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  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (1,500)
  • ddc:330
  • 1965-1969  (919)
  • 1935-1939  (581)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 1-29 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two kinds of spermatozoa are formed in the testis of Goniobasis laqueata, typical (eupyrene) and atypical (apyrene); a similar dimorphism is noted in several other related genera. The development of each type of spermatozoon is described in Goniobasis. The apyrene spermatozoa do not appear in the testis until eupyrene spermatogenesis has progressed to the formation of mature eupyrene spermatozoa. After this time apyrene spermatogenesis becomes predominant. It is suggested that this condition is indicative of a modified protandric hermaphroditism, according to a recent theory of spermic dimorphism. The anatomy of the reproductive system of Goniobasis is described briefly, and the behavior and fate of the two types of spermatozoa are noted. Only the eupyrene spermatozoa are inclosed in a spermatophore formed in a special organ of the male, the apyrenes being somehow excluded. Thus the latter do not reach the female in copulation and can have no necessary functional relationship to the ova at the time of fertilization. The delayed formation of the apyrene spermatozoa, and other facts, indicate that they are probably not concerned with the nutrition or transport of the eupyrene spermatozoa.
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  • 2
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 31-59 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The little capsules in which snails of this family deposit eggs are so durable as sometimes to be found adherent to museum specimens; hitherto, however, detailed descriptions of such capsules have been restricted to the capsules long known as made by Neritina fluviatilis in fresh waters of Europe. The present paper adds descriptions, with measurements and sketches, of Neritina reclivata from Florida, Neritina virginea, Neritina punctulata, Theodoxus mneleagris, Nerita peloronta, Nerita alticola, Nerita tesselata and Neritilia succinea from Jamaica, British West Indies.These capsules are found to be remarkable in that the digestive tract aids in their formation; that is, the capsules are made as secretions of the lower oviduct to which mineral particles are added, and these mineral particles are supplied from the intestine and stored up in a special sac opening into the oviduct. Moreover, the mineral particles are of twofold origin; in some Neritinas they come from the ooze taken in with the food and passed through the intestine; in some Neritas they come from the liver as calcospherites, to be passed through the intestine.It is hoped that the data given will aid future descriptions of capsules from other species till a firm foundation is built for utilization of these capsules as aids in taxonomy.
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  • 3
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 105-112 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: There is as yet no proof that the prepollex and postminimus ever occurred as actual digits. Romer's discovery of previous confusion of the preaxial with the postaxial fin border of Sauripterus allows a more accurate interpretation of primitive conditions. The latter involved essential asymmetry. The carpal cartilages of the Sauripterus type offin must have split into transverse rows. When the radius and ulna had become of equal length there was redistribution of the most proximal carpals, thus displacing elements in the other rows. It seems that eventually the original first carpale assumed the position and function of a first metacarpal, while the original fifth metacarpale assumed the position and function of a fifth carpale.
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  • 4
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 113-129 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The external genitalia of female termites are readily homologized with those of female roaches. Mastotermes and other representative termites from every family are compared and their phylogenetic relationships within the group are found to agree, with the exception of the Hodotermitidae, with those based on studies of other structures.
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  • 5
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 131-145 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A hitherto unknown secondary sex character in male frogs consists of a series of connective tissue bands which extends the entire length of both layers of the Obliquus muscle, at both their dorsal and ventral borders. Extensions of the ventral bands may be carried inward toward the midline at certain of the inscriptiones tendinae. These bands are named the Lineae masculinae. They are clearly visible in specimens from which the skin has been removed, and are visible even through the skin in living specimens of certain species of Kaloula.Ninety-one genera and 553 species of the frogs and toads of the world were examined for the presence or absence of this structure. It is distinct in the common American and European ranids, such as Rana pipiens and Rana esculenta. It is entirely absent in many genera. When present it is found only in adult males, being absent in sexually immature males and females of all ages. Examination revealed no seasonal variations in males of Rana pipiens. This indicates that there is some correlation between the expression of this character and the sexual hormones. No function is assigned to the Linea masculina, although it is suggested that it may be associated in some way with voice production. A discussion of the taxonomic distribution of the character is included.
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  • 6
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 213-251 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The hyobranchial apparatus and throat musculature of the plethodontid salamanders are examined. The interhyoideus is thought to be the homologue of the intermandibularis posterior and the posterior part of the intermandibularis anterior. The quadrato-pectoralis is found only in Desmognathus (Leurognathus?), and Aneides. Its presence in the former is a primitive condition; in the latter, secondary. The gularis had its phylogenetical origin as a slip from the quadrato-pectoralis. The lingual cartilage is found only in Gyrinophilus, Pseudotriton, Eurycea, and Manculus. It is the homologue of the [sehnenplatte] of Salamandra; not the otoglossal. The presence of the suprapeduncularis and the absence of the genioglossus is not peculiar to adult free tongued genera. The anatomical evidence allies Batrachoseps with Hydromantes and Oedipus. The latter two genera are derived from ancient Plethodon stock, not from Gyrinophilus stock. Stereochilus, Typhlotriton, and Typholomolge are the degenerate descendants from ancient Gyrinophilus stock.
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  • 7
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 429-459 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Accounts of binary fission for two species of Chilomastix by Bélar ('21) and Boeck and Tanable ('26) differ. Consequently, investigations were initiated to study the cytology and to determine the nature of binary filssion in Chilomastix mesnili of man, Chilomastix mesnili (?) of anthropoid apes and monkeys, and Chilomastix intestinalis of guinea pigs.The material used for the study included the following: four heavily infected human cases of Chilomastix mesnili, twenty-one infections of Chilomastix mesnili (?) from a survey of thirty-six anthropoid apes and monkeys at the Philadelphia Zoölogical Gardens, and Chilomastix intestinalis from six guinea pigs.The results of the investigations indicate that binary fission of the above three species of Chilomastix are similar in essential details. Encystment is described for the species from man and from anthropoid apes and monkeys. No evidence for mitosis within the cysts was obtained for C. mesnili of man. In C. mesnili (?) from primates other than man, the appearance of cyst nuclei resembling mitotic processes is explained as variations occurring in nuclei. Binucleate cysts are believed to be formed by the encystment of abnormal binucleate individuals which never had undergone plasmotomy after division of the nuclei.
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  • 8
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 275-302 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The sexual dimorphism of Chinese cobitids consists of peculiar structures of the pectoral fins and of variations in the lengths of these as well as of the ventral fins. In all groups the paired fins are, as a rule, longer in the male sex, and the female has no lamina circularis, enlargement of pectoral rays or dilation of lateral muscles.In males of Cobitis and Misgurnus, the second rays of the pectorals are enlarged and possess at their base a bony plate (lamina circularis). In other Chinese genera the lamina circularis is absent. Males of the Misgurnus group are easily recognized by the dilation of the lateral muscles in the region of the dorsal fin. Males of Barbatula have several enlarged inner rays in the pectoral fin and numerous nuptial tubercles on the head, arranged in prepercular and preorbital groups. In the European, B. barbatula, however, tubercles on the head are wanting.In males of the Leptobotia and probably Botia groups, the first pectoral ray is enlarged, and the membrane between several of the inner rays is covered with nuptial tubercles.In general, in the Chinese cobitids the differences in sexual dimorphism are correlated with the differences between genera, i.e., each genus possesses a quite different sexual dimorphism; thus the secondary sexual characters can be used for taxonomic purposes.
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  • 9
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 533-545 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The thyroid primordium is a solid median outgrowth from the pharynx which is attached to the truncus arteriosus at its bifuracation. The thyroid is soon detached from the pharynx and migrates to its definitive position ventral to the aorta between the bases of the third visceral pouches. After detachment the primary follicle appears in the lower part of the primordium; during migration and early growth it is divided apparently by stress and pressure to form secondary follicles. Independent follicles are formed also by secretion of colloid between solid masses of thyroid cells. Other secondary follicles are formed by pinching off evaginations from large follicles. Colloid appears soon after the primary follicle is divided. The adult thyroid is a group of follicles scatterd in a venous plexus in the ventral pharyngeal region, around the aorta.
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  • 10
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 617-653 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Three to 5 minutes after implantation of a spermatophore in Placobdella parasitica there is a pronounced granulation of the tissues in the immediate region of the capsule. During the following 20 minutes a path 81 to 120 μ across communicating with the sinuses of the body cavity is established. By a mechanical shrinkage of the distended spermatophore the spermatozoa are injected through this path into the coelomic sinuses. They are dispersed through the body by the haemolymph and possibly by muscular contractions of the recipient. Fifty to 75 hours after their introduction into the body some of them arrive in the ventral sinus. From here they penetrate the walls of the ovisacs and take up a position in the lumina in preparation for fertilization. Two to 30 hours after implantation a plug of cells composed of migrating cellular elements of the recipient's body and of cells introduced along with the spermatozoan bundles forms in the subhypodermal region of the sperm path. Twenty to 45 hours later the wound is entirely repaired. Hypodermal epithelium is replaced by a migration into the affected region of similar reserve cells. The parenchymatous tissue is restored by a differentiation and growth of some of the cellular elements making up the plug.
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  • 11
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 1-39 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Flatfishes lying on one side and that blind and colorless, but having the upper side two-eyed and colored are abnormal fishes which in their own group are perfectly normal. Some normally lie right side up (dextral) others point left (sinistral). Any departure from these normal conditions constitutes such a specimen an abnormal flatfish. The simplest departure is reversal-i.e., a normal dextral fish lies on its right side and points left and vice-versa. Sixteen reversed fishes have been described, but in various species from 3 to 100 per cent reversals have been noted.Reversal might be thought dependent on the structure of the optic chiasma. The Psettodidae (lowest family) have a dimorphic chiasma (right or left nerve dorsal) and are indifferently dextral or sinistral. But the dextral Soleidae and the sinistral Cynoglossidae (highest families) have dimorphic chiasmas with only five recorded reversals. In between, the monomorphic sinistral Bothidae have the right nerve dorsal even in the five indifferent species. And the monomorphic dextral Pleuronectidae include three indifferent species (one having up to 100 per cent reversed) with the left nerve dorsal even in reversed fish. The explanation of reversal must be found in genetics.
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  • 12
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 157-172 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study reveals the existence of four distinct but genetically related types of upper jaw mechanisms:1. The non-protractile, with no mechanism for the protrusion of the pre-maxillae. The maxillaries form part of the upper margin of the mouth, as in Isospondyli, Apodes and Haplomi.2. The crossed ligaments in the snout as in Acanthopteri, Heterosomata and Anacanthini.3. The twisting action type in which the internal hook of the maxilla drives out the pre-maxilla as found in Cyprinodontes and Percesoces.4. The rostral or sigmoid ligament attached to the pre-maxilla as in Cyprinidae and Catostomidae.The three protractile types all possess an enlarged pre-maxilla with a medium dorsal process, suggesting a common origin of all from a single non-protractile form of upper jaw.
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  • 13
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 211-220 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The shell of Cardium corbis is composed of three layers, an outer periostracum of conchyolin and two layers of aragonite. The outer aragonitic layer presents a laminated appearance, but in reality is made up of fibers which extend across several of the curved lamellar lines. Each fiber is enclosed in an organic sheath which can be dissolved in potassium hydroxide. The inner aragonitic layer is composed of vertical prisms which are made up of two sets of fibers inclined to each other at an angle of 55 to 60°. The outer layer of aragonite is secreted by glands on the mantle edge outside the pallial line; the inner layer is secreted by glands on the mantle area within the pallial line. The dentition is formed of the same material as the inner aragonitic layer.The ligament is composed of two layers, the outer being less impregnated with calcium carbonate than the inner. Both layers are continuous with the organic matrix of the shell.
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  • 14
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 15
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 355-383 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: New dissections of the caudal and short posterior thigh muscles of the reptiles Iguana, Varanus, Crocodilus and Testudo, and the mammals Sciurus, Galago and Herpestes were made, and the findings correlated with those described in the literature. The condition in the lizards, Sphenodon and crocodiles is very constant; in each case there is a puboischiofemoralis externus and an ischiotrochantericus passing from the pelvis to the femur, a deep caudal mass passing from the tail to the femur, and a superficial caudal sheet attached to the ilium and ischium. In the Chelonia, with the specialization of the gait, the deep caudal musculature has lost its attachment to the femur, and has migrated onto the vertebral column and the inner surface of the pelvis, while the other muscles occupy their typical position. In the Mammalia the deep caudal musculature has undergone a change similar to that in the Chelonia, forming the pubo-, ilio-, sacro- and ischiococcygeus muscles, while the superficial caudal musculature has disappeared except for a part which forms a sphincter cloacae. The posterior part of the puboischiofemoralis externus has formed the quadratus femoris, and the ischiotrochantericus the obturator internus and the two gemelli. In specialized mammals with reduced tails the caudal musculature has taken over new functions and become respecialized in different ways.
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  • 16
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 419-437 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A histological study has been made of the developing mid-gut or mesenteron of Melanoplus differentialis from diapause until after hatching. The primitive mid-gut consists at first of a single laver os squamous epithelium surrounding the yolk; to this is added later an outer layer. These two layers give rise to the muscular and connective tissue elements of the definitivo mid-gut. Near the of hateching, vitellophanges which have been present in the yolk since earlier stages migrate peripherally to form a lining upon the inner surface of the primitive mid-gut. The vitellophage nuclei divide to form the smaller nuclei of the definitive epithelium of the mid-gut. The vitellophage nuclei divede to form the smaller nuclei of the definitive epithelium of the mid-gut. The development of the definitive mesenteron fron the primitive mid-gut takes place rapidly and occurs near the time of hatching.
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  • 17
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 91-112 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Increases in weight, total body length, and width and length of the head capsule of Japanese beetle larvae were studied. Since the progression factors decreased with succeeding molts and exhibited considerable variation it was concluded that Przibram's principle is inapplicable. Cells were counted in the mid-intestine and brain. Columnar cells of the mid-intestine were measured. The data show: (a) No increase in cell number occurs at the time of molting. (b) The progression in weight and length cannot be correlated with an increase in cell number. In the first instar the progression for increase in weight was 5.73; while for increase in cell number, it was 1.67 for the mid-intestine, and 1.19 for the brain. In the second instar, the corresponding figures were 5.24, 1.98 and 1.69. In the third instar average weight increased 3.18 times, but there was practically no increase in cell number. Thus, molting does not represent a definite increase in number of cells of the insect's body as suggested by Przibram and Megusar, and Bodenheimer's method of calculating cell divisions seems to have no factual basis. Increase in size of the larva is largely due to an increase in cell size. The ratio of increase in total cell volume of the columnar cells of the mid-intestine is approximately equal to the ratio of weight increase.
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  • 18
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 123-161 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An atypical euchromosome, characterized by the large size and deep stainability of its chromomeres during the meiotic prophase, occurs in representatives of seven genera of Acridinae, viz., Chorthippus curtipennis, Euchorthippus pulvinatus, Stenobothrus lineatus, Omocestus ventralis, Stauroderus biguttulus, Gomphocerus rufus, and Aeropedellus clavatus. This element, which is termed the ‘megameric chromosome,’ stains more deeply than the other euchromosomes also during interkinesis and early spermiogenesis. The megameric chromosomes of the individual exhibit striking similarity in the number, size, and arrangement of their chromomeres through successive stages of the meiotic prophase. All the evidence from cytological study indicates that these chromosomes are intergenerically homologous. This is chiefly significant in the support it gives to the theory of chromosome individuality. The heteromorphic megameric tetrad of one individual of S. biguttulus - unequal because of a deficiency - usually undergoes segregation in the second division. The megameric chromosomes display splits previous to synapsis. Pairing begins at their proximal ends and proceeds distally. All the euchromosomes of the spermatid nucleus show splits in preparation for the first cleavage division of the zygote.
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  • 19
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 485-494 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper presents an account of the morphology of the hypophysis and adjacent hypothalamic regions of young adult Amblystoma tigrinum. The description deals primarily with reconstructed models made from blotting paper; transverse and sagittal sections are also considered. A new term, hypophysis, pars subdistalis, is used to describe a discrete portion of the hypophysis embedded in the medial and ventral portion of the pars distalis. The other portions of the hypophysis also are described in detail.
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  • 20
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 163-172 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Serial sections and dissections of the eye and orbit of Holocentrus ascensionis (Osbeck) reveal a relatively well-developed accommodation muscle (m. retractor lentis or campanula Halleri) supplied by a ramus of the short ciliary nerve which traverses the region of the vitreous humor in an invaginated fold of choroid, the processus falciformis. The ramus contains chiefly heavily myelinated nerve fibers with a few finely myelinated or unmyelinated fibers. The type, origin and probable function of these constituents follows: 1.Medullated postganglionic processes of ciliary ganglion cells about which end the preganglionic fibers of the oculomotor nerve.2.Medullated postganglionic fibers from the trigeminal sympathetic ganglion which traverse the ciliary ganglion to join the nerve. These and (4) may supply accompanying blood vessels.3.Medullated sensory fibers to the profundus ganglion.4.Unmedullated or finely medullated fibers from the trigeminal sympathetic ganglion.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This investigation is intended to be the first of a contemplated series to study correlation of diet with morphological change. The material here reported is from grasshoppers on satisfactory diets. The gross anatomy shows a typically acridine arrangement. Fixation with B3 and staining with haematoxylin and eosin shows that peritoneum, muscle and chitin in different areas vary only in arrangement and relative development. The epithelial cells of the various regions differ in structure as well. Modifications of the cytoplasmic elements of these cells are correlated with cellular activity. The epithelial cells of the mid-gut and its six bi-lobed gastric caeca, and of the six rectal glands have a striated border of separate filaments which are cilia-like in appearance but devoid of motion. The caeca are most active in gastric secretion, which is merocrine or holocrine according to conditions. Essentially different granules and vacuoles are secreted, and extruded by rupture of the cells; which are replaced from nidi.
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  • 22
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 285-353 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The larval epithelium cells of Mycale syrinx (O. Schm.) unite syncytially with one another. The stratum so formed is continuous with the syncytial interior of the larva and into this interior the epithelial nuclei are drawn. Many of them degenerate and are digested by the syncytium or, eventually, by nucleolate cells. The syncytial cytoplasm breaks up into cell bodies, some surrounding epithelial nuclei and thus forming choanocytes, others surrounding nucleolate and non-nucleolate mesenchyme nuclei. The larval epithelial cells do not then become the choanocytes. Only their nuclei are specifically determined. The bodies of the choanocytes are picked out of the general syncytium in accordance with the location which the nuclei may occupy at the time. Non-nucleolate cells of the interior break through to the surface and form epidermis. Or non-nucleolate nuclei, usually not in special cell bodies but in the general syncytium, are drawn to the surface, the surface layer there condensing to form epidermis.There is a provisional formation of limiting membranes by the reticular syncytium around spaces of the interior and at the surface. The definitive cellular membranes, epidermis and canal epithelia, are only completed later. Some mesenchyme cells may be digested by the general syncytium. Such cells lie in vacuoles, as in a digesting protozoan.
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  • 23
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 385-417 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The anatomy of the lymphatic system of the snake is described, together with some preliminary observations of the blood vascular system. Lymphatic vessels are numerous and thin-walled, chiefly periangious, but some are in close relation to the vertebral, column. The aortic lymphatic enlarges to form a sac in the abdominal region which encloses several of the viscera and in many cases communicates with their connective tissue sheaths. Lymph vessels in the skin and body musculature form a regularly arranged segmental network. The system communicates with the blood vascular system in two places: by means of a pair of posterior lymph hearts in the region of the cloaca, and at the jugular lymph sac just craniad to the heart. The arrangement and distribution of lymphatic structures is of interest in relation to phylogenetic development and because of the specialization of structure due to the elongate form of the snake.
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  • 24
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 463-535 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A histological study has been made of the developing mid-gut or mesenteron of Melanoplus differentialis from diapause until after hatching. The primitive mid-gut consists at first of a single layer of squamous epithelium surrounding the yolk; to this is added later an outer layer. These two layers give rise to the muscular and connective tissue elements of the definitive mid-gut. Near the time of hatching, vitellophages which have been present in the yolk since earlier stages migrate peripherally to form a lining upon the inner surface of the primitive mid-gut. The vitellophage nuclei divide to form the smaller nuclei of the definitive epithelium of the mid-gut. The development of the definitive mesenteron from the primitive mid-gut takes place rapidly and occurs near the time of hatching.
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  • 25
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    Notes: The ‘germinal crescent’ of the primitive streak stage chick embryo is located in the zone of junction anterior and lateral to the proamnion. The primordial germ cells supposedly arise from this area.The following experiments were carried out. 1. Complete removal of the germinal crescent. 2. Partial removal of the germinal crescent. 3. Removal of areas of corresponding size of the blastodisc other than the germinal crescent.The results are as follows: In experiment 1, a careful search of the entire specimen failed to reveal any primordial germ cells. Such embryos invariably died during or before the fifth day of incubation.In experiments 2 and 3, the presence of the primordial germ cells was quite obvious. Such embryos did not invariably die. Some from each group was brought through to hatching, with the exception of that group in which the piece was taken from the lateral region of the blastodisc. In this case the injury to the circulation was too great to overcome.As was to be expected, in those specimens in which the circulatory system was injured rather severely death always ensued and occurred before the third day of incubation regardless of the type of experiment.Both cauterization and removal with scissors were tried. Mechanical removal gave superior results and was used exclusively in the latter part of the experiment.
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  • 26
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 615-637 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Chordotonal organs are present in the prothoracic, mesothoracic and metathoracic femora of Melanoplus differentialis. These have been described and their development traced from ectodermal invaginations located at the proximal and distal ends of the prothoracic and mesothoracic and at the distal end of the metathoracic femora of the embryo.
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  • 27
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 159-187 
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    Notes: The development of the nervous system is traced by stages and, in general, is found similar to that already described for other insects. Terms such as ganglionic gangliomeres, medullary masses, optic nerve, etc., are shown to have no significance. The intraganglionic thickening of Viallanes is shown to be a misnomer. A chronological table of the developmental processes is appended.
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  • 28
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 191-209 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Differing from hitherto known spermatophores, these are found to have the form of a loop with a thick body and the slender ends twisted together.Also one end bears a spiral row of triradiate spicules, unique in being chitinoid secretions. Each is formed within a vacuole of a cell of a small gland found in the males. The ends of the spermatophores hold sperms, but the main mass consists of granules of problematical value. Spermatophores after discharge are stored up within the female, where remnants of them remain indefinitely.For the first time stages in the formation of spermatophores were found within the males. The head organ in the male is found to be more complex than hitherto known in this genus. A special head organ in the female is described for the first time in this family. An hypothesis is advanced as to the possible use of these male and female head organs in transfer of spermatophores. The suggestion is made that in this family the spermatophores and their organs of transfer and of storage may serve as generic characters.
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  • 29
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 243-259 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The post-embryonic growth of the notochord, sensory retinal cells, cartilage and gut epithelium in frog tadpoles, trout and lamprey is described. Increase in the number of notochord and sensory retinal cells results only from the mitotic division of cells which have not yet undergone the structural modifications characteristic for these cells. The specialized and functional cell does not divide. In the frog tadpole the cartilage cells increase by mitotic division of the fully-formed and functional cell: in addition there are centers of proliferation consisting of small, rapidly-dividing cells. The trout is similar except that there are no centers of proliferation, in addition amitotic division occurs. The gut epithelium grows by mitotic division of the functional constituent cells. During division the cell assumes a spherical shape and its functional activities are suspended.
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  • 30
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937), S. 317-324 
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    Notes: The last muscle in the transverse superficial throat series in all genera of salamanders is here called ‘gularis.’ This eliminates a long list of synonyms. A description of its metamorphic changes in Dicamptodon (Ambystomidae) and comparison of the larval and adult conditions in this genus with those in other known genera clears up the homologies of the muscle throughout the series. The study is based on dissections and a survey of the literature covering all important groups except the Hynobiidae.
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  • 31
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 351-399 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: During the quiescent fourth larval instar the larva of Drosophila becomes loosened from the puparium and takes on the form of a pupa. A large gas bubble is formed within the body during this prepupal period. At the end of this stadium, which lasts 11 1/2 hours at 25°C., it pupates, shedding the prepupal cuticle. The gas bubble is used as a mechanism to separate the cuticie from its hypodermis. Practically all of the tissues undergo histolysis and are replaced by imaginal structures derived from specialized cells. Some of the muscles persist longer than the general mass and perform special functions in the pupa. The sequence of histolytic and histogenetic changes is accurately timed at a constant temperature.
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  • 32
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    Notes: Since differential maturation has been used in explaining sex determination in Hymenoptera, the pertinent stages were studied cytologically in Habrobracon by using whole mounts of timed eggs stained by the Feulgen reaction.The egg is laid with the maturation figure in an arrested first anaphase close to the ventral egg surface, and with the spindle horizontal to the latter. Eggs from different stocks show differences in position of maturation figure. A single sperm enters during oviposition, the maturation spindle revolves to a vertical position and normal maturation and change of the sperm ensues. Nuclei of unfertilized eggs behave similarly. Ten chromosomes enter each of the three polar and the one matured egg nuclei, the latter being always the innermost of the four. Unfertilized eggs have ten chromosomes at first and eleventh cleavages; fertilized eggs have around the expected twenty. Chromosomes in maturation divisions are too small and round to show individual differences. There is no good evidence of chromosome elimination.
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  • 33
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 549-587 
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    Notes: The phytosaur of the Triassic exhibits many interesting adaptive modifications of the diapsid skull. The modifications of the muscle attachment areas for the jaw muscles have been examined in comparison with the musculature of the recent forms Sphenodon and Alligator. It has been determined that the development of the fleshy anterior pterygoid and of the intramandibular muscles is an adaptation concomitant with the elongation of the snout. The modification of the temporal region in the phytosaur with the posterior extension of the squamosal is also seen to be an adaptation to gain speed in closing the great mouth. The forward position of the head-neck joint would appear to gain advantage in the support of the heavy head. Such similarities as are seen between the phytosaur and the crocodilian may be accounted for as parallel adaptation.
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  • 34
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936) 
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  • 35
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937) 
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  • 36
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 287-315 
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    Notes: The musculature of forearm and manus basically is divisible into dorsal matrix and ventral matrix of elbow, and dorsal matrix and ventral matrix of the podium. The former contributes to the present musculature of brachium and antibrachium, and the latter to the musculature of antibrachium and podium. The forearm muscles of the former category are divisible into humero-radial (carpi radialis), humero-podial (digitorum communis et sublimis), and humero-ulnar (carpi ulnaris) components. The deep muscles of the forearm (mm. abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis longus, extensor indicis proprius; flexores digitorum profundus et pollicis longus) have been derived from podial matrices that have migrated proximally along the ulna. The short flexors of the hand have been derived from a superficial and a deep basic series: From the former have come mm. palmaris brevis, abductor pollicis brevis, superficial head of the flexor pollicis brevis, abductor et flexor digiti 5, and lumbricales. From the deep series have been derived mm. contrahentes (including adductor pollicis), interossei, opponens pollicis, deep head of flexor pollicis brevis, and opponens digiti 5.
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  • 37
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 127-148 
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    Notes: The Gelgi bodies in Meretrix casta being visible in fresh eggs, an attempt was made to elucidate the nature of the contents of neutral red vacuoles. These are neo-formations which arise on treatment with neutral red Ringer. As recent researches have shown that neutral red forms compounds with enzymes, it is suggested that the new vacuoles in Meretrix are visible products of the attempt of the Golgi apparatus to eliminate neutral red which is a foreign substance to the egg. The function of Golgi bodies in the control of cell metabolism by production of intra-cellular enzymes is discussed.
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  • 38
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 175-221 
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    Notes: The reproductive organs of Bruchus quadrimaculatus Fabr., and B. (Callosobruchus) chinensis L., including histology are described in detail. The role of the different parts of the male and female copulatory apparatus is discussed and the physical composition and function of the secretions of the accessory glands are indicated. The specific differences in the structure of the genitalia of the two species are shown.
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  • 39
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. i 
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  • 40
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    Notes: Two sizes of cells are found in the mid-gut epithelium of late embryos. The larger cells contain nuclei having twice the number of prochromosomes and nearly twice the volume as compared with the nuclei of the smaller cells. During each larval instar, the nuclei of the functional mid-gut epithelium nearly double their volume and there is a corresponding increase in the amount of chromatin. It is suggested that chromosome division without nuclear division occurs in these epithelial cells during the pre-ecdysial periods of each instar. The mid-intestinal epithelial cells and their nuclei undergo characteristic changes during the feeding and pre-ecdysial periods of each instar. Prochromosomes as well as cytoplasmic globules, which represent a cytoplasmic diminution process, are visible in the latter period. The regeneration cells which give rise to the pupal and mid-gut epithelia have origin from the small embryonic mid-gut cells and from nuclei and cytoplasm derived from the larval epithelium by means of an apparent ‘pseudoreduction’ of the large larval nuclei during the late third and fourth instars.
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  • 41
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 165-173 
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    Notes: Observations are reported which fully establish the aglomerular nature of the kidney in the following teleostean species: Hippocampus trimaculatus, Hippocampus kuda, Hippocampus hudsonius, Microphis boaja, Batrachus grunniens and Pterophryne histrio. It is possible that we are dealing with an additional aglomerular species (Microphis sp.), but this cannot be determined from the available material. All species were taken in sea water except Microphis boaja and Microphis sp., which were taken in fresh water.
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  • 42
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 285-307 
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    Notes: The cytoplasm of Opalinid infusorians contains two principal components; the mitochondria and the vegetative granules of the endoplasm. A third component in the form of Golgi bodies has been previously described. Under the influence of radium radiations the mitochondria are re-orientated so that they assume a transverse polarity to the longitudinal axis of the organism. Later the mitochondria are segregated by the radiations so that they lie apart from the vegetative granules with which they are closely associated in the normal organism.
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  • 43
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    Notes: The development of the gonads of the marsh hawk, Circus hudsonius, Cooper's hawk, Accipiter cooperi, and the red-tailed hawk, Buteo borealis borealis has been investigated. The occurrence and relatively long persistence of the cortex on both testes of the marsh hawk is evidence of bilateral amphisexuality in this form. The embryonic condition of the ovaries is related to the degree of asymmetry in the adult organs. Nearly symmetrical, paired ovaries were found in three species and varying amounts of reduction of the right ovary in all others.The disappearance of the right oviduct in the ontogeny of the female red-tailed hawk and the occurrence of accessory gonad tissue in male embryos of the same species are described and figured. The extent of reduction of the right ovary of eleven species is described, figured and classified. The following species are listed in the above order of classification: Circus hudsonius, Accipiter cooperi, Accipiter velox velox, Accipiter atricapillus atricapillus, Falco sparverius sparverius, Aquila chrysaëtos canadensis, Buteo borealis borealis, Buteo lineatus lineatus, Buteo lagopus sancti-johannis, Cathartes aura septentrionalis, Buteo platypterus platypterus.It is concluded that two ways by which organs may disappear are realized in the right ovary and oviduct of the hawks. (1) by failure of an embryonic inductor in the case of the ovary, and (2) in the right oviduct by secondary atrophy of an originally well-developed embryonic structure.
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  • 44
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 433-451 
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    Notes: The nasal capsule of the chameleon differs greatly from that of other lizards in several respects. Cartilage is extremely persistent, particularly in the roof. The anterior chamber is produced backward to form an accessory posterior chamber. This posterior extension lies lateral to the olfactory chamber, from which it is incompletely divided by a longitudinal fold which may represent the normal concha.The organ of Jacobson is extremely reduced and occupies an abnormal position with relation to other structures. The olfactory nerves and their branches are much reduced, and the olfactory epithelium is poorly developed. The chameleon is at best a microsmatic animal.
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  • 45
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937), S. 489-519 
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    Notes: Plethodon cinereus is favorable for a study of the history of the germ line. The germ cells are large, while the gonads are small and show an almost diagrammatic structure. Germ cell degeneration is not extensive during ontogeny. As long as all the germ cells contain yolk during development, these cells are derived solely from germ cells. In Plethodon, yolk lasts in all germ celis through sex differentiation. A comparison of the number of mitoses necessary for the primordial germ cells to produce the numbers of germ cells in gonads where every germ cell contains yolk, with the mitoses necessary for the primordial cells to produce the adult complements of germ cells, shows that at least 72% of the increase of germ cells can be followed by yolk. A cytological study from the embryo through the adult sexual cycle gave no evidence that somiatic cells ever transform into germ cells. Mitoses are abundant in the testes of salamanders starved 4 months. This fact together with a statistical study on the adult male sexual cycle indicates that the germ cells present in the testis do not need to be augmented by transformed somatic cells. It is concluded that in Plethodon germ cells alone give rise to germ cells, and that the germ line is continuous.
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  • 46
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    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 3-15 
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    Notes: Comparisons have been made of the weights of the suprarenals of 525 mature female dogs in dioestrus, oestrus, pregnancy and lactation. Tables and graphs show that there was a slight increase in the size of the suprarenals during oestrus. There was hypertrophy of both the cortex and the medulla in the oestrous dogs. Only slight increase was shown in the weights of the glands of pregnant animals when the net body weight was considered and no increase when the total body weight was used in the study. There was no hypertrophy of the glands of lactating animals.There was only a slight variation in the seasonal occurrence of oestrus. From 34 to 37% of the total numbers of mature females examined in the seasons were found to be in oestrus. From 13 to 16% of the total numbers were found to be pregnant.
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  • 47
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    Notes: Nucleoli in the germ cells of certain Orthoptera, Hemiptera and the crayfish have been studied. In Ceuthophilus (camel cricket) these bodies are found to be definitely connected with chromatin threads and are believed to be products of chromatin.The large structure in the ova of Nemobius (cricket) is interpreted as a nucleolus because of its very irregular behavior and apparent complete disappearance.It is found that some of the nucleoli of Gelastocoris (toad bug) arise within the chromatin threads.Observations on Cambarus (crayfish) fail to show nucleolar extrusion, a phenomenon which has formerly been reported for this form.The unique behavior and fate of the nucleolar material in Pselliopus (true bug) is described. In this species the nucleolar material is added to and becomes part of the general oxychromatin network of the nucleus.This study fully supports the opinion that nucleoli have a chromatin origin.
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  • 48
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    Notes: A new limb skeleton will form in regenerating limbs of the larval Amblystoma in which the humerus had been completely removed. The cartilage of the new limb skeleton develops out of a blastema in which there are no cells of cartilage origin. This regeneration blastema is a composite structure made up of cells derived from a dedifferentiation of the injured tissues of the limb. The tissues which have been observed as contributing to the regeneration blastema are: muscles, especially the muscles of the shoulder; connective tissue of the sheath of the brachial nerve plexus; muscle connective tissue; and, to a certain extent, subcutaneous connective tissue. The new cartilage of the limb skeleton develops out of this composite blastema by means of a differentiation of cells in the central axis of the blastema.The amount of cartilage regenerated appears to depend on the mass of the blastema. When the blastema does not extend fully into the glenoid cavity of the scapula, the head of the developing humerus is deficient in size and structure. However, a complete limb skeleton is regenerated when the blastema does extend fully into the glenoid cavity.Since the new cartilage of the regenerated limb has no genetic continuity with the old limb skeleton, it would appear that the limb field exerts some kind of histogenetic determining action.
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  • 49
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    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 263-297 
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    Notes: Artemia salina, a very widely distributed species in North America, Europe and Asia, breeds freely and rapidly under laboratory conditions, living in all salinities from fresh water to almost saturated brine. Its soft exoskeleton permits of easy sectioning.The morphology and embryology of the segmentally arranged excretory glands - the antennal, mandibular and maxillary glands, are described. The antennal gland, consisting of extracellular end sac and intracellular excretory duct, is located in the second antenna and opens to the exterior on the lateroposterior face of the protopodite. It attains its maximum development by the sixth instar, degenerating by the tenth. The vestigial mandibular gland consists only of an end sac surrounding a schizocoele, and a rudimentary duct. The large maxillary gland in the adult consists of an end sac, an excretory duct of three circular coils, and a terminal duct opening to the exterior. The maxillary gland develops from a mass of mesenchyme cells in the maxillary segment of the nauplius, becoming fully differentiated by the sixth instar.The vestigial second maxilla has two bristles. It serves only as a terminus for the maxillary gland. A pair of small ganglia are accepted as internal evidence for the presence of a maxillular segment.The presence of three pair of schizocoeles in three consecutive segments is interpreted as evidence of homology with the Annelid coelome, with the possibility of further homologizing the excretory ducts with the segmental nephridia.
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    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 503-521 
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    Notes: In early embryonic stages of Passalus there are, in addition to the brain and suboesophageal ganglion, three thoracic and ten abdominal ganglia; one ganglion to each body segment. Before hatching the tenth, ninth and eighth abdominal ganglia coalesce. During the three larval instars the terminal ganglion remains in the sixth abdominal segment and only minor changes occur. By the end of the third day of pupal life the adult form of the nervous system is practically assumed. All abdominal ganglia are fused into a single, solid, elongated ganglionic mass. Connectives have disappeared between meso- and meta-thoracic and between metathoracic and abdominal ganglia; and with exception of the brain, sub-oesophageal and prothoracic ganglia, the entire ventral chain has come to lie in the mesothorax. The peripheral nerves still arise from the ganglia and ganglionic mass in their same relative positions and still supply the same segments in which they were originally located.
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    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 599-607 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Analysis of measurements of the trunk region of the vertebral column and of the various segments of the wing and leg skeleton in sixty-four specimens (thirty-four males, thirty females) of Fulica americana shows that: The males average about 7% larger (longer) than females in all parts of the skeleton; the difference is uniform throughout the body. The coefficient of variability ranges from about 3.00 (humerus, et al.) to about 5.00 (hind toe). The correlation between lengths of parts is very high between different segments of the wing skeleton, or of the leg; it is somewhat less between homologous segments of the wing and leg; and it is still less between limbs and trunk. This decreasing order of correlation indicates an increasing order of independence of variability. The wing proportions in Fulica are those characteristic of the type of flight called flatterflug. The proportions of the leg are those of a bird moderately adapted for cursorial locomotion; the very long toes characterize a swimming bird.
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  • 52
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    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 53
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Hair follicles are initiated in mice homozygous for Strong's luxoid gene at the normal times. The dermis from 16 days of gestation to nine days after birth lags in development. The adipose layer instead of enlarging at the normal time of three days after birth delays until nine days. The growth of the first cycle hairs is inhibited, particularly on dorsal surfaces. Some follicles of all types degenerate. The surviving follicles enter telogen at seven days after birth, after forming only short unpigmented or poorly-pigmented hairs. Many follicles immediately begin a second cycle of growth, in which more normal hairs develop and a substantial adipose layer forms. No alopecia develops on ventral surfaces, but growth of the first cycle ceases and the second cycle commences earlier than normal; the hairs formed are abnormal. Abnormal hair growth in Strong's luxoid homozygotes may be a result of the retarded growth of the dermis or both defects may be secondary to a more fundamental defect.
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  • 54
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: 1Neurosecretary cells in the central nervous system of the adult blowfly, Phormia regina Meig., have been examined histologically using the parparaldehyde-fuchsin and Gomori's staining method. Six groups of the neurosecretory cells occur in each hemisphere of the brain, the medial, frontal, lateral A, lateral B, posterior I and posterior II groups. In the subesophageal ganglion, four B-cells and two A-cells are present. In the thoracico-abdominal ganglion, ten A-cells are found in the thoracic region and a total of about 50 A- and B-cells in the hind part of the abdominal region.2A comparison with the neurosecretory system of two other species of blowfly, Calliphora erythrocephala Meig., Sarcophaga bullata Parker, and the housefly, Musca domestica L., showed similar arrangements and grouping.3Neurosecretory granules have been observed along the axons originating from the medial neurosecretory cells of the brain, and the thoracico-abdominal ganglion. The granules originating from the medial groups can be traced directly to the corpus cardiacum from which they move to the aorta, crop duct and cardia through axons.4There is with advancing age a gradual increase in the size of cell bodies and nuclei of the median neurosecretory cells in both females and males of Phormia regina, and also a decrease in stainable granules. This increase in size is dependent on nutrition, with no increase in water alone, a slight increase on sugar, and a maximum increase on sugar and liver. Corresponding increases in size occur in the ovaries in connection with feeding the same substances.
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  • 55
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    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 101-119 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure of the external ears and the ultrasonic cries produced by one member of the single family of Megachiroptera and six representatives of the Vespertilionoidea of the Microchiroptera have been described. All the specimens were intra-vitally fixed and the preparations have been examined, photographed and measured. Brief notes are given on the middle ear and the following measurements have been made on the cochlea: the general size of the cochlea in various dimensions, the width and thickness of the basilar membrane, the size of the spiral ligament and the height of the cells of Claudius. In conclusion it can be said that there are marked differences in the structure of the cochleae of the two suborders, as well as within the superfamily Vespertilionoidea.
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  • 56
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    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 57
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    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 305-326 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of each of the blood cell types of Perophora viridis has been characterized and strong evidence for localization of vanadium in two of these types is given.There are eight cell types; phagocytes which may contain completely engulfed cells, lymphocytes with a prominant nucleolus and scanty cytoplasm packed with clustered ribosomes, and six other cell types each with distinctive granules. Morula cells contain a central nucleus and cytoplasm filled by wedged bodies, about five of which are seen in section. These bodies contain regularly spaced electron dense foci. Green cells have the same organization but contain bodies which are electron dense throughout. Granular amoebocytes contain many smaller lightly staining oval bodies and much glycogen. Another cell type (probably orange cells of light microscopy) contains numerous granular rounded bodies. Compartment cells have vacuoles containing electron dense particles and signet ring cells have usually one large vacuole which is electron dense lined and may contain electron dense particles. Developmental stages of these cell types show involvement of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies in granule formation.After glutaraldehyde fixation alone the only extremely electron dense components are particles in the compartment cells and signet ring cells implicating these as sites of vanadium localization, although not excluding other cell types.
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  • 58
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Specimens of murine yolk sac prepared for light and electron microscopy at 8, 12, and 18 days of gestational age revealed a changing morphology of the endodermal cells in the visceral layer as gestation progressed. Basophilia increased between 8 and 12 days and decreased slightly between 12 and 18 days. These changes corresponded to the development of a highly organized rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum by 12 days and its partial replacement by smooth-surfaced elements by 18 days. Staining of frozen sections with tetrazolium dyes revealed a substrate dependent localization of the staining reaction within the cells and suggested an underlying compartmentalization of metabolic activities. Two types of apical granules were observed on the basis of both cytochemistry and electron microscopy. These granules were most numerous at 12 days of gestational age. The observations suggest that although synthesis and absorption doubtless occur simultaneously throughout gestation, the emphasis is on synthesis during the first half of the period and absorption during the second half. It is suggested that the change in fine structure may be due to the rupture of Reichert's membrane and the subsequent establishment of direct contact between the endodermal cells and the uterine wall.
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  • 59
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Classical studies of the nervous system of the leech revealed that there were specific types of very large glial cells associated with various parts of the neuron. Recent microelectrode studies demonstrated that there was a low resistance to the flow charge from any one of these large glial cells to another. The present study describes a previously unreported type of glial cell, the glial cell of the fascicles. These cells, which resemble the glial cells of the connectives but are smaller, are found in the fascicles of axons that unite the connectives to the neuropil. Thus, these cells are located between the glial cells of the connectives on the one hand and the glial cells of the neuropil and packets on the other and must be taken into account in considerations of the low resistance to the transfer of charge from one glial cell to another.
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  • 60
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    Journal of Morphology 120 (1966) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 61
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An interesting relationship exists between the ovary and the developing oocyte in the fresh-water mussel. As the oocytes grow, they elongate and bulge into the ovarian cavity. In the early stages, the nucleus migrates from the attached region (“foot”) to the distal region of the cell. With continued growth and maturation the connection between the proximal “foot” and distal nucleated portion becomes reduced to a narrow stalk. Microtubules appear in the young oocytes as they start to elongate and become packed in the stalks of older oocytes. It is suggested that the microtubules function as supporting structures and possibly also as channels for the transfer of materials from one portion of the oocyte to the other. The fine structure of the oocyte reveals evidence that the developing yolk bodies or spheres are formed, in part at least, by the incorporation of many smaller “precursor yolk vesicles.” These appear in the region of the Golgi complex and are presumed to be derived from the Golgi saccules. The oocyte contains an unusually well developed endoplasmic reticulum whose cisternae are filled with a rather conspicuous material.
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  • 62
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Since the rabbit's eye more nearly resembles the human eye than any other mammal used in experimental investigations, a detailed study of its ciliary arteries has been made. A closely timed series of embryos injected through the living umbilical vein and rendered transparent show, in thick sections, silhouetted vessels in perspective. Heretofore the ciliary arteries have been studied from their first identification until they have reached the primitive choriocapillaris, but no farther. This study shows their complete history including their relation to the circulus arteriosus iridis major and to the pupillary membrane. Our special concern has been ferreting out the mode of migration of the components of the definitive arteries. New findings include: (1) an arteriovenous plexus which mediates the transference from vessels anastomotic with it to other such vessels; (2) functionally different segments of the primitive ciliary arteries; (3) different arterial and venous plexuses which play roles in embryonic development; (4) discovery of the realignment of the choriocapillaris into vertical vessel meshes with transverse anastomoses between them, each of which have different fates; (5) the mode of development of the circulus arteriosus iridis major; (6) a crown of venous vessels looping around the iris margin; and (7) a special arterial supply for the ciliary processes.
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  • 63
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The phylogenetic development of neuroglia (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes) was investigated in homologous cortical and subcortical forebrain regions of selected vertebrates. Microglia were not considered in the current study.Four to seven brains from each species were used. Scharenberg's modification for astroglia of del Rio Hortega's silver carbonate technique was used. The analysis of neuroglia cells was based on (1) the characteristic cellular morphology found in each species, (2) a comparison of the selected regions in each animal, (3) the interrelationships of astrocytes and their relations to neurons, blood vessels, and oligodendrocytes.The predominant type of neuroglia found in the fish, frog, and lizard was the ependymal cell; however, non-ependymal glial cells were also present. The bird represented a transitional phylogenetic stage from a predominance of ependymal glial to a predominance of non-ependymal glia. A progressive increase in the morphological relationships of glial cell bodies and processes to neurons was found with ascension of the phylogenetic scale from fish through primate.Interrelations were observed between adjacent astrocytic processes and cell bodies, and between astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The processes of adjacent glial cells also appeared to show an increase in thickness at the point of approximation. A variety of astrocytes were observed ranging from small, round-oval shaped cells to large polygonal or stellate forms. Variations in the number of astrocytic processes, their thickness, and degree of secondary branching were described, and their possible functional significance was discussed.
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  • 64
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Gland cells of the gastrodermis of Hydra when isolated from the epidermis are capable of dedifferentiating into interstitial cells. Under proper environmental conditions these interstitial cells are capable of undergoing meiotic divisions and forming normal gametes. This dedifferentiation and redifferentiation sequence has been studied at the level of the light and electron microscope. It is concluded that in Hydra there is no specific germinal cell line determined during embryogeny, and that a somatic cell under proper environmental conditions can be induced to undergo meiosis.
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  • 65
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    Notes: The rectal epithelium of Calliphora is made up of three quite distinct cell types: rectal, cortical and junctional cells.The thin wall of the rectal pouch is made up of rectal cells which are relatively simple and unspecialized; their general structure does not suggest any direct participation in ion transport.A function of ion and water transport can probably be ascribed to the cortical cells, which are arranged in the form of four cones which project into the rectal lumen. The cavity of each cone is filled up with tracheae, nerve and neurosecretory terminals, and connective tissue to form medulla. The medulla and cortex are separated from each other by deeply staining bridges or trabeculae to form an infundibular space. The most conspicuous feature of the cortex is the presence of an extensive intercellular sinus formed by complex infoldings of the lateral plasma-membranes. It is postulated that fluid, which is absorbed from the rectal lumen, is transported into the intercellular sinus and finally reaches the haemolymph via the infundibular space. The actual site of ion transport is probably the stacks of lateral plasma-membrane which are closely associated with mitochondria.The junctional cells, which are packed with microtubules, form a collar around the base of the papillae at the point of their insertion into the rectal wall.It is suggested that the neurosecretory terminals present in the medulla might release a hormone which controls rate of ion and water reabsorption by the papillae cells.
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  • 66
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    Notes: The long, filamentous antennal flagellum of Carausius morosus has on it three types of sense organs (1) tactile hairs, (2) thick-walled chemoreceptors and (3) thin-walled chemoreceptors. Tactile hairs and thick-walled chemoreceptors are present on all of the 40 or more flagellar subsegments while thin-walled chemoreceptors are limited to about one-third of them. Thin-walled chemoreceptors are present on subsegments nine and ten, one of the subsegments between 15 and 20 and from approximately the thirtieth subsegment to the distal end of the antenna. A description of each of these sense organs is given. No coeloconic or campaniform sense organs were found.
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  • 67
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  • 68
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    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 55-70 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Light and electron microscopical studies allow a descriptive account to be given of he morphogenesis of the egg chamber of Drosophila melanogaster. The study demonstrates that the mitotic products of a single cystoblast generate a branching chain of 16 inter-connected cystocytes. Two specific cystocytes enter meiotic prophase, while the rest become nurse cells. The two pro-oocytes form synaptinemal complexes in their nuclei. However, one of the two cells later switches back into the nurse cell developmental pathway. The elongation of the synaptinemal complexes is described, and estimates are made of the time involved in their formation. These complexes continue to be synthesized long after the DNA replication which gives the oocyte its 4C DNA content. This finding implies that at least some genetic crossing over follows DNA replication. Evidence is presented that cells undergoing crossing over are most efficient in repairing radiation-induced chromosomal breaks. Suggestions are given as to the mechanisms by which (1) cell division is inhibited once 16 cystocytes are formed, (2) the future cleavage planes of cystocytes are programmed, (3) the pro-oocytes are differentiated from nurse cells, and (4) the oocyte is chosen from the twin pro-oocytes. The contrasting behaviors of the oocyte and nurse cell nucleoli are described. During oogenesis nucleolar synthesis of ribosomal RNAs is suppressed in the oocyte and concurrently stimulated in the nurse cells. It follows that the nurse nuclei are the major sources of the prodigious quantities of ribosomes found in the ooplasm of the mature oocyte.
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  • 69
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    Notes: The enigmatic lophophoral organs of phoronids are demonstrated to by accessory sex glands. In the hermaphroditic Phoronis vancouverensis, each mature adult has two pairs of such glands: female nidamental glands that facilitate the temporary brooding of the embryos and male accessory spermatophoral organs that function in spermatophore elaboration. Functional males of Phoronopsis harmeri have complex accessory spermatophoral organs while females of this non-brooding dioecious species lack accessory sex glands.In both species, coelomic spermatozoa are accumulated within the nephridia and passed en masse into the partially enclosed spermatophoral organs. There each sperm mass is molded into a characteristic shape and encased in one or more membranes before release as a spermatophore into the ambient water. The structure of the spermatophore is characteristic for each species and is correlated with the functional morphology of the distinctive spermatophoral organs.The existence of spermatophores, the non-primitive nature of the spermatozoa, and additional features of reproductive biology dictate that fertilization is internal in these species, but attempts to determine the means of sperm transfer proved futile. Reproductive potential and behaviour of male Phoronopsis, means of gamete segregation in Phoronis, and general pattern of reproductive biology for both phoronids were also studied.
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  • 70
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    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 241-254 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The middle ear and the cochlea have been described in 20 representatives from the superfamily Phyllostomatoidea of the suborder Microchiroptera. Various measurements have been made and the results compared by means of graphs. The ultrasonic pulses used by these bats for echolocation have been recorded and analysed. Generally, the structure of the cochlea does not show extreme modifications as found in some other superfamilies that have previously been discussed.
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  • 71
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The study of the ultrastructure of the kidney tubules of the crocodile was made to compare the cellular structure with the capacity for electrolyte resorption and the ability to create an osmotic gradient across the tubular wall. The crocodile tubular cells were found to differ from the mammalian tubular cells in that they do not have basal infoldings, but instead have open lateral spaces between the cells, similar in many aspects to those found in the mammalian gallbladder. The physiological role of these lateral spaces in solute and fluid transfer is discussed.
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  • 72
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In order to follow the movement of cells involved in the proliferative response induced by wounding, changes in the cell population of three regions of normal and injured frog lens epithelium were studied with respect to DNA synthesis and mitosis using autoradiography following intraperitoneal injection of H-3-thymidine. The injured lenses comprised two groups: one subjected to labeled thymidine at 40 hours post-injury when the proliferative response begins, the other at 72 hours when the proliferative response is at its peak. Lenses were fixed at increasing intervals after injection.The data show that a central injury initiates proliferation in a large number of cells; this response appears at first mainly among the cells in the outlying proliferative (pre-equatorial) zone, as judged by the number of labeled nuclei and mitoses seen there in the first few hours after injection in the 40 hour preparations. At later intervals labeled cells and mitoses appear centrally adjacent to the wound. And in the 72 hour preparations, the greatest concentration of reactive cells is adjacent to the wound. There is also thinning out of labeled cells in the proliferative zone and greater dilution of exposed emulsion grains over nuclei adjacent to the wound with time, suggesting that outlying cells migrate centrally, dividing en route. However, interpretation of these data is limited by the finding that H-3-thymidine injected intraperitoneally into the frog is not cleared rapidly from the circulation; the serum after 24 hours retains about 20% of the radioactivity (measured by scintillation counting) present at 15 minutes post-injection.
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  • 73
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In this study, the condensation of the three thoracic and 11 abdominal segmental ganglia to form a prothoracic and central nerve mass during embryogenesis is described. During katatrepsis, many changes occur in the organization of these ganglia; this study suggests that some of these changes are caused by mechanical forces acting on the ventral nerve cord at this time. The ventral nerve cord begins its anterior migration and coalescence ten hours after katatrepsis and is completed 63 hours later. The central ganglion is made up of the meso- and metathoracic ganglia and seven abdominal ganglia. Intrasegmental median cord nuclei are shown to form glial elements in the median sagittal plane of the neuropile and in the longitudinal connectives. Intersegmental median cord neuroblasts migrate into the posterior gangliomeres but, apparently, degenerate soon after katatrepsis. Lateral cord cells bordering on the neuropile form a glial investment that surrounds this fiber tract region. Peripheral lateral cord cells are shown to form the cells of the outer ganglionic sheath, the perineurium.
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  • 74
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    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 75
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Five types of sense organs have been found on the antennal flagellum of Forficula auricularia Linnaeus: (1) tactile hairs; (2) long, thick-walled chemoreceptors; (3) short, thick-walled chemoreceptors; (4) thin-walled chemoreceptors and (5) coeloconic chemoreceptors. Earlier workers have placed the first three of these in a single class. The structural characteristics and distribution of these five kinds of sensilla on the antenna are described. All of the types except the third have been reported previously for other species but short, thick-walled chemoreceptors have not been described before. They are remarkable for the presence of (1) a broad pad-Like structure that absorbs dyes readily at the distal end of the peg and (2) a spheroid body, over a micron in diameter, on the dendrite of each olfactory neuron at the point where it narrows to assume the structure of a cilium. The antennal sense organs of a few specimens of Chelisoches morio (Fabricius), Labidura riparia (Pallas) and Euborellia annulipes (Lucas) were also examined.
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  • 76
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    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967), S. 115-130 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The origin of the internal carotid artery in the lizards Tiliqua occipitalis and Trachysaurus rugosus has been shown to be both extremely variable and complex. In the dense connective tissue investing the junction of the internal carotid artery and the summit of the carotid arch are groups of cells associated with sinusoids derved from arterioles arising from the neighboring great vessels. The conspicuous epithelioid cells in these groups resemble the mammalian carotid body glomus and amphibian α cells. Nerve fibers showing no obvious synaptic specializations pass to and over these cell groups. It is suggested that these cell groups and sinusoids are comparable to mammalian carotid body glomeruli. A similar group of cells has been described in the concavity of the summit of the fourth aortic arch. This cell group, however, gives a distinct chromaffin reaction.
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  • 77
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    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 78
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    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 179-207 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Detailed descriptions are presented of morphogenetic and histogenetic events occurring in the membranous and bony labyrinths, sensory areas, acoustic ganglia, and acoustic centers of the hindbrain of the chick embryo, stages 11 to 45. Major morphogenetic changes occur between stage 11 and stage 30. During this period primordial ganglionic neuroblasts are segregated from the otic epithelium and differentiate into the bipolar neuroblasts of the vestibular and cochlear ganglia, neuroblasts of the alar plate in the acoustic region of the rhombencephalon differentiate, migrate, and are organized into acoustic nuclei, and the otic cup closes to form a vesicle which undergoes complicated structural changes to become a labyrinth. Morphological events in neural structures are closely followed by structural changes in the labyrinth. Minor morphological changes continue to occur through stage 44. The histogenetic period, stage 26 to 38, is the same for all parts of the acoustic apparatus. Minor histogenetic events occur up to hatching. In this period, differentiation of ganglionic and central neurones precedes differentiation of sensory cells.
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    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967), S. 19-33 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ovary in Callosobruchus analis consists of telotrophic ovarioles with the so called nurse cells confined to one chamber at the anterior end of the ovariole. There are three types of lipids in the ovary: (1) L1 bodies that are present in the early oocytes, in the posterior prefollicular tissue and in the follicular epithelium and contain unsaturated phospholipids; (2) L2 bodies that have a complete or incomplete sheath of phospholipids and a triglyceride core; (3) L3 bodies that are formed of highly saturated triglycerides. Lipids are absent from the trophic tissue. In a mature oocyte the L1 and L2 bodies are cortical in distribution while the L3 bodies are centrally located.The mitochondria contain lipoproteins with RNA. The yolk spheres are acid mucopolysaccharides and protein in nature. The precursors of the yolk spheres appear first in the cortical coplasm and are absent from the follicular epithelium or the trophic tissue. The nucleolus of the oocyte shows evidence of extrusions that are believed to pass into the ooplasm.There are no nutritive cords connecting the trophic tissue to the oocytes; nor is there any evidence of any histochemically demonstrable nutritive material being contributed to the oocyte by the trophic tissue. The circumstantial evidence points towards a contribution of the raw materials to the oocyte by the haemolymph either through or in between the follicular epithelium in some soluble form or as submicroscopic particles.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Parenteral administration of methylcellulose causes massive splenomegaly and hemolytic anemia in rats. The red pulp of the spleen is markedly cellular due mainly to: (1) large numbers of voluminous free macrophages containing methylcellulose-induced vacuoles, (2) an increase in the number of plasma cells and (3) stasis of blood evidenced by a large number of erythrocytes and platelets in vessels, sinuses and cords. White pulp changes are usually less marked. Here the major change is the presence of macrophages containing methylcellulose-induced inclusions. The slow circulatory time in the spleen and the increase in macrophages may cause the hemolytic anemia observed in these animals.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The squirrel monkey uterine cervix was studied macroscopically and microscopically in intact and ovariectomized monkeys. The effect in ovariectomized monkeys of estradiol dipropionate or progesterone of both given after estrogen priming was studied by PAS staining.The lower portion of the cervix was dilated to form a vestibule into which projected fibromuscular colliculi which arose from the isthmic end of the cervix. The stratified squamous epithelium of the vagina was continuous through the external os with a similar epithelium lining the vestibule and covering the external surfaces of the colliculi. The transitional zone between the stratified epithelium and columnar cells was variable. The colliculi were covered internally with mucosal folds of columnar epithelium continuous with those of the endocervical canal.Glycogen concentration in the smooth muscle did not fluctuate markedly, irrespective of the hormones used. Glycogen granules were more numerous in the stratified squamous epithelium. Malt-diastase-resistant material appeared to be more abundant in the columnar epithelium and glandular lumina when the monkeys received both hormones than when they received solely estrogen or progesterone.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A detailed gross anatomical study of the innervation of the respiratory muscles was made on twenty mature, male, Single Comb White Leghorn chickens. The aim was to demonstrate the general pattern and degree of terminal branching of the intercostal and lumbar nerves that innervate respiratory muscles.The point of entry for all nerves was on the medial face of the proximal third of the belly of the muscles, except for the transversus abdominis and costopulmonary muscles. The nerves were not always accompanied by blood vessels at the point of entry but both were invariably related at their terminal branches within the muscle belly and the tendon or aponeurosis. Within the muscle, primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary subdivisions of nerves coursed parallel to the muscle fibers, but some were tortuous. Plexus formation and/or segmental nerve anastomosis was most evident in strongly active expiratory and inspiratory muscles, i.e., all abdominal muscles and the m. costisternalis pars major.A craniocaudal gradient in the size and development of the contractile mass of the intercostal muscles was observed. The mm. intercostales interni increased in size in the caudal intercostal spaces, while the reverse was true for the mm. intercostales externi. Variable forms and sizes of lateroventral abdominal muscles were observed and the m. rectus abdominis was consistently present.The mm. intercostales interni and externi received branches from both the nn. intercostales interni and externi.
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  • 83
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    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967), S. 71-83 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ctenophore, Vallicula multiformis (V. multiformis) (Rankin), can reproduce asexully by segregating pieces of tissue from its periphery. These pieces of tissue then differentiate to form new individuals. In 99% of the cases the pieces of tissue form normal animals; however in 1% of the cases they form “half animals” which have only one set of tentacles (the animal normally has two sets of tentacles). V. multiformis can also regenerate its apical organ, and one or both sets of tentacles.By cutting V. multiformis in half through the apical organ along the sagittal plane it is possible to produce “half animals” in 30% of the cases. “Half animals” can reproduce asexually. In 6% of the cases the new individuals which form from them differentiate as “half animals.” A part of a “half animal” that contains an apical organ will regenerate as a “half animal” while a part that does not contain an apical organ will regenerate as a normal individual. If one removes the apical organ from a “half animal,” it will regenerate it. A part of this animal containing the regenerated apical organ will regenerate as a “half animal.” If one removes the apical organ from a “half animal” and replaces it with the apical organ of a normal individual, the part containing the apical organ will regenerate as a normal individual. The results of these experiments are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms that control the process of regeneration.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The venom glands of several species of elapid snakes are described. The main venom gland consists of many tubules which usually contain large amounts of secretion product. The accessory gland surrounds the entire venom duct and is usually composed of uniform mucous epithelium. The epithelium lining the tubules of the accessory gland of Naja naja is composed of two distinct types of cells. Histochemical tests indicate that the main venom gland reacts with mercury bromphenol blue and PAS but not with alcian blue. The accessory gland reacts with PAS and alcian blue, and not with mercury bromphenol blue. Treatment of sections with sialidase demonstrates the presence of a sialomucin in the accessory gland. Stimulation of the muscles associated with the venom gland offers an indication of the venom expulsion mechanism of Bungarus caeruleus. A comparison of the venom apparatus of elapid and viperid snakes emphasizes marked differences in the internal anatomy of the venom glands, muscles associated with the gland, and arrangement of glandular components. The morphological differences and dissimilar venom expulsion mechanisms support the recent view of the polyphyletic origin of venomous snakes.
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  • 85
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    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967), S. 441-461 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An electron microscopic study of the functional mesonephros in the 8-day chick embryo revealed the following features of the nephron:Proximal tubule cells. Nuclei are spherical and basally oriented. Mitochondri are round or elongate with clear-cut cristae. Intramitochondrial granules occur sporadically. The Golgi complex, lying adjacent to the nucleus in apical cytoplasm, consists of flattened lamellae and associated secretion droplets. The cytoplasm is filled with ribosomes which occasionally are spiral in arrangement. Characteristic microvilli project from the apical end of cells. Basal regions of the cells are bounded by a homogeneous basement membrane. Adjacent epithelial cells are separated at their base by wide intercellular spaces. Interdigitating processes between cells are common in this area. At their apices, cells are joined by junctional complexes.Distal tubule cells. Nuclei are round and centrally located. Microvilli are sparse and usually absent. When present, they are short and blunt. Cells are closely allied at their base and joined tightly at their apices. Interdigitating processes are not as prevalent as in proximal tubules. Infoldings of the plasma membrane are prominent and compartmentalize mitochondria.Glomerulus. Endothelial cells are elongate, bordering the capillary lumen, and their membranes contain definite slit-pores. Epithelial pedicels extend from the cell body, intergiditate with each other and rest on the capillary basement membrane. The latter consists of three layers resembling those in adults.The similarity in the fine structural characteristics between chick mesonephros and adult metanepros corroborates the holonephric theory of vertebrate kidney evolution.
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  • 86
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    Journal of Morphology 124 (1968), S. 143-165 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Light and electron microscopical studies allow a descriptive account to be given of the preadult development of the ovary of Drosophila melanogaster. The lineage of the cell groups which contribute to the tissues of the adult ovary has been determined. The earliest morphologically detectable event in the differeentiation of each ovariole is the formation during the larval period of its terminal filament. Oogonia play no role in the induction of terminal filaments. The developmental events which transform a spherical mass of ovarian cells into a collection of multicellular cylinders is described. The importance in morphogenesis of acellular membranes secreted at the interface separting cells of different prospective significances is stressed. Such membranes may serve to regulate the future migration of cell populations or as sites of attachment for monolayers of cells which later fuse to form multinucleated muscle sheaths. The transformation of oogonia to cystoblasts coincides with and presumably depends upon the same hormonal stimulus which causes metamorphosis. The first oocytes to undergo crossing over do so between 24 and 36 hours after puparium formation.
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  • 87
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    Journal of Morphology 124 (1968), S. 217-225 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A morphological study of the presoma of adult Corynosoma hamanni (Linstow, 1892) was undertaken in an effort to clarify some problems encountered during analysis of a large collection of juveniles of this species assembled from fishes of McMurdo Sound. This study is based on approximately 600 adult specimens recovered from four Weddel seals, Leptonychotes weddelli, collected at McMurdo Sound.Morphologically the proboscis armature is more varied than previously reported and consists of 18 to 23 longitudinal rows each with 11 to 15 hooks of two distinct types. At the apex of the proboscis is an undivided, bi-nucleated apical organ unlike that described for species of Neoechinorhynchus. In the basal third of the proboscis is a thin-walled vesicle which extends into the anterior quarter of the proboscis receptacle. The more posterior of two external folds on the presoma is a cuticular invagination permitting recognition of the neck-trunk border of C. hamanni. Lemnisci originate between the two folds and extend into the trunk cavity between the body wall and extensive neck retractor muscles. Contrary to Linstow's original description, each lemniscus is a single structure.Several limitations in material prevent speculation at this time about the limits of intraspecific variation in C. hamanni.
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  • 88
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    Journal of Morphology 124 (1968), S. 295-311 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development of intraneural vessels was studied in response to an induced hypermorphosis of neural tissue inthe midbrains of 38 chick embryos ranging in age from three days through 14 days of incubation. The pattern of vascularization was compared with that of normal chick embryos at comparable stages of development. In the experimental embryos, the increase in mitotic figures along the ventricular borders of the mesencephalon is accompanied by the establishment of an endoneural plexus approximately one day earlier than is the case during normal vascularization of the midbrain. This plexus also penetrates more deeply and extensively into the ependymal layer. Surface vessels and intraneural vascular elements are dilated, and the cerebrospinal fluid contains varying amounts of blood released from large intraneural vessels which protrude into the ventricle. The most prominent cerebrovascular effects seem to occur between the fourth and eighth days of incubation. Thereafter, the cerebrovascular pattern becomes more normal except for relatively few isolated hemorrhagic areas.
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  • 89
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    Journal of Morphology 124 (1968), S. 345-351 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The eye of Haideotriton wallacei is more reduced histologically than those of othe troglobitic salamanders. The tiny eye is imbedded in a mass of adipose tissue. No extrinsic eye muscles are present. A rudimentary lens is present in about half of the eyes examined. In two instances the lens is surrounded by a small chamber; most eyes lack a chamber. The retina and iris are relatively undifferentiated. The relatively massive retina lacks rods and cones, an outer plexiform layer and subdivided nuclear layers. A tiny optic nerve runs to the brain.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The aesthetascs, short thin-walled pegs on the antennule flagella of Coenobita clypeatus, a terrestrial hermit crab, are similar to those of other decapod crustacea in containing the dendrites of many bipolar neurons whose cell bodies are grouped in spindle-shaped masses beneath the bases of each hair. The dendrites contain rootlets, basal bodies, and cilia, which divide dichotomously before entering the aesthetasc, so that within the hair, each cilium becomes represented by a group of slender branches.The aesthetascs themselves are short, blunt, and partially recumbent so that each has an exposed and an unexposed side. The cuticle on the exposed side is thinner and more tenuous than that on the protected side, and the dendrite branches are concentrated just underneath. The protected side, on the other hand, is lined with nondendritic supporting cells, and the cuticle is thicker, more lamellar, and probably less permeable.All dendritic elements proximal to the dendrite branches are enclosed within the main body of the antennular flagellum, and the initial segments of the cilia lie within a vacuole. In these respects, the aesthetascs of Coenobita resemble the thin-walled pegs on insect antennae more than they do those of the marine decapods thus far examined. This convergence in the terrestrial forms may be in response to the need to conserve water.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Brittle Star digestive system is composed of buccal, pharyngeal, esophageal and stomach cavities. The buccal and pharyngeal cavities are lined by columnar cells covered by a cuticle, and are apparently concerned with mucous production. Coelomocytes and tall columnar cells are described in the esophagus and stomach epithelia. The columnar cells are adapted for nutrient absorption, enzyme synthesis, and lipid storage. Nerves are found beneath the epithelia within a connective tissue layer. Smooth muscle and coelomic layers lie external to the connective tissue layer. The coelomic layer lines a perivisceral space and has diverse modifications of its perivisceral surface; a pedicle-cuticle modification perhaps having general significance in echinoderms.
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  • 92
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    Journal of Morphology 125 (1968), S. 61-70 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two complete composite photographs of the optic nerve of Limulus, made by electron microscopy, reveal the presence of neurosecretory granules in the large axons of the rudimentary eye neurons. The number of intermediate sized, (3-7 μ), of eccentric cells corresponds with the number of ommatidia as expected, but only their sheath of Schwann cells show an intimate interfolding. Based on the number of fine axons within the nerve each ommatidium has an average of 12-13 retinular cells. The diameter of their fibers is between 0.2 and 3 μ although the majority are between 1 and 1.5 μ. They are aggregated into bundles of six to seven fibers by the sheath cells although some bundles contain only two, others as many as 181 fibers. There is no indication in these studies that retinular cell axons within a bundle are associated with the same, adjacent, or other pattern of ommatidia. The photographs suggest that physiological activity in retinular cell axons might be detected most easily in the smallest bundles because they contain the fewest, but the larger retinular cell axons.
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  • 93
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The lateral and ventral external surfaces of the third and fourth abdominal segments were described and muscle attachments were correlated with surface indentations of the larva. The proleg of this species has a symmetrical planta with a complete circle of crochets. Furthermore, it differs externally from the grasping type of proleg in having a largely membranous coxal region confluent with the body wall, and a relatively large subcoxal lobe.The body wall musculature and innervation of the third and fourth abdominal segments are similar in many respects to those described for other lepidopteran larvae to which they are here compared, but differ from most because of the simpler structure of the prolegs which lack highly developed adductor muscles. Like most muscles innervated by the ventral nerve, the principal plantar retractors of these two segments cease to function in the first day of the pupal stage and have completely degenerated by the forty-fifth hour of pupal life. The ventral nerve retains its four primary branches in the adult, in which many smaller rami can be traced to the cuticle and to the neoblastic body wall muscles.
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  • 94
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    Journal of Morphology 124 (1968), S. 353-359 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Symmetrical gaits of 37 breeds of dogs were analyzed. Usual walking and trotting gaits resemble those of other carnivores of similar size and conformation. Only certain long-legged dogs pace - usually at the fast walk or slow run. At the moderate walk, long-legged dogs tend to use lateral-couplets gaits, whereas short-legged breeds tend to use single-foot gaits. Many dogs must turn the axis of the body slightly from the line of travel at the trot to prevent interference between fore and hind feet. The relative duration with the ground made by fore and hind feet is discussed, usual support-sequences of the varicus gaits are presented, and the amount of variation is shown.
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  • 95
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    Journal of Morphology 124 (1968), S. 387-421 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Electron microscope autoradiography was used to study cartilage from regenerating limbs of adult newts, Triturus, after intraperitoneal injections of proline-3H. The labeling in the endoplasmic reticulum, small vesicles, Golgi vacuoles, ground cytoplasm and extracellular matrix was compared during the secretion of radioactive products. The data appear to indicate that a large part of the radioactive secretion probably leaves the cell after having been in only one cellular compartment. Although this compartment may be the endoplasmic reticulum, a considerable amount of radioactivity fluxes through the ground cytoplasm and the possibility cannot be excluded that some secretory components leave the cell directly from the ground cytoplasm. The data appear incompatible with the hypothesis that all the radioactivity seen in the extracellular matrix arrived there via a single pathway involving first the endoplasmic reticulum and then the Golgi vacuoles. It is not, however, incompatible with a hypothesis that a fraction of the radioactive product uses this pathway.
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  • 96
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    Journal of Morphology 125 (1968) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: At or shortly prior to the separation of the cuticle and the epidermis a cuticular layer appears to be added to the inner surface of the old cuticle. The term interzone cuticle is applied to this layer. The interzone cuticle appears to give rise to the ecdysial membrane.Ecdysial membranes are characterized by the fact that they (1) vary in position with respect to the moulting fluid and old cuticle, (2) are generally quite thin, transparent, delicate membranes, (3) contain chitin, (4) vary in their resistance to the action of the moulting fluid, and (5) generally have the same stainng properties as the subcuticle, due primarily to the presence of a mucous material present in the subcuticle which becomes attached to the inner surface of the ecdysial membrane and which is believed to function as a lubricant at ecdysis.The ecdysial membrane and subcuticle are structurally quite different when examined under the electron microscope.No particular evolutionary significance can be ascribed to the existence of an ecdysial membrane  -  such membranes being found all the way from the primitive Collembola to the advanced Hymenoptera. Any possible function(s) of the ecdysial membrane has yet to be discovered. Various functions are suggested for the subcuticle, all of which are consistent with its reactions to various histochemical reagents.Additional observations were made and discussed concerning (1) the reactions of various portions of the cuticle at various stages to the PAS test, (2) the staining reactions of cuticle undergoing enzymatic degradation by the moulting fluid, and (3) the distinct staining reactions of the intersegmental membranes and basement membranes.
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  • 98
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The dog mandible has three joints  -  two temporomandibular and one symphyseal joint. In studies of jaws and their mechanics usually only the temporomandibular joints are considered. The symphysis is consistently neglected and because of this, remarkable features of the temporomandibular joints have never been noted.The symphysis has special connective tissue arrangements and its own vascular and nerve supply. Along the anterosuperior part of the symphysis, a strip of fibrocartilage, and running more or less parallel to it, strong cruciate ligaments bind the symphyseal plates together. Small arteries run into the symphyseal joint and it is drained by an anastomosing venous plexus. The posterior, ligamentous, portion is laced with a profuse network of nerves.The temporomandibular joint is unusual in that its joint disc is powerfully anchored to the skull medially and to the outer pole of the mandibular condyle laterally. The temporomandibular joint disc thus acts as a ligament that halts lateral movement of the condyle just as the carnassial teeth are aligned for cutting function. As the mandible moves laterally, the space between the posterior ends of the symphyseal plates widens: at the same time it narrows anteriorly. The cruciate ligaments control this movement and stabilize the symphyseal joint by preventing direct lateral displacement of the symphyseal plates. The fibrocartilage cushions this movement and also mediates rotational movements about the longitudinal axis of the mandible when crushing molar teeth come into function.
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  • 99
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Interferometric measurements were made on sections of salivary glands mounted in oils of refractive indices 1.410, 1.460, and 1.500, estimating optical path differences as fringe displacement with a Leitz double-beam interferometer microscope. From these data the mean concentrations (in mg/cm2/micron) of 55 cells of three glands were computed as follows: karyoplasm, 0.027±0.0026; cytoplasm, 0.048 ± 0.0024; nucleolus, 0.066±0.0041. From these concentrations it was computed, according to Maurer and Primbsch (Exp. Cell Res., 33: 8-18) that the correction factors for four micron sections were: karyoplasm, 0.203; cytoplasm, 0.114; nucleolus, 0.083. The reciprocals of these fractions (5.0, 8.8, and 12.0) are the correction factors of Arnold (J. Morph., in press) by which measured silver grain densities on autoradiographs are multiplied to give corrected (i.e. potential) densities.
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  • 100
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    Journal of Morphology 125 (1968) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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