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  • Articles  (18)
  • stratigraphy  (13)
  • structure  (7)
  • 1970-1974  (18)
  • Geosciences  (18)
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  • Articles  (18)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 62 (1973), S. 918-938 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Calc-silicate rock ; tectonics ; stratigraphy ; facies ; Damara Orogen (South West Africa)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The behaviour during rock deformation of diagenetically formed layers, lenses, nodules (concretions) and diffuse concentrations of calc-silicate rock is described from parts of the Damara belt. Depending on their relative solubility and/or competency and on the angle between bedding and cleavage planes the layers and lenses may either more or less retain their shape or be cut up into spindle-shaped bodies (boudinage due to shortening). Nodules are deformed to ellipsoides, while diffuse concentrations of calc-silicate rock are transformed into a number of spindles. All spindles and ellipsoides which are formed during the formation of the cleavage are strictly orientated parallel to the cleavage planes. It is therefore obvious that the spindleshape of these bodies is a consequence of rock deformation. Thus, in areas in which a cleavage is suspected to lie parallel to a distinct bedding, the occurrence of spindles may confirm the existence of this cleavage. The non-statistical occurrence of calc-silicate rock bodies within the Khomas Series may render possible a first subdivision of this up to 6000 m thick succession.
    Abstract: Résumé Ce travail décrit le comportement de couches, lentilles et nodules de cornéennes à silicates calcaires, et de concentrations diffuses du même matériau, parallèles à la stratification, au cours de la déformation de roches dans une partie de l'orogène de Damara. Suivant leur solubilité relative et leur rigidité, et selon l'angle entre la stratification et la schistosité, les couches et les lentilles peuvent subsister telles quelles ou être débitées en corps fusiformes (boudinage de raccourcissement). Les nodules prennent la forme d'ellipsoides ou de fuseaux, et les concentrations de cornéennes à silicates calcaires se résolvent en une multiplicité de corps fusiformes. Tous les corps fusiformes formés pendant le développement de la schistosité sont orientés strictement suivant la schistosité. Il est clair que la forme en fuseau des cornéennes à silicates calcaires est le résultat de la déformation des roches. Dans les régions où l'on la soupçonne parallèle au changement évident du matériau, cette schistosité peut se déduire de l'existence de fuseaux. - La distribution irrégulière des cornéennes à silicates calcaires dans la série de Khomas permet de subdiviser cette série, épaisse de 6000 mètres, restée jusqu'à présent indivisée.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Beschrieben wird das Verhalten von frühdiagenetisch gebildeten schichtparallelen Kalksilikatfels-Lagen, -Linsen, -Knollen und diffusen Ansammlungen während der Gesteinsdeformation in Teilen des Damara-Orogens. In Abhängigkeit von ihrer relativen Löslichkeit und/oder Kompetenz sowie vom Winkel zwischen Schichtung und Schieferung können Lagen und Linsen als solche erhalten bleiben oder in spindelförmige Körper zerlegt werden (Verkürzungsboudinage). Knollen werden zu Ellipsoiden oder Spindeln deformiert und diffuse Kalksilikatfels-Ansammlungen in eine Vielzahl von Spindeln aufgelöst. Alle im Zusammenhang mit der Anlage der Schieferung gebildeten Spindeln und Ellipsoïde sind streng in der Schieferung orientiert. Es wird deutlich, daß die Spindelform der Kalksilikatfels-Körper ein Produkt der Gesteinsdeformation ist. In Gebieten, in denen der Verdacht besteht, daß parallel zu einem deutlichen Materialwechsel eine Schieferung verläuft, kann aus der Existenz von Spindeln auf das Vorhandensein dieser Schieferung geschlossen werden. Die ungleichmäßige Verteilung von Kalksilikatfels-Körpern innerhalb der Khomas-Serie ermöglicht eine Unterteilung dieser bisher ungegliederten, bis zu 6000 m mächtigen Gesteinsfolge.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 3 (1971), S. 227-238 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: classification ; data processing ; graphics ; mapping ; mathematics ; plotting ; sampling ; statistics ; sedimentology ; stratigraphy ; grain-size analysis ; textural analysis ; glacial geology ; Pleistocene stratigraphy ; till
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Relative percentages of sand, silt, and clay from samples of the same till unit are not identical because of different lithologies in the source areas, sorting in transport, random variation, and experimental error. Random variation and experimental error can be isolated from the other two as follows. For each particle-size class of each till unit, a standard population is determined by using a normally distributed, representative group of data. New measurements are compared with the standard population and, if they compare satisfactorily, the experimental error is not significant and random variation is within the expected range for the population. The outcome of the comparison depends on numerical criteria derived from a graphical method rather than on a more commonly used one-way analysis of variance with two treatments. If the number of samples and the standard deviation of the standard population are substituted in at-test equation, a family of hyperbolas is generated, each of which corresponds to a specific number of subsamples taken from each new sample. The axes of the graphs of the hyperbolas are the standard deviation of new measurements (horizontal axis) and the difference between the means of the new measurements and the standard population (vertical axis). The area between the two branches of each hyperbola corresponds to a satisfactory comparison between the new measurements and the standard population. Measurements from a new sample can be tested by plotting their standard deviation vs. difference in means on axes containing a hyperbola corresponding to the specific number of subsamples used. If the point lies between the branches of the hyperbola, the measurements are considered reliable. But if the point lies outside this region, the measurements are repeated. Because the critical segment of the hyperbola is approximately a straight line parallel to the horizontal axis, the test is simplified to a comparison between the means of the standard population and the means of the subsample. The minimum number of subsamples required to prove significant variation between samples caused by different lithologies in the source areas and sorting in transport can be determined directly from the graphical method. The minimum number of subsamples required is the maximum number to be run for economy of effort.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 3 (1971), S. 335-355 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: nearest neighbor analysis ; regression analysis ; statistics ; trend analysis ; structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A quantitative analysis was made of the spatial arrangement of 149explosion craters in the western rift of Uganda. A variety of methods demonstrate that the spatial pattern of the craters reveals significant structural patterns that have guided volcanism to the surface. It is shown that the east-west elements in the field affected location, and the main rift fault is resolved into two main components. Tentatively, a possible dextral transform fault is identified that affected the relative location of the two main zones of activity. Grouping techniques demonstrate that crater groups obey an exponential rank-size rule and allow a mapping of the craters into energy classes that reveals a concentric pattern of energy in the field. The effect of the topography on energy levels and crater size show that only topography greater than 11,000ft could have prevented all eruptive activity, but the smaller energies and craters are sensitive to height differences on the order of the height of the rift wall, about 1000ft. Total energy in each crater class size is roughly constant, and the field energy could create one or two single craters comparable in size to small central volcanoes.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 3 (1971), S. 281-295 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: analysis of variance ; autocorrelation ; simulation ; trend analysis ; sedimentology ; stratigraphy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract It is proposed that the variance in mapped geologic data should be formally considered to be composed of three components which arise on different geographic scales. The three components (regional, local, and residual) should be defined solely in terms of the parameters of the sample data set. A two-step analysis is required to separate three components. Applying autocorrelation criteria, trend-surface analysis has been used, in the first step, to remove the residual component and, in the second step, to separate regional and local components from the resulting noise-free data. This procedure has made it possible to quantify local components in stratigraphic thickness data from the East Midlands coalfield (central England) which can be identified in terms of the known geology.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: time-trend analysis ; carbonate petrology ; depositional environments ; sedimentology ; stratigraphy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Data from point counts of 376 thin sections from six stratigraphic sections in the Chickamauga Group carbonates (Middle Ordovician of northeastern Alabama) were smoothed by time-trend methods. The resulting curves were plotted against the stratigraphic sections to show depositional trends and to facilitate interpretation of depositional environments. The depositional environments in the lower third of the sequence studied were dominantly subtidal; in the middle portions they were interbedded subtidal, intertidal, and supratidal; in the lower upper third they were supratidal; and in the uppermost portions they were interbedded subtidal, intertidal, and supratidal. Time-trend methods proved to be useful in this study, for they are easy to use and eliminate much noise observed in the data, whereas preserving major trends. Correlation between outcrops was by means of two continuous bentonites; comparison of the time-trend curves show that they would have been useful for correlation if the bentonites had been absent, although small differences in the vertical positions of beds between localities (indicating lateral migration of environments) would not have been detected by time-trend methods.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 4 (1972), S. 61-72 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: data processing ; data recording ; data files ; lithology ; petroleum ; stratigraphy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Well-data files maintained by petroleum companies and service companies are important sources of data for exploration geologists. To make these data readily accessible and useful for computer studies, three preliminary steps are necessary: (1) systematic data gathering and recording, (2) storage for ready retrieval, and (3) preparation of analysis programs. One important source of geologic data is lithologic descriptions of well cuttings and cores. The practical lithologic data-recording form described here is used routinely at the well site and in the laboratory. It is designed in an 80-column format and uses codes for lithologic characteristics, porosity, and hydrocarbon shows, and forms part of an integrated well-data file. This datarecording form has the advantages that descriptions are made according to a standardized format convenient to use at the well site, and the data are subsequently available in raw form relatively free from interpretive bias. A library of analysis and display programs can be assembled for utilization of the data.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 4 (1972), S. 177-202 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: cluster analysis ; factor analysis ; mapping ; statistics ; petrology ; structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Based on the methods of Fisher and Watson,Fortran iv computer programs are presented for the following analyses of directional observations on the sphere: (1) to determine if points are randomly distributed; (2) to estimate the azimuth and inclination of the center (mean direction) of a cluster and to estimate the precision (closeness) with which points are clustered; (3) to determine if two or more clusters have the same mean direction; (4) to determine if two clusters have the same precision of clustering; and (5) to locate the pole of a greatcircle girdle of points. Limitations of these analyses for undirected directional observations on the hemisphere also are given.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 6 (1974), S. 363-372 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: autocorrelation ; crosscorrelation ; time series ; geochemistry ; sedimentology ; stratigraphy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Application of the sliding correlation technique has permitted detailed stratigraphic correlation over entire basins. The main values of the technique are to (1) demonstrate correlation statistically, (2) extend the range of visual correlation, and (3) establish precise correlation where correlation is known to exist but is difficult to establish visually. The technique is especially valuable in aiding correlation of stratigraphic sequences such as varves and turbidites, which are characterized by monotonous repetition of two or more lithologic components. The moving correlation technique is a valuable aid in examining variations in degree of correlation between correlative sections, and in analysis of component associations within a single stratigraphic sequence.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 5 (1973), S. 39-57 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: classification ; cluster analysis ; dimensionality reduction ; mapping ; multivariate analysis ; principal-components analysis ; general geology ; geochemistry ; paleontology ; petrology ; stratigraphy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A new algorithm has been developed by J. W. Sammon for the nonlinear-point mapping of high-dimensional data in two dimensions such that the inherent structure of the data is approximately preserved. This paper describes results using several sets of geologic data including stratigraphic thickness, petrographic modal analysis, and morphological or geochemical measurements. Comparisons are made with hierarchical cluster analysis using dendrogram representation. Initial results are encouraging and suggest that the technique could have widespread geological applications.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 5 (1973), S. 91-110 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: Markov processes ; regression analysis ; time-trend analysis ; sedimentology ; stratigraphy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Cyclic characteristics of a sequence of Permian coal-measure sediments have been studied using Markov chain analysis on borehole data. Fining-upwards and oscillating sequences can be distinguished, and depositional regimes are proposed to explain the observed sequences. However, there is no clearly defined relationship of sequence type to tectonosedimentary environment. The relationship of the number of coal-defined and fining-upwards cycles to total thickness and mean cycle thickness is examined using linear regression. The relationships for coal-defined and fining-upwards cycles are essentially the same. Significant positive correlations are present between the number of cycles and total thickness and significant inverse relationships are present for the number of cycles and the mean cycle thickness.
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