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  • Other Sources  (1,977)
  • STRUCTURAL MECHANICS  (1,510)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
  • 1970-1974  (1,977)
  • 1930-1934
Collection
Source
Keywords
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Some factors that affect the inspection of aircraft for fatigue damage (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Fatigue crack length relationship with aircraft inspection intervals and structural reinforcement, high strength materials, and aircraft usage effects
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA AIRCRAFT SAFETY AND OPERATING PROBL., VOL. 1 1971; P 391-401
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  • 2
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    Preliminary vibration design and test criteria considerations for the space shuttle (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Vibration design and test criteria considerations for space shuttle
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA SPACE SHUTTLE TECHNOL. CONF., VOL. 3 APR. 1971; P 423-450
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  • 3
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    The effects of parameter variation on inflight wind loading (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Optimization of payload for space shuttle by reducing structural loading and weight
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA SPACE SHUTTLE TECHNOL. CONF., VOL. 3 APR. 1971; P 315-332
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  • 4
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    Buffet response of space shuttle launch configurations as determined by tests of an aeroelastic model (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Buffet response of straight wing and delta wing model of space shuttle launch configuration
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA SPACE SHUTTLE TECHNOL. CONF., VOL. 3 APR. 1971; P 265-291
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  • 5
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    Preliminary measurements and flow visualization studies of pressure fluctuations on space shuttle configurations (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Transonic wind tunnel investigation of flow characteristics and pressure fluctuation of space shuttle launch and reentry configurations
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA SPACE SHUTTLE TECHNOL. CONF., VOL. 3 APR. 1971; P 293-314
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  • 6
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    Application of recent panel flutter research to the space shuttle. Part 2 - Influence of edge clips and flow angularity (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Parameters contributing to aeroelastic problems in thermal protection of space shuttle
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA SPACE SHUTTLE TECHNOL. CONF., VOL. 3 APR. 1971; P 247-264
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  • 7
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    Application of recent panel flutter research to the space shuttle. Part 1 - Boundary layer and hypersonic effects (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Application of research in panel flutter and boundary layer thickness to space shuttle
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA SPACE SHUTTLE TECHNOL. CONF., VOL. 3 APR. 1971; P 231-245
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  • 8
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    Thick high aspect ratio wing, part 2 (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Transonic flutter and buffeting for elastic wind tunnel models of straight wing proposed for space shuttles
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA SPACE SHUTTLE TECHNOL. CONF., VOL. 3 APR. 1971; P 201-229
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  • 9
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    Space shuttle liquid dynamics (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Problems in propellant dynamics including pipeline dynamics, effect of bubble location, turbulent flow, and effect of tilting tank on liquid oscillation frequency
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA SPACE SHUTTLE TECHNOL. CONF., VOL. 3 APR. 1971; P 95-120
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  • 10
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    Approximate analysis and dynamic tests for a thermal protection system panel (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Dynamic response of thermal protection system panel for space shuttle
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. LANGLEY RES. CENTER NASA SPACE SHUTTLE TECHNOL. CONF., VOL. 3 APR. 1971; P 49-93
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  • 11
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    Space shuttle TPS panel vibration studies (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Vibration tests of space shuttle panels at room temperature
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA SPACE SHUTTLE TECHNOL. CONF., VOL. 3 APR. 1971; P 27-48
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  • 12
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    Recent studies of space shuttle multibody dynamics (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Vibration studies of dynamic scale model of space shuttle
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA SPACE SHUTTLE TECHNOL. CONF., VOL. 3 APR. 1971; P 1-25
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  • 13
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    Transverse deflections of a 45-inch diameter, lightweight mirror blank - Experiment and theory (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Theoretical calculations and holographic measurements on transverse deflections of astronomical mirror blank
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA, WASHINGTON OPT. TELESCOPE TECHNOL. 1970; P 287-270
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  • 14
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    Space vehicle response to atmospheric disturbances (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Dynamic analysis to predict space vehicle response to atmospheric disturbances with reference to space shuttle
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TECHNOL. SYMP., VOL. 2 JUL. 1970; P 331-348
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  • 15
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    Assessment of the potential for load alleviation concepts for space shuttle vehicles (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Load alleviation and structural mode control potential for space shuttle vehicle
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TECHNOL. SYMP., VOL. 2 JUL. 1970; P 349-363
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  • 16
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    Panel vibration and random loads (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Basic vibration characteristics and random response in thin panels
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TECHNOL. SYMP., VOL. 2 JUL. 1970; P 43-57
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  • 17
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    Dynamic response of antenna structures in a launch environment (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Communications satellite antenna structure dynamic response to random loads in launch environment
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. LEWIS RES. CENTER SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TECHNOL. SYMP., VOL. 2 JUL. 1970; P 301-329
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  • 18
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    Space shuttle staging dynamics (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Staging dynamics for piggyback space shuttles
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. LEWIS RES. CENTER SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TECHNOL. SYMP., VOL. 2 JUL. 1970; P 123-142
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  • 19
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    Lifting and control surface flutter (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Lifting and control surface flutter on space shuttles
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TECHNOL. SYMP., VOL. 2 JUL. 1970; P 177-198
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  • 20
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    Vibration isolation of large masses and vacuum chambers (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Control systems for vibration isolation of large structures and vacuum chambers
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA, WASHINGTON OPT. TELESCOPES TECHNOL. 1970; P 733-749
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  • 21
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    Behavior of structural joints and assemblies under thermal environment (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Thermal environment effects on alignment behavior of structural joints and assemblies of reentry vehicle and Mars landing module
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: OPT. TELESCOPE TECHNOL. 1970; P 335-349
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  • 22
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    Vibration environment (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Vibration response and acoustic fatigue characteristics of space shuttle thermal protection system design concepts
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TECHNOL. SYMP., VOL. 2 JUL. 1970; P 273-284
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  • 23
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    Application of dynamic models (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Dynamic model for obtaining response data for space shuttle
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TECHNOL. SYMP., VOL. 2 JUL. 1970; P 29-42
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  • 24
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    Influence on the POGO effect of the aerodynamic phenomena in a rocket afterbody (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Pogo effect influence on aerodynamic phenomena in rocket afterbody
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. LEWIS RES. CENTER SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TECHNOL. SYMP., VOL. 2 JUL. 1970; P 263-265
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  • 25
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    Assessment of advances in structural analysis for space shuttle (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The latest technology for structural analysis in relation to the design tasks that lie ahead for the space shuttle is reviewed. For shell-of-revolution structures, the analysis can be formulated as a one-dimensional problem which is readily solved by using finite-difference or numerical-integration techniques. For more general asymmetric shells, a two-dimensional formulation is required. However, the governing equations are readily formulated and are amenable to solution by finite-difference techniques. For a completely general structural arrangement, such as structural frameworks, recourse is usually made to discretized formulations using finite elements. Of course, the finite-element programs could be used for shell structures, but at a loss in accuracy and increase in computer time compared with the special purpose programs.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA Space Shuttle Technol. Conf.; p 685-725
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  • 26
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    Structural deformation of an orthotropic plate (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Ring reinforcements for damping structural deformation in orthotropic mirror design
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA, WASHINGTON OPT. TELESCOPE TECHNOL. 1970; P 283-286
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  • 27
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    Application of finite element techniques to the design and manufacture of astronomical mirrors (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Finite element method for structural design of astronomical mirrors
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA, WASHINGTON OPT. TELESCOPE TECHNOL. 1970; P 249-255
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  • 28
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    Transient loading considerations for shuttle design (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Transient loading considerations for shuttle design
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. LEWIS RES. CENTER SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TECHNOL. SYMP., VOL. 2 JUL. 1970; P 79-100
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  • 29
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    Assessment of current methods for dynamic analysis of complex structures (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Assessment of techniques for determining eigenvalues of large systems
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. LEWIS RES. CENTER SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TECHNOL. SYMP., VOL. 2 JUL. 1970; P 4-27
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  • 30
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    Thermal deformation prediction in orbiting observatory structures (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Using finite element method in analysis and design of optical space telescopes
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: OPT. TELESCOPE TECHNOL. 1970; P 401-415
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  • 31
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    Self-weight loaded structures in the context of lightweight mirror applications (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Structural analysis for optimal load carrying substrate members of lightweight astronomical mirror
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA, WASHINGTON OPT. TELESCOPE TECHNOL. 1970; P 257-280
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  • 32
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    Checklist for boom selection (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: User checklist for spacecraft boom selection with review of structural, electrical and mechanical properties
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: JPL PROC. OF THE 4TH AEROSPACE MECH. SYMP. 15 JAN. 1970; P 51-54
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  • 33
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    Considerations in the design of orbital telescopes for dynamic environments (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Acoustic, vibration, and shock environments in designing orbital telescopes
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: OPT. TELESCOPE TECHNOL. 1970; P 389-400
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  • 34
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    Prevention of coupled structure-propulsion instability /POGO/ on the space shuttle (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Coupled structure-propulsion system instability /POGO/ prevention on space shuttle
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. LEWIS RES. CENTER SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TECHNOL. SYMP., VOL. 2 JUL. 1970; P 249-262
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  • 35
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    State of the art for panel flutter as applied to space shuttle heat shields (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Supersonic panel flutter of space shuttle heat shields with flexible supports
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TECHNOL. SYMP., VOL. 2 JUL. 1970; P 199-221
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  • 36
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    A deployment fixture for the simulated zero- gravity testing of a large-area solar array (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Design and development of deployment fixture for simulated zero gravity testing of large area solar array
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: JPL PROC. OF THE 4TH AEROSPACE MECH. SYMP. 15 JAN. 1970; P 83-89
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  • 37
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    State of the art materials and design for spacecraft booms (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Mechanical and thermal properties of materials for five spacecraft boom designs
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: JPL PROC. OF THE 4TH AEROSPACE MECH. SYMP. 15 JAN. 1970; P 43-45
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  • 38
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    The design of aerospace mechanisms - A customer's opinion (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Customer opinion of design of aerospace mechanisms
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: JPL PROC. OF THE 4TH AEROSPACE MECH. SYMP. 15 JAN. 1970; P 91-94
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  • 39
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    Spacecraft booms - Present and future (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Performance summary and spacecraft applications of booms with future trends
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: JPL PROC. OF THE 4TH AEROSPACE MECH. SYMP. 15 JAN. 1970; P 55-72
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  • 40
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    Apollo 12 soil mechanics investigation (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-20
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Calif. Univ. Res. in the Space Sci., v. 2; 24 p
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  • 41
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    Space shuttle liftoff dynamics (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-30
    Description: Space shuttle liftoff dynamics
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TECNOL. SYMP., VOL. 2 JUL. 1970; P 101-122
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  • 42
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    Spectral composition of a measuring signal during measurements of vibration rates of a moving body (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: Cybernetics diagnostics of machines and mechanisms using the spectral approach is discussed. The problem of establishing the accuracy of determination of the spectral composition is investigated. In systems with rectilinear or rotary movement, the vibrations appear in the form of movement rate vibrations, which are equivalent to frequency modulation of the signal, in proportion to the mean movement rate of the body. The case of a harmonic signal which reproduces and analyzes the characteristics of the frequency modulated signal is discussed. Mathematical models are developed to show the relationships of the parameters.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 275-278
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  • 43
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    Certain characteristics and capture regions of nonlinear vibrating systems (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: Free vibrations of a system and vibrations which are multiples of them in frequency are discussed. The corresponding periodic forced vibrations of the type n/m (n is the number of periods of disturbance between periods of movement and m is the number of periods of movement in one period of disturbance), generated by a harmonic or close to harmonic disturbance, are propagated close to the corresponding curves of the free vibrations and their frequency multiples. It has been proposed that investigation of transitional modes of motion and capture regions be carried out by precise methods in phase space, with the least number of coordinates. Thus, for example, for nonautonomous second order equations (for example, the Duffing equations), in place of three variables (coordinates, velocity, phases), it is proposed to use two: velocity during transition of the coordinate through zero and phase.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 256-259
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  • 44
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    Transitional modes of motion and capture regions of vibroshock systems (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: A numerical analysis of the transitional modes of motion for a vibroshock system was conducted. The capture regions of the system are emphasized. The three initial parameters for a nonautonomous vibroshock system with one degree of freedom are identified as: (1) coordinates, (2) velocity, and (3) time. Mathematical models are developed to show the relationship of the parameters. Graphs are included to show the nature of the capture regions and to portray the trajectory of motion of mass with time, by solution of differential equations during increase and decrease in time.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 250-255
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  • 45
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    The relationship of transient vibrational processes at a point in a plate to the nature of sudden kinematic disturbances (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: A solution is given to the problem of a transient vibration process in a fastened plate, during a sudden displacement of the edge. Some partial cases of excitation are examined in which the packing can be calculated and the explicit type of change in a deformation over time can be found. Some examples are presented.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 204-207
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  • 46
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    Structural analysis of vibroacoustical processes (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: The method of automatic identification of acoustical signals, by means of the segmentation was used to investigate noises and vibrations in machines and mechanisms, for cybernetic diagnostics. The structural analysis consists of presentation of a noise or vibroacoustical signal as a sequence of segments, determined by the time quantization, in which each segment is characterized by specific spectral characteristics. The structural spectrum is plotted as a histogram of the segments, also as a relation of the probability density of appearance of a segment to the segment type. It is assumed that the conditions of ergodic processes are maintained.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 179-180
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    Use of the dispersion ratio in estimating the nonlinear properties of an object of diagnosis (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: An experimental investigation for estimating the nonlinearity of a diagnostic object was carried out on a single-stage, spur gear reducer. The linearity of the properties of spur gearing (including the linearity of its mode of operation) was tested. Torsional vibrations of the driven wheel and transverse (to the meshing plane) vibrations of the drive wheel on its support were taken as the two outputs of the object to be analyzed. The results of the investigation showed that the degree of nonlinearity of a reducing gear is essentially connected with its operating mode, so that different mathematical models of it can correspond to different values of the system parameters.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 157-159
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  • 48
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    Part 1: The stability of equilibrium shapes of elastic systems (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-03-01
    Description: The stability of equilibrium shapes of elastic systems is examined. Stability loss in the case of similar equilibrium shapes, the disappearance of stable equilibrium shapes, and the disappearance of any forms of equilibrium are discussed. The error made by Euler in analyzing stability loss is pointed out, and Mises' truss is used as an example of stability loss in the case of similar equilibrium shapes.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Stability and Oscillation of Elastic Systems: Mod. Concepts, Paradoxes and Errors (NASA-TT-F-751); p 1-183
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    Part 2: Oscillations of elastic systems (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-03-01
    Description: Problems of oscillations of linear systems are discussed, including systems with a fractional number of degrees of freedom as well as free oscillations of a cantilever in the field of centrifugal forces. Four methods of solving the problem of the action of periodic instantaneous impulses are presented. The Tacoma catastrophe is analyzed and used as an example of aeroelastic oscillations. Problems of nonlinear system oscillations include the vibration maintenance of rotation, the Sommerfeld effect, and self-oscillations of a quasi-system with dry friction.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Stability and Oscillation of Elastic Systems: Mod. Concepts, Paradoxes and Errors NASA-TT-F-751); p 184-418
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  • 50
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    The NASA structural analysis general purpose digital computer program (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-25
    Description: NASA computer program for dynamic structural analysis in stress and thermal deformation problems
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SCI. AND TECHNOL. AT GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 1970; P 221-224
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  • 51
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    Microbiological and experimental-histological investigations of lunar samples returned by the Lunar 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Lunar surface material was studied for its content of viable microorganisms (aerobic and anaerobic, fungi, and viruses); the effect of the lunar surface material on the growth of microorganisms and its interaction with somatic cells of mammals was also observed. No viable microorganisms were detected; the samples exhibited neither stimulant or inhibitory action on the growth of microorganisms, and also showed no cytopathogenic action on tissue cultures. A suspension of lunar surface material particles was not toxic when parenterally administered to certain laboratory animals. The particles were subjected to intense phagocytosis by connective tissue cells in vivo and in vitro.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 597-605
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  • 52
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    Study of friction properties of lunar surface material and its analogs (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A description is given of instruments for determining the friction properties of the surficial layer of lunar surface material returned by the Luna 16 automatic lunar station, as well as the friction properties of its analogs: andesite-basaltic sand and basalts. The experimental method and results are presented.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 590-596
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  • 53
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    Results of investigating the physicomechanical properties of a sample of lunar surface material in a research chamber in nitrogen (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Results are reported on an investigation of the mechanical properties of the lunar surface material sample returned by the Luna 16 automatic station. The study included determination of the specific weight of the surface material, the nature of its disintegration, and the determination of its compressibility characteristics, shear resistance, and bearing capacity. Quantitative data are presented on mechanical properties for the lunar surface material, many of which are determined for the first time. The instruments and experimental techniques are described.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 556-569
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  • 54
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    Results of investigating thermal and electrical properties of lunar surface material and its analogs (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Thermal and electrical properties are reported of lunar surface material returned to Earth by the Luna 16 automatic station and its terrestrial analogs studied in a vacuum and in a helium atmosphere. Study of the lunar surface material and its analogs showed that their specific heat capacity and electrical properties are similar in value but the coefficients of thermal conductivity differ. The results are compared with data on thermal and electrical properties of the surficial layer of the Moon obtained by indirect radiometric methods, and with results obtained for samples of lunar surface material returned to Earth by the crew of the Apollo 11 spacecraft.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 549-555
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  • 55
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    Heat-physical properties of lunar surface material returned to earth by the Luna 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Density, specific heat capacity, and coefficient of thermal conductivity were studied on a sample of lunar surface material returned by the Luna 16 automatic station. The study was carried out in a helium-filled chamber. The density of the surface material when freely heaped was 1.2 g/cu cm, and when shaken down -- 1.7 g/cu cm. The specific heat capacity was 0.177 + or - 0.010 cal x g/1 x deg/1. The coefficient of thermal conductivity in the material was 4.8 x 10/6 + or - 1.2 x 10/6 cal x cm/1 x sec/1 x deg/1.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F15881); p 538-548
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  • 56
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    Temperature emission spectrum of exoelectrons of lunar regolith (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Thermostimulated exoelectronic emission of eight fragments of regolith returned by the Soviet Luna 16 automatic station was studied. The nature of the exoemission glove-curves was determined by particle type. Fragments of breccia, sinter, slag, anorthosite, glass plate, and leucocratic gabbro after the first heating disclosed a single exoemission maximum, whose temperature position is in the range 115 to 200 C. The data obtained indicate the complex and inhomogeneous energy structure of some regolith fragments. The presence of surface states capable of forming sorptive bonds can be assumed for most particles. The exoemission of anorthosite, olivine, and the glass spherule is due to the presence of formation defects at their surfaces.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 528-537
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  • 57
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    Exoelectronic emission of particles of lunar surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A secondary electron multiplier was used to study the thermostimulated exoelectronic emission of particles of lunar surface material returned by the Soviet Luna 16 automatic station. The natural exoemission from fragments of slag, glass, anorthosite, and a metallic particle was recorded in the isochronic and isothermal thermostimulation regimes. The temperature of emission onset depended on the type of regolith fragment. For the first three particles the isothermal drop in emission is described by first-order kinetic equations. For the anorthosite fragment, exoemission at constant temperature is characterized by a symmetric curve with a maximum. These data indicate the presence of active surface defects, whose nature can be due to the prehistory of the particles.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 521-527
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  • 58
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    Magnetic properties of lunar samples returned by Luna 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Results of measuring the specific magnetic susceptibility of regolith are presented. The data indicate that regolith samples from the Sea of Tranquillity and the Sea of Fertility are similar in order of magnitude of the specific magnetic susceptibility. Several stony meteorites of subgroup L have a similar value of this quantity. After comparison with artificial analogs, it can be concluded that the bulk content of ferromagnetic minerals in regolith samples is 3 to 4 percent.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 502-511
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  • 59
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    Metallographic study of metallic fragment of lunar surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A high precision investigation of a metallic fragment from the lunar material returned by the Soviet Luna 16 automatic station revealed three characteristic temperature intervals with different kinetics of solid solution decomposition. The following were found in the structure of the iron-nickel-cobalt alloy: (1) delta-phase and alpha-ferrite of diffusional, displacement origin in the grain boundary and acicular forms; and (2) martensite of isothermal and athermal nature, acicular, lamellar, massive, and dendritic. The diversity of the shapes of structural constituents is associated with the effect on their formation of elastic distortions and various mechanisms of deformation relaxation processes.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 512-520
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  • 60
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    Cathodoluminescence of regolith returned by Luna 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Observations of local variations in the intensity and spectral composition of the cathodoluminescence of lunar regolith are described. These variations are caused by structural features, by the kind and quantity of the material, and by the admixtures. In addition, cathodoluminescent emission is also associated with a change in the temperature of the lunar surface. Periodic diurnal illumination and darkening of the moon is responsible for a temperature gradient normal to the lines of longitude. These observations made of regolith, using a scanning electron microscope with an attachment for temperature variation, simulate the indicated thermal changes of the cathodoluminescent properties of lunar material.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 496-501
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  • 61
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    Infrared transmission spectra of Sea of Fertility regolith (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Transmission spectra in the 2-25 micrometer region were obtained for samples of lunar regolith returned by the Luna 16 automatic station. A comparison of the Luna 16, Apollo 11, and Apollo 12 samples showed that the infrared transmission spectra of regolith samples from the mare regions are similar and characteristic of basic basaltic rocks. The absorption bands show up in the vibration region of the SiO4 groups. No water and OH groups were found in the samples based on the spectrum. Spectra of regolith samples calcined at 1000C showed changes that can be interpreted as changes in the spectra of irradiated crystals (especially distinctly for the Luna 16 samples).
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 486-495
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  • 62
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    Photo-polarization study of lunar samples: Negative branch (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Polarization measurements with a telescope for the degree of polarization of light reflected by planetary surfaces, and comparative measurement of terrestrial minerals, meteorites, and returned lunar samples are reported. The polarization curve plots of the dependence of the degree of polarization on the phase angle V are plotted and compared with each other to determine the optical characteristics of the planetary surfaces.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 477-485
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  • 63
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    Photometric and polarimetric analysis of samples of lunar surface material returned by the Luna 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Polarimetric properties were determined for the L-16-19-1-116 samples, weighing 0.087 g. The measurements were made for five wavelengths between 3540 and 5850 AU. In addition, the normal albedo was determined for each of these wavelengths. The albedo for the measured sample was slightly lower than for the typical material of the dark lunar maria and in addition, there was a well developed branch of negative polarization, which resembles the branch obtained for carbonaceous chondrites crushed into powder, and the branch obtained for the powders of several terrestrial basaltic and ultrabasic rocks.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 468-476
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  • 64
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    Light scattering indicatrices of lunar surface material returned by Luna 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Measurements are made of the indicatrix of scattering of lunar surface material with an indicatometer that has a spread of the illuminating beam of less than 0.5 deg and of the detected beam of about 1.5 deg. The results are compared with the indicatrices for the lunar mean obtained by terrestrial telescopic measurements. It is concluded that the main features of the reflection of light by the moon) (rapid rise in brightness with approach to the full moon) are accounted for by the microrelief caused principally by grains smaller than a millimeter.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 449-452
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  • 65
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    Infrared spectroscopy of lunar mare regolith (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Spectra of reflection, emission, and transmission of regolith returned by the Luna 16 automatic station were investigated in the 1.8-13 micrometers region. A reflection maximum was shown to be present in the region 3 to 5 micrometer, along with a corresponding minimum in the emission coefficient. The spectra were interpreted based on a comparison of the optical properties with the chemical and structural properties of the regolith. The regolith in the entire array of properties in the infrared region differs appreciably from terrestrial objects. Spectra of diffuse reflection and the spectra at angles of incidence 0 deg and angles of reflection 15 and 30 deg with samples of the regolith returned by the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 missions revealed a similarity of the infrared reflection characteristics of the regolith from different lunar mare regions.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 453-467
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  • 66
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    Optical characteristics of regolith from the Sea of Fertility, Sea of Tranquillity, and Ocean of Storms (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A diffuse reflection spectra analysis is reported for regolith returned by the Luna 16 automatic station and by the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 expeditions. The spectra of the specular reflection of Sea of Fertility regolith, as well as the spectra of diffuse reflection from polished sections of lunar rocks from the Sea of Tranquillity and the Ocean of Storms have no well-defined structures and are close to each other. The lowest reflectivity is exhibited by the Sea of Tranquillity regolith, and the highest -- by the Ocean of Storms regolith. A weak absorption band with a maximum near 1 nm is noted in the spectra, corresponding to the Fe-2(+) ion in the octahedral position in the lattice of regolith mineral constituents. When the indicatrix of scattering of the regolith was recorded, a specular component was detected.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 441-448
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  • 67
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    Rb-Sr age and content of potassium, rubidium strontium, barium, and rare earths in surface material from the Sea of Fertility (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The Luna 16 automatic station returned from the Sea of Fertility a 35 cm long column of lunar surface material. 1 g of the Luna 16 lunar surface material, taken at a depth of 22 cm, consists of fine material: surface material and fine fragments of rocks from 1 to 4 mm in diameter. Analyses made on 17 mg of the fine lunar surface material are presented. The results obtained for the Luna 16 surface material are plotted on the diagram of the isotopic evolution of strontium and show that this surface material is most depleted of radiogenic Sr-87 of all the known lunar surface materials and that the point characterizing Lunar 16 lies somewhat to the right of the line corresponding to an age of 4.6 billion years.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 436-440
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  • 68
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    Absolute age of lunar regolith material from the Sea of Fertility (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: By averaging the absolute age of lunar regolith materials from the Sea of Fertility for the fine regolith fraction from the core zone V, an age of 4.65 10 to the 9th power + 0.4 10 to the 9th power years was obtained, employing as the primordial Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio 0.69884 (ADOR). Also close to this age value is the age estimate based on the Pb-207/Pb-206 ratio. Using the value 0.69898 (BABI) as a primordial Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio reduces the calculated age of the fine regolith fraction to 4.25 X 10 to the 9th power years. The fine fraction of lunar regolith from the Sea of Fertility is also characterized by a minimum addition of radiogenic Sr-87, a minimum Rb/Sr ratio, and a maximum K/Rb ratio compared with analogous lunar material from other points.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 410-435
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  • 69
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    Study of radiation damage and structure of Luna 16 sample particles using high-resolution electron microscopes (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Using an electron scanning microscope and a high voltage microscope, a study was made of the radiation damage and structure of micron sized grains and grains separated from the 200-mesh fraction of the L-16-19 surface material sample. Then the structural features were compared with those found by studying with the same techniques grains separated from 20 different samples of lunar dust taken from the Apollo 11, Apollo 12, Apollo 14, and Apollo 15 collections. The L-16-19 sample is similar to the most intensely irradiated samples returned to earth by Apollo craft.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 404-409
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  • 70
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    Study of sample of Sea of Fertility lunar surface material by the track method (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Tracks in crystals of feldspars, olivines, pyroxenes, and in several fragments of basalts from a sample of Luna 16 lunar surface material were studied. A high track density, exceeding 10 to the 8th power cm/2 was found. The tracks were produced mainly by iron group nuclei of cosmic galactic and solar rays.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 400-403
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  • 71
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    Radiation damage and structure recorded at high resolution in grains from fine fractions of Luna 16 surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Samples returned to earth by Luna 16, were studied with a high voltage electron microscope for ultramicroscopic features. The following amazing features were noted in particles of surface material returned in all the lunar trips: A very high density of tracks of nuclear particles, ultrathin amorphous shells, highly rounded forms, and amazingly good ordering of crystal lattice. These features were used along with calibration experiments in solving the following problems: (1) determining the energy spectrum and chemical abundances of the very heavy nuclei in the solar wind and in the solar cosmic rays; (2) studying the past activity of the sun; (3) obtaining data on lunar dynamic processes affecting dust particles; (4) analyzing composite effects caused by penetration of solar wind into the lunar surface material; and (5) establishing the existence of the ancient lunar atmosphere and magnetic field.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 388-399
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  • 72
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    Some results of track method of investigating Luna 16 lunar material (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Preliminary data from an investigation of tracks in olivine crystals, separated from the five zones of a lunar surface material core, are reported. The gradients of track densities, their lengths, and their angular distribution were measured with an optical microscope. Throughout the core depth (35 cm) crystals bearing traces of exposure to low energy solar cosmic rays were found, indicating the occurrence of mixing processes in the surficial layer of lunar surface material. The age of the occurrence of the samples investigated on the lunar surface, calculated from the track density, is in the interval 0.7 to 16 million years.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 379-387
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  • 73
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    Gamma-spectrometric analysis of Luna 16 sample of lunar surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Using a scintillation gamma spectrometer with shielding against anticoincidences, the content of the natural radioelements (K, U, and Th) and long-lived cosmogenic radioisotopes (Al-26, Na-22, and Mn-54) in a sample of Sea of Fertility regolith was determined. Based on the content data of natural radioelements, an attempt was made to classify this sample in the scale of petrochemical types of terrestrial rocks arranged in accordance with their silicic content and alkalinity. Within the frame of reference of calcium-uranium systematics of lunar samples, a comparison was made of the K/U ratio obtained for the Sea of Fertility sample with analogous data for other regions of the moon. Also discussed are problems on the depthwise distribution of cosmogenic radioisotopes along the regolith profile.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 311-319
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  • 74
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    Cosmogenic Al-26 and Na-22 in Luna-16 lunar regolith (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The activities of cosmogenic isotopes Al-26 and Na-22 in two samples taken from different depths of the lunar regolith core returned by the Luna 16 automatic station were measured by scintillation gamma spectrometer. The measured activities, when recalculated to the time of sampling of the lunar surface material, are: Al-26 - 62 + or - 8 and 54 + or - 9; Na-22 - 42 + or - 8 and 48 + or - 9. Depthwise distributions of the activities of these isotopes in lunar rocks of different types indicate the presence of a considerable depth gradient of activity near the surface caused by the fall off in the fluxes of primary and secondary cosmic radiation. The absence of this gradient in the measured samples, along with data on the tracks and content of inert gases, as well as the granulometric characteristics of the regolith indicate that the surficial layer of the regolith at the sampling site underwent mixing.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 358-369
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  • 75
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    Problem of nature of inert gases in lunar surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The origin of isotopes of inert gases in lunar surface material was investigated from the standpoint of the isotopic two-component status of inert gases in the solar system. Helium and neon represent the solar wind component, while krypton and xenon are planetary gases. Type A gases are trapped by the material of the regolith in the early stages of the existence of the solar system and were brought to the lunar surface together with dust. The material of the regolith therefore cannot be considered as the product of the erosion of the crystalline rocks of the moon and in this sense are extralunar. The regolith material containing type A gases must be identified with the high temperature minerals of the carbonaceous chondrites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 348-357
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  • 76
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    Inert gases in Sea of Fertility regolith (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The content and isotopic composition were studied of inert gases -- He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe -- in samples of lunar regolith returned by the Luna 16 automatic station. The samples were taken from depths of about 12 and 30 cm. The high concentrations of inert gases exceed by several orders their concentrations observed in ordinary stony meteorites. The gases in lunar regolith were a complex mixture of gases of different origins: Solar, cosmogenic, radiogenic, and so on. Solar wind gases predominated, distributed in the thin surficial layer of the regolith grains. The concentrations of these gases in the surficial layer is several cubic centimeters per gram. The isotopic composition of the inert gases of solar origin approaches their composition measured in gas-rich meteorites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil From the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 334-347
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  • 77
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    Neutron activation determination of the oxygen content in the Luna 16 lunar surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The O2 content in the No. 16/078 sample of lunar surface material returned by the Luna 16 automatic station was determined by activation using 14 MeV neutrons. The O2 content in the sample is 42.1 + or - 1.2 weight percent.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 330-333
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  • 78
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    Content of lithium, beryllium, boron, and titanium, and the isotopic composition of lithium, boron, and magnesium in Luna 16 regolith sample (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The abundance of the following elements in the L 16-19 No. 118 regolith sample, zone V was determined by isotopic dilution using a mass spectrometer equipped with a scattering ion source: Li -- 9.8, Be -- 1.2, Be -- 2.6, and Ti -- 1.92 percent. For comparison, these same elements were measured in samples of surface material returned by Apollo 11, Apollo 12, and Apollo 14, and in the terrestrial reference standard diabase W-1. The content of Li, Be, and B in the Luna 16 sample is nearly the same as in the Apollo 11 surface material. The surface material returned by Apollo 12 and Apollo 14 contains two to four times more of these elements. However, the abundance ratios of Li, Be, and B are remarkably similar in the surface materials from the four different lunar regions. With respect to basaltic achondrites and especially with respect to chondrites, the lunar basalts are enriched in Li, Be, and B up to 100 times.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 320-329
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  • 79
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    Isotopic composition of lithium, potassium, rubidium, and strontium in lunar surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The isotopic composition of alkali and alkaline earth elements in the Luna 16 regolith was investigated by the method of thermionic emission, without chemical separation. The isotopic composition of the lithium in two regolith samples did not differ (within the limits 0.5 percent) from the mean of the terrestrial reference standard. At the same time, the observed difference (1 percent) in the isotopic composition of lithium between the samples requires further investigation and confirmation. The isotopic compositions of K and Rb did not differ within the limits of experimental error from the isotopic composition of the reference standard.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 306-310
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  • 80
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    Study of isotopic composition of helium in the fine fraction of Luna 16 lunar surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The content of He isotopes is measured in two samples of the lunar surface material returned by the Luna 16 automatic station. Both samples consist of a fine fraction of lunar surface material and were samples from zone A (sample 3-2k) and from zone V (sample 9-1r). The value of He4/He3 and the concentration of the He isotopes are identical for both samples, within the limits of experimental error.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 311-319
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  • 81
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    Results of investigating gases from inclusions in lunar glasses (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Common gases from inclusions in glass fragments and spherules of lunar surface material returned by the Luna 16 automatic station were investigated by the adsorption volumometric method. Inclusions from eight particles were analyzed. A gas mixture from the inclusions had two- (CO2 and H2), three- (CO2, H2 and N2 + inert gases), and (H2S, SO2, and NH3), H2,N2 + inert gases, and four component (H2S, SO2, and NH3), CO2, H2, and N2 + inert gases, compositions. Hydrogen in all analyses was 10 to 95 volume percent. Diffusional exchange with the terrestrial atmosphere was absent. An unexpectedly high density of gases in the vacuoles was obtained. The initial volume of the bubbles when the vacuoles were breached even rose 2.5 times and decreased in the limits of 2.3 to 54.5 times. Various possibilities for the formation in the lunar surface material of glass fragments and spherules are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 293-305
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  • 82
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    Genesis of lunar regolith (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: From comparing the mineral and chemical composition of regoliths with the compositions of primary magmatic lunar rocks, it is shown that mare regolith is enriched in aluminum and depleted in iron, titanium, and chromium. This effect cannot be accounted for only by the admixture of highland anorthositic material. The entire array of geochemical data points to the considerable role of depth-wise differentiation of the magmatic material in forming the composition of the primary lunar rocks and, naturally, the composition of the regolith. During regolith formation, processes of the effervescing of magma as it outflowed at the lunar surface were of primary importance. Impacts by micrometeorites represent another important factor.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 277-292
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  • 83
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    Determination of copper, scandium, molybdenum, tin, lead, and iron group elements in lunar surface materials (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Distribution regularities of copper, scandium, molybdenum, tin, lead, and iron group elements were investigated in basaltoid rocks of lunar and terrestrial origin. Samples of various regolith zones taken in the area of the Sea of Fertility were analyzed, along with samples of basic and ultrabasic rocks of the East African Rift for their content of the trace admixtures listed. Data obtained on the abundance of copper, scandium, molybdenum, tin, lead, cobalt, nickel, chromium, and vanadium in Luna 16 lunar surface material were compared with the abundance of these elements in samples of lunar rocks returned by Apollo 11, Apollo 12, and Apollo 14, with the exception of scandium; its content in the latter samples was considerably higher.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 260-268
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  • 84
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    Abundance of mercury in regolith of the Sea of Fertility, Sea of Tranquillity, and Ocean of Storms (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The direct determination of mercury by the atomic fluorescent method is described, involving the pulsed thermal atomization of powdered samples when the mercury is vaporized in argon at normal pressure. An increase in the mercury abundance in the regolith of the surficial layer with decrease in grain size and with variation in depth was noted, from 6 minus 1 million the surficial layer to 9 minus 1 million percent at a depth of about 30 cm. It is shown that in conditions simulating lunar day, at temperatures of 130-150 C up to 15 to 20 percent of the mercury is vaporized from a 2 mg regolith weighed sample, and thus the hypothesis is advanced that mercury is adsorbed by the surface layers of the lunar surface material during lunar night and desorbed during lunar day. The assumption is advanced that there exists a meridional mercury wind between subsolar region of the moon (heater) and the polar regions (cooler).
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 253-259
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  • 85
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    Mossbauer analysis of Luna 16 lunar surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Samples of Apollo 11 lunar surface material were studied by the Mossbauer effect. Owing to the small number of other resonant isotopes, all measurements were made with Fe-57 nuclei. The principal constituents of the material were as follows: Iron containing silicates (olivine, pyroxene, and so on), ilmenite (FeTiO3), and metallic iron.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 250-252
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  • 86
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    Mossbauer spectroscopic study of Luna 16 lunar regolith (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Samples of bulk fractions of lunar regolith from the surface layer A and the deep layer V were measured by Mossbauer spectroscopy with the FE57 nucleus. Metallic iron, ilmenite, olivine, pyroxene (mainly augite), and glasses were found. The iron distribution by mineral phases indicates that Luna 16 regolith differs from Apollo 11 regolith by a lower ilmenite content and a greater amount of olivine, and differs from Apollo 12 regolith by somewhat more olivine. No appreciable amount of iron was found in the trivalent state.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 238-249
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  • 87
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    Electron paramagnetic resonance of several lunar rock samples (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The results are presented of investigating lunar rock samples returned by the Luna 16 automatic station, using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The EPR technique makes it possible to detect paramagnetic centers and investigate their nature, with high sensitivity. Regolith (finely dispersed material) and five particles from it, 0.3 mm in size, consisting mostly of olivine, were investigated with EPR.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 232-237
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  • 88
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    Rock-forming and rare elements in lunar surface material from the Sea of Tranquillity and the Ocean of Storms (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Methodological and analytical capabilities associated with spark mass spectrometry and X-ray spectroscopy are presented for the determination of the elemental composition of samples of lunar regolith returned to the earth by Apollo 11 and Apollo 12. Using X-ray spectroscopy, the main constituents of samples of lunar surface material were determined, and using mass spectrometry -- the main admixtures. The principal difference of Apollo 11 samples from Apollo 12 samples was found for elements contained in microconcentrations. This is especially true of rare earth elements.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 220-223
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  • 89
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    X-ray electron study of lunar regolith from the Sea of Fertility and the Sea of Tranquillity (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: X-ray electron spectra were obtained of the 2p-levels of Fe, Ti, Si, Al, and Mg, and of the 1s-level in lunar regolith from the Sea of Fertility and the Sea of Tranquillity. The spectra of the same elements were recorded for approximately 30 rock forming minerals, oceanic gabbro, meteoritic eucrite, and several iron meteorites. Analysis of the results based on line positions showed that all the elements studied have the usual degrees of oxidation, and that oxygen atoms are their nearest neighbors. The predominant coordination number of Al is 4. Analysis and comparison of the Fe2p spectra in regolith, various iron meteorites, and stainless steel leads to these conclusions: Metallic iron in lunar regolith is in a highly dispersed state and is unusually stable with respect to oxidation by the oxygen of the earth's atmosphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 224-231
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  • 90
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    Determination of rare-earth elements in Luna 16 regolith sample by chemical spectral method (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: An analysis was made of regolith from layer A of the Luna 16 sample for rare earth elements, by a chemical spectral method. Chemical and ion exchange concentrations were used to determine the content of 12 elements and Y at the level 0.001 to 0.0001 percent with 10 to 15 percent reproducibility of the emission determination. Results within the limits of reproducibility agree with data obtained by mass spectra, activation, and X-ray fluorescent methods.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 214-219
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  • 91
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    Nondestructive activation analysis of sample of lunar surface material returned by Luna 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The composition of a sample of lunar surface material returned by the Luna 16 automatic station from the Sea of Fertility was studied, using nondestructive activation analysis. The structure of the returned surface material is inhomogeneous; the surficial material is thin, quite homogeneous, and the granularity increases with depth. Based on grain size, the sample was separated into five zones. The activation analysis was conducted on a sample taken from the friable surficial layer, zone A. The content of Al, Mn, Na, Cr, Co, Fe, and Sc was determined by nondestructive activation analysis of the sample. In determining Cr, Co, Fe, and Sc, the sample was irradiated for 24 hours and cooled for 10 days. Gamma spectra of the samples were recorded with a semiconductor Ge(Li)-detector and a multichannel analyzer, and measurement data were processed with an electronic computer.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 209-213
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  • 92
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    Neutron activation study of the composition of lunar surface material from the Sea of Fertility (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The elemental composition of samples of lunar regolith returned by Luna 16 from the Sea of Fertility was determined by a radio activation method using generator and reactor neutrons, and also by gamma spectrometry with scintillation and Ge(Li) detectors.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 202-208
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  • 93
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    Chemical composition of Luna 16 lunar regolith (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Data on the chemical composition of regolith returned by the Luna 16 automatic station and two fragments of basalts from the lower layer of the core are presented. Spark mass spectrometric, primary X-ray spectral, emission spectral, and atomic absorption methods were used in the analysis. The regolith of mare provinces were shown to be a mixture of material of various origins. The source of the material of the mare regolith was principally basalts of the corresponding lunar lava maria. The regolith is genetically related to it. This follows from a comparison of the chemical composition, mineralogical, and petrochemical features of the basesalts and the regolith from the Sea of Fertility, Sea of Tranquillity, and Ocean of Storms, respectively.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 179-201
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  • 94
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    X-ray structural study of chrome-aluminum lunar spinel from the Sea of Fertility (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: An X-ray structural study was made of a lunar spinel sample from the Sea of Fertility. The chemical composition and distribution of cations in the structure were characterized. Interpretation of the experimental data by the least squares method yielded the oxygen parameter u = 0.261 and the isotropic temperature factor 1.09 AU squared.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 174-178
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  • 95
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    Silicate spherules in sample of regolith returned by Lunar 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The content of spherical fused particles in Sea of Fertility regolith increases with decrease in particle size and varies from 1 to 2 percent in the relatively coarse fractions to 3 to 4 percent in the fine fractions. Among the spherical formations was noted a wide diversity of shapes, and the most common are particles that are similar in shape to a regular sphere, which indicates the acquisition of shape in the liquid phase under the action of surface tension. As to color, the most common are the black and dark colored particles. No regularities of any kind were noted in the distribution of spherical particles by core zones. The considerable difference of the granulometric characteristics of the spherical particles and the regolith as a whole indicates that the formation of regolith particles and the spherules included in its composition occurred as the result of different, even though possibly simultaneous, processes.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertilty (NAASA-TT-F-15881); p 166-173
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  • 96
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    Scanning electron microscopy of lunar regolith from the Sea of Fertility (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Scanning electron microscopy was used in studying the morphology and cathodoluminescence of lunar regolith particles. Surface and structure of two groups of particles are differentiated: (1) Crystalline with well defined facets and spalling surfaces, which are grains of minerals and rock fragments: and (2) amorphous, fused, and partially or entirely glazed particles. Local melting of particles and the round openings on their surfaces are attributed to secondary influence on the regolith of factors of lunar weathering and above all micrometeoric impacts.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 155-165
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  • 97
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    X-ray spectral microanalysis of composition of individual lunar regolith particles (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Determinations were made of the chemical compositions of selected olivine crystals, spherical particles ranging in size from 170 to 350 micrometer, spinels, and magnetic particles. The olivines contain 30 to 50 mole percent fayalite. The spherical particles of various colors are aluminosilicate glasses, significantly enriched in CaO compared with the mean composition of the regolith. The degree of coloration depends on the FeO content and also the admixtures TiO2, MnO, and Cr2O3. Compositionally, the spinel was interpreted to be chromopicotites. Magnetic particles were shown to be complex intergrowths of nickelous iron and aluminosilicates. The composition of the metallic phase of one particle (in percent) was: Fe - 86, Ni - 13.6, and Co - 0.16 in combination with plagioclase and microinclusions of ilmenite in silicate. Kamacite was determined in another intergrowth of Fe, Ni, and Co.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 145-154
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  • 98
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    X-ray diffraction identification of minerals in lunar regolith returned by Luna 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The methods of powder and monocrystal X-ray diffraction served in identifying the mineral composition of gross samples of regolith from different levels of the drill core and about 80 individual regolith particles returned by the Luna 16 station. It was established that the Sea of Fertility regolith includes pyroxenes of the augite-pigeonite series, anorthites, ilmenite, olivines, spinels, alpha cristobalite, iron particles, glass, and several as yet unidentified particles. Crystallographic and roentgenometric data are given for all the lunar minerals found.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 121-144
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  • 99
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    Preliminary report of mineralogical and petrographic study of the Luna 16 lunar surface material sample (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Unsorted powder and grains larger than 0.5 mm from the L-16-19-118 lunar sample consisted of eight basaltic fragments, four fragments of breccias (of which one was quite light), one white grain (maskelynite), one chondrule, and slagged dark partially glassy chunks. The mineralogical composition of all rounded particles led to the assumption that they are all of lunar origin; but their presence in the regolith indicates formation of chondrulic meteorites. The existence of several grains of pyroxene coated with a thin glassy film merits attention.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 86-93
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  • 100
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    Petrographic-mineralogical investigation of magmatic rocks from the Sea of Fertility (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Petrographic and mineralogical features of fragments of magmatic rock of regolith from the Sea of Fertility are examined. The textures and mineral composition vary in relation to the type of rock. More than 50 X-ray spectral analyses of minerals (olivine, pyroxenes, plagioclases, and ores) were made; their chemical composition varies even within the limits of individual rock fragments.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 94-120
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