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  • Oxford University Press  (9,809)
  • International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)  (4,538)
  • 1970-1974  (14,347)
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Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lattice parameters, thermal expansion coefficients and densities of Nb, and of solid solutions Nb–O and Nb–N–O and their defect structure (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The temperature expansivities (by the X-ray method), the densities and the defect structures of the 3 cubic nonstoichiometric compounds (solid solutions) of the composition Nb, NbO0.017 and NbN0.90O0.013 (nitride) were determined. The lattice parameters a at 25°C were: 3.3004, 3.3047 and 4.3855 Å; the linear expansion coefficients, α, between 15 and 65°C were 7.6, 8–65 and 7–75 × 10–6°C−1 respectively. As the temperature is increased, α undergoes several changes in magnitude. The cubic nitride started to decompose at about 850°, with a loss of N (decrease of α). The structure of the oxygen-poor Nb is free from vacancies and interstitial atoms within the limits of error; that of the oxygen-rich Nb contains interstitial atoms on additional sites in a concentration of 1.9%, and the nitride contains vacant sites in both sublattices (4.8% total).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S002188987000554X
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of the order in the intermetallic phase Ni3Al as a function of temperature (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 32-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The degree of long range order in the γ′-phase of the nickel–aluminum system was determined as a function of temperature by means of X-rays. The measurements were carried out on {h00} single crystals, using a high-temperature vacuum X-ray diffractometer. Two compositions were investigated: stoichiometric Ni3Al and an off-stoichiometric nickel-rich alloy. Complete long-range order was present to within 65°C of the melting point, the highest temperature measured. Line breadth measurements indicated a large, temperature independent anti-phase domain size. From the intensity variation of the 400 reflection with temperature, a Debye temperature of 360°K was deduced. The linear coefficient of thermal expansion between 25 and 800°C was found to be 15 x 10−6 per °C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889870005605
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-voltage transmission scanning electron microscopy (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 49-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The use of scanning electron microscopy for the study of thin specimens by transmission has advantages over conventional transmission electron microscopy in terms of simplicity and cheapness, reduction in damage to irradiation-sensitive specimens and convenience for electron diffraction, energy analysis and the electronic measurement and recording of images. These advantages are specially important for microscopes operating in the range 200 kV to 1 MeV. The design of a 600 kV instrument to exploit these advantages is described. The possible modes of operation employing deflexion systems and an energy analyser are discussed with reference to light- and dark-field microscopy, convergent beam diffraction and conventional focused diffraction patterns. The reciprocity principle is invoked to relate both image contrast and instrument design in scanning electron microscopy to that in conventional transmission electron microscopy. Examples are given of light- and dark-field images and diffraction patterns obtained with the instrument.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889870005642
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Dislocations and fault surfaces in natural apatite (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 38-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The grown-in defects in gem quality crystals of natural apatite have been investigated using X-ray diffraction topography. The most common defects are the fault surfaces which are parallel to {10\overline 11} growth horizons, and these fault surfaces result from the incorporation of impurities during the growth of the crystal. The dislocation density of the crystals is low. A majority of these dislocations align with [0001] and have Burgers vector b = c[0001]. Some dislocations make about 15° with [0001] and have a Burgers vector with a c-axis component, probably b = \mida + c\mid〈12\overline 23 〉. A minority of the dislocations, nearly normal to the growth surfaces, have a mixed character with Burgers vector b = a〈11\overline 20〉.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889870005617
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Opening of new Union office (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 100-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889870005745
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Meetings (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 103-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889870005769
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    The phase transition in α-U3O8 at 210°C (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 94-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The structure of α-U3O8 above the transition point at 210°C has been determined from neutron powder diffraction data. It was found to be very similar to the structure at room temperature. Contrary to experimental evidence, theory does not allow a second order phase transition from the structure at high temperature (space group P\overline 62m) to that at room temperature (space group C2mm).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S002188987000571X
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A monochromator for single-crystal X-ray crystallography (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 100-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889870005757
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    A laboratory and teaching aid in indexing of diffraction films (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 102-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889870099971
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    A qualitative X-ray diffraction study of the 205°K and 151°K phase transformations in praseodymium aluminate (PrAlO3) (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 112-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: PrAlO3 undergoes a first-order phase transformation at 205°K, and a second order transformation at 151°K. Single crystal X-ray measurements at 293°K, 172°K, and 135°K display the Laue symmetries \overline 3m, mmm, and 2/m respectively. With a specimen ground to a thin crystal plate, and mounted with minimal mechanical restraints, the 205°K transformation was single crystal to single crystal; the 151°K transformation was single crystal to twinned crystal. Both transformations were completely reversible with no sign of fatigue; the twinned crystal always transformed back to a single crystal. The true space group symmetries of the low temperature phases are masked by the effects of two types of domains on the observed intensities. The most probable space groups, expressed in unconventional orientations to preserve continuity with the ideal perovskite structure, are: at 293°K F\overline 32/c, α = 90°21′, V/8 = 53.56 Å3, at 172°K I112/m, γ = 90°, V/4 = 53.22 Å3, at 135°K I\overline 1, α = γ = 90°, β = 90°40′, V/4 = 53.02 Å3. To unravel the true symmetries it was necessary to solve all three crystal structures. The first order transformation is characterized by a shear of (0k0) planes along the rhombohedral [101] direction to form an orthogonal space lattice. The AlO6 groups are rotated into new orientations and Pr atoms are subjected to displacements which are normal to the shear direction. The Pr displacements lower the symmetry from orthorhombic to monoclinic even though the space lattice is orthogonal. The second order transformation is characterized by a shear of (00l) planes along ±[100] in the orthogonal space lattice to form twinned monoclinic space lattices. The AlO6 groups do not assume new orientations. The Pr displacements are increased, again in directions normal to the shear directions. Because of the Pr displacements the symmetry is triclinic even though the space lattice is monoclinic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889870005794
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Crystal data on cubic ytterbium(II) iodide, YbI2 (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 193-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889870005976
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Growing crystals from solutions by T. G. Petrov, E. B. Treivus and A. P. Kasatkin (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 196-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889870006015
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    The structure of vitreous boron oxide (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 251-257 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A new study of the structure of vitreous boron oxide has been made under greatly improved conditions. Using Rh Kα radiation with the method of fluorescence excitation, reliable intensity values were measured to 4πsin&thgr;/λ = 20 Å−1, and a rigorous interpretation was obtained in terms of pair functions. Each boron is triangularly surrounded by 3 oxygen atoms with a B–O distance of 1.37 Å. Each oxygen atom is bonded to 2 boron atoms. The major part of the glass is made up of boroxol groups B3O6 (a hexagonal ring of 3 boron atoms and 3 oxygen atoms with 3 corner oxygen atoms outside the ring). These groups are linked together by sharing the corner oxygen atoms, with randomness in orientation about the B–O bond directions at the shared oxygen atoms. Within the ring the B–O–B angle is 120° and at the shared oxygen it is approximately 130°. There is satisfactory agreement between the calculated and measured pair function distribution curves. In vitreous B2O3 the scheme of bonding does not fill space, and any boroxol group has neighboring groups which are not directly connected to it by B–O and O–B bonds. The measured pair function areas indicate neutral atoms, so that the bonding is predominantly covalent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889870006143
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Rapid orientation and mounting of spherical crystals for crystal structure analysis (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 284-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889870006210
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Fan texture of the compound Ba3Co2Fe24O41 prealigned in a magnetic field (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 243-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Samples of the ferrimagnetic material Ba3Co2Fe24O41, pre-aligned in a magnetic field and sintered at various temperatures, have been examined for preferred orientation. Schulz's reflection technique and the standardizing method of Holland were used to determine quantitative pole figures of several lattice planes. The texture bears a close resemblance to a `fan texture' in which the crystallites have their basal planes parallel to a preferred direction. The sharpness of the texture increases with increasing sintering temperature. At 1320°C an exaggerated grain growth takes place. Inhomogeneity of the magnetic field throughout the sample results in local differences in orientation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889870006131
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Separation of the α1-α2 doublet in X-ray diffraction profiles (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 272-277 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A procedure involving the use of Fourier coefficients is suggested for the separation of the el component from an experimental diffraction profile. In contrast to the well known Rachinger method, the procedure described here does not require experimental data at any predetermined intervals. Furthermore, the separation error, if any, is evenly distributed. As in the Rachinger method, prior knowledge of the α1−α2 angular separation and the ratio R = Iα2(max)/Iα1(max) is assumed. If, however, R is unknown, then the mathematical analysis can be extended to determine the value of R.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889870006179
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  • 17
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    Meetings (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 286-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889870006246
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Diffractometer measurements on a monolayer of filings: comparison with a thick specimen (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 277-279 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An investigation of crystallite sizes in a cold-worked magnesium–indium alloy led to the use of diffractometer specimens composed of a monolayer of filings adhering to a thin film of vaseline on a glass slide. The characteristics of this type of specimen have been further investigated by comparison of diffractometer measurements on nickel filings in the form of monolayer and 1.5 mm thick specimens. Crystallite sizes obtained by Fourier analysis and lattice parameters are in good agreement. The diffraction line intensities are of similar magnitude at high angles but the monolayer specimen intensities decrease at low Bragg angles relative to those from the thick specimen. The effects of specimen transparency to X-rays on line breadths, peak positions and intensities are briefly discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889870006180
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Notes and News (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 285-285 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889870006234
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  • 20
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    Mineralogical applications of crystal field thoery by R. G. Burns (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 287-287 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889870006271
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Neutron diffraction cryo-orienter (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 289-294 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The cryo-orienter is used for neutron diffraction studies of single crystals between liquid helium and room temperatures. It combines a double Dewar cryostat with a three-circle goniostat. The temperature of the crystal is controlled by a combination of exchange gas and a bridge circuit to a stability of ±0.01 Kelvin degree. A ring assembly allows the cryostat to be angularly displaced ±50° from vertical (χ), and to be rotated 360° (φ), which provides crystal motion about two axes with ±0.01° precision. The ring assembly can be rotated about the diffraction vector. Crystals can be mounted along a non-major zone and sufficient data can then be collected with one crystal mounting. The ARCADE computer system controls the entire data collection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889870006313
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  • 22
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    An X-ray test of the polarity of silicon carbide crystals (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 328-332 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Silicon carbide is a polar crystal consisting, in all its structural modifications, of identical networks of silicon and carbon atoms mutually displaced along the c axis. Opposite surfaces are formed by either silicon or carbon layers. The sense of the crystallographic polarity may be determined by means of the small X-ray anomalous dispersion effect. In order to minimize the experimental errors a simultaneous reflection technique has been devised using photographic recording. The results are consistent with theory and agree with those given by etching.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889870006374
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  • 23
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    Dilation of the α-Fe lattice by manganese (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 357-360 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The dilation of the α-Fe lattice by manganese (0 to 2.4 at.%) has been determined by lattice parameter and density measurements at 25°C. The results may be described within experimental error by the linear expressions Q = QFe−0.0071 × (at.% Mn) g.cm−3 (density measurement) and a0 = aFe + 0.00067 × (at.% Mn) Å (X-ray measurement). The virtual absence of dilation at Mn contents below 0.6at.%, reported in two previous investigations, is suggested as having resulted from internal oxidation of Mn.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889870006428
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  • 24
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    Three-dimensional graphical models of molecules and a time-slicing computer (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 392-395 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A series of computer programs has been written to prepare and display graphical models of molecules in three dimensions. A time-slicing computer is used to allow the operator to interact freely with the display through various options built into program DISPLAY. Two stereo views are drawn in separate colors on a color television monitor and viewed through filters for the three-dimensional effect. These techniques may prove useful both for information retrieval and for assistance with the crystallographic determination of molecular structures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889870006489
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  • 25
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    Bragg's law and energy sensitive detectors (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 405-406 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A plot of Bragg's law, and some comments on diffracted energies, is given which should aid in a quick understanding of the diffracted spectrum observed with solid state detectors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889870006532
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  • 26
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    An anomalous beam observed in X-ray diffraction topographs (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 404-405 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: In X-ray diffraction topographs for nearly perfect crystals including a local heavy distortion, an anomalous beam was sometimes observed outside the ordinary section topograph. Experimentally, it was confirmed that the beam is due to the Bragg reflection of Kα2 and continuous components included in the incident radiations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889870006520
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  • 27
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    On the possibility of a parabolic parallelizing monochromator (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 407-407 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: If a paraboloid of revolution capable of reflecting monochromatic X-rays over its whole surface could be constructed it would have applications as a monochromator producing a parallel beam of considerable cross-section from a point source.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889870006556
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  • 28
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    Indexing X-ray pattern lines by the method of constant parameters (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 522-524 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The present paper is the continuation of the authors' previous work, where they suggested a new general analytical method of identifying a crystal system and indexing X-ray pattern lines of any system. In the paper a new way of receiving basic formulae is presented, which allows simplification of the previously suggested method.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889870006799
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  • 29
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    A simple device for optical superposition of skeletal atomic models and electron density maps (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 545-545 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A simpler, more compact version of Richards's [J. Mol. Biol. (1968). 37, 225] apparatus is described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889870006854
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  • 30
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    Lattice strains along S walls in a NiO crystal revealed by X-ray transmission topography (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 548-548 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: S walls in NiO were observed simultaneously with T walls by the Lang technique. It is clarified that non-uniform strains exist along S walls over ranges of about 10μ, whereas there is almost no indication for the existence of strained regions along T walls. The results agree well with simple theoretical estimates.
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    Notes and News (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 424-424 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Computerized gnomonic projection chart for determining orientations of single crystals from Kossel patterns (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 419-421 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The increasing use of the electron microprobe analyser in research laboratories in recent years renewed the interest in the Kossel line method. Since it is possible to obtain diffraction patterns from selected areas – smaller than 5 microns diameter – this technique has been applied to measure the grain orientation in polycrystalline materials. Comparing the different published methods of interpreting the Kossel patterns, it has been found more convenient to use a digital computer with a peripheral graph plotter to obtain charts.
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    Commission on Crystallographic Apparatus (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 423-423 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Meetings and Short Courses (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 425-425 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    X-ray diffraction methods in polymer science by L. E. Alexander (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 428-428 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 36
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    The hydration of divalent cations in aqueous solution. An X-ray investigation with isomorphous replacement (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 486-492 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: With the method of isomorphous replacement direct information about the hydration of cations has been obtained. The study comprises two groups of isomorphous aqueous solutions, viz. one group composed of cadmium and calcium nitrate solutions and another with solutions of the nitrates of zinc, nickel, cobalt and magnesium. The divalent cations appear to have a clear-cut shell of 6 neighbouring water molecules. The cation–water distance is in close agreement with the distances mentioned in the literature for the unit M(H2O)62+. in crystalline substances. A second hydration shell of about 12 molecules of water can be discerned at a distance of about 4.2 Å of the cation.
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  • 37
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    Über eine Änderung einer Guinier-Kamera vom Typ de Wolff (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 88-89 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 38
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    Métallurgie générale by J. Michel Bénard, Philibert A., Talbot J. J. (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 90-91 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 39
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    Handbook of Geochemistry. Volume II/2 edited by K. H. Wedepohl (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 92-92 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 40
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    The thermal expansion of titanium, vanadium and niobium monoxides (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 103-109 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: At the stoichiometric 1 : 1 ratio of atoms, the cubic NaCl-type monoxides TiO, VO and NbO have a large number of vacant sites on both the metal and oxygen sublattices. X-ray determinations of the thermal expansions of these materials show quite distinct differences. At 298 °K, the coefficients of linear expansion defined as α = (1/a)(da/dT) are as follows: (TiO)0.856(\square)0.144, α = 6.6 (7) x 10−6; (VO)0.848(\square)0.152, α = 9.3 (6) x 10−6; (NbO)0.750(\square)0.250, α = 4.8 (0) x 10−6. Progressive filling of the vacancies in titanium monoxide merely shifts the expansion curves parallel to each other in the direction of higher lattice parameters.
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  • 41
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    The double-crystal X-ray spectrometer: corrections, errors, and alignment procedure (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 130-138 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The theory of the X-ray double-crystal spectrometer is outlined. For a vertical rotation axis, crystal planes should be vertical and the X-ray beam horizontal. Geometrical errors are introduced by crystal tilts (departure from vertical) and misalignment (departure of central ray from horizontal). Even with perfect alignment a vertical divergence correction is required. A typographical error in Schwarzschild's analysis of these geometrical effects led to erroneous results by Schnopper, later corrected in an erratum. The physical significance of this revision is considered here. The resulting expression for relative wavelength error indicates that, for zero tilt, misalignment produces no significant errors in relative wavelengths. Geometrical errors are shown to be negligible in recent measurements of Bearden and very small in earlier work of Bearden & Shaw. The Williams vertical divergence correction, used by Bearden, is proven valid; the Parratt form, preferred by Schnopper, is incorrect. An alignment procedure which can reduce geometrical errors below 1 part per million is described. It employs a precision engineer's level (with autocollimating telescope) and a simple technique for grinding crystal faces parallel to atomic planes.
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  • 42
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    A systematic approximate method for the determination of structure factors from a powder diffractogram and its application to the solution of the structure of metavariscite (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 159-163 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A systematic method for the approximate determination of structure factors based on measurements of the diffraction profiles of indexed powder diffractograms is described. This method, is based on considerations concerning the shape and size of the crystals, and may be applicable to the determination of some structures of low complexity. The method is tested by its application to the metavariscite structure. Results were obtained close to those calculated by single crystal techniques.
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  • 43
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    The c-axis thermal expansion of carbons and graphites (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 1-8 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: The lattice thermal expansion of a number of C atoms and graphites has been studied over the temperature range −265 to 2600°C, and is discussed taking account of other diffraction data published recently. It is shown that for the temperature range 0 to 2600°C, the increase in the interlayer spacing for a given temperature rise is not significantly dependent on stacking disorder. Hence the mechanism whereby the expansion takes place is essentially the same for all C atoms, implying that a van der Waals interlayer bonding prevails in all carbon materials. The degree of directional orientation of a particular carbon is shown to have no effect on its thermal expansion behaviour. At sub-ambient temperatures the thermal expansion is found to be significantly dependent on stacking disorder and hence carbon materials of different degrees of graphitic perfection have different limiting distances of closest approach between the atom layers as the temperature is lowered towards 0°K. At room temperature the coefficient of expansion αc decreases with increasing stacking order. At higher temperatures the situation is more complex. The variations with temperature of the interlayer binding energies and compressibilities have been calculated. It is shown that C atoms representing the extremities of structural perfection have interlayer binding energies which differ by 0̃.76 kcal.mole−1 at 0°C. For an increment of 500°C the binding energy change is 0̃.33 kcal.mole−1.
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  • 44
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    Effects of geometrical abberrations on intensities in powder diffractometry (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 37-43 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: The effects of axial and equatorial divergences, of beam penetration, and of misalignment on the integrated Bragg reflections as well as on diffuse scattering and specimen fluorescence are calculated for the reflection and transmission methods of powder diffractometry. The formulation encompasses both the &thgr;0–2&thgr; case with stationary specimen and (wide) receiving slit and the usual &thgr;–2&thgr; scan with a narrow receiving slit. To a good approximation, the effects of the various aberrations may be separated and simple formulas which allow the corrections to be calculated to an accuracy of 0.1% are presented. Although almost all practical cases are included, the formulation is illustrated in detail for the important case of Bragg scattering in reflection geometry. The largest effects are in the low angle region where, for the &thgr;–2&thgr; scan, all the aberrations increase the observed intensity. For a realistic case of a low density sample near 20° 2&thgr;, the total correction may be well above 5%, but the results depend strongly on absorption coefficient and on scattering angle. The effects of the most serious aberrations are considerably reduced in the &thgr;0–2&thgr; case; for the above example the total is less than 2%. In the transmission method, within the useful range, the only significant aberrations arise from the deviation of the specimen center from the diffractometer axis and from axial divergences. In the case of diffuse scattering or specimen fluorescence, in either transmission or reflection geometries, the intensity is affected by the equatorial aberrations even more than in the Bragg case, but the effects of axial aberrations are usually negligible.
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  • 45
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    Intersect distributions and small-angle X-ray scattering theory (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 224-231 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A new method has been developed for calculating the intersect distribution function G(M) which is used in the theory of the small-angle X-ray scattering from suspensions of identical non-interacting randomly oriented particles with uniform electron density. Intersects, or chords, are straight lines which have both ends on the particle boundary, and G(M)dM is the probability that an intersect has a length between M and M+ dM. Since G(M) can be shown to contain all information about these suspensions which is obtainable from small-angle X-ray scattering measurements, the intersect distribution function can be used to study the relation between the scattered intensity and the particle shape and dimensions. The new calculation technique, which employs some results from integral geometry, is much simpler than methods previously used to find G(M) or the characteristic function γ0(r), which contains essentially equivalent information. For particles with a smooth convex boundary, the first two terms are obtained in the expansion of G(M) in powers of M and are evaluated for a plane lamina and a three-dimensional particle. The approximate expressions for G(M) are used to determine some properties of the scattered intensity in the outer part of the scattering curve.
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  • 46
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    A self-regulating mini-cooler for three-dimensional single-crystal neutron-diffraction measurements (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 254-255 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A device is described, which may be used with a neutron diffractometer to obtain three-dimensional single-crystal data at temperatures between 77 and 290 °K.
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  • 47
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    Charts for analysing crystallite orientation distribution function plots for hexagonal materials (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 193-196 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Charts are given which provide a rapid and unambiguous way of attributing ideal orientations to regions of crystallite orientation distribution function plots for hexagonal materials.
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  • 48
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    Precision determination of lattice parameters at low temperatures without the use of liquid gases (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 201-204 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The design of a vacuum jacketed multiple-exposure back-reflection camera and the adaptation of this camera to a closed circuit pressurized helium cryostat has made it possible to determine lattice parameters by X-ray diffraction to temperatures as low as 25 °K without liquid gases. The advantages of this new design are: short exposure periods (5 to 30 minutes), multiple (usually 6) exposures on a single film at any temperature between 25 and 180 °K, elimination of film shrinkage and hence, high precision lattice constants and thermal expansion coefficient determinations; easy detection of phase transformations. The lowest temperatures can be reached in 30 minutes.
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  • 49
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    An X-ray diffraction method for lattice parameter measurements from corresponding Kα and Kβ reflexions (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 240-241 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A method is proposed for precise parameter measurements based on the accurate recording of angular separation between Kα and Kβ diffraction lines. The accuracy and sensitivity of the method are discussed.
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    A metastable phase TiCu3(m) (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 257-259 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: A metastable phase TiCu3(m) has been prepared by rapid quenching from the melt (splat cooling). TiCu3(m) is orthorhombic, D0a type, with a0 = 5.450, b0 = 4.426, and c0 = 4.307 Å. Although TiCu3(m) is isotypic with a nonexistent equilibrium phase `TiCu3' reported in the literature, its structure is distinctly different from that of `TiCu3'; instead, TiCu3(m) is closely related to ZrAu3. A large metastable solid solubility of Ti in Cu was found.
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    A fast and efficient technique for fixing specimens to electron microscope grids (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 263-263 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes and News (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 269-269 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Diffusion processes in metals edited by V. N. Svechnikov (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 270-271 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Application of normal probability plot analysis to lutetium orthoborate factors and parameters (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 284-290 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: The methods of normal probability plot analysis have been applied to two nearly complete sets of structure factors (Fmeas) and the corresponding objectively assigned standard deviations (σFmeas) obtained by diffractometer measurement with two different crystals of lutetium orthoborate. The least-squares derived positional and thermal vibration parameters are shown to be too small by a factor of 1.8, and the σFmeas to be overestimated by a factor of 1.55. The two sets of Fmeas are found to contain a small but parallel bias. The lattice constants of rhombohedral calcite-type LuBO3 are measured as aH = 4.91538±0.00002 Å and cH = 16.21200±0.00003 Å at 298°K, with six formulas in the unit cell, space group R\overline 3c. The Lu–O distance in this six-coordinated Lu compound is 2.240±0.002 Å (corrected standard deviation). The B–O distance in the BO3 triangular groups is 1.370±0.005 Å. The characteristic Θ temperature is estimated as 446±19°K.
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    Some further considerations in particle-size broadening (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 440-443 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The diffraction profile and its moments are obtained for particle-size broadening, the expressions being `exact' in the kinematic approximation for crystals of simple shapes (parallelepiped, tetrahedron, octahedron, sphere). A further term in the variance-range curve is obtained, depending on Mitra's parameter 34, for which the name `rotundity parameter' is proposed. The effect of a distribution of particle sizes is discussed; the Scherrer constant and the taper parameter are affected in a way already known, and M is unaffected.
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    A method of correlating dislocations and etch pits: application to cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 479-481 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A simple method to correlate dislocations observed in X-ray topographs with etch pits is described and has been applied to the case of cyclotrimethylene trinitramine crystals grown from solution by slow cooling.
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  • 57
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    Centroid shifts due to axial divergence and other geometrical factors in Seemann–Bohlin diffractometry (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 498-506 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The axial (or vertical) divergence error associated with Seemann–Bohlin geometry is evaluated for arrangements containing one, two or no sets of Soller slits. It is found that the error resulting from measurements of high angle reflections amounts, typically, to about 0.0002 Å in the lattice parameter and corrections for axial divergence are, therefore, necessary in precision diffractometry. It is also observed that little is gained in return for loss of intensity when Soller slits are used in the high angle region. In the lower angle regions, however, the effect of a set of Soller slits in the reflected beam is very marked. To provide a complete error analysis using a uniform system of presentation, all the other geometrical errors associated with the Seemann–Bohlin geometry, are evaluated or re-evaluated.
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  • 58
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    X-ray diffraction measurements of the cation distributions in spinel structures (1972)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 5 (1972), S. 18-23 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: X-ray diffraction methods are applied to determine the cation distribution and the oxygen positional parameter in low-substituted magnetites with Al3+, Ga3+, or In3+ as substituents. It is possible to conclude that the tetrahedral site preference increases in the sequence Al3+, Fe3 +, In∼Ga3+, in good agreement with magnetic properties of similar systems and with theoretical considerations of various authors. The presence of a part of the Al3+ ions in tetrahedral sites is Confirmed by means of the Mössbauer effect. Reliability of the methods and errors are discussed. X-ray methods such as these appear to be potentially applicable for industrial checks in ferrite production.
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    Détermination des paramètres des mailles élémentaires de composés definis des systèmes Pu–Cu, Pu–Ga–Cu, et Pu–Ga–Ni (1972)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 5 (1972), S. 47-50 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Diffusion experiments involving Pu–Cu, PuGa–Cu and PuGa–Ni couples, have brought into evidence the binary compounds PuCu2 and PuCu4, a ternary compound PuCu3 with variable small amounts of gallium and the ternary compounds Pu2Ni2Ga and PuNiGa. The crystalline parameters of these compounds were determined by the Debye–Scherrer method using alloys obtained by direct processing. Powder X-ray diffraction showed the isomorphism of PuCu2 with CeCu2 and that all the above compounds are orthorhombic.
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    Phénomène de défocalisation lié à la géométrie de la chambre de texture de Schulz et incidence sur l'intensité mesurée (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 461-472 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The Schulz reflexion method used to draw the {hkl} pole figures of a sample having one or several textures does not allow the definition of the outer part of these figures since the diffracted beam defocuses at low values of the tilt angle, φ. Relationships are established to correct the recorded diffracted intensity so that the outer part of pole figures can be outlined. The defocusing effects of the various slits are surveyed and correction curves are presented. The intensity diffracted by a theoretical isotropic sample (rather difficult to get in practice) is calculated from diagrams recorded on a textured specimen. A quantitative analysis of the results obtained on various samples and a detailed study of the texture evolution become possible. An example is given for a rolled OFHC copper sample.
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    K vivodu formuli dlya krivoy profilya istinnogo raspredeleniya intensivnost po uglam rasseyaniya, obuslovlennoy faktorami dispernosti i formi oblastey kogerentnogo rasseyaniya (1972)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 5 (1972), S. 90-92 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The formula giving the variation of X-ray intensity versus the diffraction angle due to dispersion factors and the form of the domains of coherent scattering is derived. For this case a general relation between the factor c of the Scherrer formula and the factor k = I(x)/Imax of the distribution curve is derived.
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    A cryogenic attachment for single crystal X-ray studies (1972)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 5 (1972), S. 102-106 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An apparatus is described for single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies at fixed or variable temperatures between room temperature and about 7 °K. Examples of some applications of the system are also given.
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    Interstratified layer structure of the organo-montmorillonites as revealed by electron microscopy (1972)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 5 (1972), S. 119-124 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Layer structures of octadecylammonium–montmorillonite and trimethyloctadecylammonium:steramide–montmorillonite were studied by electron microscopy. Curled shapes of some lamella flakes of the organo-montmorillonites were found. Lattice images of the layers observed at the curled edges of the flake showed regular and irregular layer expansions caused by the interlayer adsorption of the organic compounds. Some of the results exhibited local variation of the layer expansion even within one particular layer. The local variation probably originated from the intrinsic nature of the montmorillonite layer. The arrangements of the alkyl chains of the adsorbed organic compounds between the layers of montmorillonite were interpreted on the basis of interlayer distances obtained from the lattice images of the layers.
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    Programme en FORTRAN IV pour l'analyse des données expérimentales relatives à la diffusion des rayons X par des substances liquides, amorphes et microcristallisées (1972)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 5 (1972), S. 14-18 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A FORTRAN IV computer program has been written for the elaboration of X-ray intensities diffracted by liquid, amorphous and microcrystallized substances. The experimental data, corrected for both polarization and absorption, after conversion into absolute units are inverted into radial distribution functions. Various possibilities are provided for the inversion of the intensity data. Results are then plotted with the IBM 1627 data plot accessory.
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    Experimental verification of small-angle X-ray scattering collimation corrections (1972)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 5 (1972), S. 40-46 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: In order to test the collimation correction methods routinely applied to small-angle X-ray scattering data, scattering curves for several samples have been obtained both with a Kratky camera and with a Beeman four-slit collimation system. Since the two collimation systems used quite different slit arrangements, there were appreciable differences in the measured curves obtained with the two systems for a given sample. However, after the appropriate collimation corrections had been applied, the corrected curves were nearly identical. This agreement, which is not surprising because of the thorough tests previously applied to collimation correction procedures, indicates that in the correction of experimental curves, no unforeseen problems appear that are not present in the earlier, more idealized tests, which employed test functions to simulate experimental curves. A comparison has been made of a few other properties of the two collimation systems, including the intensity obtainable for a given resolution.
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    Notes and News (1972)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 5 (1972), S. 56-56 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    The application of truncated integrated intensity to the analysis of broadened X-ray diffraction lines (1972)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 5 (1972), S. 57-63 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: It is shown that the function (truncated integrated intensity × range) versus range has similar theoretical merits to the variance–range function for the analysis of broadened X-ray diffraction lines. A large number of diffraction lines with a range of breadths, provided by samples of lithium ferrite, are analysed by both methods and found to give closely comparable results for the Wilson parameter A′(0)/A(0). In each case the influence of the Kα satellite group is eliminated by exploiting its intensity distribution derived with the aid of the centroid range function. The effects of non-linear range dependent terms on the measured variance slopes and their equivalents from the new analysis are also discussed.
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    Modifizierte Laue-Methode für thermische Neutronen (1972)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 5 (1972), S. 83-88 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A bent copper monochromator focuses neutrons of a large range of wavevectors on a KCl crystal. The mean wavelength is 1 Å. The Bragg reflexions of the KCl crystal are simultaneously recorded by a photographic method. Indexing procedures are discussed. A classical Laue photograph with identical sample orientation is used for comparison.
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    Glassy carbon as standard for the normalization of small-angle scattering intensities (1972)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 5 (1972), S. 116-119 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The basic conditions for the normalization of X-ray small-angle scattering for pin-hole collimation, infinite and finite slit heights are reviewed. The characteristics of glassy Carbon are discussed in the light of these conditions. It is shown that glassy carbon has a number of advantages which makes it an excellent choice as a standard sample.
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    Crystallite sizes and surface areas of catalysts (1972)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 5 (1972), S. 127-130 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: The relationship between the surface area of a catalyst and the crystallite size determined by X-ray measurements is examined. It is shown that simple methods of line-profile analysis may lead to gross errors when there is a wide distribution of crystallite sizes, and that Fourier methods are necessary to establish the correct size-data suitable for surface area determination.
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    On the convergence of the van Cittert method of deconvolution. Erratum (1972)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 5 (1972), S. 135-135 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A correction to J. Appl. Cryst. (1971), 4, 328 is given.
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    The variance as a criterion for defocusing in powder diffractometry (1972)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 5 (1972), S. 138-140 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: The focusing condition in a powder diffractometer has been examined by considering the variance, due to geometrical factors, of a diffraction line profile as a function of R, the distance of the receiving slit from the diffractometer axis. The value of R corresponding to minimum variance is taken as the point of focus. The method has been exemplified in the case of a flat sample and diffractometer geometry used in stress measurement (which is similar to Seeman–Bohlin geometry).
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    Letter to the Editor (1972)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 5 (1972), S. 143-143 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Prices of publications of the Union (1972)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 5 (1972), S. 145-146 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    The physics of opto-electronic material edited by Albers Jr W. A. Albers Jr W. A. (1972)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 5 (1972), S. 147-147 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Crystallite size effects on the radial distribution analysis of carbon fibres (1972)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 5 (1972), S. 262-267 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: Radial distribution functions obtained from polycrystalline materials are influenced by both the atomic bonding and the crystallite size. A modified radial distribution function has been deduced which is independent of crystallite size and a function solely of the bonding within the crystallite. This modified radial distribution function has been computed for various samples of carbon fibre material, produced by pyrolysis at different temperatures, and the materials have been shown to be almost identical in atomic structure although differing considerably in crystallite size. For the particular ease of a layer structure a planar distribution function has been derived which has certain advantages over the radial distribution function at large atomic separations. The agreement between the measured planar distribution function for the carbon fibre material and that calculated for graphite is good.
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    X-ray study of small dislocation loops in thermally oxidized silicon (1972)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 5 (1972), S. 281-285 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: Lattice defects in thermally oxidized silicon waters have been investigated by X-ray transmission topography. Many dotted lattice defect images were observed in the X-ray topographs. From observation of the variation in the image contrast between reflecting planes, it was found that these defects have a principal displacement along one of the 〈111〉 directions and another small displacement component perpendicular to this direction. The surfaces of the specimens were chemically etched in Sirtl solution after X-ray topography. Etch hillocks were found to be loops and half loops in the optical micrographs. One-to-one correspondence was found to exist between the etch hillocks and the X-ray images of defects. It was concluded that the defects are small dislocation loops and half loops lying on one of {111} planes and having a Burgers vector a/3 〈111〉 normal to the plane. The shapes and the contrasts of Observed X-ray images were well explained by the displacement around a partial dislocation of edge type.
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    On the application of Wilson's variance–range analysis to polymeric X-ray diffraction profiles (1972)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 5 (1972), S. 300-300 
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    Notes: It is possible to interpret the variance slope and intercept estimate in terms of particle size, but, it is pointed out, the simultaneous effect of distortion and finite particle size remains a problem, particularly in theory.
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    Consideration of the optimum precession angle for upper-level precession photographs (1972)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 5 (1972), S. 304-305 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: An expression is derived for the precession angle \bar \mu, such that the circle of reciprocal space projected on to the film touches the edge of the film. This optimizes the exposure time for the number of reflections collected since the average intensity decreases with increasing \bar \mu. Graphs are shown from which \bar \mu and the screen setting position can be easily determined for the Supper and Stoe precession cameras.
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    Solid-state theory in metallurgy by P. Wilkes (1974)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 7 (1974), S. 94-94 
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    The oxide hadbook by G. V. Samsonov (1974)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 7 (1974), S. 94-94 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Third International Conference on Small-Angle Scattering. Grenoble, 4-8 September 1973 (1974)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 7 (1974), S. 95-95 
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    Applications of position-sensitive proportional counters to neutron and X-ray scattering experiments (1974)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 7 (1974), S. 116-116 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: Review of the characteristics of position-sensitive proportional counters (PSPC) with RC line signal encoder [Borkowski, C. J. & Kopp, M. K. (1968). Rev. Sci. Instrum. 39, 1515] and discussion of some applications of one- and two-dimensional PSPC's to neutron and X-ray scattering experiments.
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    Neutron small-angle scattering: experimental techniques and applications (1974)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 7 (1974), S. 96-116 
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    Notes: The use of neutrons in small-angle scattering has opened a wide field of applications for investigations in magnetism, polymeric science, for certain problems in biology, and in metallurgy. In the first part, this review deals with the experimental aspects of neutron small-angle scattering. In particular, the compensation of the relatively small luminosity of neutron sources as compared to X-ray tubes will be discussed in detail. This is mainly achieved by large beam cross sections, leading to correspondingly long instruments, and by an optimization of the intensity with respect to the different contributions to the resolution width of the scattering vector κ(κ = 2π&thgr;/λ, &thgr; = scattering angle, λ = wavelength). Instruments which have been developed along these lines are described, especially the 40 m instrument in Jülich and the 80 m instrument at the high-flux reactor in Grenoble. The Grenoble instrument covers a range of scattering vectors between 1 Å−1 and 3.10−4Å−1; the maximum possible resolution is about 10−4 Å−1. Typical applications are reviewed and discussed, namely those dealing with (i) density and compositional fluctuations in solids (alloys, defect clusters, dislocations, grains), (ii) magnetic inhomogeneities in solids (alloys, magnetic domains), (iii) flux-line lattices in type-II superconductors (form factors, imperfections and morphology), (iv) polymers in the solid state, and (v) biological substances.
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    A report on the application of synchrotron radiation to low-angle scattering (1974)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 7 (1974), S. 117-121 
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    Notes: The use of synchrotron radiation as an intense X-ray source for biological diffraction has only very recently been promoted into a long-term experimental programme. Here we report on some general and some detailed aspects of this development. In the case of small-angle studies on weakly scattering specimens at high time resolution, e.g. stroboscopic diffraction studies on muscle, the lack of X-ray sources of considerably higher brightness than from conventional X-ray generators has become limiting. As it has become technically impossible to pursue the development of rotating-anode tubes much further, the use of an electron synchrotron or storage ring with 100 to 1000 times higher brightness opens up the possibility not only of collecting much improved data but also of whole new ranges of experiments. A brief description is presented of the low-angle diffraction equipment currently in use at the synchrotron in Hamburg.
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    Small-angle X-ray scattering of native hog thyroglobulin (1974)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 7 (1974), S. 181-181 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: Thyroglobulin is a protein involved in the synthesis, storage and secretion of thyroid hormones, reported here are some small-angle X-ray measurements primarily concerned with determination of its shape parameters in solution.
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    X-ray diffuse scattering by proteins in solution. Consideration of solvent influence (1974)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 7 (1974), S. 181-186 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: Two methods of calculation of indicatrices of diffuse X-ray scattering by globular proteins in a medium with a non-zero electron density are described. The methods are used in calculation of curves of scattering by sperm whale native myoglobin in different solvents. The indicatrices obtained are close to the experimental. The nature of the so-called `10 Å, maximum', which is observed on the scattering curves of globular proteins in dense solvents as well as in concentrated protein solutions and protein gels, is discussed.
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    Small-angle scattering studies for investigation of the structure of solid polymers (1974)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 7 (1974), S. 187-187 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The recent developments of the application of small-angle scattering to structure studies of crystalline and amorphous polymers are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889874009150
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  • 89
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    Determination of absolute values of the density fluctuation in amorphous and semicrystalline polymers (1974)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 7 (1974), S. 190-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The small-angle scattering of polymers contains a component which is due to the statistical fluctuation of the density produced by imperfections in the long-range or short-range order. This fluctuation is entirely due to thermal motion and is related to the compressibility in the case of a one-component fluid system in thermodynamic equilibrium. In non-equilibrium one-component systems in the solid state, the statistical fluctuations of the density are, at least partly, due to frozen-in disordered structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889874009216
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  • 90
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    Small-angle neutron scattering on silica glasses containing titania (1974)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 7 (1974), S. 207-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Small-angle scattering (SAS) of neutrons is applied to the investigation of the microinhomogeneous structure of glasses. The alumina–silica titania-containing systems are taken as the subject of the investigation. The negative sign of the Ti nuclear scattering amplitude sharply extends the sensitivity to fluctuations of the atomic density. The phase-segregation kinetics was studied in the temperature region 750–950°C. A comparison of neutron SAS data with the data from X-ray phase analysis and neutron diffraction has shown that the process of segregation into two amorphous phases is accompanied by the simultaneous ordering of the titania-rich phase up to the appearance of crystallites. The `glass-in-glass' state corresponds only to the initial stages of the decomposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889874009289
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  • 91
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    Small-angle X-ray scattering from spherical particles of non-uniform electron density (1974)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 7 (1974), S. 211-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The scattering functions for spherical particles with the Gaussian distribution of electron density and for particles with the cosine distribution of electron density are calculated and compared with scattering from the sphere of uniform electron density. The scattering curves of dilute systems of various degrees of polydispersity are also calculated for all three models considering the statistics both of mass and of the number of particles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889874009307
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  • 92
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    Spinodal decomposition in Al-base alloys quenched from the liquid state – a small-angle X-ray scattering study (1974)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 7 (1974), S. 218-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Small-angle X-ray scattering has been used to study early-stage spinodal decomposition in Al-base Zn and Al-base Ag alloys which were liquid-quenched at rates of the order of 106°C/sec.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889874009319
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  • 93
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    Neutron irradiation damage in boron carbide (1974)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 7 (1974), S. 222-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Boron carbide is a potential neutron-absorber material for fast-reactor control systems. It is, therefore, essential that its response to prolonged fast-neutron irradiation be well characterized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889874009344
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  • 94
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    A comparative study of X-ray Huang scattering and neutron small-angle scattering from Co precipitates in Cu (1974)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 7 (1974), S. 222-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: In solid-state physics small-angle scattering near the reciprocal origin is a subcase of the more general situation of studying diffuse scattering at Bragg reflexions. In this work two difficulties connected with scattering studies on metal alloys near Bragg reflexion (Huang scattering) have been overcome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889874009332
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  • 95
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    Small-angle neutron scattering by Guinier–Preston zones in Al–Mg alloys (1974)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 7 (1974), S. 219-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The small-angle neutron scattering from G. P. zones in aged Al–Mg alloys has been measured by the difference in intensity between the scattering before and after an anneal at 100°C sufficiently long for dissolving the zones. No zones have been found by this method in Al–7% Mg alloys. The scattering by zones found in Al–11.5% Mg alloys has been analysed with the help of a radial pair-correlation function written in the form of a sum of Gaussian distribution functions. Best fitting is obtained with a rather smooth function. The mean size of the zones has been determined: mean diameter of about 70 Å for an alloy aged one year at room temperature, and 110 Å, for an alloy aged the first three months at 40°C and then nine months at room temperature. The corresponding mean distance between the zones is found to be equal to about 130 and 200 Å, respectively. The concentration in Mg of the zones has been found to be of the order of magnitude of 20 to 25%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889874009320
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  • 96
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    A neutron small-angle scattering investigation of voids in neutron-irradiated aluminum single crystals (1974)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 7 (1974), S. 223-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Large single crystals of high-purity aluminum (99.9999+%), in the form of cylinders 25 mm dia x 40 mm long, were irradiated in the removable beryllium shield of the Oak Ridge High-Flux Isotope Reactor to fluences between 5 x 1020 and 1.5 x 1021 n/cm 2 (E 〉 0.1 Mev).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889874009356
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  • 97
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    Cluster arrangement of point defects in γ-irradiated LiF (1974)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 7 (1974), S. 224-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The clastering of point defects in γ-irradiated LiF single crystals was investigated by measuring the small-angle X-ray scattering after various γ doses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S002188987400937X
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  • 98
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    Inhomogeneities in molten alloys (1974)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 7 (1974), S. 224-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Molten alloys consisting of two components under thermodynamic-equilibrium conditions can be classified into one of three groups: compound, segregation and solubility groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889874009381
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  • 99
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    Fokussierende Röntgenmonochromatoren aus Silizium- und Germaniumeinkristallen (1974)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 7 (1974), S. 250-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Silicon and germanium single crystals (bent and ground) can be used as focusing X-ray monochromators with great success. In contrast to the mosaic-like behaviour of the commonly used quartz crystals, for Si and Ge which are available as nearly perfect crystals the dynamical theory of diffraction holds. The properties of perfect-crystal monochromators will be considered. Experiments on some prototype Si and Ge monochromators (with Cu Kα1 radiation) show the advantages of these new monochromators.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889874009484
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  • 100
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    Crystallite size distribution in supported catalysts (1974)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 7 (1974), S. 281-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A correction method has been devised in order to eliminate spurious details from the G(M) particle-size function. The method is based on the elimination of the negative minima in G(M) by an iterative procedure. It is applied to the distribution of Pt crystallite sizes in Pt/Al2O3 reforming catalysts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889874009538
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