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  • Light microscopy  (39)
  • Springer  (39)
  • 1970-1974  (39)
  • 1930-1934
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  • Springer  (39)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 125-136 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Mineralization ; Molt ; Isopod ; Chemistry ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Au cours de la phase inhabituelle de mue d'un isopode d'eau courante,Lirceuts brachyrus, la moitié postérieure de l'exosquelette est éliminée 24 heures avant la moitié antérieure. A ce stade, une reminéralisation se développe dans la partie postérieure alors que la partie antérieure est dans un stade de pré-mue. Le pourcentage de différence en calcium dans les deux moitiés à mi-mue et mue complète est respectivement de 22% (p〈0.01) et 33% (p〈0.01), indiquant une complexation du calcium pendant la mue. La rapidité de la reminéralisation est illustrée par le fait que le contenu minéral total double dans la partie postérieure entre la mi-mue et la mue totale et dans la partie antérieure entre la fin de la mue et un jour après. Le carbonate de calcium, sous forme de calcite, a pu être identifié par diffraction électronique de coupes fines des téguments.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Während der ungewöhnlichen Häutungssequenz des Frischwasser-IsopodenLirceus brachyurus (Harger) wird die hintere Hälfte des äußeren Skeletts 24 Std vor der vorderen Hälfte abgestoßen. In der halbgehäuteten Phase erfolgt Remineralisation im hinteren Teil, während der vordere Teil in einem Vorhäutungszustand ist. Der prozentuale Unterschied des Calciums in den zwei Hälften bei Halb- und Vollhäutungszustand ist 22% (p〈0,01) bzw. 33% (p〈0,01), was andeutet, daß Calcium während der Häutung abgesondert wird. Die Geschwindigkeit der Remineralisation erhellt aus der Tatsache, daß sich der Gesamtmineralgehalt im hinteren Teil zwischen Halt- und Vollhäutung, in der vorderen Hälfte jedoch zwischen Endhäutung und einem Tag nach der Häutung verdoppelt. Calciumcarbonat in kristalliner Calcitform wurde mittels Elektronendiffraktion von dünnen Hautschnitten nachgewiesen.
    Notes: Abstract During the unusual molt sequence of the fresh-water isopod,Lirceus brachyrus (Harger), the posterior half of the exoskeleton is shed 24 hours before the anterior half. At the half-molt stage, occurs in the posterior part while the anterior portion is in a pre-molt condition. The percentage difference in calcium in the two halves at half-molt and full-molt is22 (p〈0.01) and33 (p〈0.01) respectively, an indication that calcium is sequestered during The rapidity of remineralization is illustrated by the fact that the total mineral content doubles in the posterior part between half and full molt and in the anterior half between the end of molt and one day after ecdysis. Calcium carbonate in the calcite cystalline form was demonstrated by electron diffraction of thin sections of the integument.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 121 (1971), S. 377-441 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Visual system ; Insects diptera ; Lamina ganglionaris ; Optic cartridges ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of optic cartridges in the frontal part of the lamina ganglionaris (the outermost synaptic region of the visual system of insects) has been analysed from selective and reduced silver stained preparations. The results, obtained from studies on five different species of Diptera, confirm that six retinula cells, together situated in a single ommatidium, project to six optic cartridges in a manner no different from that described by Braitenberg (1967) from Musca domestica. Each optic cartridge contains five first order interneurons (monopolar cells) which project together to a single column in the second synaptic region, the medulla. The dendritic arrangement of two of these neurons (L1 and L2) indicates that they must make contact with all six retinula cell terminals of a cartridge (R1–R6). Two others (L3 and L5) have processes that reach to only some of the retinula cell endings. A fifth form of monopolar cell (L4) sometimes has an arrangement of processes which could establish contact with all six retinula cells: other cells of the same type may contact only a proportion of them. This neuron (L4) also has an arrangement of collaterals such as to allow lateral interaction between neigbouring optic cartridges. The processes of the other four monopolar cells (L1, L2, L3 and L5) are usually contained within a single cartridge. In addition to these elements there is a pair of receptor prolongations (the long visual fibres, R7 and R8) that bypasses all other elements of a cartridge, including the receptor terminals R1–R6, and finally terminates in the medulla. Four types of neurons, which are derived from perikarya lying just beneath or just above the second synaptic region, send fibres across the first optic chiasma to the lamina. Like all the other interneuronal elements of cartridges the terminals of these so-called “centrifugal” cells have characteristic topographical relationships with the cyclic arrangement of retinula cell terminals. Apart from the above mentioned neurons there is also a system of tangential fibres whose processes invade single cartridges but which together could provide a substrate for relaying information to the medulla derived from aggregates of cartridges. Optic cartridges contain at least 15 neural elements other than retinula cells. This complex structure is discussed with respect to the receptor physiology, as it is known from electrophysiological and behavioural experiments. The arrangements of neurons in cartridges is tentatively interpreted as a means of providing at least 6 separate channels of information to the medulla, four of which may serve special functions such as relaying color coded information or information about the angle of polarised light at high light intensities.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vital staining ; Fibroblasts ; Autophagic vacuoles ; Influence of fixatives ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Fibroblastenkulturen wurden mit Mepacrin (Atebrin®), Neutralrot und Toluidinblau unter vergleichbaren Bedingungen vitalgefärbt. Die Farbstoffe induzieren die Bildung autophagischer Vakuolen (Autolysosomen) im Cytoplasma. Die Eignung von sieben verschiedenen Fixantien zur Erhaltung dieser im lichtmikroskopischen Sinn neugebildeten Strukturen wurde untersucht. Kriterien der jeweiligen Fixationsleistung waren einmal die Erhaltung der autophagischen Vakuolen an sich, zum anderen die Erhaltung ihrer farbstoffabhängigen, morphologischen Individualität. Als wenig leistungsfähig haben sich erwiesen die Lösungen nach Carnoy und Bouin sowie Formol. Glutaraldehyd bewahrt die Lysosomenstruktur befriedigend, jedoch nicht ausreichend stabil für weitere, etwa histochemische, Eingriffe. Kaliumbichromat gewährleistet bessere Stabilität, jedoch nur geringe Lebensähnlichkeit der Autolysosomen. OsO4 und NaMnO4 sind den anderen Fixantien hinsichtlich der Erfüllung beider Kriterien deutlich überlegen. Die Befunde werden mit dem lipidstabilisierenden Effekt, den beide Metalloxydverbindungen an den phospholipidreichen Autolysosomen ausüben, in Zusammenhang gebracht. Unterschiede in der Wirkung ließen sich nach Anwendung von OsO4 und NaMnO4 an den AV nachweisen: Mepacrin-AV werden durch OsO4 etwas lebensähnlicher erhalten als durch NaMnO4. Die Neutralrot-AV und Toluidinblau-AV mit deutlicher vakuolärer Struktur werden nur durch Permanganat im Zusammenhang erhalten, mit deutlicher Abgrenzung der Toluidinblau-induzierten von den Neutralrot-induzierten Autolysosomen. Nach Osmium- und Permanganatfixation zeigen die Zellkulturen starke Affinität zu Methylenblau, nicht Eosin. Nur die OsO4-fixierten Autolysosomen halten gegenüber Alkoholeinwirkung ihre Anfärbung im wesentlichen bei. Die Befunde werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Fibroblasts grown in monolayer were subjected to vital staining by mepacrine (Atebrine®), neutral red and toludine blue under comparable conditions. These dyes induce the formation of autophagic vacuoles (autolysosomes) in the cytoplasm. The preservation of these structures, which are considered to be newly formed in the dimension of the light microscope, by seven different fixatives has been examined. The criteria employed to assess the performance of each fixative consisted of 1. the preservation of the autophagic vacuoles per se and 2. their dye-dependent morphological characteristics. Fixation by Carnoy's or Bouin's solution as well as by formaline gave poor results. Glutaraldehyde preserved lysosomal structure satisfactorily, but not adequately for further application of histochemical methods. Potassium dichromate has a stabilizing effect on autophagic vacuoles, however, structures are not equivalent to those observed in living cells. Osmium tetroxide (OsO4) and sodium permanganate (NaMnO4) are superior to the other fixatives with regard to the afore mentioned criteria. These observations are explained by the wellknown lipid-stabilizing effect which both metal oxides are expected to exert on autolysosomes with their high content of phospholipids. After fixation with OsO4 and NaMnO4 diverging effects on autophagic vacuoles could be ascertained. Mepacrine-induced autophagic vacuoles are preserved somewhat more accurately by OsO4 than by NaMnO4. Autolysosomes induced by neutral red and toluidine blue display a more vacuolated appearance and are preserved as a whole only by permanganate. Distinct differences exist between autophagic vacuoles induced by toluidine blue and those induced by neutral red. After fixation by OsO4 and NaMnO4 cells from culture display a strong affinity to methylene blue, but not to eosin. The staining of autolysosomes by methylene blue is resistant to ethanol after fixation in OsO4 only. The results are discussed.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 378-388 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Arteries ; Children ; Structure ; Pattern of calcification ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gross calcifications of the common iliac and internal iliac arteries represent a common finding in newborn children and infants. In both arteries, the calcific deposits regularly appear in certain areas of the arterial luminal surface only, whereas the other parts of the arterial wall remain free of gross lesions even in cases with a pronounced calcification. In the common iliac artery, the lateral wall of the vessel and the adjacent sectors of the anterior and posterior wall represent the predilection site of calcific deposits. In the internal iliac artery, the gross calcifications have been regularly demonstrated in the dorso-medial wall. The predominant localisation of the calcification in these parts of the vessels and its absence in the others depend on the definite structural features of the arterial tube and different affinity for calcium of the individual structural elements. In both iliac arteries, only the primary internal elastic membrane undergoes early calcification. However, unlike the most muscular arteries, this membrane is not developed in the whole arterial circumference of the common iliac and internal iliac arteries, but is absent in large areas of their arterial luminal layer. In these areas, the subendothelial or subintimal elastic layers are formed by the networks of longitudinally arranged elastic fibers or membraneous elastic structures which arise from the elastic networks with the further growth. These elastic elements always stay free of calcific deposits. The structural features found in both iliac arteries may be important for the development of the later pathological changes.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 533-547 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epiphysis ; Circumventricular structures of the epithalamus ; Elephant ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die dorsale Wand des Epithalamus des Elefanten enthält zwei Aussackungen, den langen Recessus suprapinealis (RS), der mit Plexus chorioideus gefüllt ist, und den kurzen breiten Recessus pinealis (RP). Die dickeren Wandpartien beider Recessus bestehen überwiegend aus Pinealgewebe mit Pinealocyten. Das Ependym des Epithalamus bildet an fünf Orten circumventrikuläre Strukturen (CS); drei dieser CS gehören zum Subcommissuralorgan. Das Ependym mit der höchsten Aktivität liegt auf der unteren Lippe und in den spitzen lateralen Hörnern des RP. Dieses Epithel trägt Kinocilien und besitzt Zellprotrusionen; es ist mäßig gomoripositiv. Über die Verteilung der verschiedenen Kennzeichen der CS-Strukturen gibt eine Tabelle Auskunft. In der lateralen Wand des Epithalamus unter der Commissura habenularis liegen die Verrucae epithalami, die unterschiedlich tiefe ependymbedeckte Spalten besitzen. Die mögliche funktionelle Bedeutung dieser Strukturen wird kurz erörtert.
    Notes: Summary The dorsal wall of the epithalamus of the elephant has two evaginations: the long recessus suprapinealis (RS) filled with plexus chorioideus and the short and wide recessus pinealis (RP). The thick part of the wall of both recessus consists mainly of pineal tissue with pinealocytes. The ependyma of the epithalamic region has about 5 loci with circumventricular formations (CS), three of them belonging to the subcommissural organ. The ependyma with equivalents of high activity is situated in the lower lip and in the lateral tapering corners of the RP. This epithelium bears kinocilia and shows protrusions of the cells extending into the ventricle, it is fairly gomoripositive. Details concerning the structural differences in the various loci of CS are described. There are some verrucae epithalami in the lateral wall of the epithalamus below the commissura habenularis having more or less deep clefts covered with ependyma. The possible functions of these structures are briefly discussed.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 415-438 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brain stem ; Human ; Dorsal glossopharyngeus vagus-complex ; Lipofuscin ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe einer neu entwickelten Methode zur Darstellung von Neurolipofuscinen wird das Pigmentbild des dorsalen Glossopharyngeus- und Vagusgebietes beschrieben. Da außer wenigen elastischen Fasern nur die Lipofuscingranula, welche in Nervenzellen gespeichert sind, angefärbt werden, können Schnitte bis zu einer Dicke von 800 μ verwendet werden. Sie lassen bei stereomikroskopischer Betrachtung die Grenzen von Kerngebieten meist deutlich erkennen, da durch die Übereinanderprojektion zahlreicher Neurone auch geringe Unterschiede in der Dichte der Zellen, sowie in der Art und dem Ausmaß ihrer Pigmentierung hervortreten. Das dorsale Glossopharyngeus- und Vagusgebiet wird in elf Kerne unterteilt. Seinen caudalen Pol bilden der Nucleus terminalis caudalis alae cinereae, der Nucleus commissuralis und parvocellularis. Im mittleren Bereich liegen zahlreiche Kerne von kennzeichnender Gestalt nahe beieinander. Der Nucleus pigmentosus nervi vagi hüllt das Gesamtgebiet ein und füllt die Räume zwischen den Kernen aus. Der Nucleus alaris nervi vagi durchzieht als breite Zellplatte den ganzen mittleren Teil. Seine großen Neurone speichern Lipofuscinkörnchen nicht nur in den Perikaryen sondern auch in Form langer Pigmentspindeln in den Dendriten. Im kleinzelligen Gebiet lateral vom alaren Kern werden ein Nucleus terminalis intermedius alae cinereae, der Kern der Area postrema, ein Nucleus tractus solitarii, ein Nucleus gelatinosus, sowie ein oraler Terminalkern der Ala cinerea voneinander unterschieden. In allen Terminalkernen findet sich reichlich Dendritenpigment neben den kräftig gefärbten Lipofuscinkegeln in den Zelleibern. An der Grenze zum oralen Abschnitt des Gesamtgebietes vermindert sich die Dichte der Pigmentierung. Hier liegt in der Fortsetzung des alaren Vaguskernes der Nucleus salivatorius inferior. Eine so weitgehende Untergliederung des Glossopharyngeus- und Vagusgebietes steht in Widerspruch zu den Darstellungen zahlreicher Autoren. Vor allem im kleinzelligen Bereich, der meist als ein einheitliches Areal aufgefaßt wird, können mit Hilfe der Pigmentarchitektonik die drei Terminalkerne der Ala cinerea eindeutig vom eigentlichen Kern des Solitärbündels und vom Nucleus gelatinosus unterschieden werden. Außerdem stellt sich heraus, daß die Gesamtheit der melaninhaltigen Neurone im Vagusgebiet, zusammen mit einem weiteren großen Zelltyp, der reichlich mit Lipofuscin beladen ist, ein eigenes kompliziert geformtes Kerngebiet bilden, das sicher von den übrigen Kernen, auch von dem gleichfalls großzelligen Nucleus alaris abgetrennt werden kann.
    Notes: Summary By means of a newly developed method for the demonstration of neurolipofuscines the distribution of pigments in the dorsal glossopharyngeus-vagus-complex is described. Since apart from few elastic fibers only the lipofuscin granules which are stored in neurons are stained, sections up to 800 μ can be investigated. Under the stereomicroscope they show in general clearly the borders of nuclei, since because of the superposition of numerous neurons also slight differences in respect of the density of the cells and type and extent of their pigmentation show up clearly. The dorsal glossopharyngeus-vagus-complex of the human is subdivided into eleven nuclei. Its caudal pole is formed by the nucleus terminalis caudalis alae cinereae, the nucleus commissuralis and parvocellularis. In the middle portion several nuclei of characteristic shape lie closely together. The nucleus pigmentosus nervi vagi envelopes the whole complex and fills the spaces between the nuclei. The nucleus alaris nervi vagi forms a broad plate of cells extending over the whole length of the middle portion. Its large neurons do not only store the lipofuscin granules in their perikarya but also in form of elongated pigment spindles in the dendrites. In the parvicellular parts lateral of the nucleus alaris a nucleus terminalis intermedius alae cinereae, a nucleus of the area postrema, a nucleus tractus solitarii, a nucleus gelatinosus, and a nucleus terminalis oralis alae cinereae are to be distinguished. In all terminal nuclei abundant pigment spindles of the dendrites occur beside the heavily stained lipofuscin pyramids in the perikarya. At the border of the oral part of the complex the density of pigmentation decreases. Here, in continuity of the nucleus alaris, the nucleus salivatorius inferior is situated. Such an extensive subdivision of the glossopharyngeus — vagus-complex of the human is in contrast to the description of numerous authors. Especially in the parvicellular part, which generally is described as a uniform area, by means of pigment architecture unequivocally the three terminal nuclei of the ala cinerea can be distinguished from the nucleus tractus solitarii proper and the nucleus gelatinosus. In addition it becomes apparent by the pigment architecture that the whole population of melanin containing neurons in the vagus-complex, together with a further large cell type, which stores vast amounts of lipofuscin granules, forms a distinctive nucleus which can be separated with certainty from the other nuclei, as well as the equally magnocellular nucleus alaris.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 179-200 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retino-preoptic pathway ; Optic tracts ; Rana temporaria ; Light microscopy ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The optic tracts and centres of optic terminals of Rana temporaria have been investigated with silver impregnation techniques after unilaterally cutting the optic nerve and autoradiographically after injection of a mixture of tritiated amino acids into the vitreous body of the left eye. The observations on the course of the optic tracts and on the optic terminals in the thalamus and optic tectum are to a great extent in agreement with those of other authors. The probability of a retino-preoptic pathway is supported by the detection of fibres running in dorsal direction in front of the place where the optic nerve penetrates the brain. In horizontal sections these fibres can be seen deviating from the optic tract, covering a short distance in frontal direction and then turning upward under an angle of about 90 degrees. They disappear between the ventral aldehyde-fuchsin positive cells of the preoptic nucleus. The ventral and median parts of the ipsilateral preoptic nucleus contain fragments of degenerated fibres. Autoradiographic data are also in favour of the presence of an ipsilateral retino-preoptic tract. After carefully counting the number of grains over left and right preoptic nucleus, it appeared that over the ventral and median parts of the left preoptic nucleus more grains occur than over the identical areas of the right one.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 473-485 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Rabbit ; Architecture ; Autonomic innervation ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A light microscopic investigation of the rabbit pineal gland with the aid of silver-stained sections gave the following results. In the gland a medulla and a cortex can be distinguished, the medulla containing so-called light and dark pinealocytes, the cortex only light ones. Autonomic nerve fibres reach the pineal organ by two routes: (1) via the perivascular spaces of pineal blood vessels and (2) via two distinct nerve bundles, the nervi conarii. Bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy revealed that these pinealo-petal nerve fibres are mainly orthosympathetic postganglionic. Intramural pineal neurones with synaptic-like structures on their cell bodies and dendrites point to the presence of a parasympathetic innervation next to the orthosympathetic one. Direct afferent or efferent neural connections with the brain appeared to be absent.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Rat ; Gonadotrophic cells ; Cycle, influence of testosterone ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 4-day cyclic adult female Wistar rats were injected subcutaneously with testosterone propionate on diestrus 1 at 16:00 and on diestrus 2 at 10:00 respectively. Non-injected females served as controls. Autopsy was performed on diestrus 2 at 23:00, and on proestrus at 14:00 and 17:00 respectively. The blue Alcian-PAS staining was used to evidence FSH (β) and LH (γ) pituitary cells. In control animals and in diestrus 2 injected females only a small number of FSH cells could be detected on diestrus 2 at 23:00. This number increased markedly on proestrus at 14:00 and decreased on proestrus at 17:00. A similar evolution was observed in diestrus 1 testosterone injected females, but the number of FSH cells appeared higher at any stage of autopsy in these females than in diestrus 2 injected females and in control rats. In control females, numerous LH cells were observed on diestrus 2 at 23:00. The number of these cells was diminished on proestrus at 14:00 and still more at 17:00. On the contrary few LH cells were detected in testosterone injected females on the evening of diestrus 2. An increase of these cells occurred on proestrus at 14:00, followed at 17:00 by only a weak diminution as established by comparison with control animals. An inhibition of FSH release and a suppression of the proestrus surge of LH were therefore supposed to cause, on one hand, the slowing up of follicular growth observed in diestrus 1 injected females and, on the other hand, the blockage of ovulation noted in both diestrus 1 and diestrus 2 treated animals.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hippocampal region (rat) ; Distribution of dehydrogenases ; Postnatal development ; Histochemistry ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Succinate-, α-glycerophosphate-, NADH-, and NADPH dehydrogenases (tetrazolium reductases) were studied histochemically in brain sections. The distribution of these enzymes in the hippocampal region was mapped in different postnatal stages. In addition to the hippocampus and the dentate area which have also been dealt with by other authors, the description includes the entorhinal area, parasubiculum, presubiculum, and subiculum. In all the areas of the hippocampal region the enzyme activity is first localized mainly in cell bodies. Activity in the neuropil shows a tendency to increase with age throughout the stages studied. Examples of particularly early or late differentiation of the histochemical pattern exist. Thus already after 4–6 days the differentiated staining pattern in the hippocampal layers as seen in the adult, begins to appear. In the entorhinal area the early enzyme distribution agrees with that in the adult and facilitates identification of its layers. After 22 days the fundamental enzyme chemoarchitectonics of the adult rat brain has been obtained. Histochemical characteristics of the different areas, support the view that the hippocampal region constitutes an entity.
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