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  • 1965-1969  (2,012)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (2,012)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 1 (1969), S. 145-156 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Baugeologische Probleme bei der Gründung des Biggekraftwerkes auf verkarsteten Devonischen Riffkalken im Sauerland und ihre Lösung Im nördlichen Gründungsbereich des Kraftwerkes der Biggetalsperre im Sauerland tauchten steilstehende, kalkige Schichten auf, in die Riffkalkklötze von unterschiedlicher Verteilung eingelagert waren. Während die Kalkmergelschiefer nur starke Entkalkungserscheinungen aufwiesen, zeigten sich in den Riffkalkzonen echte Karsthohlräume. Die Ecke eines wesentlichen Bauwerksteiles des Kraftwerkes lag über einer kolkartig eingebrochenen und mit Geröllen gefüllten Karsthöhle. Diese Kraftwerksbereiche wurden daher auskragend konstruiert. Die Lasten mußte das südlich anschließende nichtverkarstete Gebirge aufnehmen. Das völlig regellose Auftauchen verkarsteter Riffbereiche ließ aber die Gefahr vermuten, daß auch der standfeste Gebirgsteil durch Karsteinbrüche unterschnitten werden könnte. Dies umso mehr, als die Schichtung in Richtung des Karstkolkes einfiel und Schichtpakete des an sich standfesten Gebirges abgleiten könnten. Um dies zu verhindern, wurden den besonderen Verkarstungsbedingungen angepaßte systematische Injektionen in 3 Phasen ausgeführt. Eingepreßt wurde ein Gemisch aus ca. 70% Zement, 25% Sand und 5% Bentonit. Als wesentlichste Folgerung für den Felsbau werden die Unterschiede der Verkarstung zwischen homogenen Kalksteinen und Riffkalksteinen herausgestellt. Zur sicheren Gründung von Bauwerken wird eine ausreichende baugeologische Untersuchung, enge Zusammenarbeit zwischen Geologen und Ingenieur während der Planung und beim Bau sowie Anpassung der Bauausführung an die Besonderheiten des Karstes empfohlen.
    Abstract: Résumé Problèmes géologiques posés par la fondation de la centrale du barrage du Bigge sur les calcaires coralliens karstiques du Devonien dans le Sauerland et ses solutions Cet article traite la fondation de la centrale du barrage du Bigge (Biggetalsperre) construite sur des couches calcaires du Devonien moyen supérieur dans le Sauerland (Allemagne occidentale). Dans la zone nord des fondations on est en présence de stratifications calcaires fortement inclinées parmi lesquelles se trouvent des blocs coralliens intercalés avec une répartition variable. Alors que les schistes marneux accusent une décalcification prononcée, de véritables vides karstiques apparaissent dans les zones coralliennes. La pointe d'une partie importante de l'ouvrage se trouvait justement sur une cavité karstique creusée depuis longtemps et à présent remplie d'éboulis (cailloux). Cette partie de la centrale fut construite en porte à faux. Les charges résultant de cette construction sont transmises à la partie sud non karstique du massif. L'émergement tout à fait irrégulier des récifs karstiques faisait apparaître le risque de voir la partie saine du massif se fragmenter sous l'influence de phénomènes karstiques. Ceci d'autant plus que la stratification avait un pendage vers le calcaire corallien et que l'ensemble des couches d'un rocher sain en lui-même pouvait glisser. Pour écarter ce risque un programme systématique d'injection fut entrepris en suivant un mode opératoire particulier s'accommodant aux phénomènes karstiques. Le coulis d'injection utilisé était un mélange d'environ 70% de ciment, 25% de sable et 5% de bentonite. L'apport essentiel pour la mécanique des roches est constitué par la différence qui a été faite concernant les phénomènes karstiques entre les calcaires homogènes et les calcaires coralliens. Pour effectuer une fondation sure d'ouvrages il est conseillé de faire des études géologiques suffisantes, d'avoir une coopération étroite entre le géologue et l'ingénieur pendant le projet et lors de la construction et enfin d'adopter les procédés de construction aux phénomènes karstiques.
    Notes: Summary Engineering Geological Problems During the Foundation of the Biggetal Power Plant on Karstified Devonian Reef Limestones in the Sauerland, and Their Solution In the northern foundation of the powerstation of the Biggetalsperre in Sauerland inclined marly slate with intercalated parts of reef knolls of different distribution is existing. These marly slate shows partly heavy decalcification. But the reef knolls exclusively were cavernous. The corner of an essential part of the powerstation was situated above a collapsed underground karstbridge, now filled with gravel. Therefore this part was constructed with cantilever and the weight had to be borne by the noncavernous rock neighboured in the south. The appearance of karstificated reef knolls without any preferred orientation seemed to be a danger for the stability of the rock in the south, that had to bear the total weight of the construction. This danger existed also in undercutting the solid rock. Beyond it the strata fell in the direction of the karst holes and therefore some sedimentary complexes of this rock incline to sliding. To prevent this a systematic injection program was started, the injection material consisting of 70% cement, 25% sand and 5% bentonite. The most important conclusions for construction in rock are that it is necessary to distinguish between the karstification of homogeneous limestone and rock with reefknollfacies. To obtain a solid foundation in such rock sufficient geological investigations are necessary. A tight teamwork between geologists and engineers during the planning period and the time of construction is as neccessary as to accomodate the construction on the speciality of karst.
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  • 2
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 1 (1969), S. 198-206 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bestimmung der Spannung in Gesteinen mit linearen oder nichtlinearen Elastizitätskennlinien Ein nichtlineares Elastizitätsgesetz wird vorgeschlagen, in dem jede der Hauptspannungen als die Summation von zwei Reihen ausgedrückt wird, von denen die eine eine Funktion der dilatorischen (hydrostatischen) oder oktaedrischen Normalspannung und die andere eine Funktion der deviatorischen oder oktaedrischen Schubspannung ist. Die Konstanten in diesen Reihen können durch einen einfachen einachsigen Druck- oder Zugversuch an dem Werkstoff ermittelt werden. Mittels dieser so gewonnenen Ausdrücke kann die Spannung aus Dehnungsmessungen ermittelt werden, die an Gesteinen mit nichtlinearen Spannungs-Dehnungskennlinien durchgeführt wurden; ferner wird die Anwendung dieser Ausdrücke erläutert, wenn das dreiachsiale Dehnungsmeßgerät des CSIR zur Untersuchung dieser Gesteine benutzt wird.
    Abstract: Résumé Détermination des contraintes dans une roche à caractéristiques élastiques linéaires ou non-linéaires Cet exposé propose une loi non-linéaire d'élasticité d'après laquelle chaque effort principal s'exprime comme la sommation de deux séries, l'une étant fonction de la déformation dilatoire (hydrostatique) ou octaédrique normale, et l'autre, fonction de la déformation de cisaillement déviatrice ou octaédrique. Les constantes dans les séries peuvent être obtenues par un simple essai de compression ou de traction uniaxiales sur le matériau. On peut employer ces fonctions pour déterminer l'effort d'après les lectures de déformation dans une roche caractérisée par des déformations non-linéaires sous contrainte. On démontre l'application de ces fonctions en utilisant la cellule tensimétrique à trois axes du CSIR.
    Notes: Summary Determination of Stress in Rock with Linear or Non-Linear Elastic Characteristics A non-linear law of elasticity is proposed in which each principal stress is expressed as the summation of two series, one a function of the dilatory (hydrostatic) or octahedral normal strain and the other of the deviatory or octahedral shear strain. The constants in the series can be obtained from a simple uniaxial compression or tension test on the material. These expressions can be used to determine the stress from strain readings in rock having non-linear stress-strain characteristics and the application of these expressions when using the CSIR triaxial strain cell in such rock is demonstrated.
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  • 3
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 1 (1969), S. 241-248 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Rock Fabric Analysis and Its Importance for the Solution of Rock Mechanical Problems Rock fabric analysis enables the identification of mechanically important mineral orientations, which usually are invisible for the naked eye. It may be used to solve problems in rock mechanics and for the analysis of residual stresses.
    Abstract: Résumé Analyse structurale des roches et son importance pour la solution des problèmes de la mécanique des roches Des études concernant l'analyse structurale des roches ignées permettent à recenser le réglage de ces roches qui n'est pas perceptible macrocoscopiquement mais du point de vue de mécanique des roches très efficace. On peut utiliser les résultats de ces études pour la solution de problèmes de mécanique des roches et pour des conclusions sur l'état de contraintes résiduelles.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Gefügeanalytische Untersuchungen in Massengesteinen und ihre Bedeutung für die Lösung felsmechanischer Probleme Korngefügeanalytische Untersuchungen in Massengesteinen gestatten es, die freiäugig nicht erkennbare, felsmechanisch jedoch recht wirksame Regelung dieser Gesteine zu erfassen und für die Lösung felsmechanischer Probleme zu nutzen. Rückschlüsse auf Restspannungszustände sind möglich.
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  • 4
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 1 (1969), S. 249-249 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 5
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 1 (1969), S. 252-256 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 6
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 403-410 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An attempt has been made to investigate the fundamental physical mechanisms which cause creep in cement paste and in particular, to provide experimental evidence which will indicate which of the many theories of creep is most likely to be correct. The method used was to oven dry, load, and then resaturate cement paste and concrete specimens at different temperatures. Only one type of test clearly differentiated between proposed creep mechanisms. This test indicated that the shear or sliding of submicroscopic gel particles over one another, lubricated by water, must be a predominant factor. Existing theories regarding the size of the critical spaces in the cement gel which cause dimensional instability in concrete structures have been confirmed by the use of organic liquids of varying molecular size.
    Notes: Résumé L’étude qu’on décrit ici est une tentative d’élucider les mécanismes physiques fondamentaux qui déterminent le fluage dans la pâte de ciment et, en particulier, d’apporter une preuve expérimentale qui indique laquelle des nombreuses théories du fluage peut être considérée comme étant correcte. Il a été procédé par séchage à l’étuve, chargement, puis resaturation de la pâte de ciment et des éprouvettes de béton à différentes températures. Un seul type d’essai a permis de reconnaître clairement les mécanismes de fluage proposés. Cet essai indique que le cisaillement ou le glissement les unes sur les autres des particules de gèle sub-microscopiques lubrifiées par l’eau doit être un facteur prédominant. Les théories sur les dimensions des espaces critiques dans le gèle de ciment, qui provoquent une instabilité dimensionnelle dans les ouvrages en béton, ont été confirmées avec des liquides organiques aux molécules de diverses dimensions.
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  • 7
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 411-424 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the field of concrete dynamics the knowledge so far available has been too disjointed and scanty. To enable a sound analytical arrangement of rheological bonds, we have therefore carried out a vast experimental work, devised to allow simultaneous and cross controls of the several quantities in play: velocity of strains, amplitude of stress excursions, stress gradients, average stresses, physical state, metallic reinforcement, etc. This investigation has given us a general, yet detailed, picture of the dynamic behaviour of concrete, or non-fissured reinforced concrete, clearing up some aspects and correlations that until now seemed to be confused, or did not appear at all. The adoption of special techniques to reveal parasitic energy dissipations, has further shown us how easily certain behaviour in a dynamic system can be confused, and perhaps it has at times happened, for a peculiarity of the material.
    Notes: Résumé Il apparaît que les connaissances que nous possédons sur le comportement dynamique du béton sont encore insuffisantes et trop fragmentaires. Afin d’obtenir une représentation analytique correcte des liaisons rhéologiques, il a été entrepris un important travail expérimental conçu pour fournir le contrôle simultané et combiné des différents facteurs en jeu: vitesse des déformations, amplitude des variations de contrainte, gradients des contraintes, contraintes moyennes, état physique, armatures métalliques, etc.. Cette étude nous a donné une vue générale, et cependant détaillée, du comportement dynamique du béton comme du béton armé exempt de fissures, mettant en lumière ainsi certains aspects et corrélations qui jusqu’alors semblaient être obscurs ou qui n’apparaissaient pas. L’adoption de techniques spéciales pour révéler les pertes d’énergie parasites a, en outre, montré la facilité avec laquelle certains phénomènes dans un système dynamique pouvaient se dérober à l’observation, ce qui a pu peut-être aussi, se produire parfois, pour des caractéristiques du matériau.
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  • 8
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 472-472 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
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  • 9
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 475-477 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
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  • 10
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 487-507 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1 With some exceptions, early observers of creep of concrete assumed that time-dependent strain is due to plastic flow or viscous flow. It is now becoming understood that creep, like shrinkage, is a phenomenon depending on adsorption and desorption of water and related phenomena. Understanding shrinking and swelling is prerequisite to understanding creep. An analysis of these phenomena based on thermodynamics is especially instructive and reliable because in general it does not depend on the correctness of the model of structure adopted for the discussion. 2 Spontaneous volume change is due to a change in the balance of forces and counterforces within the specimen. It cannot be due to the removal or addition, per se, of water molecules. 3 The volume of a porous body will vary with the density of the material of which it is made. Material density will vary with hydrostatic pressure, with temperature, or with change in surface tension of the material. 4 Change of surface tension presumably affects both the inner part and the outer tension shell of particulate material, and oppositely. 5 Surface tension, which is the same as surface free energy, varies with the amount of water adsorbed, and that is a function of ambient vapor pressure at constant temperature. The change in solid surface tension can be calculated from the concomitant change in ambient humidity. 6 The volume change of the body corresponding to a given change in surface tension is the resultant of the change of the inner and outer parts, is at present indeterminate, and is in any case a small fraction of the amount of volume change to be accounted for. 7 Data on paste structure show that adsorbed water must produce disjoining pressure in the narrowest places between solid bodies, where adsorption is hindered.
    Notes: Résumé 1 A quelques exceptions près, les premiers observateurs du fluage du béton supposaient que la déformation en fonction du temps était due à l'écoulement plastique ou visqueux. On en, vient maintenant à penser que le fluage, de même que le retrait est un phénomène qui dépend de l'adsorption et de la désorption de l'eau et des phénomènes en relation. Pour comprendre le fluage, il faut d'abord comprendre le retrait et le gonflement. Une analyse de ces phénomènes à partir de la thermodynamique est particulièrement instructive et sûre, car en général elle ne dépend pas de la conformité du modèle de structure adopté pour la discussion. 2 Un changement spontané de volume est dû à une modification de l'équilibre des forces et des réactions dans l'éprouvette il ne peut être dû aux seuls départs ou additions de molécules d'eau. 3 Le volume d'un corps poreux varie avec la densité du matériau qui le constitue. La densité du matériau varie avec la pression hydrostatique, la température, ou encore avec une modification de la tension superficielle du matériau. 4 Les modifications de tension superficielle affectent probablement à la fois la composante interne et la composante externe de la tension de courbure d'un matériau spécifique et inversement. 5 La tension superficielle, qui n'est autre que l'énergie libre superficielle, varie avec la quantité d'eau adsorbée, et ce phénomène est fonction de la pression de vapeur ambiante à température constante. La modification de la tension superficielle d'un solide peut être calculée d'après la modification concomitante de l'humidité ambiante. 6 Le changement de volume d'un corps correspondant à une modification donnée de la tension superficielle découle de la modification des composantes internes et externes; il est actuellement indéterminé et, dans tous les cas, c'est une petite fraction du volume total qu'on a à considérer. 7 Les observations de la structure de la pâte montrent que l'eau adsorbée doit produire une pression disjonctive dans les espaces les plus étroits entre les solides o\`u l'adsorption est empêchée.
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  • 11
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 535-546 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Some properties of adsorbed water in hardened cement paste and in the three completely hydrated main constituents of portland cement have been examined by means of differential thermoanalysis, thermo-gravimetry and nuclear magnetic resonance. When a dried specimen is re-wetted, the adsorbed water first contributes to the build-up of a mono-layer. Only in the higher humidity range is the sorbed water partly bound as inter-layer hydrate water and as hydrate water. According to the first results of the nuclear magnetic resonance measurements the water adsorbed in the monolayer behaves like a two-dimensiional Van-der-Waals-gas.
    Notes: Résumé Quelques propriétés de l'eau adsorbée dans la pâte de ciment durcie et dans les trois constituants principaux complètement hydratés du ciment Portland ont été étudiées avec l'analyse thermique différentielle, la thermo-gravimétrie et la résonance magnétique nucléaire. Lorsqu'une éprouvette séchée est réhumidifiée, l'eau adsorbée contribe d'abord à la formation d'une mono-couche. L'eau adsorbée, en tant qu'eau d'hydratation, n'est partiellement liée dans la structure du sel que pour les humidités les plus élevées. Selon les tout premiers résultats fournis par les mesures de la résonance magnétique nucléaire, l'eau adsorbée dans la mono-couche se comporte comme un gaz bi-dimensionnel de Van-der-Waals.
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  • 12
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 553-559 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The paper serves to direct attention to the important role played by water in spaces where adsorption is restricted. Creep in saturated and drying specimens, drying shrinkage and swelling accompanying gain of moisture can be explained in terms of the movement of adsorbed water in and out of areas of restricted adsorption. Both creep and shrinkage involve closure of spaces of molecular dimensions in cement hydrate and the exclusion of water from such spaces. The molecular sieve effect affords a potentially useful tool for investigating change of structure in cement hydrate.
    Notes: Résumé Ce rapport a pour but d'attirer l'attention sur le rôle important joué par l'eau dans les zones d'adsorption restreinte. Le fluage d'éprouvettes saturées et en cours de séchage, le retrait de séchage et le gonflement qui accompagne les gains d'humidité peuvent s'expliquer en termes de mouvement de l'eau adsorbée à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur des zones d'adsorption restreinte. Tant le fluage que le retrait impliquent l'occlusion d'espaces de dimension moléculaire dans le ciment hydraté et l'exclusion d'eau de ces espaces. L'effet de tamis moléculaire pourrait être un moyen efficace d'étude des modifications de structure du ciment hydraté.
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  • 13
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 578-578 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
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  • 14
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 115-132 
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  • 15
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 133-149 
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 157-159 
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 172-173 
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  • 18
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 227-249 
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  • 19
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 313-314 
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 351-356 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The achievement of free displacements and rotations, necessary for the experimetal determination of the reactions, coupled at the same time with the achievement of perfect built-in, required by structure, seems impossible. The paper describes the way in which the built-in reactions on reinforced concrete frames with two spans were determined with built-in columns subject to uniformly distributed vertical loads and concentrated horizontal force.
    Notes: Résumé La réalisation de déplacements et de rotations libres, nécessaires à la détermination expérimentale des réactions, en même temps que la réalisation d’encastrements parfaits, qui est imposée par la structure, semble impossible. Dans cet article on décrit comment ont été déterminées expérimentalement les réactions d’encastrement dans les portiques encastrés en béton armé à deux travées et soumis à des charges verticales uniformément réparties et à des charges horizontales concentrées.
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  • 21
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 396-397 
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  • 22
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 187-225 
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  • 23
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 306-309 
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  • 24
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 357-360 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The paper describes a set of experiments on a small-scale polyurethane model of an arch dam in an elastic valley, demonstrating the relation between the elastic behaviour of the dam and the size and mode of support of the foundation block.
    Notes: Résumé Cet article décrit une série d’expériences sur des modèles réduits en polyuréthane d’un barrage-voûte, démontrant la relation qui existe entre le comportement élastique du barrage et la dimension et le mode d’appui de la fondation.
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 379-392 
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 394-395 
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 547-552 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The surface tension and the surface energy of a solid is reduced by the presence of an adsorbed water film. When the surface tension of a porous material with a large interior surface is reduced, the length increases whereas the strength decreases. With the help of Griffith's theory of crack propagation it is possible to calculate the surface energy. For hardened cement paste with a water cement ratio of 0.45 and 0.6 the surface energy is found to be 1370 erg/cm2 and 657 erg/cm2 respectively. The cement paste was allowed to hydrate for 28 days without loss of moisture at a temperature of 20 °C. These results are in agreement with the surface energy of porous glass with a similar interior surface.
    Notes: Résumé La tension superficielle et l'énergie superficielle d'un solide se trouvent diminuées par la présence d'une pellicule d'eau adsorbée. Quand la tension superficielle d'un matériau poreux à grande surface interne est diminuée, la longueur augmente tandis que la résistance diminue. En s'appuyant sur la théorie de la propagation des fissures de Griffith, il est possible de calculer l'énergie superficielle. Pour une pâte de ciment durcie ayant un rapport eau/ciment de 0,45 et de 0,6, l'énergie superficielle se révèle être de 1370 erg/cm2 et de 657 erg/cm2 respectivement. On a laissé la pâte de ciment s'hydrater durant 28 jours sans perdre d'humidité à une température de 20 °C. Ces résultats concordent avec l'énergie superficielle du verre poreux possédant une surface similaire.
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 577-578 
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 457-465 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The questionnaire was circulated by the R.I.L.E.M Secretariat and by members of the R.I.L.E.M. Working Group for the Nondestructive Testing of Concrete. Sixty-three individual replies were received from 22 countries; there was also one reply from the U.S.S.R. which summarized answers from about 700 users in about 400 organizations. The main conclusions drawn from the answers are as follows: 1. The majority of the replies were from Research and Testing Laboratories, and it was only from countries such as U.S.S.R. and Rumania that a large percentage (40 to 50%) of the answers were from Site Construction Units. 2. More than 80% of the replies were from users with more than 2 years experience. 3. In over 65% of the replies, the method was used as a means of detecting defects (cracks or voids) and to locate weakness or damage in structural concrete. About 75% used the method for establishing the in situ strength of structural concrete, and nearly 50% used it for the quality control of precast units. Other major uses were the quality control of prestressed concrete (28%), establishing the efficiency of localized repair (27%), establishing the efficiency of thermal treatment (22%) and studies of the hardening process (19%). 4. The majority (88%) of users who determine strength use a direct correlation between pulse velocity and strenght as a basis for predicting the strength of in situ concrete. However of these about 22% also used a correlation via the dynamic modulus of elasticity, and a further 10% used this type of correlation alone. 5. There was a wide divergence of opinion as to the best way of obtaining the correlation between pulse velocity (or dynamic modulus) and strength from measurements on test-specimens. This arises because it is difficult to produce variations of quality within the test-specimens which reflect accurately the corresponding variations in structural concrete. Variations produced by testing specimens at different ages were preferred by a sligh tmajority (57%) of users in countries other than U.S.S.R. but the method is not used in Rumania and the U.S.S.R. The authors feel that there is now adequate evidence (see part II) to advise against the use of tests at different ages. Between 20 and 30% of the answers dealt with variations produced in strength by variable compaction, or by varying the water-cement ratio: these methods were preferred in Rumania and U.S.S.R. Another method used in the U.S.S.R. and by 50% of the other users was to derive the correlation from specimens cut from the in situ concrete. 6. Graphical and analytical presentations of the correlation between pulse velocity (or dynamic modulus of elasticity) and strength were both used with no preference for either. Where analytical correlations were used, there was a wide divergence of opinion as to the form of the relation. 7. When obtaining their correlation from tests on laboratory prepared specimens, the majority of users considered that there was no need to control accurately the degree of compaction, the watercement ratio or, within certain limits, the age of the testspecimens. On the other hand there was an even firmer opinion that the aggregate-cement ratio, and the type and grading of the aggregate should match as nearly as possible to the structural concrete. There was a conflict of opinion upon the need for very accurate control of the type of cement, the cement additives or the moisture content of the hardened concrete. 8. An accuracy of estimate of in situ strength of ±25% was quoted in just over half of the answers from users who tested structural concrete: these answers were often qualified by remarks implying that it was for average conditions i.e. for a limited amount of information about the in situ concrete and by deriving a correlation from a small number of test-specimens. An accuracy of ±10% was thought to be possible by users in the U.S.S.R. and a small minority (about 16%) of other users under ideal conditions, and when a large number of test-specimens was available. 9. It was generally agreed that either no estimate or a very inaccurate estimate (greater than ±50%) can be made of the strength of in situ concrete from pulse velocity measurements alone when the composition of the concrete is unknown. 10. It was generally agreed that the accuracy of measurement of pulse velocity in structural concrete is significantly influenced by the roughness of the concrete-surface, the size and shape of the received signal, the length of concrete traversed, and the skill of the operator. These answers emphasize the need to ensure a well-defined pulse at the receiver, and the necessity of measuring along an adequate path length (usually greater than 10 cm) to reduce the variations arising from differences of distribution of the coarse aggregate. There was a considerable diversity of opinion concerning the influence on accuracy of measurement of the natural frequency of the transducers, the transversal dimension, and the length to transversal ratio of the test-piece. It seems that there is scope for further comprehensive investigation of these factors to resolve the present uncertainty. 11. There was also a wide divergence of opinion upon the accuracy of measurement of pulse transit time which ranged from ±0.1 microsecond to ±1.0 microsecond in 50 microseconds; the mean accuracy was ±0.4 microseconds. 12. The majority of users consider it desirable to supplement their measurements by other non-destructive tests or by additionalmeasurements on specimens cut from the in situ concrete. Other nondestructive tests which were combined with the ultrasonic pulse method to increase the accuracy of strength prediction were hardness or rebound tests and ratio-active measurements of moisture content or density. 13. Although there is a wide diversity of opinion on the degree of usefulness of the ultrasonic pulse method the majority opinion is favourable, especially in the U.S.S.R. and most Eastern European countries.
    Notes: Abrégé Le questionnaire a été diffusé par le Secrétariat de la RILEM et par les membres du Groupe de Travail sur les Essais nondestructifs du Béton. 63 réponses individuelles de 22 pays ont été reçues; en outre, une réponse de l’U.R.S.S. résumait les opinions d’environ 700 praticiens d’à peu près 400 organisations. Voici les principales conclusions qu’on en a tirées: 1. La majorité des réponses ont été reçues de Laboratoires d’Essais et de Recherches; d’U.R.S.S. et de Roumanie seulement, un fort pourcentage (40–50%) de réponses est venu des chantiers de construction. 2. Plus de 80% des réponses ont été adressées par des praticiens ayant plus de deux ans d’expérience. 3. Dans plus de 65% des réponses, les méthodes décrites servaient à la détection des défauts (fissures ou vides) et à la localisation des points faibles ou des détériorations dans le béton structural. Environ 75% de ces réponses concernent les méthodes de détermination de la résistancein situ du béton structural, et à peu près 50% se rapportent au contrôle de qualité des unités de fabrication. Entre autres applications majeures, citons le contrôle de qualité du béton précontraint (28%), avec la détermination de l’efficacité des réparations locales (27%) et celle du traitement thermique (22%), ainsi que l’étude du durcissement (19%). 4. La majorité des praticiens (88%) qui déterminent la résistance du béton se servent d’une corrélatíon directe entre la vitesse des ultra-sons et la résistance comme d’une base pour prédire la résistance du bétonin situ. Cependant, 22% d’entre eux se servent aussi d’une corrélation qui inclut le module dynamique d’élasticité, et 10%, d’autre part, ne se servent que de ce type de corrélation. 5. On constate que les opinions sont très divergentes sur le meilleur moyen d’obtenir la corrélation entre la vitesse des ultra-sons (ou module dynamique) et la résistance déterminée par l’essai sur éprouvette. La cause en est la difficulté de produire des variations de qualité dans les éprouvettes qui reflètent exactement les variations correspondantes dans le béton structural. Une faible majorité (57%) des praticiens des pays autres que l’U.R.S.S. préfèrent se servir des variations produites dans les éprouvettes à différents âges, mais la méthode n’est pas employée en Roumanie et en U.R.S.S. Les auteurs estiment qu’il s’impose à présent (voir la deuxième partie) de mettre en garde contre la pratique des essais à différents âges. De 20 à 30% des réponses traitent des variations de résistance dues à des variations de compactage ou du rapport eau-ciment: ces méthodes ont la préférence en Roumanie et en U.R.S.S. Une autre méthode utilisée en U.R.S.S. et par 50% des autres praticiens est celle qui consiste à déduire la corrélation à partir d’éprouvettes découpées dans le bétonin situ. 6. Les représentations graphique et analytique de la corrélation entre la vitesse des ultra-sons (ou module dynamique) et la résistance sont également utilisées sans qu’il y ait de préférence pour l’une ou pour l’autre. L’emploi des corrélations analytiques s’accompagne d’opinions très divergentes quant à la forme de la relation. 7. Quand ils obtiennent leur corrélation à partir d’essais en laboratoire sur des éprouvettes préparées, la majorité des praticiens considèrent qu’il n’est pas indispensable de vérifier avec précision le degré de compactage, le rapport eau-ciment ou, dans certaines limites, l’âge des éprouvettes au moment de l’essai. D’autre part, on affirme avec encore plus d’assurance que le rapport agrégat-ciment, et le type et la granulométrie de l’agrégat doivent se rapprocher autant que possible de ceux du béton structural. Il apparaît un conflit d’opinion sur l’utilité d’un contrôle très précis du type de ciment, des adjuvants et de la teneur en eau du béton durci. 8. On donne une précision de +ou−25% pour l’estimation de la résistancein situ dans seulement un peu plus de la majorité des réponses des praticiens qui font des essais sur le béton structural; ces réponses sont souvent accompagnées de remarques qui indiquent qu’on se réfère à des conditions moyennes, c’est-àdire impliquant un nombre limité d’informations sur le bétonin situ, la corrélation étant déduite à partir d’un petit nombre d’éprouvettes. Les praticiens d’U.R.S.S. et une petite minorité (environ 16%) des autres estiment qu’il est possible d’obtenir une précision de +ou−10% dans des conditions idéales et si l’on dispose d’un grand nombre d’éprouvettes. 9. On admet généralement qu’on ne peut obtenir d’estimation, ou n’avoir qu’une estimation très imprécise (au-dessus de+ou−5%) de la résistance du bétonin situ d’après les seules mesures de la vitesse des ultra-sons lorsque la composition du béton est inconnue. 10. On admet généralement que la précision des mesures de la vitesse des ultra-sons dans le béton structural est largement influencée par l’irrégularité de la surface du béton, la dimension et la forme du signal reçu, la longueur du béton parcouru par l’impulsion et l’habitude de l’opérateur. Ces réponses soulignent l’utilité d’obtenir une impulsion bien définie au récepteur et la nécessité de mesurer une longueur de parcours adéquate (d’ordinaire plus de 10 cm) afin de réduire les variations dues aux différences de répartition des gros agrégats. Il apparaît une très grande diversité d’opinions au sujet de l’influence de la précision des mesures de la fréquence propre des traducteurs de mesure, de la dimension transversale et du rapport longueur/dimension transversale de l’éprouvette d’essai. Il semble qu’il y ait là un champ pour une étude plus complète ultérieure de ces facteurs afin d’éliminer la présente incertitude. 11. On constate aussi qu’il existe des opinions très divergentes sur la précision des mesures du temps transitoire d’impulsion qui va de+ou−0,1 microseconde à 1 microseconde pour 50 microsecondes; la précision moyenne est de+ou−0,4 microseconde. 12. La majorité des praticiens considèrent qu’il est souhaitable de compléter leurs mesures par d’autres essais non destructifs ou par des mesures supplémentaires sur les éprouvettes découpées dans le bétonin situ. Les autres essais non destructifs qu’on combine avec la méthode des ultra-sons, afin d’accroître la précision des prédictions sur la résistance sont les essais de dureté, ou le scléromètre à rebondissement et les méthodes radio-actives de détermination de la teneur en eau et de la densité. 13. Quoiqu’il apparaisse une grande diversité d’opinions sur le degré d’utilité de la méthode d’essai aux ultra-sons, une majorité lui est favorable, en particulier en U.R.S.S. et dans la plupart des pays de l’Europe de l’Est.
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 32-40 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 76-85 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 211-220 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 135-142 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 148-158 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 192-201 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 47-65 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 111-126 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 168-178 
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    The annals of regional science 2 (1968), S. 59-71 
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    The annals of regional science 2 (1968), S. 1-3 
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    The annals of regional science 2 (1968), S. 4-11 
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    The annals of regional science 2 (1968), S. 12-29 
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    The annals of regional science 2 (1968), S. 30-40 
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    The annals of regional science 2 (1968), S. 88-102 
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    The annals of regional science 2 (1968), S. 72-87 
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    Notes: Conclusion It should be emphasized that the two approaches were used in a completely independent fashion. The authors are highly gratified at the similarity of the aggregate statewide projections and those for the Denver area. It must be conceded that wide differences in county level projections may be hidden and mutually offsetting in the statewide and SMSA figures. In most cases these divergences can be satisfactorily explained in terms of the alternative assumptions employed in each method, and the policy maker may choose the result which flows from the method employing the most defensible assumptions. Population projections are becoming an increasingly common concern of public officials and we would recommend the use of independent alternative procedures to provide a necessary reciprocal check on the results.
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    The annals of regional science 2 (1968), S. 114-127 
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    Notes: Abstract One basic task in the construction of an 11 western state multiregional input-output table is the preparation of reliable estimates of the value of gross output for the sectors comprising agriculture. A method which is often employed is to apportion national gross output to each state on the basis of some physical criterion, such as the number in the labor force, the acreage of crops grown, etc. This method has a number of obvious defects and serves only to mask the great regional and state differences in the mix of factors employed in agriculture—a more capital-intensive agriculture employs relatively less labor than a labor-intensive agriculture and productivity can vary greatly (mechanized cotton culture and harvesting in western states versus hand cotton farming in parts of the Southeast). That farm cash receipts are a good indicator of gross agricultural output is the basic assumption in the method presently developed. Cash receipts from farm marketings are readily available for each state, and these data have been published over a long series of years. Inflating farm cash receipts and associated data by a factor offers a simple but as yet unproven method to devise reliable estimates of gross output. Tests are continuing to establish its reliability.
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    The annals of regional science 2 (1968), S. 103-113 
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    Notes: Conclusions For many states, tax structures have become less adequate in recent years as larger proportions of their tax revenues are raised by sales and excise taxes, which generally have elasticities of less than one. Furthermore, tax reform, which is being demanded by some taxpayer groups to provide property tax relief, is unlikely to improve the adequacy of the system even if the additional revenues are obtained from elastic tax sources. When reform is financed by increased sales and excise taxes, the structure will be less adequate. The tentative conclusion from our analysis of the Arizona tax structure is that it is politically impractical to attempt to modify the tax structure to completely close the tax revenue gap or the elasticity gap between expenditures and tax revenues. This statement does not mean that state legislatures should not be encouraged to make the tax system more elastic in their search for increased revenues and more stable tax structures;18 but it does mean that this search will be continuous if expenditures continue to expand as they have in recent years.
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    The annals of regional science 2 (1968), S. 128-135 
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    The annals of regional science 2 (1968), S. 142-152 
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    The annals of regional science 2 (1968), S. 153-160 
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    The annals of regional science 2 (1968), S. 161-176 
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    The annals of regional science 2 (1968), S. 136-141 
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    Notes: Abstract Methods for determining the optimum location site for the educational plant have traditionally classified the school as unifunctional in its production activities. Rising pressures of competition for land in urban areas suggest the need for novel approaches to planning public land use for fostering higher levels of living desirability of the urban environment. National concern about the less than optimum use of social investments in educational plants can be juxtaposed to the urban land use problem. Empirical investigations in both economic and noneconomic disciplines are drawn upon to provide a broader concept of the urban school location problem. The multifunctional production potential of the school facility can raise the expected rate of social and economic returns on a necessary social investment. Thus, the school site decision is integrated with the more general problem of urban planning.
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    The annals of regional science 2 (1968), S. 177-186 
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    The annals of regional science 2 (1968), S. 187-202 
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    The annals of regional science 2 (1968), S. 203-213 
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    The annals of regional science 2 (1968), S. 229-238 
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    The annals of regional science 2 (1968), S. 239-248 
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    The annals of regional science 2 (1968), S. 214-228 
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    Notes: Conclusions What this discussion shows is that the cooperation of the United States and Canada in this development could lead not only to a least-cost solution in engineering terms, but also to a least-cost solution in economic terms. Full advantage could be taken of the existing differential in labor and capital costs. Without such cooperation development of the project does not appear feasible, while with it both countries could possibly obtain a source of energy priced low enough to be competitive in their major southern power markets. In addition, the availability of very low-priced at-site power would be conducive to economic development both in South Eastern Alaska and in the adjacent, mineral-rich areas of the Yukon and British Columbia. A good case, therefore, can be made for a joint approach to the harnessing of the Yukon River headwaters.
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    The annals of regional science 2 (1968), S. 249-273 
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    The annals of regional science 2 (1968), S. 274-287 
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    The annals of regional science 2 (1968), S. 303-312 
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    The annals of regional science 2 (1968), S. 288-302 
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    The annals of regional science 2 (1968), S. 313-330 
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    The annals of regional science 2 (1968), S. 343-346 
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    The annals of regional science 2 (1968), S. 331-342 
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    Notes: Summary In summary, highlights of the program which have contributed to its success thus far, under many adverse and delaying noncontrollable factors, were its cross-sectional composition and the involved joint-participation of the group—public and private persons—technicians and laymen working side by side as contributors.4, 5 This direct relationship provided the consultant and the committee members with a finer sense of interrelating how each participant viewed the problems at hand. Further, the horizons and biases of each of the participants were broadened to see the other group member's problems from the community viewpoint as a good common interest. Lastly, the flexibility of the long-range recommendations, together with alternatives, provides flexibility for future unknown impacts.
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 8-15 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 55-66 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 86-95 
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    Notes: Conclusions Three conclusions have come from this research. First, the elements of the gravity model, its three variables (distance, population and per capita income) and one parameter (λ), cannot be separated and investigated independently. Secondly, to say more about how the model predicts and the number of grid divisions for a desired accuracy depends on empirical investigation of actual income density gradients. The final conclusion, while tentative and subject to empirical verification is the feeling that perhaps the usefulness of a very fine grid system has been over emphasized. This conclusion in no way obviates concern by location practitioners of grid size as a source of error, but highlights the possibility that the costs associated with smaller grid divisions may be out of proportion to any increase in predictive accuracy which may or may not accrue.
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 167-178 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 210-215 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 75-84 
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    Notes: Conclusion The complexity of the production process and the importance of nonmarket or intangible inputs and outputs pose special problems in the allocation of wildlands resources. By restricting the production possibilities to a finite number of management alternatives, the land manager can use activity analysis to develop operational plans. The systematic use of constraints within the frame-work of activity analysis can bring a measure of analysis to the allocation of nonmarket resources. Ultimately, the manager must rely upon his intuition in selecting a particular plan-whether he selects one of the “efficient” bundles of outputs maximizing net revenues, or he assigns “values” to outputs and maximizes the social value of his activities. In either case, by formalizing the planning process, the manager can assess policy alternatives systematically and can widen his grasp of the potential of his resources.
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 27-46 
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    Notes: Conclusions What are the conclusions that we have to draw from the foregoing discussion? We must conclude that the prevailing practice of evaluating benefits and costs in terms of present costs and prices is not only likely to lead to an under-statement of actual costs, but also may lead to gross inefficiencies in project selection. This danger is particularly great in cases of hydro projects with long construction time horizons or long-term project sequences that depend for their feasibility on some common facility. While the need to estimate future price relationships may seem to introduce new uncertainties into project evaluations the use of prevailing prices is even less satisfactory. A somewhat inaccurate estimate of future changes, as long as it points in the right direction and as long as it is backed up by a sensitivity analysis that tests the effects of the assumptions on overall benefits and costs will provide a better and more realistic picture. Today this issue is of particular urgency since the traditional cost advantage of hydro over thermal alternatives is quickly disappearing. Given the very dramatic cost reductions expected from the introduction of second and third generation atomic power plants it becomes mandatory for any power system planner to take these expected changes explicitly into account.
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 139-147 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 179-191 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 221-237 
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    The annals of regional science 1 (1967), S. 1-6 
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    The annals of regional science 1 (1967), S. 46-50 
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    The annals of regional science 1 (1967), S. iii 
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    The annals of regional science 1 (1967), S. 7-22 
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    The annals of regional science 1 (1967), S. 23-32 
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    The annals of regional science 1 (1967), S. 33-45 
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    The annals of regional science 1 (1967), S. 60-73 
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    The annals of regional science 1 (1967), S. 51-59 
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    The annals of regional science 1 (1967), S. 74-79 
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    The annals of regional science 1 (1967), S. 87-101 
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    The annals of regional science 1 (1967), S. 80-86 
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    The annals of regional science 1 (1967), S. 127-142 
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    The annals of regional science 1 (1967), S. 143-151 
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    The annals of regional science 1 (1967), S. 152-165 
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    The annals of regional science 1 (1967), S. 114-126 
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    The annals of regional science 1 (1967), S. 166-179 
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    The annals of regional science 1 (1967), S. 190-195 
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    The annals of regional science 1 (1967), S. 223-242 
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    The annals of regional science 1 (1967), S. 180-189 
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    Notes: Summary In summary, we can state that econometric evidence suggests an elasticity of -.35 for household uses in Southern California. This is comprised of elasticities of -.24 and -.7 for inside and outside uses respectively. The data on industrial demand is less evident, but suggests an elasticity of well above -1.0 for low prices of water, that is, before recirculation systems have been installed. Only those using ground water or brackish water are paying prices around 5¢ per thousand gallons or $15 per acre-foot (Prices here mean the cost of pumping and sometimes for a pumping tax of acquiring such water.). If these industries should begin paying marginal costs of supplying water, then we can expect a substantial reduction in water consumption by them as they use recirculation systems. For industries which derive water from municipal supplies, they are already paying relatively high prices for water and therefore have already initiated water saving devices. For them the price elasticity is probably quite low, around -.2 or highly inelastic. In agriculture, with substantial opportunity for factor substitution, but less than expected possibilities of pricing crops out of production, an elasticity of-.5 seems appropriate, although this figure must be interpreted with caution as the data is just not available to confirm this estimate. Combining the above, the fresh-water demand for water will be in the neighborhood of -.3, as municipal demands are the dominant factor determining demand in Southern California. An elasticity of -.3 which is actually rather close to previous studies, is still less elastic than most. However, these conclusions must be tentative awaiting the results of another half year of study on a very complex market for water.
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    The annals of regional science 1 (1967), S. 243-255 
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    The annals of regional science 1 (1967), S. 213-222 
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