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  • Articles  (5,136)
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  • Springer  (5,136)
  • ELSEVIER
  • 1970-1974  (5,136)
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (5,136)
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  • Articles  (5,136)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generation and applications of passively mode-locked picosecond light pulses (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 1-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A model concerning the generation of picosecond light pulses in solid state lasers is compared with existing experimental observations. The quality of selected single pulses and their favourable properties for investigations with ultrashort light pulses are discussed. Extensive physical applications of picosecond light pulses are reviewed. Emphasis is given to quantitative investigations of non-linear optics and of ultrafast relaxation processes in condensed matter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01421987
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Active mode-coupling phenomena in pulsed and continuous lasers (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 43-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An optical modulator inside a laser cavity, if driven at the cavity c/2L frequency or a harmonic, will produce a variety of mode-coupled short-pulse and FM-laser phenomena. This paper reviews the kinds of CW and transient mode-coupling phenomena hat can occur in CW lasers and in selected lower-power pulsed lasers using either an active optical modulator or in some cases passive saturable absorbers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01421989
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generation and measurement of frequency-tunable picosecond pulses from dye lasers (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 25-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Experimental techniques for the generation of frequency-tunable picosecond pulses from passively mode-locked dye lasers are reviewed. Direct photoelectric measurements of pulse durations with a streak-camera of time resolution 〈3 ps are described. Recent studies of the build-up of pulse shortening and of saturable absorber photochemistry are discussed and related to the mode-locking processes in dye lasers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01421988
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of self-phase modulation on the evolution of picosecond pulses in a Nd:glass laser (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 67-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Many authors have reported disparate characteristics of pulses from Nd:glass mode-locked lasers. From these it has become clear that the well-developed pulse has a frequency sweep or subpicosecond structure and yields a contrast ratio less than the ideal 3 in the two-photon-fluorescence measurement. On the other hand, the early pulse is well behaved, has simple temporal and spectral structure, and yields a contrast ratio of 3 in TPF. The measurements are almost all indirect. Theories explaining the early pulse have appeared, but these fail for the fully developed pulse. The authors present time-resolved spectrograms, covering pulse development from 1/50 peak intensity, where the pulse is well mode-locked, to full development, where spectral structure is complex. A numerical analysis, including self-phase modulation, non-linear absorption, amplification and dispersion, yields results that qualitatively agree very well with the experimental records, suggesting that self-phase modulation plays an important role in the evolution of mode-locked pulses in a Nd:glass laser.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01421990
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of ultrashort optical pulses by two-photon photoconductivity techniques (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 115-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Two-photon conductivity in GaAs and CdS0·5Se0·5 were investigated with modelocked Nd:glass laser pulse excitation, with a view to determine their suitability for picosecond pulsewidth measurement. The contrast ratio using GaAs as twophoton conductor was 1.8 and it increased to 2.4 when CdS0·5Se0·5 was used. The improved contrast ratio in the case of CdS0·5Se0·5 was partly due to the improved resolution of the crystal (2 ps) and partly due to the extended square-law region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01421993
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mode-locked CW dye lasers (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 99-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Mode-locking of CW dye lasers are described. Three different methods: active mode-locking by acoustic loss modulation, pumping with mode-locked pulses and passive mode-locking by a saturable absorber, all resulted in stable continuous trains of tunable mode-locked pulses of various duration. Best results were obtained using passive mode-locking by a saturable absorber. The pulse lengths for this case were measured by auto-correlation technique to be as short as 1.5 ps. Factors influencing the mode-locking and possible improvements are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01421992
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generation of picosecond and subpicosecond light pulses with saturable absorbers (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 87-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Single light pulses, generated by a mode-locked Nd-glass laser, were shortened with saturable absorbers of low initial transmissionT 0. The pulse duration was reduced from 8 to 2.6 ps after a single pass through a dye cell ofT 0=10−7. Light pulses as short as 0.5 ps were observed after five transits through an absorberamplifier system. Detailed calculations of the stationary and the transient situation (with respect to the dye relaxation timeτ) are presented to demonstrate optimum conditions for the pulse shortening.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01421991
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A general theory of self-induced transparency (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 121-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We summarize a theory of self-induced transparency (SIT) which exhibits so-called ‘soliton’ solutions of the underlying equations, as the natural description of pulse evolution and break up. The theory is in remarkable agreement with recently published experimental work on87Rb vapour where transparent2Nπ pulses appear to break up into a train of 2π pulses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01421994
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conference announcements 1974 (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 141-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01421995
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Erratum (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. ii 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01421996
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Corrigendum (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. ii 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01421997
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epitaxial silicon avalanche photodiode (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 153-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Preparation of silicon avalanche photodiodes by a planar method in epitaxial PP+ silicon slices limited charge collection to carriers generated in or close to the depletion region. Reducing the effective size of the zero-field absorption region surrounding the depletion region by this method, resulted in the output signal current of the device reproducing the input light pulse shape, within 15 ns. When illuminated with monochromatic radiation, the shot noise of a detector prepared in epitaxial material was less than that observed with a device fabricated in homogeneous material, due to the reduced signal current.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01419063
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Partially polarized fields generated by constant-amplitude (non-thermal) beams (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 161-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The necessity for polarization-tensors of higher order than the 2×2 polarization matrix is clearly demonstrated, by considering two inequivalent situations arising from the superposition of two constant-amplitude beams with a random phase difference between them. The partially- and unpolarized fields from the superposition of two circularly polarized beams show no anisotropy in intensity fluctuations when viewed by a plane-polarized detector. This is not the case for the partially- and even the unpolarized beam formed from two plane-polarized beams. In passing, thesimple form of the polarization curve observed by a rotatable plane-polarized detector subject to an elliptically polarized beam, is derived.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01419064
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Local correlation of current density, radiant emittance and temperature within GaAsP light-emitting diodes (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 141-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Two experimental methods are described which allow local and temporal investigations of radiant emittance and temperature within the active area of GaAsP lightemitting diodes. Resolution is in the order of 1 μm and 10 μs, respectively. The measurements are correlated with theoretical calculations of the local current density. Non-uniformity and saturation are observed under pulsed operating conditions. The results demonstrate the importance of local measurements, especially in the case of degradation studies, where current density and temperature are supposed to play a major role.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01419062
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Self-focusing of electromagnetic waves in a magnetoplasma (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 167-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The steady state self-focusing of a Gaussian electromagnetic beam in a magneto-plasma has been studied. On a short time scale, a non-linearity in the dielectric constant of a plasma appears due to the ponderomotive force. This force in the case of the extraordinary mode has opposite signs forω〉ω c andω〈ω c, whereω c is the electron cyclotron frequency. The self-focusing due to this effect is predicted at frequencies except forω c /2〈ω〈ω c . The focusing of the ordinary mode is adversely affected by the magnetic field. On a larger time scale, the non-uniform heating of electrons by the beam and the resulting redistribution of the electron density is a source of non-linearity. This non-local non-linearity is several orders of magnitude higher than the ponderomotive non-linearity. We predict self-focusing of the extraordinary mode only above the gyroresonance (ω〉ω c ), while the ordinary mode can be focused at all frequencies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01419065
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An efficient end reflector for optical fibres (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 181-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01419066
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mixed gas laser of the three basic colours (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 185-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01419067
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased efficiency for the up-conversion of 10.6 μm radiation into the visible (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 189-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01419068
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Further results concerning X-ray collimated emission from CuSO4 doped gelatin targets (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 197-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01419070
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The population distribution in 3p and 3s excited states of neon 1 in the a.c. gas display panel discharge (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 191-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01419069
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conference announcements (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 199-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01419071
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Announcement (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. ii 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01419072
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Addendum (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. ii 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01419073
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser damage of silicon solar cells with different surface states (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 217-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An experimental study of the damage of Si solar cells due to Q-switched ruby laser radiation has been made. Four kinds of specimen with different surface states were used in order to examine how the damage depends on the surface state: (a) chemically etched to a mirror finish, (b) mechanically polished by a 0.5 μm Al2O3 powder, (c) chemically etched, but rough, (d) coated with SiO on the (c) surface. The threshold power densities, at which a change in the photo-current occurs, were for the specimens (a) to (d) respectively 60 MW cm−2, 20 MW cm−2, 30 MW cm−2 and 9 MW cm−2. Attenuations of the photo-current of the specimens, a, c and d were observed over the whole range of wavelength 500 to 1000 nm. For the b cell, however, increase of the photo-current was observed mainly in the short wavelength region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01423985
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Real-time electro-optical heterodyne signal processors (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 235-241 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A cross-correlation function of two time-varying signals and two spatial signals is considered analytically for real-time signal processing. An electro-optical heterodyne signal processor with a set of two successive ultrasonic light modulators and two optical masks is simply used because this optical system is not so sensitive in its alignment as conventional Mach-Zehnder-like interferometers for photomixing. As two special cases, a convolution function of two rectangular pulses fed to both the modulators and a correlation function of a rectangular pulse, fed only to one of the modulators, with a rectangular aperture made in one mask are produced experimentally for verification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01423987
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of doping and free carriers on the refractive index of direct-gap semiconductors (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 199-216 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A model for the doping and current dependence of the refractive index of direct-gap semiconductors has been developed and applied to GaAs in order to explain certain properties of single heterostructure injection lasers. The model involves the concept of an effective energy gap which takes account of the effects of doping and free carriers via the Burstein shift, the exchange interaction, and the average screened Coulomb potential of the impurities. This effective gap, together with empirical results for the energy dependence of the refractive index, facilitates the calculation of refractive index changes with doping and current. Numerical results are given for GaAs, and the model is applied particularly to the substrate and active regions of single heterostructure injection lasers. In these devices the refractive index values are particularly important in determining the dielectric waveguide properties. With the aid of our model, this feature can be discussed in detail, with special reference to the breakdown of the waveguide effect which occurs (a) for substrate doping levels below a critical value, and (b) for currents well above threshold ('saturation').
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01423984
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time-resolved analysis of a transversely excited nitrogen laser (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 225-234 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Time-resolved measurements have been made of stimulated and spontaneous emission, voltage and current in a transversely excited nitrogen laser giving 50 kW peak power at 337 nm. The excitation rates to the laser levels were calculated from literature data using the results of electrical measurements, a check being obtained from measurements of spontaneous emission. The Druyvesteyn electron energy distribution gives better agreement with measurements than the Maxwellian. Laser pulses were calculated by solving numerically the space-dependent rate equations for population and photon number densities. Recent literature data on the transition probabilities and the pressure-dependence of the lifetime of the upper laser level were introduced into the calculations. The formation of a thin discharge channel was found to be essential for the high gain achieved. The onset of stimulated emission as observed on oscilloscope pictures was found to have a delay of the order of 1 ns in relation to the onset of current and spontaneous emission. This delay was confirmed by the calculations and explained as the time required to build up the population inversion and radiation density.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01423986
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Satellite picosecond pulses investigated with an optical Kerr gate (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 243-244 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01423988
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two-dimensional arrays of miniature Nd:YAG lasers (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 245-247 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01423989
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conference announcements (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. I 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01423990
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The processes of formation of ultrashort laser pulses (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 249-261 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes and reviews experimental results on both the processes involved in the establishment of ultrashort light pulses during their build-up from noise and in their subsequent growth and narrowing. Schemes for the improvement of the USP train are suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01423375
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coherent detection in laser Doppler velocimeters (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 263-269 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The possibility of heterodyning between electromagnetic waves scattered by particles separated in space is explained from a classical point of view and from a quantum mechanical point of view. The last description being carried out using only the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and a rather coarse, but intelligible particle picture of electromagnetic waves. The analysis is carried out with special emphasis on the heterodyning process in the laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) because the main purpose of this article is to provide a better understanding of this instrument. An aid for this purpose is the evaluation of a visual comprehensive interference pattern (Moiré pattern), which furthermore reveals some important features of the optical set-up.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01423376
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calculation of propagating modes in a graded-index optical fibre (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 271-286 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The characteristics of propagating modes of an optical fibre consisting of a cylindrical core whose refractive index varies arbitrarily with radius, embedded in a homogeneous cladding of infinite outer radius, are studied numerically. It is shown that, to avoid strongly accumulating errors, the numerical solution of the field equations in the core region must be performed by a combination of solution techniques, namely, by step-by-step integration in cylindrical shells where the solution is of oscillatory type, and by a two-point boundary-value technique in shells where the solution is of exponential type. When the core solution is matched at the core boundary to the cladding solution, there results a characteristic equation whose roots specify the effective refractive indices of the propagating modes. A complete theoretical discussion is presented for modes with, as well as without, axial symmetry. However, numerical results are reported here only for axially symmetric modes. Mode-to-mode dispersion in SELFOC-type fibres is calculated in the wavelength region near 0.85 μm for several configurations having either parabolic-type or hypersecant-type index profiles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01423377
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leaky mode analysis of circular optical waveguides (1974)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 287-296 
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    Notes: Abstract A leaky mode is a bound mode below its cut-off frequency. It attenuates in the direction of propagation and approximates the portion of the radiation field within the optical waveguide that is significant far from the source. The characteristics, including attenuation coefficients, of leaky modes on the circular fibre are compared with those of the more familiar slab waveguide. Except for the HE1m leaky modes, leaky modes attenuate much faster on the slab than on the circular fibre. The greater the /(azimuthal field variation) the smaller the attenuatioN. Thus, theI≫1 leaky modes are important even at great distances from the source. An effective cut-off frequency is proposed. Above this frequency the mode is either weakly leaky or trapped. An expression for the number of weakly leaky and trapped modes is given. The power of leaky modes due to illuminating one end of the fibre is determined. The effect of material absorption is considered.
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    Illumination of multimode optical fibresleaky ray analysis (1974)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 297-304 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The power transmitted within multimode circular optical fibres illuminated at one end by either coherent or incoherent light is determined. In general, a significant portion of this power is due to the radiation field even kilometres from the source. Thus an analysis in terms of bound modes alone is inadequate and so is geometric optics using Fresnel's lawS. Instead, we use a modified form of geometric optics in which the rays are appropriately weighted to account for the leakage (radiation) from the fibre not included by Fresnel's laws. Extensive numerical results are given.
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    Holographic interferometry of non-sinusoidal vibrations (1974)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 305-311 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the techniques of extended pulse stroboscopic holography and holographic subtraction have been applied to the study of periodic, non-sinusoidal vibrations represented by a Jacobian elliptic function. Fringe irradiance distribution in reconstructed images has been evaluated for the two cases. For this purpose we make use of an expression for the characteristic fringe function derived from considerations of the effect of motion on the coherence. It is shown that the above-mentioned techniques are more advantageous for the measurement of periodic, non-sinusoidal vibrations than in the case of pure sinusoidal vibrations.
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    Conference announcements (1974)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 317-318 
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    Radiation effects on absorption losses in some optical glasses (1974)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 313-315 
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    Preface to ‘optical techniques in data handling’ (1974)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 317-318 
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    Erratum (1974)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. ii 
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    A review of optical pattern recognition techniques (1974)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 319-332 
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    Notes: Abstract Automatic pattern recognition is the subject of a large literature, much of it theoretical. The present review paper deals primarily with optical pattern recognition techniques, and concentrates on the principles of recognition rather than the detailed physics and technology of opto-electronic transduction. Mathematical, sequential, and interactive techniques are mentioned only briefly because they have already been well reviewed by various authors.
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    Digital image processing (1974)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 333-348 
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    Notes: Abstract An introduction to current trends in the digital processing and manipulation of images is presented. The paper does not attempt a detailed survey of the field, but outlines instead the motivation behind it, and the relationships between the ‘disciplines’ such as image enhancement, pattern recognition and scene analysis involved with processing images. Selected examples are used to indicate the state of the art. Finally the typical configuration of an image processing system is described. The processing speeds of available digital processors are discussed, and the need for special purpose processors is emphasized.
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    Some new display techniques-a critical survey (1974)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 349-367 
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    Notes: Abstract Display systems are discussed in general terms to determine a set of criteria against which all display technologies can be assessed. A selection of the more recent display techniques will then be discussed in detail. Finally some general conclusions will be formulated about the future of these and other better known display technologies.
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    Geometrical theory of energy launching and pulse distortion in dielectric optical waveguides (1974)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 369-386 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper the geometrical theory of pulse distortion and energy launching into multimode optical fibres is generalized when skew rays are taken into account. To this purpose, within the geometrical theory of skew rays, we firstly obtained a new expression for the numerical aperture. From this expression we derived an extensive analysis of the energy launched and the pulse response of a multimode optical fibre. A better launching efficiency and a different pulse form at the output of the fibre together with a larger broadening are obtained in comparison with the results derived from theories only for meridional rays. The theory is also applied to sources having planar geometry (such as LED) and linear geometry (such as semiconductor lasers), and the response to some rectangular-shaped pulses is investigated. Finally some considerations concerning scattering effects are described.
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    Coupling (launching) efficiency for a light-emitting diode, optical fibre termination (1974)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 387-392 
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    Notes: Abstract A ray tracing technique is used for calculating coupling efficiency between a light-emitting diode (LED) and an optical fibre. With an air interface, efficiency is estimated as a function of separation, waveguide diameter and source diameter, estimates are obtained using numerical methods. Initially the treatment considers a uniform source and is subsequently extended to Lambertian and weighted Lambertian distributions. The effect of numerical aperture on coupling coefficients is described.
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    Miniature intra-cavity modulated solid state lasers and their use in optical communication systems (1974)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 393-400 
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    Notes: Abstract Based on a model for the calculation of the variance of relaxation noise we show that it is possible in principle to modulate aminiature solid state laser at data rates (random) of 50 Mbit s−1 and higher by modulating the cavity loss, while keeping the relaxation oscillation noise small enough to permit a 10−9 error rate. Because of the small transit time through the miniature cavity a large modulation index (M ∼ 45) can be achieved, and although the laser power output suffers this can be compensated for in data transmission by the narrow output pulse shape that characterizes our intra-cavity modulation scheme. We discuss the design of a proposed miniature laser based on an acousto-optic intracavity modulator and compare its predicted performance with that of a modulated laser source based on an external modulator. Its major advantages are a somewhat lower electrical operating power and the simple construction which is based on an all-planar technology.
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    Ray delay in gradient waveguides with asymmetric transverse refractive index profiles (1974)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 401-409 
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    Notes: Abstract Former investigations of symmetric refractive index profiles in gradient waveguides are extended to include also asymmetric profile curves. The generalized delay expression is derived and illustrated by means of various examples. Possibilities of compensating symmetric by asymmetric components of the refractive index in the delay formula lead to a number of optimum profiles for low-dispersion transmission. The pulse broadening in a waveguide with a gradient profile being distributed in a ring-shaped form over its cross section, which is to serve as an example of a guide with an asymmetric profile, is assessed.
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    Multiple exposure holography for interferometric analysis of quadratic motion (1974)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 417-417 
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    A technique for the study of mode cut-offs in multimode optical fibres (1974)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 411-416 
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    Notes: Abstract We describe a technique of using a variable wavelength source to study mode cut-offs up to aV value of 20 for the optical fibre by means of the radiated (scattered) power leaving the fibre. This allows the identification of individual modes in a fibre carrying up to 80 or 100 modes in all and provides a non-destructive method for the study of the length and bend dependence of the energy carried by the highest order modes.
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    Conference announcements 1974 (1974)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 421-421 
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    Limiting the peak intensity of a modelocked Nd: glass-laser by electronic feedback (1974)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 419-420 
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    Sampling in holography of diffused objects or with diffused illumination (1974)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 421-431 
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    Notes: Abstract Differentiation between a ‘diffused’ hologram and a ‘specular’ hologram is determined by criteria of the wavelength and the ‘relief’ of the object. In a hologram where the object beam is diffused (due to diffused object illumination, or because the object surface is reflecting diffusively), every part in the holographic plane contains information about the whole object, but from a different ‘angle of view’. In a ‘specular’ hologram, the recording is somewhere between the ‘image recording’ and the ‘diffused holography’. The latter part is contributed mainly by the edges of the object. This paper describes properties of sampled diffused holograms in terms of resolution,S/N (contrast), angle of view, power spectrum and the ability of determination of the object. Different sampling functions are compared and experimentally examined, while the total diffracting areas are preserved constant. It was found that when the sampling areas were distributed over the entire plane and the observation distance was preserved, the resolution, the angle of view and the ability of determination of the object was close to the unsampled hologram. At the same conditions theS/N and the power spectrum were reduced. It seems that these techniques of sampling may be applied for multiplexing, subtracting and correlating between two adjacent recordings.
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    Isotope effects in the two-mode operation of a He-Ne laser (1974)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 433-442 
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    Notes: Abstract Isotope effects in the two-mode operation of a 633 nm He-Ne laser are investigated with due allowance for soft collisions. A theory is developed for the power of and beat frequency between two modes as a function of cavity detuning with and without soft collisions. Experiments were performed with Ne20∶Ne22 isotope ratios of 98∶2, 95∶5 and 91∶9. The experimental data fit the theoretical curves which include the effects of soft collisions qualitatively for the mode intensities and quantitatively for the beat frequency provided the total cavity loss is assumed to be 3.5%. The output power of the 98∶2 tube with 1.1 Torr of helium is symmetrical about line centre; the power of the 95∶5 tube shows an asymmetry opposite to that of a single isotope tube. The lower frequency mode oscillates in a narrower region in the case of natural neon than for a 95∶5 mixture.
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    A proposal for wavelength-tuning and stabilization of GaAs lasers with a graded-index fibre segment in a dispersive cavity (1974)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 443-449 
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    Notes: Abstract We suggest a scheme for controlling the wavelength of a GaAs injection laser by coupling it to one of the flat ends of a short segment (∼6 mm long, 2.5 mm diameter) of graded-index (GRIN) rod, the other end of which has a diffraction grating deposited on it. Tuning is accomplished by sliding the diode off the optical axis of the rod. The lasing wavelength is not temperature dependent as it is determined only by geometrical factors and thef-number of the GRIN lens, and a spectral resolution of 0.25 to 0.5 nm can be achieved. The significance of this on the performance of optical communication systems is discussed. The possibility ofelectrically controlling the wavelength with a nematic liquid crystal diffraction grating is also pointed out.
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    Rate equation approach for diode lasers (1974)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 451-456 
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    Notes: Abstract The light output and the electron density within the active layer of a semiconductor laser have been calculated from the steady state solution of a rate equation approach. The assumed rate equation model takes into account the spontaneous emission into the lasing modes. Simple analytical approximation formulae have been found under the assumption of a power-law dependence between optical gaing and electron densityn (g ∞n′). The approximations are compared with numerical results from the rate equations. With the exception of a small region near the lasing threshold good agreement has been found. The theoretical results are compared with experimentally measured light outputs from single and double heterostructure lasers. From the comparison below threshold the power law exponent/may be evaluated. The comparison at threshold suggests that the spontaneous emission term decreases at threshold. This decrease is in agreement with experimentally measured changes of the emission bandwidth at threshold.
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    Rate equation approach for diode lasers (1974)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 457-463 
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    Notes: Abstract The light output powers of a semiconductor laser diode within an external cavity and of two optical coupled diodes are evaluated as a function of the system parameters (drive currents and coupling coefficient). The calculations are based on a rate equation approach. A power law dependence between optical gain and electron density has been assumed and spontaneous emission into the amplified light field is taken into account in this approach. Analytical approximations are evaluated for the photon number within the diode cavity. With the exception of a small region near threshold there is good agreement between approximations and numerically calculated photon numbers. The theoretical results are compared with experimental data and good quantitative agreement is found in both cases, the diode in the external cavity and the optical coupled diodes.
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    Fast switching in a 4-level laser (1974)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 483-484 
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    Superradiant guided modes in flashlamp pumped capillary dye lasers (1974)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 465-472 
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    Notes: Abstract Superradiant self-guiding emission from capillary dye lasers is reported. Capillary cells with very small inner diameter (50–200 μm) and standard large bore (2–6 mm) flashlamps have been used. The heat released by the pumping pulse to the active medium (Rhodamine 6G in ethanol) produces a lens-like distribution of the refractive index, which in turn gives rise to low-loss guided propagation in the cell. Near-field and far-field patterns turn out to be almost uniform at low dye concentration and become markedly ring-shaped at high dye concentration, denoting the presence of ‘whispering gallery’ modes. A theoretical analysis of the mode propagation in lens-like active media is carried out, and the field intensity distribution of Gaussian modes are evaluated for some cases of interest. The mode selection mechanism which determines the excitation of the modes is discussed.
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    Effect of diffusion on absorption and saturation of infrared radiation in molecular gases (1974)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 473-482 
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    Notes: Abstract Effect of diffusion on absorption of infrared radiation and saturation of absorption in molecular gases is considered. Incorporating the diffusion term, a theory is developed from multi-level rate equations, both for homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening cases. It is shown that the effect of diffusion is characterized by a diffusion functionK'(k 2 a), which varies inversely with the radius of the laser beam at low pressures and small beam sizes. Experimental results with seven molecular gases pumped by the CO2 laser beam around 10.6 μm are reported.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 489-489 
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    The rotating cylinder electrode (1974)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 91-108 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    The distribution of potential and electrochemical reaction rate in molten polysulphide electrodes (1974)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 125-134 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A simple mathematical derivation is given of the distribution of potential in a porous carbon electrode saturated with molten sulphur/sodium polysulphide. The equations show how the spatial distribution of reaction products in the sodium/sulphur cell depends on the relative electrical resistivities of the melt and the carbon matrix and, also, the electrode thickness. This distribution is shown to be of particular significance, as far as polarization and utilization are concerned, if the formation of passive films occurs.
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    Electrochemical capacitance characterization of n-type gallium arsenide (1974)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 135-142 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The depletion layer capacitance of n-type gallium arsenide was measured as a function of its anodic potential in an electrochemical cell. It was shown that these measurements can lead to accurate values of carrier concentration, and are compatible with stripping by electrochemical dissolution, provided that surface area is preserved. The experimental conditions required to maintain the electrolyte-semiconductor contact area constant, are described. Also, it is shown that excursions into regions outside those specified lead to significant enhancement of capacity (via real area increase). Under these conditions the carrier concentration can no longer be obtained but much can be learnt about the internal structure of the material.
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    Proceedings of Electrochemical Engineering symposium-Newcastle 1971 (1974)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 169-170 
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    Transpassive dissolution of mild steel in NaNO3 electrolytes (1974)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 155-161 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A study has been made of the transpassive dissolution of mild steel in sodium nitrate solution over a range of current densities from 2 to 100 A cm−2. The dissolution current efficiency and the anode potential free from the electrolyte IR component were measured in a flow cell; optical and scanning electron microscopy were then used to examine the sample surfaces after the dissolution tests. The results show that during the early stage of transpassive dissolution, the mild steel is covered with a compact, electronically conductive Fe3O4 film, and the current is consumed mainly in oxygen generation on the film/electrolyte interface. With increasing anode potential and current density, this film is gradually broken and the underlying metal surface becomes exposed to the electrolyte. At this stage, iron dissolution begins at a high rate. The film rupturing process is strongly dependent on nitrate concentration; the higher this is, the lower is the current density required to rupture the film.
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    9th International power sources symposium (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 172-172 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609028
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    Substitution of silver by various metal ions in modified AgI solid electrolytes (1974)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 201-209 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The substitution process of silver by various metals in RbAg4I5 and other solid electrolytes of the AgI-modified type has been investigated. This process is of technological interest since it permits the use of copper, zinc or cadmium instead of silver as anode materials in solid state batteries which utilize these electrolytes.
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    Effect of surface finish obtained by electrochemical machining on the fatigue life of some titanium alloys (1974)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 229-234 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Electrochemical machining (ECM), depending upon the conditions of operation, may bring about a variety of surface finishes. This is particularly true for electrochemically machined titanium and its alloys, and as it is known that surface defects act as stress-raisers, a study of fatigue life was made. A number of different surface finishes was obtained in a study of the dissolution of titanium alloys, and these will be discussed in terms of the metallography of the alloy and of the machining conditions. For example, differential dissolution and hence a poor, uneven finish was frequently obtained in the case of the two-phase alloys under conditions where the single phase alloys showed a bright finish. Using a vibration generator producing a constant bending moment at mains frequency, the effect of electrochemically machined surface on fatigue life was found to be only small although samples with surfaces damaged by intergranular oxidation or by sparking showed reduced lives.
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    An electrochemical study of mass transfer in free convection at vertical arrays of horizontal cylinders (1974)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 219-228 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Rates of mass transfer between an electrolyte and vertical arrays of horizontal cylinders have been measured using the limiting current electrolytic technique. The system used was the deposition of copper at the test cathode cylinders from an acidified cupric sulphate solution. Various combinations of solution concentration, cylinder diameter, number of cylinders and cylinder spacing have been used, including experiments on single cylinders. Results for single cylinders have been correlated by the equation. Sh0 = 0.56 (Sc Grm'd)0.25 which agrees well with previous work on both heat and mass transfer. In arrays of cylinders the mass transfer rate, normalized with respect to a single cylinder, either decreased or increased with array position, depending on the particular combination of experimental variables. This behaviour has been explained in terms of the opposing effects of the interacting concentration and velocity fields between cylinders. The findings lend support to the suggestion of Marsters [1] that a position-based Grashof number in the range 106 to 107 determines the transition between a decrease and an increase in mass transfer up an array. The results are relevant to the modelling of tubular heat exchangers in free convection dominating conditions, and also illustrate the important effect of boundary layer carry-over in determining current distribution in multi-electrode electrochemical cells.
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    Analysis of porous alkaline Cd-electrodes. II. Potential recovery transients after a period of discharge (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 259-262 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The recovery of the diffusion potential after a period of discharge is analysed for porous Cd-electrodes. A composite process with discharge-idle time and discharge is simulated and compared with an experimental process. The general influence of porosity on charge capacity is examined in a charge porosity diagram.
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    Advanced instrumental methods in electrode kinetics (1974)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 279-279 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01637239
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    Monitoring of impurities in molten lead by e.m.f. measurements. Application to the Harris process of lead refining (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 279-288 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract E.m.f. measurements on the cell Pt, Fe, M(Pb)¦NaOH¦Cu2O, Cu, Pt (M=As, Sn, Sb) at 450°C have shown the feasibility of using this system for direct monitoring of the impurity content of molten lead during the Harris process of lead refining. The reference electrode/electrolyte system described can be used to achieve the selective separation of antimony from the other impurities, arsenic and tin. Besides laboratory experiments, some tests of the system on an industrial scale are described.
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    Measurement and regulation of oxygen content in selected gases using solid electrolyte cells. I. Discontinuous use of gauges (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 305-315 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Several points have been investigated which are of technological interest regarding cells involving zirconia-yttria solid solutions. The use of a metallic band coated on the electrolyte as a current lead to an electrode induces errors in the measurement of oxygen partial pressures due to local thermoelectric effects. The time dependences of platinum and silver electrodes have been measured as functions of oxygen partial pressure and temperature. A discontinuous use of gauges for analysing CO-CO2 samples which gives the composition with an accuracy of 4% is described.
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    Packed bed electrodes. II. Anodic stripping and the recovery of copper from dilute solutions (1974)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 331-336 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The anodic stripping of deposited copper from a packed graphite bed is shown to be a kinetically controlled process. At high anodic overpotentials the bed can be unloaded in a few seconds to form a concentrated solution of copper sulphate suitable for further processing. The fractional recovery is at least 95% on a single polarization.
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    Letter to the editor: on optimization of electrolysis (1974)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 357-358 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00608979
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    Effect of vibration on the rate of mass transfer (1974)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 347-350 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The rate of mass transfer at vibrating electrodes was measured using an electrochemical technique. The system chosen was stress-free polycrystalline electrolytic copper in CuSO4/H2SO4 solution. The concentration of the electrolyte was 0·05 mol dm−3 CuSO4 and 1·5 mol dm−3 H2SO4. Electrodes (160mm ×25 mm ×3 mm) were subjected to vertical vibrations and the limiting current density was determined at a section not subjected to end effects. The electrodes were especially designed so that the results would be unaffected by the turbulence generated at the leading vibrating edge. This enabled the investigation of the effect of parallel fluid vibrations without interference from the other factors. The vibration frequency was varied up to 48 Hz while amplitudes of up to 8 mm were used. The rate of mass transfer was found to increase upon the application of vibration and enhancements of up to six fold were obtained. It was observed that when large amplitudes were used, a pronounced peak in the limiting current occurred. This is attributed to the amplification of fluid vibrations around the natural frequency of the boundary layer.
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    Packed bed electrodes. I. The electrochemical extraction of copper ions from dilute aqueous solutions (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 323-330 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A study has been made of the cathodic deposition of copper ions from flowing dilute aqueous solutions onto a packed bed of graphite. The electrodeposition reaction is mass transfer controlled and expressions are presented for the cathodic current as a function of time, solution flow rate and bed characteristics. These have been verified from potentiostatic experiments. The cathode current efficiency is shown to approach 100% and packed bed electrodes are shown to be an effective means of extracting or removing metal ions from dilute solutions.
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    The mechanism of manganese electrodeposition (1974)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 317-321 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The mechanism of manganese electrodeposition from a sulphate bath on to a stainless-steel substrate has been studied by using current efficiency data to resolve the totali-E curves. A simple, two-step electron transfer mechanism: $${\text{Mn}}^{{\text{ + + }}} + {\text{e}}\xrightarrow{{{\text{r}}{\text{.d}}{\text{.s}}}}{\text{Mn}}^{\text{ + }} $$ $${\text{Mn}}^{\text{ + }} + {\text{e}} \to {\text{Mn}}$$ is proposed to explain the following experimentally obtained parameters: cathodic and anodic transfer coefficients, reaction order and stoichiometric number. The mechanism also explains the effect of pH oni o,Mn and on the corrosion currents.
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    Electrochemical behaviour of iron in alkaline sulphate solutions (1974)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 337-345 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The electrochemical behaviour of pure iron in alkaline sulphate solutions was studied using cyclic voltammetry atT = 298 K. It has been found that the results depend on the polarization pre-treatment of the electrode and the activation state of its surface. At starting potentials in the range of hydrogen evolution and at maximum activation conditions, the voltammograms show three anodic current maxima and two cathodic ones. A correlation between these different maxima is given. The electrode processes, which may take place at these maxima, are discussed in terms of possible iron dissolution mechanisms.
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    Influence of cell geometry on the shape of polarization curves of porous Pt electrodes on a YSZ electrolyte (1974)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 7-16 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The use of model electrochemical cells for the purpose of optimizing the design and performances of cells using a ceramic oxide electrolyte is considered. Measurements carried out on these cells are compared with results of polarization experiments with Pt electrodes on an yttria-stabilized zirconia electrolyte.
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    A study of the production of glyoxylic acid by the electrochemical reduction of oxalic acid solutions (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 17-23 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract An investigation has been made of the formation of glyoxylic acid by the electrochemical reduction of oxalic acid/sulphuric acid aqueous solutions at various temperatures and cathode potentials using lead electrodes. It has been found that for a given quantity of electricity passed greater current efficiencies are obtained at higher electrode potentials and lower temperatures. The current efficiency decreased with increasing quantity of electricity passed. A simple analysis for the process has been made in which glyoxylic acid is assumed to be reduced to glycollic acid. By incorporation of a variable factorf, to take into account electrochemical parameters for the two reactions, satisfactory predictions of the current efficiency have been obtained. The electrokinetic interpretation of thef-factor is also briefly discussed.
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    Anodic polarization of aluminium in organic electrolytes (1974)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 53-56 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The polarization characteristics of aluminium anodes have been studied in various organic electrolytes containing aluminium chloride. The small amount of oxide present on the metal was dissolved by an anodic pre-treatment. The charge transfer number of the overall reaction was three. The current density supported by the electrolytes decreased in the order nitromethane〉acetonitrile 〉propylene carbonate, formamide〉tetrahydrofuran. The rest potential increased in the order formamide〈propylene carbonate〈tetrahydrofuran〈acetonitrile〈nitromethane.
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    Recovery of electric power by direct chlorination of hydrogen or hydrocarbons in a high temperature fuel cell (1974)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 81-85 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    Problem of scale-up in electrochemical systems (1974)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 87-89 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    The discharge capacity of the lead-lead dioxide couple in fluoboric and hydrofluosilicic acid (1974)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 1-6 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Results of an investigation of the behaviour of primary cells, based on the PbO2/Pb couple operating in lead dissolving acids, are presented. Specifically fluoboric and fluosilicic acids have been examined in detail and the results compared with established data from perchloric acid based systems. As expected, the performances of the fluoridic electrolytes were somewhat inferior: however some interesting observations are reported, namely the occurrence of maxima in concentration/performance curves and the detailed form of these curves. The characteristics do not depend on the electrode/ electrolyte balance within the cell. Theories are advanced to account for the observed behaviour.
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    Blackening in yttria stabilized zirconia due to cathodic processes at solid platinum electrodes (1974)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 25-48 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The DC cathodic voltage current density (V-J) characteristics at the contact between a solid disc Pt-13% Rh electrode and yttria stabilized zirconia (YZr) electrolyte were investigated to evaluate the conditions under which blackening occurred in the anionic conductor. Polycrystalline and single crystal samples have been studied using oxygen-argon mixtures between 100 and 10−3 atm oxygen and at temperatures in the range 800 to 1450°C. It is shown that the rate determining step of the overall cathodic reaction, O2(g)+2Vö+4e′ar2O o x under low field, ohmic conditions is the first electronation step, but true activation polarization at higher fields is masked by mass transfer limitations. The limiting current density in the polycrystalline material was directly proportional to the oxygen partial pressure $$\left( {J_L \propto P_{O_2 } } \right)$$ whereas at low temperatures, below 1000°C, $$J_L \propto P_{O_2 }^{\tfrac{1}{2}} $$ in the single crystal. The former behaviour is attributed to a flux limit in the ambient oxygen gas, whereas the $$J_L \propto P_{O_2 }^{\tfrac{1}{2}} $$ regime is believed to be a consequence of molecular dissociation, coupled with surface exchange, onto the mobile interfacial layer. It is further shown that blackening is a consequence of thermionic emission of electrons across the cathodic interface into anion vacancy traps and the cathodicV-J characteristics of the blackened material saturate to obey aJ∞V 2 law above about 2 V, indicative of a space charge limited current. A tentative model is proposed.
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    The rôle of antimony in the lead-acid battery: Part 1. The effect of antimony on the anodic behaviour of lead (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 49-52 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Linear sweep voltammetric (LSV) and impedance studies of lead/antimony binary alloys (0–12% Sb) are described. The formation of a solid antimony-containing species in close contact with a passivating layer of lead sulphate at sufficiently positive potentials (before lead dioxide formation) is indicated. In the presence of antimony, changes in the characteristics of the passivating layer occur, in accordance with a reduction in thickness and an increase in porosity.
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    Ruthenium dioxide: a new electrode material. I. Behaviour in acid solutions of inert electrolytes (1974)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 57-67 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The electrochemical behaviour of RuO2 film electrodes, prepared by the thermal decomposition of Ru Cl3 on metallic supports has been investigated in solutions of inert electrolytes. Steady-state pot entiostatici/E curves, cyclic voltammetry and charging curves are presented. The procedure for the preparation of electrodes is described. RuO2 film electrodes exhibit oxygen overvoltages much lower than, and hydrogen overvoltages almost equal to, those on Pt electrodes. Results of measurements in the range of potential between oxygen and hydrogen evolution suggest that modifications arise which, while occurring within the whole film and not only at the surface, involve only a small fraction of the metal atoms. An explanation of this behaviour is advanced in terms of non-stoichiometry of the oxide layer.
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    The anodic behaviour of porous zinc electrodes. II. The effects of specific surface area of the zinc compact material (1974)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 75-80 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A study has been made of the galvanostatic polarization behaviour of porous zinc electrodes as a function of electrode surface area. Correlations have been established between the electrode polarization parameters and surface areas as measured by BET and methylene blue adsorption methods.
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    Antimony removal from dilute solutions using a restrained bed electrochemical reactor (1974)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 69-73 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The electrochemical removal of Antimony from 1m sulphuric acid in a restrained bed reactor was studied in terms of current, flow velocity, bed depth, bead size and pressure drop. Current efficiencies are quoted as a function of current density and information is given so that they may be calculated in terms of the above variables. Experimentally-obtained limiting current densities are compared with calculated values, using empirical formulae from the literature.
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    The use of surface-active additives in electrochemical machining electrolytes (1974)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 117-124 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract An investigation of the effect of the addition of certain ‘surface-active’ materials to electrolytes used in electrochemical machining was undertaken. Concentrations of only a few parts-per-million of additive affected the flow rates of the electrolyte, the settling rates of the reaction products and the dissolution of the anode. It was found that electropolishing of Fe in NaCl solution could be brought about although dissolution efficiency was reduced. The additives, however, were found to mechanically degrade under high turbulence; a dis-association mechanism for the degradation is suggested.
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    A mathematical model for the porous lead dioxide electrode. II. The pseudo-steady state approach for low rates of discharge (1974)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 109-115 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A theoretical analysis of the discharge behaviour of the porous lead dioxide electrode at low current densities is made on the basis of a previously proposed model. The pseudo-steady state approach proves to be useful for low rates of discharge, while it fails for rapid discharges. The current distribution at low rates of discharge becomes non-uniform during discharge because of concentration changes and decreasing porosity. The maximum of the current distribution moves inwards into the electrode during discharge, as a result of the gradual insulation of the electrode surface by lead sulphate crystals. At the end of a slow discharge the electrode material has been uniformly utilized along the depth of the electrode, provided that the porosity is sufficiently high. If, however, the initial porosity is less than about 50% the inner parts of the electrode may not always be fully utilized because of the extensive plugging of the pores by lead sulphate crystals.
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    Behaviour of nitrate impurity in nickelcadmium cells (1974)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 143-154 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation-reduction behaviour of NO3 −, NO2 −, N2O2 2−, NH2OH and NH3 at a platinum electrode in alkaline solution has been investigated using cyclic voltammetry. The results have been compared with the corresponding behaviour of these species at charged, porous cadmium and nickel hydroxide electrodes in order to understand the likely behaviour of NO3 − impurities in nickelcadmium cells. The reactions are shown to be irreversible processes and strongly dependent on the nature of the electrode surfaces. The reactions which are likely to be involved in a charged cell can be represented by the overall scheme: $${\text{NO}}_{\text{3}} ^\_ {\text{NO}}_{\text{2}} ^\_ {\text{NH}}_{\text{3}} \xrightarrow{{{\text{slow}}}}{\text{N}}_2 $$ It is suggested that the self-discharge of cells containing NO3 − is limited by slow kinetic effects rather than by diffusion as previously supposed.
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    The anodic dissolution of iron-chromium alloys (1974)
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 163-167 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Polarization curves were obtained for a range of Cr-Fe alloys, containing up to 29% chromium, in sodium chloride solutions with pH between 2 and 12. Selected surfaces were taken for examination on a scanning electron microscope. The results indicate a nearly linear relation between an ‘apparent breakdown potential’ and chromium content up to about 20% chromium whilst the same potential is independent of pH in the pH range 2–10. There is a sharp increase in this potential as the chromium content exceeds 20% and when pH is 12. The results are discussed in terms of the pitting of the passive films and the transpassive phenomenon. Evidence is adduced that the films present under conditions of electropolishing are porous and that the pitting is not necessarily associated with features in the metal surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609025
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  • 95
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    Book review (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 171-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609027
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  • 96
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    Thermodynamic diagrams of the copper/ molten potassium nitrate system (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 191-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Thermodynamic diagrams for the copper/molten potassium nitrate system have been calculated and expressed either as potential/pO2−, potential/pO 2 − or potential/pO 2 2− diagrams. They exhibit the corresponding immunity, active dissolution, passivity and transpassivity regions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01637228
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Mass-transport problems and some design concepts of electrochemical reactors (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 173-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Electrochemical cells, designed to operate with reactants at low concentrations, require special provisions to be made for enhancement of mass transport of the reactants to the electrode surface. The different concepts for doing this in industrial or large-scale cells are reviewed. Examples are given of cells and processes in which these ideas have been used. A comprehensive literature survey of the quantitative relationships pertaining to the different configurations is given. The various cell designs are compared on a quantitative basis, usingi lim, and some advantages and disadvantages are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01637227
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    Electrocatalytic activation of tungsten and tungstic oxide doped with platinum by means of ion implantation (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 211-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Minute quantities of platinum have been introduced into substrates of tungsten and tungstic oxide by means of ion implantation. In this way significant effects on the rate of the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction have been demonstrated in which the electrocatalytic activity of the surface approaches that of platinum itself.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01637230
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of porous alkaline Cd-electrodes. I. Anodic high rate transients (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 249-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Galvanostatic anodic high-rate transients in porous Cd-electrodes are analysed. A one-dimensional electrode model is developed. The model includes effects of variation in electrolyte composition and reaction surface activity. Overpotential transients are computed and compared with experimental transients. Failure in low porosity electrodes with great surface activity is in general caused by the blockage of pores at low rates. At high rates the discharge depth is limited by pure mass-transfer limitations. The reaction activity groupi 0 S is estimated from the experimental electrodes in conjunction with the model. Transition from pore blockage to pure mass-transfer limitations occurs between 100 and 200 mA cm−2 for a medium porosity of 0·60.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01637234
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Possibility of utilizing electrochemical techniques for the evaluation of the content of organic impurities in water (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 4 (1974), S. 235-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The use of some special electrochemical techniques, such as the measurement of the double layer capacitance and the determination by fast charging curves of the fraction of electrode surface covered with adsorbate, is proposed as a powerful tool for the evaluation of water quality with respect to organic pollution. Principles of the method are described in detail and practical possibilities are exemplified which make use of simple organic substances. The sensitivity of the method in relation to the nature of the electrode used, as well as of the kind of impurities in solution, is discussed. As a practical application, the method is used for the evaluation of the quality of industrial waters coming from demineralization beds and boilers as well as of laboratory waters prepared with different chemical and electrochemical treatments. This method enables impurity contents as low as 0·01 p.p.m. to be detected. However, if the reference purity could be that of water treated with active charcoal, then the sensitivity of the method could be greatly increased and the lower limit would become ideally pure water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01637233
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