3 (1969), S. 3-3 
    ISSN: 1572-946X
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    Astrophysics and space science 3 (1969), S. 46-55 
    ISSN: 1572-946X
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    Notes: Abstract We used the catalogue of the mean light-curves and colours of the Cepheids in the UBV system (Nikolov, 1968), for 240 Cepheids, and constructed the curves which represent plots of their U-B versus B-V colour indices. These curves form three groups: linear curves, open curves, and curves possessing a loop. An opinion that the presence of a loop may be a criterion for Population II objects is not confirmed. It is shown that the slope of such curves (corrected for reddening) with respect to the B-V axis increases with the period. The area delimited by the curves on the U-B/B-V diagram remains almost the same up to a period of about 9 to 10 days, whereafter it increases with the period. The possible causes for this behaviour of the Cepheids on the colour-colour diagram, which is connected with the ultraviolet emission of these stars, are discussed.
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    Astrophysics and space science 3 (1969), S. 150-159 
    ISSN: 1572-946X
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The acoustic energy-generation rate from the convective zone was calculated for various models. Results show that chromosphere and corona can be expected around stars with temperature lower than 8000K at the main sequence, and lower than 6500K at logg=2. When a star is rotating rapidly, mass loss from its corona is large, and can be an effective mechanism of braking the stellar rotation. If this mechanism is effective, we can explain the slow rotation of stars later than F2 to be the result of the loss of the angular momentum through a stellar wind that is effective in their main sequence phase. Stars with massM〉1.5M ⊙ lose mass through a stellar wind during their contraction phase. The mass-loss rate is larger than the solar value because of the larger energy input into the chromosphere-corona system and because of the smaller gravitational potential at the surface. T Tauri stars may be the observational counterparts for such stars. As the duration of contraction phase is very short (less than 107 years), the braking mechanism works only in the presence of a strong magnetic field (Ap) or in the presence of a companion (Am).
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