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  • sedimentology
  • structure
  • Springer  (29)
  • 1970-1974  (29)
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  • Springer  (29)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A vibrational-spectroscopic study of the species present in the CO2−H2O system (1972)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 1 (1972), S. 329-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Raman ; infrared ; carbon dioxide ; bicarbonate ; carbonate ; water ; deuterium oxide ; structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Raman and infrared spectra have been recorded of water and heavy-water solutions of carbon dioxide, potassium bicarbonate, and potassium carbonate. The structures of the carbonate and bicarbonate ions and CO2 (aqueous solution) have been determined from a consideration of Raman and infrared data. The results reveal the presence of solvent effects in the carbonate and CO2 water solutions. No bands characteristic of H2CO3 were observed in the Raman spectrum of aqueous solutions of CO2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00715991
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Raman spectra from partially deuterated water and ice VI to 10.1 kbar at 28°C (1973)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 2 (1973), S. 159-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: High-pressure ; laser-Raman ; spectra ; structure ; water ; ice VI ; HDO ; 10 kbar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract High-pressure argon-ion laser-Raman spectra (4880 Å excitation) have been obtained from partially deuterated water and ice VI (20 volume % D2O) in the OD and OH stretching regions to pressures of 10.1 kbar at 28°C. The Raman spectra from ice VI are the first to be reported at room temperature, and they are similar to the liquid spectra obtained at 9.7 kbar. Raman shifts corresponding to contour intensity maxima were observed to change with pressure rise in the OD and OH stretching regions from Δv =2513−2490 cm−1 and Δv = 3402−3380 cm−1, respectively, for pressures from 1 bar to 10.1 kbar (ice VI). In addition, a shoulder observed at 1 bar on the OD contour near Δ v = cm−1 became less distinct and was visually absent for pressures from 6.4 to 10.1 kbar, although a shoulder on the OH contour at about Δv = cm−1 intensified gradually for pressures to 9.7 kbar, and abruptly upon freezing at 10.1 kbar. The small effects of pressure on the OD component percentages obtained from computer analysis indicate that hydrogen-bond breakage is not a significant effect of pressure rise, and a downward change in the position of the OD stretching component having the largest Raman shift indicates that the nonhydrogen-bonded OD units or broken O-D...O bonds that exist at 1 bar are probably transformed by close packing due to compression into weak O-D...O bonds that are angularly deformed. In addition, intensification of the OH component at Δv = cm−1 upon freezing or upon pressurizing the liquid to 9.7 kbar is indicated by the computer analyses, and an increase in intermolecular coupling is thus favored, as opposed to enhancement of Fermi resonance, because the positions of components at ΔΔv = cm−1 and Δv = cm−1 are nearly independent of pressure. The computer results also strengthen previous evidence indicating that the OD component which occurs at about Δv = cm−1 at 1 bar arises from broken O-D...O bonds, when it is understood that the severely deformed O-D...O bonds of ice VI give rise to intensity at a Raman shift of Δv = cm−1, a difference of 37 cm−1 in the direction of stronger hydrogen-bonding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00651971
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statistical considerations for grain-size analyses of tills (1971)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 3 (1971), S. 227-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: classification ; data processing ; graphics ; mapping ; mathematics ; plotting ; sampling ; statistics ; sedimentology ; stratigraphy ; grain-size analysis ; textural analysis ; glacial geology ; Pleistocene stratigraphy ; till
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Relative percentages of sand, silt, and clay from samples of the same till unit are not identical because of different lithologies in the source areas, sorting in transport, random variation, and experimental error. Random variation and experimental error can be isolated from the other two as follows. For each particle-size class of each till unit, a standard population is determined by using a normally distributed, representative group of data. New measurements are compared with the standard population and, if they compare satisfactorily, the experimental error is not significant and random variation is within the expected range for the population. The outcome of the comparison depends on numerical criteria derived from a graphical method rather than on a more commonly used one-way analysis of variance with two treatments. If the number of samples and the standard deviation of the standard population are substituted in at-test equation, a family of hyperbolas is generated, each of which corresponds to a specific number of subsamples taken from each new sample. The axes of the graphs of the hyperbolas are the standard deviation of new measurements (horizontal axis) and the difference between the means of the new measurements and the standard population (vertical axis). The area between the two branches of each hyperbola corresponds to a satisfactory comparison between the new measurements and the standard population. Measurements from a new sample can be tested by plotting their standard deviation vs. difference in means on axes containing a hyperbola corresponding to the specific number of subsamples used. If the point lies between the branches of the hyperbola, the measurements are considered reliable. But if the point lies outside this region, the measurements are repeated. Because the critical segment of the hyperbola is approximately a straight line parallel to the horizontal axis, the test is simplified to a comparison between the means of the standard population and the means of the subsample. The minimum number of subsamples required to prove significant variation between samples caused by different lithologies in the source areas and sorting in transport can be determined directly from the graphical method. The minimum number of subsamples required is the maximum number to be run for economy of effort.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02045793
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statistical analysis of tectonic patterns in areal volcanism: The bunyaruguru volcanic field in West Uganda (1971)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 3 (1971), S. 335-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: nearest neighbor analysis ; regression analysis ; statistics ; trend analysis ; structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A quantitative analysis was made of the spatial arrangement of 149explosion craters in the western rift of Uganda. A variety of methods demonstrate that the spatial pattern of the craters reveals significant structural patterns that have guided volcanism to the surface. It is shown that the east-west elements in the field affected location, and the main rift fault is resolved into two main components. Tentatively, a possible dextral transform fault is identified that affected the relative location of the two main zones of activity. Grouping techniques demonstrate that crater groups obey an exponential rank-size rule and allow a mapping of the craters into energy classes that reveals a concentric pattern of energy in the field. The effect of the topography on energy levels and crater size show that only topography greater than 11,000ft could have prevented all eruptive activity, but the smaller energies and craters are sensitive to height differences on the order of the height of the rift wall, about 1000ft. Total energy in each crater class size is roughly constant, and the field energy could create one or two single craters comparable in size to small central volcanoes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02083356
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of autocorrelation criteria to the analysis of mapped geologic data from the coal measures of central England (1971)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 3 (1971), S. 281-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: analysis of variance ; autocorrelation ; simulation ; trend analysis ; sedimentology ; stratigraphy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract It is proposed that the variance in mapped geologic data should be formally considered to be composed of three components which arise on different geographic scales. The three components (regional, local, and residual) should be defined solely in terms of the parameters of the sample data set. A two-step analysis is required to separate three components. Applying autocorrelation criteria, trend-surface analysis has been used, in the first step, to remove the residual component and, in the second step, to separate regional and local components from the resulting noise-free data. This procedure has made it possible to quantify local components in stratigraphic thickness data from the East Midlands coalfield (central England) which can be identified in terms of the known geology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02045796
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of time-trend curves to interpret depositional environments in portions of the Chickamauga Group carbonates (Middle Ordovician, northeastern Alabama) (1972)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 4 (1972), S. 45-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: time-trend analysis ; carbonate petrology ; depositional environments ; sedimentology ; stratigraphy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Data from point counts of 376 thin sections from six stratigraphic sections in the Chickamauga Group carbonates (Middle Ordovician of northeastern Alabama) were smoothed by time-trend methods. The resulting curves were plotted against the stratigraphic sections to show depositional trends and to facilitate interpretation of depositional environments. The depositional environments in the lower third of the sequence studied were dominantly subtidal; in the middle portions they were interbedded subtidal, intertidal, and supratidal; in the lower upper third they were supratidal; and in the uppermost portions they were interbedded subtidal, intertidal, and supratidal. Time-trend methods proved to be useful in this study, for they are easy to use and eliminate much noise observed in the data, whereas preserving major trends. Correlation between outcrops was by means of two continuous bentonites; comparison of the time-trend curves show that they would have been useful for correlation if the bentonites had been absent, although small differences in the vertical positions of beds between localities (indicating lateral migration of environments) would not have been detected by time-trend methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02083192
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computer program to analyze directional data, based on the methods of Fisher and Watson (1972)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 4 (1972), S. 177-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: cluster analysis ; factor analysis ; mapping ; statistics ; petrology ; structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Based on the methods of Fisher and Watson,Fortran iv computer programs are presented for the following analyses of directional observations on the sphere: (1) to determine if points are randomly distributed; (2) to estimate the azimuth and inclination of the center (mean direction) of a cluster and to estimate the precision (closeness) with which points are clustered; (3) to determine if two or more clusters have the same mean direction; (4) to determine if two clusters have the same precision of clustering; and (5) to locate the pole of a greatcircle girdle of points. Limitations of these analyses for undirected directional observations on the hemisphere also are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02311717
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of some correlation coefficient techniques to time-series analysis (1974)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 6 (1974), S. 363-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: autocorrelation ; crosscorrelation ; time series ; geochemistry ; sedimentology ; stratigraphy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Application of the sliding correlation technique has permitted detailed stratigraphic correlation over entire basins. The main values of the technique are to (1) demonstrate correlation statistically, (2) extend the range of visual correlation, and (3) establish precise correlation where correlation is known to exist but is difficult to establish visually. The technique is especially valuable in aiding correlation of stratigraphic sequences such as varves and turbidites, which are characterized by monotonous repetition of two or more lithologic components. The moving correlation technique is a valuable aid in examining variations in degree of correlation between correlative sections, and in analysis of component associations within a single stratigraphic sequence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02082357
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Counting error in petrographic point-count analysis: A theoretical and experimental study (1971)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 3 (1971), S. 15-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: modal analysis ; sampling ; statistics ; mineralogy ; petrology ; sedimentology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The binomial model, commonly used to estimate counting error in point-count analysis, misestimates this error when the observation points on a grid are positively or negatively correlated. A model, called the “cell model,” is proposed as an alternative to the binomial model for use in studies, especially with coarse-grained rocks, in which such correlation is known or thought to exist. In the new model the thin section is conceptually partitioned into a number of cells (six is recommended), and the assumption is made that the proportions in the individual cells are statistically independent and that their variance does not differ from cell to cell. Empirical relations obtained from a suite of 200 thin sections of limestones are in reasonable support of the prediction that large particle size adversely affects counting error estimates based on the binomial model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02047430
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cyclic characteristics of sediments in the Moon Island Beach Subgroup, Newcastle Coal Measures, New South Wales (1973)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 5 (1973), S. 91-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: Markov processes ; regression analysis ; time-trend analysis ; sedimentology ; stratigraphy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Cyclic characteristics of a sequence of Permian coal-measure sediments have been studied using Markov chain analysis on borehole data. Fining-upwards and oscillating sequences can be distinguished, and depositional regimes are proposed to explain the observed sequences. However, there is no clearly defined relationship of sequence type to tectonosedimentary environment. The relationship of the number of coal-defined and fining-upwards cycles to total thickness and mean cycle thickness is examined using linear regression. The relationships for coal-defined and fining-upwards cycles are essentially the same. Significant positive correlations are present between the number of cycles and total thickness and significant inverse relationships are present for the number of cycles and the mean cycle thickness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02114089
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