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  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (318)
  • Engineering  (32)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (350)
  • American Institute of Physics
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 1965-1969  (350)
  • 1960-1964
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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (350)
  • American Institute of Physics
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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  • 1
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 2
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 3-28 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Finite element methods can be formulated from the variational principles in solid mechanics by relaxing the continuity requirements along the interelement boundaries. The combination of different variational principles and different boundary continuity conditions yields numerous types of approximate methods. This paper reviews and reinterprets the existing finite element methods and indicates other alternative schemes. Plate bending problems are used to compare the relative merits of the various methods.
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  • 3
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 4
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 47-66 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Three methods for finding natural frequencies and modes of complex structures composed of beam elements are described and compared. The analysis is extended to include hysteretic damping for the determination of response and transmissibility without a modal analysis. Experimental comparison is given for the response of a simple engineering structure.
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  • 5
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 101-122 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The derivation of the stiffness matrix for a refined, fully compatible triangular plate bending finite element is presented. The Kirchhoff plate bending theory is assumed. Six parameters or degrees of freedom are introduced at each of the three corner nodes resulting in an 18 degree of freedom element. This refined element is found to give better results for displacements and particularly for internal moments than any plate bending element, regardless of shape, previously reported in the literature.
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  • 6
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 67-73 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Finite difference treatment of two-dimensional problems in elastostatics is usually based on the differential equations for the displacement vector or the Airy stress function, depending on whether boundary conditions are on displacement or stress. In either case, determination of stresses requires numerical differentiation and therefore use of a rather fine grid. Moreover, neither method is suited to the treatment of mixed boundary conditions. The alternative method developed in this paper uses the first derivatives of the displacement components at the grid points as basic variables and hence does not require numerical differentiation in the evaluation of stresses. Appropriate finite difference equations are established, and their use is discussed in connection with a specific example with known explicit solution.
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  • 7
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 29-45 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The theory, function generator routine and testing procedures are given for a six-node 18 degree of freedom triangular element. At corner nodes the variables are the displacement and the two slopes. At midside nodes the variables are the displacement, the slope normal to the side, and the rate of change of this along the side - i.e., the rate of torsion. Of two options, one divides the triangle into three and takes different quartic displacements in the three regions, and the other uses displacement functions with singularities at the vertices. According to a test which compares the energies of the two formulations by eigenvalues, the second is the better if the integration is accurate. The same test, together with others based on finite differences and on nodal values, etc. checks the correctness of the routine decisively.
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  • 8
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 123-133 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The large deflection problem of a rectangular plate is analysed by using the finite element method and employing the iteration technique. In the present study, the stiffness matrix of a rectangular plate element for bending proposed by Greene is employed, and results of numerical examples duly justifies applicability of the present method.
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  • 9
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 75-100 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents first a general formulation of the elasto-plastic matrix for evaluating stress increments from those of stresses for any yield surface with an associated flow rule. A new ‘initial stress’ computational process is proposed which is shown (1) to yield more rapid convergence than alternative approaches (2) to permit large load increments without violating the yield criteria and thus simply to establish lower bound solutions. Several solutions showing stress distribution, strain development and growth of plastic enclaves are given both for the von Mises and for Coulomb (Drucker) type yield surfaces. Load reversal and thermoplastic behaviour are dealt with.
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  • 10
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 11
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 151-162 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The direct Finite Element Analysis which was successfully employed in the solution of dynamic flexural traveling wave problems is extended herein to provide the transient behaviour of finite beams and plates in which shear deformation and rotatory inertia are considered. The particle and angular velocities are exponentially damped so that the static solutions for these problems are obtained with the same analysis which provided the dynamic and transient cases. Three special cases are chosen as examples. In the first, a sinusoidally varying shear force is applied at the tip of a cantilever beam. The resonant characteristics of this beam for both the undamped and damped cases are studied. In the second, a step shear loading is applied to a cantilever beam and its damped dynamic history is studied. Finally, a circular plate whose outer edge is simply supported is impacted at its inner edge by a step moment and its damped transient behaviour is determined. The idea of the methods is potentially applicable to dynamic problems in general.
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  • 12
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 135-149 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The assumed stress distribution approach is used to derive the stiffness matrix of a plate-bending element of general polygonal shape having any number of nodes. The effect of assuming various numbers of unknown coefficients in the stress distributions is examined and the convergence properties of the resulting elements compared with others derived form assumed displacements.
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  • 13
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical method for obtaining the Green's functions for Laplace's, Poisson's, and the transient heat diffusion equations is presented. The Green's functions thus obtained are then employed to rapidly obtain numerical solutions of the above equations by matrix multiplication, with subsequent considerable savings in machine time.
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  • 14
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 177-180 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The solution of the large numbers of non-linear algebraic equations occurring in analyses of non-linear structural systems using finite differences or finite elements is time consuming even for the fastest computers. This paper presents a method of solution based on a Taylor's expansion technique which is an aid in the solution of such systems of equations.Examples presented show that in the finite element analysis of moderately non-linear structural systems the technique provides sufficiently accurate solutions. For more non-linear systems the technique provides excellent starting values for the Newton-Raphson method.
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  • 15
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 163-167 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Deformation functions which, in addition to satisfying the continuity conditions at nodes. Also satisfy. Approximately, the governing differential equation within the element allow system eigenvalues to be found more accurately, with a given number of elements, than is possible with previously published deformation functions. This is illustrated for the case of beams.
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  • 16
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 201-203 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 17
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 205-221 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a general theory of finite elements. The concept of finite elements is cast in a general topological framework valid for spaces of finite dimension. It is shown that the idea of finite element models can be developed in higher-dimensional spaces, independent of specific co-ordinate systems, for any type of continuous abstract function defined on the space. Generalizations of the familiar Lagrange and Hermite interpolation functions are presented as well as a general statement of the notion of generalized variables and conjugate fields. It is also shown that admissible finite elements can be developed for non-Euclidean spaces of finite dimension. Topological properties of finite element models are examined in Part I of the paper. Part II is devoted to certain applications.
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  • 18
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 224-224 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 19
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 225-245 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A method is presented based on matrix algebra for the dynamic analysis of a mixed rotating and non-rotating vibration system. Such systems occur in practice when turbo-alternator sets are mounted on flexible steel foundations.The mathematical model considered consists of a rotating non-uniform, bi-symmetric shaft connected via three or more flexible-film bearings to a flexible structure throughout which mass is distributed. The shaft, which is assumed to rotate at constant speed, is heavy, flexible and carries several rigid axi-symmetric discs. Viscous damping is assumed to act in all parts of the system and gravitational effects are ignored.
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  • 21
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 181-200 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Surface displacements at the end of a semi-infinite, circular cylinder due to an axisymmetric ring of forces on the end are examined. The solution which has been found may then be used to find surface displacements for general axisymmetric loadings by convolution. The solution, in tabular form, is given as corrections to the counter-part half-space solution.The method of solution involves a three step superposition process. First, the displacement due to a ring of forces on a half-space is found by using the Boussinesq solution. Then, the excess tractions on the half-space, over that of the cylinder, are removed. This is done in two parts. The problem of an infinite cylinder with linearly varying pressure and shear over a short length of the lateral surface is solved by using Fourier integrals. This is used for the removal of the pressure and shear on the lateral surface of the cylinder by convolution. Next, the stresses at the mid-section of the infinite cylinder are removed. This is done by finding a set of boundary conditions for the end which yields zero tractions on the lateral surface. Then a series of these boundary conditions is used to approximate the tractions which must be removed.With the solution thus obtained, two sample problems are shown: 1. an elastic cylinder in contact with a half-space; 2. a rigid punch in contact with an elastic cylinder.
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  • 22
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 247-259 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In Part I of the this paper, topological properties of finite element models of functions defined on spaces of finite dimension were examined. In this part, a number of applications of the general theory are presented. These include the generation of finite element models in the time domain and certain problems in wave propagation, kinetic theory of gases, non-linear partial differential equations, non-linear continuum mechanics, and fluid dynamics.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 275-277 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 24
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 261-274 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A presentation is made of a rectangular plate bending element, the use of which corresponds to the finite difference method. The element stiffness matrix is arrived at by approximation of the strain energy of the element by suitably selected finite difference expressions which contain not only values in respect of the deflection, but also values of its first derivatives. On the basis of the connection found between the two methods, some changes are suggested in the finite difference method, which involve a more realistic way of considering the detailed distribution of the loading. The effect of these modifications is illustrated in two applications.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 279-299 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: When calculating complex interconnected systems (electrical, power, water supply, gas systems, etc.) by digital computer, a number of common problems arise, connected both with the mathematically correct formulation of the problem under investigation, and with the algorithms of the solution, the programming of which makes it possible to reduce the computing time, the store capacity and the volume of input data required. The present article is devoted to the solution of these problems. The procedure is illustrated by formulating and manipulating the equations relating to complex interconnected mine ventilation networks.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 301-310 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Solution of plane elastic problems by piecewise linear approximation is outlined. This method is based upon Galerkin error distribution technique, which leads to simultaneous algebraic equations identical to those associated with the Finite Element Method. In addition, this method permits definition of the discretization error, which can be computed once the displacement components are known. Properties of the interpolation functions are discussed, and a sequence of internally compatible plane elastic elements is defined.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 311-331 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A review is given of some mathematical programming methods suitable for optimization of structures needing matrix methods for analysis. An application is presented for elastic flat grillages made of straight orthogonal beams normally loaded. Empirical relationships are used to relate beam section properties so that each beam element has only one design variable. Optimization results are obtained by methods of stress-ratio, linear programming-cutting plane and usable-feasible gradient directions. A comparison of the efficiency of these methods is given for the grillage designs which are shown to have non-convex stress constraints and numerous relative optima. Instances are given of non-fully stressed global optima and fully stressed designs which are not local optima for cases with only stress constraints. Discussions include locating the global optima for grillage designs and extensions of the methods presented to other structural design problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 333-349 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents a method for reducing the size of a vibration analysis by generating an inertia matrix referred to a limited set of ‘master’ vibrational freedoms. In designing a computer program to perform this mass condensation process, the emphasis has been on providing a two way interface between structural analysis and vibration analysis programs. The transformation from the full set of degrees of freedom to the master set makes extensive vibration calculations economically feasible giving solutions in terms of the amplitudes of the master freedoms. However, by reversing the transformation after completion of a vibration analysis, it is possible to restore the full set of freedoms, allowing automatic plotting of mode shapes in full detail, and re-entry to the structural analysis program for the purpose of computing dynamic stresses.A worked example is given. This is a realistic machine tool structure rather than the simple plates or beams which are usually used for illustration purposes. Natural frequencies and mode shapes, calculated with various degrees of condensation, are compared with those obtained by using all possible freedoms. A comparison is also made with an intuitive selection of ‘lumped masses’.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 351-378 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The application of non-linear programming methods for the optimum design of statically indeterminate structures is discussed, with special emphasis on the design of elastic grillages loaded laterally and in plane. Some features of SUMT (sequential unconstrained minimization technique) are demonstrated by means of numerous examples of varying complexity. The Variable Metric method of search is discussed and compared to Powell's Direct Method. It is shown that non-convex sets of design variables are often encountered in structural problems of the grillage type. SUMT may still be used, but the choice of starting value and initial response factor decisively influences the chance of finding the global optimum.It is demonstrated that a fully stressed design may not necessarily correspond to the minimum weight design. Optimum design of grillages which are simultaneously subjected to lateral and in-plane loads may be performed efficiently by means of non-linear programming.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 379-394 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A completely numerical method for steady state linear viscoelastic stress analysis is presented by means of the finite element approach. Numerical representations of the measured viscoelastic constitutive relations are used. This method is developed to obtain steady state solutions to mixed boundary value problems in which the character of the boundary conditions at a point changes with time. Such problems cannot be handled by direct application of the correspondence theorem. A numerical example of viscoelastic sheet rolling is presented along with an experimental verification of the solution by photo-viscoelastic observations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 395-395 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 2-2 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 3-9 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 19F and 31P decoupling experiments are used to simplify the proton spectra of para-substituted derivatives of triphenyl phosphine, prior to 1H-{1H} tickling experiments. 3J(31P…H) and 4J(31P…H) are positive, and 5J(31P…19F) is negative in the trivalent phosphorus derivatives, and all become more positive as the valency of the phosphorus atom is increased. A triple resonance experiment is used to show that 7J(31P…H) in [p-CH3C6H4CH2P⊕(C6H5)3] is negative. The double resonance technique is used to relate the 31P chemical shifts to the tetramethylsilane resonant frequency.
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 88-89 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 90-92 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 39
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 40
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 93-99 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The theory for deceptive simplicity in the NMR spectra of oriented molecules is discussed in terms of degeneracy of subspectra. The conditions for the degeneracy of AB, AB2 and AA′BB′ spectra leading to deceptive simplicity in the spectra of the type ABX, AB2X, AA′BB′X and AA′XX′ are reported.It is shown that the conditions for deceptive simplicity are easily fulfilled for ABX, AA′BB′X and AA′XX′ cases. It is further demonstrated that deceptive simplicity is not so common in AB2X spectra.The proton spectra of partially oriented 2,4,5-trichloronitrobenzene (AB) and 2,6-dibromo-pyridine (AB2) are use to illustrate degeneracy and those of p-chloro- and p-bromo-fluorobenzenes are reported to demonstrate deceptive simplicity.
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  • 41
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 101-108 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An NMR study of some bridged bicyclo and tricyclo compounds yielded unusual spectra with respect to solvent effects and virtual coupling. As is the general case for most large polycyclic systems a complete analysis of the spectrum is not possible and the structural details derived from NMR are based on a partial analysis of the spectrum. If the accessible resonances correspond to protons adjacent to methylene groups, the resonance patterns and the chemical shifts may be strongly dependent upon solvent. For 6-endo-hydroxy, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,endo-carboxylic acid lactone (1), 6-endo-hydroxy, 2-exo-methyl-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-2-endo-carboxylic acid lactone (2), and exo-3,4,exo-8,9-diepoxy, endo-tricyclo[5,2,1,02,6]decane (3), resonances for each fall in this class and the change induced by solvent are attributed to virtual coupling as well as a change in the overall splitting pattern.
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  • 42
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 109-123 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The barriers to rotation about the C—N bond in eighteen substituted N,N-dimethylbenzamides have been determined by complete line shape analysis of the NMR spectra of the N,N-dimethyl protons. The barriers have been correlated with the substituent constants σ and σ+. It has been shown that polar solvents increase the barrier in N,N-dimethylbenzamide.Acid catalysis of rotation about the amide C—N bond in N-(p-N,N-dimethylcarboxamidobenzyl)-pyridinium bromide has been investigated. 18O exchange studies show that catalysis is due to N-protonation rather than the formation of a tetrahedral intermediate. The rate of rotation is a function of the Hammett acidity function, H0, and the water activity, and it is shown that proton exchange between the N- and O-protonated species involves the intermediacy of a water molecule.The differences in chemical shifts for the non-equivalent N, N-dimethyl groups of the benzamides are also a function of the substituents. Possible explanations of this phenomenon are discussed.
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  • 43
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 190-190 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 44
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The ring inversion of cyclohexane derivatives with one, two and three pairs of geminal methyl and alkoxyl groups has been studied by investigations of the temperature dependence of the NMR signals.The rate of the inversion depends on the number and the relative positions of the ligand pairs as well as on their size. A single pair of geminal ligands has only a very slight effect on the inversion rate. Two ligand pairs hinder the inversion when they are in the 1 and 4 positions relative to one another, but facilitate it when they are in the 1 and 3 positions. In both cases the effects are smaller with methoxyl groups than with methyl groups.Three ligand pairs significantly increase the inversion rate when they are in the 1, 3 and 5 positions, but reduce it when they are in the 1, 2 and 4 positions.The effect of 1,3 substituents is attributed to an increase in the energy of the ground state of the molecules whereas the effect of 1,4 arranged substituents is attributed to an increase in the energy of the transition state of the chair inversion.
    Notes: Mittels der Temperaturabhängigkeit der Protonenresonanzsignale wurde die sesselinversion von Cyclohexanderivaten mit ein, zwei und drei Paaren geminaler Methyl- und Alkoxylgruppen untersucht.Die Geschwindigkeit der Sesselinversion hängt von der Zahl und der relativen Stellung der Ligandenpaare sowie von der Größe der Liganden ab.Ein Paar geminaler Liganden verändert die Inversionsgeschwindigkeit nur unwesentlich.Zwei Liganden-Paare erschweren die Inversion, wenn sie in 1- und 4-Position zueinander stehen, erleichtern sie jedoch, wenn die in 1- und 3-Position zueinander angeordnet sind. Beide Effekte sind bei Methoxylgruppen kleiner als bei Methylgruppen.Drei Liganden-Paare erhöhen die Umklapphäufigkeit besonders stark, wenn sie in 1-, 3- und 5- Position zueinander stehen, vermindern sie hingegen, wenn sie in 1-, 2- und 4-Position angeordnet sind.Der Effekt 1,3-ständiger Substituenten wird auf Erhöhung des Energieinhaltes des Grundzustandes der Molekeln, der Effekt 1,4-ständiger Substituenten auf Erhöhung des Energieinhaltes des Übergangszustandes der Sesselinversion zuriückgeführt.
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  • 45
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 203-208 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Detailed interpretations of the spectra of four of the possible isomeric cyclopentadiene trimers are given. It is shown that the geometry of the ring fusion can be determined by measuring the chemical shifts of the bridge protons and of the allylic proton on the cyclopentene ring 3a-H.
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  • 46
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 191-202 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The accuracy of several methods for deuterium content determination in organic molecules are tabulated. The sample-substitution (using one or two NMR sample tubes) and internal standard (inter- or intra-molecular) processes are discussed and compared. These methods are applied to some examples and the NMR results are confirmed by mass spectrometry.
    Notes: Les précisions de différentes méthodes de détermination du taux de deutériation de molécules organiques par RMN sont évaluées. On compare successivement les méthodes de changement de tube-échantillon et les méthodes utilisant un étalon interne. Ces méthodes sont ensuite appliquées au dosage du deutérium dans plusieurs molécules et les résultats sont comparés à des mesures de spectrographie de masse.
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  • 47
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 209-212 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The two stereochemically distinct two-bond carbon-13- hydrogen coupling constants J(13C—CH), for α-chlorostyrene-α-13C have been shown to be of similar magnitude but opposite sign (-6.3 and +5.6 Hz). A simple additivity relationship which adequately reproduces all the reported J(13C—CH) values for chloroethylenes has been found.
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  • 48
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Various complexes of boron trifluoride and typical organo-phosphours compounds have been investigated using proton and fluorine resonance (at variable temperature) and boron and phosphorus resonance. In BF3, boron resonance is insensitive to the complex strength, but fluorine resonance suggests the possibility of various types of complexes on the phosphorus group or, additionally on the heteroatoms (e.g. oxygen, nitrogen) of the molecule. These complexes are probably σ type. Proton chemical shifts in the organo-phosphorus compounds follow the same trends as in similar complexes of amines, esters etc.; these perturbations may be mainly due to magnetic anisotropy effects; proton-phosphorus couplings conversely follow changes in phosphorus electronegativity.
    Notes: On a étudié, en résonance du proton et du fluor (à température variable) ainsi qu'en résonance du bore et du phosphore, un certain nombre de complexes entre BF3 et des composés organo-phosphorés typiques. En ce qui concerne BF3, la résonance de bore reste insensible à la force du complexe; par contre, la résonance du fluor suggéère l'existence de plusieurs types de complexes, soit sur le groupe phosphoré, soit sur les hétéroatomes (par example N, O) de la molécule. Ces complexes sont vraisemblablement de type σ pur. Le déplacement chimique des protons dans la molécule organo-phosphorée subit sensiblement les mêmes perturbations que dans les autres molécules complexables (amines, esters, etc.); ces perturbations peuvent provenir avant tout d'effets d'anisotropie magnétiques; par contre, les couplages proton-phophore suivent la modification de l'électronégativité de ce dernier.
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  • 49
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 491-491 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 50
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 61-70 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectral fragmentations of stereoisomeric cyclohexane-1,2-diols, p-menthane-2,3-diols, 1-hydroxycarvomenthols and 4-hydroxymenthols are discussed.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 127-137 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Examination of a large number of spectra indicates that bis-unsaturated compounds commonly undergo a skeletal rearrangement in which part or all or the bridging moiety is eliminated, often with concomitant loss of hydrogen atoms. The spectra of labeled azobenzene, diphenyl sulfide, and their p,p′-dimethyl derivatives show that scrambling of hydrogen atoms precedes or accompanies such rearrangements, in contrast to the loss of a p-methyl group from the latter derivatives. These results are rationalized in terms of the radical site formed on one unsaturated functional group attacking the polarizable π-electrons of the other unsaturated group.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 87-113 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The thermal excitation energy of molecules greatly influences multistep degradation reactions of aliphatic compounds in the mass spectrometer. Molecules very often obtain their thermal excitation energy only within the ion source by wall collisions. Since it is not usually possible to keep the ion source temperature entirely constant the peak intensities in the spectra of one and the same compound differ considerably. Attention should be paid to this fact in the preparation of mass spectra collections.Multistep degradation reactions may be influenced by reduction of the electron energy and the ion source temperature such that only primary degradation products are preferentially formed. The interpretation of such spectra is easier. This technique was used to study the fragmentation reactions of bi-functional aliphatic compounds. It was shown that nearly all fragments can be deduced from molecular ion species, ionized at one or other functional group. Depending on the amount of fragments produced by ionization at the functional group it is possible to compare the iniluence of the various substituents on the fragmentation, and to rank them according to their increasing influence on the fragmentation as shown:
    Notes: Die thermische Anregungsenergie der Moleküle beeinflußt mehrstufige Abbaureaktionen aliphatischer Verbindungen im massenspektrometer sehr stark. Thermische Anregung erhalten die Moleküle vielfach erst durch Wandstöße in der Ionenquelle. Da in den Wenigsten Fällen die Ionenquellentemperature völlig konstant gehalten werden kann, unterscheiden sich Spektren ein und derselben Verbindung oft in ihren Intensitätwerten voneinander. Diesem Umstand sollte bei der Anlage von Spektrensammlungen Rechnung getragen werden.Durch Erniedrigung von Elektronenenergie und Ionenquellentemperatur lassen sich mehrstufige Abbaureaktionen os lenken, daß vorzugsweise nur primäre Spaltprodukte entstehen. Die Spektren werden dadurch qualitativ besser auswertbar. Bie Anwendung dieses Verfahrens auf bifunktionelle aliphatische Verbindungen Können nahezu sämtliche Spaltstücke ovn Molekülionenspezies abgeleitet werden, die an der einen oder anderen funktionellen Gruppe ionisiert wurden. Je nach der Mange der durch Ionisation an einer der Gruppen entstandenen Fragmente kann man daher den Einfluß der Substituenten miteinander vergleichen und diese nach steigender Einflußnahme auf die Bruchstückbildung in einer Reihen anordnen. Es ergibt sich danach etwa die folgende Reihung:
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 151-166 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of the different forms of vitamin B6, some metabolites and antimetabolites, and some analogs are reported. The free bases are suitable for study, but the 5-phosphates are not sufficiently volatile. The hydrochloride salts dissociate thermally in the inlet system into the free base and HCl and give the spectrum of the free base with the spectrum of HCL superimposed on it. The compounds studied are: pyridoxol, pyridoxamine and pyridoxal, which are different forms of vitamin B6; 4-pyridoxic acid and its lactone, 5-pyridoxic acid lactone, isopyridoxal, 5-formyl-3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine-4-carboxylic acid, and 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine-4,5-dicarboxylic acid, which are vitamin B6 metabolites; α4-and α5-deoxypyridoxol, 3-deoxypyridoxol, and 4- and 5- norpyridoxol, which are antimetabolites and analogs of vitamin B6.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 167-168 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new type of ion detector has been developed that can be made to operate in two ways. It can detect all ions, or it can be made to detect only those within a preselected energy range. Its use on a mass spectrometer to examine the metastable spectra of cis- and trans-butenes is described.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 169-187 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of guanidine and ten of its derivatives have been studied under both high and low resolution conditions. Evidence was detected for the migration of methyl groups, the formation of intermediate three-membered ring structures and decompositions involving expulsion of N. with release of kinetic energy.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 199-204 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Three isomeric compounds, I, II and III, were prepared and their mass spectra recorded. Comparisons of the spectra showed that the fragmentation of I proceeds only by way of II, and that II itself is transformed in part to III upon electron impact. It is suggested that selective ionization of each one of the two isolated functional groups in II may afford two isomeric radical ions, IIa and IIb. A possible interrelation to the photochemistry of these compounds is also discussed.
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  • 57
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of three methoxypulvic dilactones, four methyl esters of methoxypulvic acids and five methyl ethers of pulvic acid derivatives have been measured and rationalised employing accurate mass measurements and metastable peak assignments to substantiate the proposed fragmentations and rearrangements. In particular, the mass spectral differences and similarities between the isomeric methoxypulvic dilactones, between their methanolysis products and between the isomeric methyl ethers, are rationalised.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of twenty three azetidines and seventeen 2-azetidinones are reported and discussed. The majority of spectra contain molecular ions. Fragmentation modes are largely dependent upon the substitution pattern and involve specific cleavage of the four-membered ring. Several hydrogen rearrangement reactions occur, and in some cases, cis and trans isomers may be distinguished by large differences in the relative abundances of certain fragment ions.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The formation of 1,1-dimethoxy-alkyl rearrangement ions in the mass spectra of methyl ethers of linear diols, 1,2,3-triols and of derivatives of pentaglycerol and pentaerythritol has been investigated by deuterium labelling and mass measurements. Methoxy group migrations do not occur, or at least only to a small amount, in the mass spectra of the diol-dimethyl ethers. The mass spectra of methyl ethers of 1,2,3-triols exhibit characteristic peaks of the rearrangement ions +CH(OCH3)2 and +CR(OCH3)2. These ions arise by a 1,3-migration of a methoxy group, probably during a one step degradation of the molecular ion to give a molecule methyl alkenyl ether and a H-atom or alkyl radical as neutral fragments. Large peaks of the rearrangement ion +CH(OCH3)2 are observed in the mass spectra of compounds of the following type: A radical ion, formed by loss of HY from the molecular ion, rearranges by methoxy group migration in the mass spectra of these substances. Rearrangement by migration of hydroxy and acetoxy groups are also observed, but no migration of a Cl-atom.
    Notes: Die Bildung von 1,1-Dimethoxyalky-umlagerungsionen in den Massenspektren der Metyläther von linearen Diolen, 1,2,3-Triolen und Derivaten der verzweigten Polyole Pentaglycerin und Pentaerythrit wird mit Hilfe von Markierungen mit Deuterium und Massefeinbestimmungen untersucht. Methoxygruppenwanderungen treten in den Massenspektren der Dioldimethyläther nicht oder nur in sehr geringem Ausmaß auf. Die Massenspektren der 1,2,3-Trioltrimethyläther besizen aber charakteristische Peaks der umlagerungsionen +CH(OCH3)2 und +CR(OCH3)2. Diese Ionen entstehen durch eine 1,3-Wanderung einer Methoxygruppe, wahrscheinlich bei einem einstufigen Zerfall der Molekül-Ionen unter Bildung von Methyl-alkenyl-äther und H-Atom bzw. Alkylradikal als neutrale Fragmente. Gorße Peaks der Umlagerungsionen +CH(OCH3)2 werden in den Massenspektren von Verbindungen des Typs gefunde. Bei diesen Verbindungen wandert eine Methoxygruppe beim weiteren Zerfall von Radikal-Ionen, die durch Abspaltung von HY aus den Molekül-Ionen entstehen. Wanderungen von Hydroxy- und Acetoxy-Gruppen werden ebenfalls beobachtet, aber keine Wanderung von Cl-Atomen.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 331-333 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In a series of straight chain aliphatic ketones which has been studied, it has been shown that the structural requirement for loss of water from the molecular ions produced by electron-impact is an alkyl group of seven or more carbon atoms attached to the carbonyl function.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 843-861 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 877-892 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of enol derivatives of β-diketones, such as enol ethers and enaminies are discussed. Their behaviour under electron-impact is in accordance with the fragmentation we suggested for an acyclic β-diketone in the enol form.Rearrangement of the enol functional group is observed in the spectra. This process is a general one, as it show not only migration of oxygen and nitrogen in the enol ethers and enamines, but also migeration of sulphur and chlorine in the thio-ether and in 4-chloro-3-pentene-2-one.Enol derivatives are suitable compounds for determining the branching of alkyl chains in β-diketones.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 893-900 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The main fragmentation sequences of glycollide and its homologues are initiated by fission of a CO—O bond, leading to the formation of fragment ions of low, m/e, such as [R1CO]+ and [CR1R2CCO]+. When a hydrogen atom is present on a ring carbon atom, 1,3 hydrogen migration occurs to produce [CHR2OH]+. In case where a ring carbon atom carries an alkylchain ≥ C2H5, a McLafferty rearrangement occurs with the adjacent carbonyl group. When both ring carbon atoms are dimethyl substituted, a 1,4 hydrogen migration must be invoked to account for the observed fragmentation sequence.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 907-914 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of ortho substituents in nitrobenzence radical cation decompositions are discussed for non-interacting halogen substituents. These effects are distinct from those of the same substituents in the meta and para positions, and support previous indications that ring position identity is retained in nitrobenzene molecular ions. More importantly, the steric effect of the halo substituents may be gauged from these data; it indicates that several previously suggested mechanisms for the loss of NO must be reconsidered. The existence of steric effect in very well defined systems may be used as a structural tool in organic mass spectrometry.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 1039-1039 
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 1037-1038 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 68
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 1061-1065 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Hydrozen randomization precedes the formation of M+· — H· and M+· — CH3· species from the stilbene molecular ion at 15 eV. The carbon atom involved in the M+· — CH3· elimination originates randomly from the whole molecule. The [M — 15] ion (m/e 165) in the spectra of stilbene and 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene is produced from a common ion.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 1141-1144 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Calculations have been carried out, using the Quasi-Equilibrium Theory of Mass Spectra to show that a decrease in penetration of the accelerating field intol the ion source of a mass spectrometer may significantly increase the number of primary daughter ions [A]+ produced from a molecular ion [M]+ in the source. The calculations show that this effect appears to be more important than the decay of [M]+ between source and collector in implementing an increase in [A]+/[M]+ at the collector with decreasing accelerator potential.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 1175-1177 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 71
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electron-impact induced fragmentation of eight aziridinones has been studied by conventional as well as by high resolution mass spectrometry. All α-lactams exhibit a molecular ion. The major primary step, in the fragmentation, is the ejection of carbon monoxide from the molecular ion. Ions of the general formula R1—NC and R2R3C=O were found in the mass spectra of all α-lactams investigated. A skeletal rearrangement to rationalize these ions is proposed. The fragmentation of the molecular ion is affected by the N-substituent. Exact mass measurement and specific deuterium labeling indicate the absence of McLafferty rearrangement from either the N- or C-substituent.
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  • 72
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The [M] → [M — CH3] reaction in a series of m- and p-X substituted ethylbenzenes has been studied by wide range electron energy kinetics and metastable ion characteristics techniques. By this approach, qualitative measures of activation evergy differences between [XC6H4CH2]+ ions derived from m- and p-X isomer substrates have been secured, for both their formation and further decomposition. These evergy differences are consistent with (but do not prove) ion structures that have been suggested by previous work in this area, involving the use of isotope labeling, and ionization and appearance potential methods.
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  • 73
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Besides o-benzoquinones and o-naphthoquinones, p-quinones and stilbene quinones also exhibit [M + 2]+·-peaks. These are mainly produced by the residual moisture in the mass spectrometer and are more dependent on the partial pressure of the compounds and of the present water respectively, than on the temperature. The spectra of the [M + 2]+·-ions correspond to those of the ionized quinols. There exists a parallelism between the redox potential and the intensity of the [M + 2]+·-peak of p-quinonoid systems. The electron-impact induced fragmentations of 2,6-ditert.-butyl-benzoquinone-(1,4) and 3,5-di-tert.-butylbenzoquinone-(1,2) are discussed.
    Notes: Außber den o-Benzochinonen und o-Naphthochinonen zeigen auch p-Chinone, sowie Diphenochinone und Stilbenchinone [M + 2]+·-Peaks. Diese beruhenim wesentlichen auf der Restfeuchtigkeit mi Massenspektrometer und hängen stärker vom Partialdruck dersubstanzen bzw. des Wassers als von der Temperatur ab. Die Spektren der [M + 2]+·-Ionen entsprechen denjenigen der zugehörigen ionisierten Hydrochinone. Zwischen dem Redoxpotential und der Instensität des [M + 2]+·-Peaks p-chinoider Systeme besteht ein Zusammenhang. Die elektronenstoßinduzierte Fragmentierung von 2.6-Di-tert.-butyl-benzochinon-(1.4) und 3.5-Di-tert.-butylbenzochinon-(1.2) wird diskutiert.
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  • 74
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of tetronic acid and of a number of its derivatives are recorded and discussed. Where necessary, the composition of the fragment ions has been checked by high resolution mass measurements. Fragmentation of the molecular ion is explained in terms of the rupture of a bond attached to C-4, and the predominant routes for many of the compounds can be explained on the basis of two schemes, the first involving preliminary ketonisation of the molecular ion, followed by elimination of carbon monoxide, the second involving rupture of the C-4—R3 bond prior to elimination of carbon monoxide. Special structural features, however, provide alternative routes.
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  • 75
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A system is described in which computer techniques are used to carry out major steps in the procedure for interpretation of high-resolution mass spectral data. These steps include identification and evaluation of the molecular ion, neutral fragments lost from the molecular ion, and characteristic ion series, followed by elucidation of specific structural details using a sub-routine for the particular compound class selected. The technique shows promise of not only increasing the interpreter's efficiency, but of providing more specific and detailed structural information from the spectral data.
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  • 76
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 17-31 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of twenty-six commercially available medicinal phenothiazines have been determined at high resolution. In each compound, the side chain attached to the 10-position of the phenothiazine ring contains nitrogen and fission of the C—C bond α to this nitrogen gives in most cases the base peak. Some of the compounds are also substituted at the 2-position and this substituent generally remains intact, though some substituents such as acetyl, propionyl, methoxyl and methylthio can undergo fragmentation. Fragmentations fall into three groups; those which give ions representing a part of the side chain; those which give ions representing the intact phenothiazine ring with part of the side chain attached; those which give ions representing a partially fragmented ring system.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 33-36 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Under electron-impact, N-alkyl trifluoracetamides exhibit peaks due to [CF3]+ and [M — CF3]+. Ions corresponding to [COCF3]+ are absent. The base peak in many straight chain derivatives occurs at m/e 126 due to alkyl radical loss from the molecular ion; the mass of this ion rising to m/e 140 in the α-substituted N-sec-butyltrifluoracetamide and to m/e 154 in the tert-butyl derivative. High resolution measurements on a number of peaks indicate that they originate by loss of HF from other fragment ions.
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  • 78
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 1103-1115 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of the alkyl cyanides up to n-pentyl cyanide were studied. Using metastablel ion transitions, appearance potentials and deuterium labelling, the fragmentation patterns, spectral characteristics and trends for this series can be given. The investigation of labelled compounds demonstrates the specificity of rearrangement and normal decomposition processes. Alkyl ions in nitriles are produced by simple cleavage of the carbon-carbon bond, while ions of the type [M -alkyl]+, which at the first sight could originate in the same way, are presumably formed via cyclic intermediates and are in fact rearrangement ions.Apart from the known γ and δ-hydrogen rearrangements, there is novel evidence for a β-hydrogen rearrangement via a five-membered ring transition state.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 1171-1173 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 1309-1314 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of a series of deuteriated polymethylbenzenes confirm and extend the model derived from labeled p-xylenes for the loss of a methyl radical under electron impact. A methyl group flanked by two methyls undergoes no exchange before being lost. But one adjacent to an unsubstituted position appears to exchange with the o-hydrogen atom via a methyl-methylene-methyl cycle. At least in p-xylene, reformation of the methyl group may well be concerted with its loss. A similarly concerted coupling of CH2 and H and loss of the resultant methyl group could account for an apparent inconsistency between the mass spectra of methyl alkyl and phenyl alkyl ketones.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 425-426 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 82
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Structure elucidation of organic compounds is only one of the applications of mass spectrometry to chemistry. Important subjects are also mass spectrometric quantitative analysis of mixtures of inorganic and of organic compounds, determination of isotopes and related problems. In ‘Massenspektrometrie’, edited by H. Kienitz, all these applications are discussed together with an excellent introduction to the function of mass spectrometers and the techniques of measurement. This book contains a lot of information and stimulation for mass spectroscopists and chemists, and is especially recomended for use in analytical laboratories.
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  • 83
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The field ionization mass spectra of a series of nucleosides are reported, and compared with spectra obtained by conventional electron-impact ionization. The latter are complex, with structurally significant molecular ion and sugar cleavage peaks often of low intensity or completely absent. In contrast, the field ion spectra are extremely simple, with all except guanosine (highest mass peak [M  -  18]) showing intense molecular ion peaks, and the characteristic sugar (S) and base (B + H) cleavage products as the only other important fragments.
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  • 84
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 549-550 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 553-565 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Eleven isomeric octenes were converted to the corresponding dideuterio derivatives and the mass spectra recorded. The cracking patterns of the various dideuterioctanes are unique and the distribution of peaks representing the higher molecular weight ions can be predicted using a simple fragmentation model. The application of this technique to the determination of the position of the double bond in olefins of known carbon skeleton is discussed.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 603-609 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Mass spectra of the four stereoisomeric 1-methyldecalins and the four 2-methyldecalins have been measured. For each set of stereoisomers, the order of relative intensity of the parent-less-CH3 ion, but not of the parent ion, parallels the order of relative stability of the molecules. The correlation suggests that loss of the methyl group from the members of each set of stereoisomers leads to a common product, with the differing conformational energies converting into differences in vibrational energy, which in turn lead to differing extents of further decomposition.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of five aryl (I to V) and four alkylsulfonylthioureas (VI toIX) have been recorded and mechanistic rationalizations are suggested for their principal fragmentation processes. The aryl analogs exhibited peaks in their mass spectra corresponding to skeletal rearrangements with elimination of SO2 from their molecular ions but this fragmentation was absent in those alkylsulfonylthioureas (VI to IX) examined.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 653-654 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Mass spectra of the two compounds 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane and 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane are presented.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 901-906 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cortisol is thermally unstable. It is easily decomposed by loss of ketence and water. The spectrum of the resulting 11β-hydroxy-Δ4-androsten-3,17-dion can be superimposed upon the spectrum of the undecomposed cortisol, which only can be obtained free of the decomposition product under carefully controlled conditions. The thermal degradation product can be eaisly detected by its molecular peak at mass 302 and a key fragment at mass 163, which are nearly absent in the spectrum of cortisol. Cortisol is therefore an excellent testing material for the quality of inlet systems.
    Notes: Cortisol ist thermisch instabil. Es zersetzt sich leicht unter Verlust von Keten und Wasser, Das Spektrum das entstehenden 11β-Hydroxy-Δ4-androsten-3,17-dions überlagert sich dem Cortisolspektrum, das man frei von Zerstezungsprodukt nur unter sorgfältiger Einhaltung der Aufnahmebedingungen erhält Das thermische Zersetzungsprodukt läßt sich leicht an seinem Molekül-Ion der Masse 302 und einem Schlüsselbruchstück der Masse 163 erkennen, die im Cortisolspektrum nahezu völlig fehlen, so daß Cortisol eine ausgezechnete Testsubstanz zur Qualitätsprüfung vonEinlass-Systemen darstellt.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 1033-1035 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Investigation of metastable ion transitions shows, that spontaneous charge separations (loss of an electron from a cation) and ion-pair formations (loss of negative ions from positive ones)are taking place in conventional mass spectrometry. Such processes may be important factors in formation of doubly charged ions.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 617-626 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The mass spectra of secondary vinylcarbinols of the structure R—CH(OH)—CH=CH2 show the same fragments as those of the isomeric ethylketones R—CO—C2H5. This is the result of a rearrangement of the molecular ions of the vinylcarbinols to molecular ions of the ethylketones before fragmentation occurs. Compounds of the two classes differ only slightly from one another in the intensity values.
    Notes: Die Massenspektren sekundärer des Typs R—CH(OH)—CH=CH2 zeigen die gleichen Bruchstücke wie die der isomeren Äthylketone R—CO—C2H5. Dies ist auf eine Umlagerung der Molekülionen der Vinylcarbinole in solche der Äthylktone vor Eintritt der Bruchstückbildung zurückzuführen. Die Massenspektren beider Verbindungsklassen unterscheiden sich nur geringfügig in den Intensitätswerten.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Some esters of γ, δ-unsaturated or β-arylsubstituted acids undergo a peculiar transformation under electron-impact including an elimination of the alcohol residue as a radical R. with the following loss of the ketene molecule. One of the oxygen atoms of the carbonyl group enters an ion which is formed from an unsaturated part of the molecule. The possible mechanism of this reaction and the influence of structural modifications on the course of this process are discussed.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 915-917 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electron-impact induced loss of CO2 from phthalanil and 4-phthalimidobiphenyl is paralleled by the formation of large amounts of CO2 on pyrolysis. CO is also a major pyrolysis product, but the loss of CO from these compounds under electron-impact is not an important fragmentation process.The mass spectra of meta and para-chlorophthalanils show prominent [M — CO2] peaks but the corresponding peak for the ortho isomer is of relatively low intensity. CO and CO2 are the principal gaseous products of the thermal decomposition of o-chlorophthalanil.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 136-136 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 95
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of a series of 2-substituted 8-hydroxyquinolines and related compounds are reported. Fragmentation pathways based upon interpretation of spectra and metastable transitions for 8-quinolinol; 2-methyl-8-quinolinol; 4-methyl-8quinolinol; 2-hydroxymethyl-8-quinolinol; 2-aminomethyl-8-quinolinol; 8-quinolinol-2-carboxaldehyde; 8-quinolinol-2-carb-oxaldehyde oxime; and 8-quinolinol-2-carboxaldehyde tert-butylimine are discussed, as are dissociations in the related compounds 2-hydroxymethyl quinoline and quinoline-2-carboxaldehyde oxime. It is suggested that the molecular ions of 2-substituted-8-quinolinols undergo rearrangement to a substituted azatropylium ion prior to dissociation. An ion of m/e 89 has been observed in these spectra and is considered to be characteristic of the quinoline nucleus bearing an X-substituent in any position, where X = OR, SR, NH2 etc. (R = H, CH3, etc).
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 335-335 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 427-429 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is shown that FI mass spectra can serve to elucidate some structural features and determine the molecular weights of mono- and oligosaccharides.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 751-753 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Measurement of metastable ion abundances over a dynamic range of 105 is possible with a specially designed mass spectrometer.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 757-759 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The [YC6H5O]+· ions from YC6H4OC2H5 appear to correspond in structure to the molecular ions of the analogous substituted phenols, [YC6H4OH]+·.
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