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  • Autoradiography  (67)
  • Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
  • Aircraft Stability and Control
  • Industrial Chemistry
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Seismology
  • Springer  (69)
  • 1970-1974  (67)
  • 1950-1954  (2)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Site of mannan synthesis in yeast (1974)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 99 (1974), S. 255-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Mannan Synthesis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Autoradiography ; Cell Wall ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The combination of high-resolution autoradiography and biochemical methods has been used to ascertain the site of mannan synthesis in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae. High-resolution autoradiography has been performed under conditions when addedd-mannose-3H was incorporated exclusively into mannan. Application of “pulse-chase” labelling technique revealed that the radio-active mannose is fixed primarily in the cytoplasmic space from where it is transported into the cell wall. Additional experiments with separated membrane fractions from the same yeast strongly support the hypothesis that the plasmalemma is not directly involved in the biosynthesis of yeast mannan and that the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum are the sites where the polymerization of mannosyl units takes place.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00696240
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autoradiographic localization of 3H-γ-aminobutyric acid uptake in the lamina ganglionaris of Musca and Drosophila (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 415-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: 3H-γ-aminobutyric acid uptake ; Visual system ; Lamina ganglionaris ; Musca, Drosophila ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The uptake of 3H-GABA in the visual system of half-head preparations of Musca and Drosophila was studied by means of light and electron microscope autoradiography. Of all three ganglia, only the first synaptic region, the lamina ganglionaris, showed accumulation of radioactive grains, and there a preferential glial uptake could be found. Under normal light conditions at incubation (constant light flux of 100 Lux) the maximum of radio-activity was found in the marginal glia cells. Increasing the time of incubation produced also an increase in the number of grains per surface unit in the marginal glia cells. After changing the light intensity during incubation, quantitative modifications of the distribution of radio-activity were observed: incubating with stroboscopic illumination, the number of grains diminished in the marginal glia cells and remained constant in the epithelial cells; incubated in darkness, the epithelial cells became more intensely labelled whilst the number of grains decreased in the marginal cells. The possibility is discussed that the receptor axons 1–6 are the neurological elements of the lamina which use GABA as a transmitter. This hypothesis is lent some support from results of similar experiments with neurological mutants of Drosophila. In opm 18 there was a delayed uptake of 3H-GABA whereas in opm 3 and ebony the results were comparable to those found in Musca incubated in darkness. Behavioral studies on these mutants have demonstrated a defect, most probably related to the receptor system 1–6.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307474
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An electron microscopic autoradiographic study of proline incorporation by mouse lingual epithelium (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 479-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Proline ; Keratohyalin ; Basal lamina ; Epithelium ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mouse lingual epithelium incorporates significant amounts of L-proline-2, 3-H3 one hour after intraperitoneal injection of the tritiated amino acid. All viable cell strata incorporated approximately equal amounts of proline as assessed by autoradiographic techniques. Grain counts at 30 minutes, 1 hour, 4 hours and 24 hours, the four time periods studied, indicated a progressive incorporation of proline up to 4 hours following injection. Preferential incorporation of proline into any one cell structure or group of structures was not observed. Keratohyalin granules (KHG's) demonstrated incorporated proline; however, usually only one silver grain appeared over each granule, and, based on grain counts, the amount of proline incorporated by KHG's appeared slightly less than the general labeling observed in KHG-containing cells. This finding supports recent biochemical studies which have indicated a considerably lower proline content of keratohyalin than had previously been reported. Significant proline incorporation into the epithelial basal lamina was not observed during the 24 hours of this study. Thus, while recent recombination experiments have conclusively demonstrated that epithelial basal cells synthesize considerable quantities of basal lamina in a 24 hour period; it would appear that epithelial basal cells contribute little to a formed, intact basal lamina. This finding lends credence to the concept of a long basal lamina turnover time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307250
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An electron microscopic and autoradiographic study of mesogleal organization and collagen synthesis in the sea anemone Aiptasia diaphana (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 537-554 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sea anemone mesoglea ; Collagen synthesis ; Epitheliomuscular cells ; Electron microscopy ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy and autoradiography (H3-proline) were used to determine the cell(s) responsible for collagen synthesis and lamination in the mesoglea of the sea anemone, Aiptasia diaphana. Mesogleal collagen is synthesized by the epidermal epitheliomuscular cells which contain much rough endoplasmic reticulum, and secretory vesicles attached to microtubules which cross the basal plasmalemma and anchor in the basement membrane; these cells incorporate large amounts of H3-proline. The mesogleal collagen fibers are non-striated, have clear centers, and a diameter of 200–260 Å; their walls are composed of 65 Å diameter subunit fibrils which appear to be helically oriented. Epitheliomuscular cells rest upon a subepidermal basement membrane which is composed of mesogleal collagen fibers, 65 Å subunit fibrils, and dense granules. This subepidermal basement membrane labels definitively with H3-proline, and is the region where soluble collagen precursors apparently form subunit fibrils which associate to yield mesogleal fibers. The columnar mesogleal collagen fibers are arranged to form layers: the fibers of each layer have the same longitudinal orientation, while those of adjacent layers display an approximate orthogonal arrangement. It is felt that the subepidermal basement membrane is responsible for this organization of mesogleal fibers. Mesogleal amoebocytes do not label with H3-proline and show no ultrastructural evidence of collagen secretion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223031
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of gametogenesis (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 443-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oocytes and T-prospermatogonia ; Rat ; Quantitative analysis ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der Ratte findet die sexuelle Differenzierung der Gonade zwischen dem 14. und 15. Tag post conceptionem (p.c.) statt. Während dieser Zeit teilen sich die Oogonien und deren Parallelpopulation—die M-prospermatogonien (multiplying prospermatogonia) oder I-Gonocyten—sehr häufig. Um den 17. Tag p.c. tritt die letzte Generation der Oogonien bzw. der M-prospermatogonien in die Mitose. Die Mitosen bilden häufig “synchronisierte Gruppen”. Die postmitotischen Kerne ihrer Tochterzellen—der Oocyten und der T 1 prospermatogonien (primary transitional prospermatogonia) oder II-Gonocyten—sind klein. Ihr Chromatin ist in Form gröberer Schollen der Kernmembran angelagert. Auf diese Weise kommt das typische “krustenförmige” Aussehen bzw. die Ähnlichkeit mit den Prophasen der Oogonien und M-prospermatogonien zustande. Die Oocyten durchlaufen zunächst die G1-phase (etwa 10 Std Dauer) und treten dann—am Ende des Präleptotänstadiums—in die S-phase. Dann passieren sie die verschiedenen Stadien der meiotischen Prophase und treten vom 3. Tag post partum (p.p.) ab in das Dictyotänstadium. Die T1-prospermatogonien hingegen befinden sich etwa 10 Tage lang in der G1-phase, ohne wesentliche morphologische Veränderungen aufzuweisen. Vom 4. Tag p.p. an durchlaufen sie die S-Phase. Die S-Phasen-Dauer (D-S) beider Zellarten beträgt 11.5 Std und wurde durch Doppelmarkierung mit 14C- und 3H-Thymidin bestimmt. Als am besten geeignete Termine für die Bestimmung der D-S erwiesen sich bei den Oocyten der 18. Tag p.c. und bei den T1-prospermatogonien der 5. Tag p.p. Zu diesen beiden Zeitpunkten war die Anzahl der in die S-phase ein-und austretenden Oocyten bzw. T1-prospermatogonien gleich, die Zellen in S-phase befanden sich im “steady state”. Das Kernvolumen der Oogonien und M-prospermatogonien ist etwa doppelt so groß wie das der postmitotischen Oocyten und T1-prospermatogonien. Bis zum 5. Tage p.p. nimmt das Kernvolumen der Oocyten und T1-prospermatogonien um etwa das Fünffache zu. Der Degenerationsindex der Oocyten liegt wesentlich höher als der der T1-prospermatogonien; er ist postnatal besonders hoch. Aus den T1-prospermatogonien gehen am 4. und 5. Tage p.p. durch Teilung die T 2-prospermatogonien (secondary transitional prospermatogonia) hervor. Die Kerne dieses Zelltyps sind etwas kleiner also die der T1-prospermatogonien. Die T2-prospermatogonien treten am 6. Tage p.p. in die Mitose; es entstehen die ersten A-spermatogonien.
    Notes: Summary In the rat (Wistar-WU) sexual differentiation of the gonads occurs between days 14 and 15 post conception (p.c.). At this time the oogonia and their parallel population — the M-prospermatogonia (I-gonocytes)—divide rapidly. On about day 17 p.c., the last generation of oogonia and M-prospermatogonia, frequently arranged in synchronized clusters, enters mitosis. The postmitotic nuclei of their daughter cells—oocytes and T 1-prospermatogonia (II-gonocytes)—are small; coarse flakes of chromatin are associated with the nuclear membrane causing the typical “crustlike” appearance and the similarity with the prophases of oogonia and M-prospermatogonia. After the oocytes have passed a G1-phase of approximately 10 hr, they enter the S-phase at the end of the preleptotene stage. Then they pass the different stages of the meiotic prophase until they enter the dictyate stage from 3 day post partum (p.p.) onwards. The T1-prospermatogonia, on the other hand, spend a long G1-phase of about 10 days without any conspicuous morphological change before entering the S-phase from day 4 p.p. onwards. The duration of the S-pbase (D-S) of both cell types—oocytes and T1-prospermatogonia—as determined by the double labeling method with 14C- and 3H-thymidine is found to be 11.5 hr. The most favourable time for determining the D-S was day 18 p.c. for the oocytes and day 5 p.p. for the T1-prospermatogonia. On these two days the balance was reached between the cells entering and leaving the S-phase. The nuclear volumes of the postmitotic oocytes and T1-prospermatogonia are approximately half the size of those of their precursors. Until day 5 p.p. the nuclear volumes of the oocytes and T1-prospermatogonia increase about fivefold. The degeneration index of the oocytes is considerably higher than that of the T1-prospermatogonia; postnatally it is especially high. T 2 prospermatogonia arise by mitosis of the T1-prospermatogonia on day 4 and 5 p.p. The nuclei of this cell type are smaller than those of T1-prospermatogonia. T2-prospermatogonia enter mitosis on day 6 p.p and give rise to A-spermatogonia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219667
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Retinal projections traced with thaw-mount autoradiography and multiple injections of tritiated precursor or precursor cocktail (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 283-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retinal projections ; (Tupaia glis) ; Axonal transport ; Synapse ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Retinal projections were studied in the tree shrew, Tupaia glis, by means of thaw-mount autoradiography. In this technique, unfixed and unembedded frozen sections are directly mounted on photographic emulsion coated slides. Loss of radiolabeled material through tissue processing is avoided, probably resulting in increased discriminatory sensitivity. Together with multiple injections of precursor cocktail it is possible to demonstrate at the light microscopic level (1) fibers in passage and axon terminals simultaneously, and (2) preferentially labeled axon terminals in the projection field as areas of greater grain density.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222807
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Post-capillary venules as the pathway for migrating B lymphocytes (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 299-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Post-capillary venules ; Mice ; Pathway of B lymphocytes ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histological observation on the mesenteric lymph node and Peyer's patches of C3H B mice, neonatally thymectomized, lethally irradiated and reconstituted with syngeneic bone marrow cells, showed that a large number of lymphocytes appeared selectively in the restricted territory surrounding the post-capillary venules. Severe depletion of lymphocytes persisted in most of the thymus-dependent areas. Lymphocytes were also observed passing through the walls of the post-capillary venules. Autoradiographic studies on the mesenteric lymph node of recipient B mice 30 minutes after intravenous injection of cells labelled with 3H-uridine and taken from lymph nodes of donor B mice showed that B lymphocytes could penetrate the walls of the post-capillary venules from the blood into the peripheral lymphoid tissues. The post-capillary venules, which are known as the recirculating route of T lymphocytes in normal animals, are thought to be the pathway of migrating B lymphocytes in B mice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223952
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of adrenalectomy and excess hydrocortisone on the incorporation of 35S-labelled cysteine in the hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal neurosecretory system of the rat (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 293-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamic neurosecretory system (rat) ; Adrenal cortex ; 35S-cysteine incorporation ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The incorporation of 35S-labelled cysteine in the hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal system was studied in normal and adrenalectomized rats and in rats treated with excess hydrocortisone. Labelled cysteine was intraperitoneally administered and grain counts were made of autoradiographs produced from sections of the supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus, median eminence and neurohypophysis of animals killed 45 min., 4 hours and 24 hours after administration of the labelled substance. On the whole, lower incorporation levels of the label were noted in the adrenalectomized rats, compared with the controls. In the rats treated with excess hydrocortisone, the grain counts at 45 min and 4 hours after injection were higher and those at 24 hours were lower than those of the controls. The findings are discussed, among other things, in terms of rate of uptake vs. time and related to previous reports on the cysteine uptake and neurosecretory activity of the hypothalamic-neurosecretory sytem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223951
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Encapsulation of foreign materials experimentally introduced into the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 307-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Encapsulation ; Lymnaea stagnalis ; Amoebocytes ; Cell transformation ; Cellular defence mechanism ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The encapsulation of experimentally introduced material was studied in Lymnaea stagnalis. Abiotic (yvelon sponge) and biotic materials (autografts, allografts and xenografts) were implanted into the cephalopedal blood sinus. Within 24 hrs the yvelon sponge is completely invaded and encapsulated by round amoebocytes. Amoebocytes are the only type of blood cell in L. stagnalis. The number of capsule amoebocytes increases until 3 days after implantation. These capsule amoebocytes are normal blood amoebocytes. This inclusion is based on morphological observations as well as on the results of labelling experiments (blood amoebocytes were labelled with India ink or 3H-thymidine). These data are in accordance with evidence that amoebocytes may have more than one function. From 24 hrs onwards a progressive flattening of the capsule amoebocytes was observed. In 7-day-old capsules 3 strata were distinguished: inner and outer strata consisting of tightly packed, flattened amoebocytes, and a middle stratum still composed of round amoebocytes. The cells of the outer stratum possess an extensive granular endoplasmic reticulum. During the further process of encapsulation the cells of the inner stratum become loaded with lysosomes. The middle stratum disappears: the cells flatten and become part of the other two strata. In the outer stratum, collagenous connective tissue fibrils and ground substance are deposited between the cells. This situation is reached about 1 month after implantation. Capsule formation is completed by that time: during the next 5 months, no major structural changes occur in the capsules. The reactions to biotic materials appeared to be quite different, and show that L. stagnalis is able to discriminate between different types of graft. Autografts and allografts are not encapsulated—only a transient amoebocyte reaction occurs at the cut surfaces of the transplants—whereas xenografts evoke a severe host reaction: they are infiltrated and encapsulated by amoebocytes. It is suggested that the discrimination mechanism is located in the plasma membrane of the amoebocytes. The encapsulation of xenografts ends in a capsule consisting only of the collagenous connective tissue stratum. The cells of the inner stratum infiltrate the graft and phagocytose degenerated graft tissue. Autoradiographic experiments using 3H-proline as a marker for collagen synthesis showed that the flattened cells of the outer stratum produce collagenous connective tissue fibrils, indicating that these cells are fibroblasts. In experiments using ink or 3H-thymidine labelled amoebocytes it was shown that these fibroblasts are transformed amoebocytes. Finally it is suggested that amoebocytes also have the capacity to transform into myofibroblasts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229161
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and intracellular transport of proteins in the exocrine pancreas of the frog (Rana esculenta) (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 135-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Exocrine pancreas ; Frog ; Ultrastructure ; Intracellular transport ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The route by which secretory proteins are transported in the frog exocrine pancreas cell was investigated by an ultrastructural and electron microscope autoradiographic analysis of in vivo 3H-leucine labelled tissue. The ultrastructure of the cell is characteristic of serous epithelial cells and resembles that of mammalian exocrine pancreas cells very closely. Autoradiographic results revealed that the proteins, after being synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), are transported through the Golgi cisternae to condensing vacuoles which subsequently change into secretory granules. The determination of the timing of this transport was complicated by a very slow turnover of leucine in the frog. Nevertheless, by a semi-quantitative approach, some time characteristics could be estimated: about 11 min after the onset of their synthesis the proteins enter the Golgi system, and about 25 min later the condensing vacuoles. Secretory granules become labelled between 60 and 120 min. These results are discussed, also in relation to the transport route and kinetics in mammalian tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221350
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Haematopoiesis in the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis studied by electron microscopy and autoradiography (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 443-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Haematopoiesis ; Lymnaea stagnalis ; Amoebocytes ; Autoradiography ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to investigate haematopoiesis in the freshwater pulmonate Lymnaea stagnalis, the blood cells and the connective tissue of this snail were studied by light and electron microscopy as well as by autoradiography. In the circulating blood only one type of cell, the amoebocyte, is present. Amoebocytes also occur in the connective tissue (tissue amoebocytes) as single cells, in small groups or in large accumulations. Study of the morphology and ultrastructure of blood and tissue amoebocytes shows that no differences exist between these cells, indicating that L. stagnalis does not possess a well-defined haematopoietic organ. This assumption is supported by the following observations: 1. both blood and tissue amoebocytes can act as phagocytes, 2. blood and tissue amoebocytes both have the capacity to divide (i.e. incorporate tritiated thymidine) and 3. the percentage of dividing cells in the blood and in the connective tissue is the same. These quantitative data indicate furthermore that there is no difference in the relative importance of the blood and the connective tissue in the process of haematopoiesis. Comparison of tritiated thymidine labelled cells with unlabelled amoebocytes showed that these cells do not differ with respect to their morphology and ultrastructure. Moreover, amoebocytes involved in phagocytosis and encapsulation of foreign materials or in wound healing still have the capacity to divide. The percentages of tritiated thymidine labelled amoebocytes in different snails varied considerably. It is suggested that this variation reflects differences in the physiological state of the individual snails.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225968
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigations on turnover of adrenocortical mitochondria (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 281-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Mitochondria ; ACTH ; DNA-synthesis ; Autoradiography ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of a chronic ACTH administration (up to 12 consecutive days) on the 3H-thymidine uptake by the mitochondrial compartment of rat adrenal zona fasciculata were investigated by high resolution autoradiography, and compared with the changes in volume and number per cell of these organelles induced by the hormonal treatment. Up to the 9th day of treatment there is a significant increase in the tracer incorporation into adrenocortical mitochondria which is coupled with a significant increase in the volume of the organelles. After 12 days of hormone administration a significant decrease in the 3H-thymidine mitochondrial uptake is found, which is associated with a conspicuous increase in the number of mitochondria per cell and a net decrease in their average volume. The data are discussed in the light of evidence indicating that mitochondria possess a genetic apparatus largely independent of nuclear control. It is hypothesized that ACTH controls the growth and proliferation of adrenocortical mitochondria and that the mechanism of this action of ACTH involves stimulation of the mitochondrial DNA synthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224539
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of rat dorsal root ganglion neurones (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 399-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spinal ganglia (Rat) ; Cell division ; Autoradiography ; Neurone morphogenesis ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pulse labelling with tritiated thymidine was used to determine the time of the final division of the neuroblasts which subsequently form rat lumbar dorsal root ganglion neurones. The final division occurred during a 4 day period, the maximum frequency being on day 12 of gestation. Separation of the ganglion cells into large light neurones and small dark neurones showed that the large light neurones were formed earlier than the small dark neurones. In both cases the final divisions occurred over a period of 3–4 days, but the peak rate of formation of large neurones was on day 12, and that of the small neurones was on day 13. Low power electron micrographs were used to measure mean cell diameter throughout development from day 11 of gestation until a postnatal age of 225 days. A marked increase in cell diameter occurred on day 15–15.5, about 3 days after the final cell divisions of the majority of the cells. The rate of growth increased just before birth, but no increase in mean cell diameter was found between day 21 of gestation and the third day postnatal. The growth was again rapid after this period until a plateau in cell diameter was reached about 33 days after birth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229167
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ventricular system in neuroendocrine mechanisms (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ventricle ; Tanycytes ; Monoamine transport ; Autoradiography ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This investigation has dealt with a light and electron microscopic autoradiographic analysis of the median eminence of the rat following intraventricular infusion of 3H-dopamine. This study has demonstrated that 3H-dopamine, once infused into the mammalian cerebral ventricular system, is rapidly and selectively absorbed by tanycytes and transported to the contact zone within 5 minutes after ventricular infusion. Certain axon terminals in the ependymal, hypendymal, and palisade-contact zones selectively sequester 3H-dopamine as do subpopulations of arcuate neurons. This picture of intense labelling of neurons and axon terminals is discussed with respect to monoaminergic re-uptake mechanisms. Uptake and transport of 3H-DA by tanycytes is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221067
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of histological methods for demonstrating calcification (1973)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 169-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcification ; Histochemistry ; Autoradiography ; Fetal ; Mandible
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des rats femelles reçoivent du45Ca ou du32P au 13ème et 18ème jour de la grossesse. Les coupes sériées des têtes de foetus sont étudiées par autoradiographie et par diverses méthodes histologiques pour déterminer la calcification. La détection la plus précoce de45Ca s'observe simultanément comme une réaction positive pour le calcium avec une des méthodes histologiques utilisées.32P est en évidence par les méthodes autoradiographiques un peu plus tard que le45Ca et sa présence coincide avec la réaction positive la plus précoce observée avec les autres méthodes histologiques utilisées. Les os de ces têtes foetales commencent à se calcifier selon un mode particulier commençant par la mandibule, puis l'os frontal et le maxillaire supérieur, suivis par les os nasaux, pariétaux et interpariétaux.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Weibliche Ratten erhielten45Ca und32P zwischen dem 13.–18. Tag der Schwangerschaft. Zur Ermittlung der Verkalkung wurden Serienschnitte der Köpfe ihrer Feten mittels Autoradiographie sowie durch verschiedene histologische Methoden untersucht. Das erste Auftreten von45Ca war ebenfalls von einer positiven Calciumreaktion mittels einer der verwendeten histologischen Methoden begleitet.32P wurde in der Autoradiographie erst etwas später als45Ca festgestellt und dessen Nachweis deckte sich mit den ersten positiven Reaktonen aller anderen verwendeten histologischen Methoden. Die Knochen in diesen Fetusköpfen begannen in einer bestimmten Sequenz zu verkalken: zuerst der Unterkiefer, dann das Stirnbein und der Oberkiefer, dann das Nasenbein, die Parietal- und Interparietalknochen.
    Notes: Abstract Female rats were given45Ca or32P from 13 to 18 days of pegnancy. Serial sections from the heads of their fetuses were studied by autoradiography, as well as by several histological methods for assessing calcification. The earliest detection of45calcium occured at the same time as a positive reaction for calcium with one of the histological methods used.32P was not detectable by autoradiographic methods until somewhat later than45Ca, and its presence coincided with the earliest positive reaction with all of the other histological methods employed. The bones in these fetal heads began to calcify in a partcular sequence, the mandible first, then the frontal bone and maxilla, followed by the nasal, parietal and interparietal bones.
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    Influence of light and darkness on secretory activity of the subcommissural organ and on growth rate of reissner's fibre in Rana esculenta L. (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 83-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Reissner's fibre ; Rana esculenta ; Light/Darkness ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of long daily photoperiods and of continuous darkness on the secretory activity of the subcommissural organ (SCO) and on the growth rate of Reissner's fibre (RF) in Rana esculenta was studied in winter. The amount of aldehyde-fuchsin (AF) positive material in the apical cell parts of the SCO is smaller in light-adapted than in darkness-adapted animals. Differences in incorporation rate of 35S-cysteine between the SCO of light-adapted and of darkness-adapted animals, however, are small. The conclusion must be that light/darkness conditions only slightly influence the secretory activity of the SCO cells of Rana esculenta. In agreement with this conclusion is the observation that RF grew only slightly faster in the light-adapted than in the darkness-adapted animals. Under the conditions used RF was completely renewed in about 3 to 4 days. Influences of temperature on the activity of the SCO have been observed.
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  • 17
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    Post-injury DNA synthesis, mitosis and ultrastructural reorganization of adult frog cardiac myocytes (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 431-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cardiac muscle ; Frog ; Regeneration ; Electron microscopy ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary From the 5th day up to the end of 3rd week following local crushing of the frog ventricle myocardium, ca. 13% of myocyte nuclei, in the vicinity of the damaged zone, were labelled after a single 3H-thymidine (3HTdr) injection, and 30–50% of these were labelled after repeated 3HTdr administration. The number of myocyte mitoses was maximal (ca. 1.3%) at the beginning of the 3rd week. The reactive proliferation of myocytes was accompanied by their “partial dedifferentiation”. This involved the nuclear euchromatic rearrangement, increase in size of nuclei and nucleoli, accumulation of the sarcoplasm rich in free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum, hyperplasia of the Golgi apparatus, and the appearance of 80–100 Å in diameter cytofilaments. Electron microscope autoradiography has shown that all these changes may be more or less pronounced in myocytes incorporating 3HTdr. The myofibril ultrastructure was found to be unchanged during S phase. However, in the mitotically dividing myocytes, the majority of Z-disks were disintegrated resulting in progressive release of myofilament bundles. Both 3HTdr labelled and mitotic myocytes were anchored to the adjacent ones by desmosomes and intercalated disks. No free myoblasts were observed.
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    Autoradiographische Untersuchungen über die synthetische Aktivität neurosekretorischer Zellen im Gehirn vonPlatynereis dumerilii während der sexuellen Entwicklung und Regeneration (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 487-510 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Annelida ; Sexuality and Development ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Während der sexuellen Entwicklung vonPlatynereis dumerilii steigt die Zahl der Neurone, die Merkmale einer sekretorischen Aktivität aufweisen, parallel zum Wachstum und zur Reifung der Keimzelle an. Die cytologische Differenzierung eines Neurons zur neurosekretorischen Zelle ist mit einer Steigerung der Synthese Cystin-haltigen Materials gegenüber konventionellen Neuronen gekoppelt. Neurosekretorische Zellen treten erstmals in Erscheinung, kurz bevor die Oocyten in die zweite Oogeniephase eintreten, während der die Vitellogenese abläuft. Aufgetragen gegen den Oocytendurchmesser ergibt die Zahl der Neurone, die sekretorisch aktiv werden und3H-Cystin inkorporieren, eine ansteigende Kurve. Die Kurve biegt auf ein Plateau, wenn die Oocyten eine kritische Größe erreichen. Diese Größe markiert jenes Entwicklungsstadium, von dem ab eine Enthirnung eine normale Reifung nicht mehr verhindert. Die Zahl synthetisch tätiger Neurone steight erneut an, wenn die Oocyten die kortikale Struktur des reifen Eies entwickeln. Das Maximum wird kurz vor der Metamorphose erreicht. Während der epitoken Umwandlung sinkt die synthetische Aktivität rasch ab, um im schwärmbereiten Tier gänzlich zum Stillstand zu kommen. In Tieren, die nach der kritischen Phase zur caudalen Regeneration veranlaßt werden, fällt die Zahl markierter neurosekretorischer Zellen auf ein Niveau ab, das für junge, „vorkritische“ Individuen charakteristisch ist. Entsprechend wird in jungen, vorkritischen Tieren, die erst wenige endokrine Neurone besitzen, die Differenzierung weiterer neurosekretorischer Zellen durch eine Regeneration nicht stimuliert. Der zeitliche Verlauf der synthetischen Aktivität im Zuge der Entwicklung und die durch eine Regeneration erzwungenen Veränderungen sind somit reziprok zur Aktivität des Gehirns in Bezug auf die Ausschüttung des Juvenilhormons. Die Hypothese wird zur Diskussion gestellt, die sinkende Produktion des Juvenilhormons werde von der steigenden Produktion eines antagonistischen neuroendokrinen Prinzips begleitet oder verursacht.
    Notes: Summary During sexual development ofPlatynereis dumerilii, the number of neurones exhibiting secretory activity rises in parallel with the growth and maturation of the germ cells. The cytological differentiation of neuroglandular properties is accompanied with an increased uptake of tritiated cystine. The first neurones developing the characteristics of secretory cells and incorporating cystine appear just before the oocytes enter the second growth phase which corresponds with vitellogenesis. When plotted against the oocyte diameter the number of labelled neurosecretory cells yields an ascending line, which becomes a plateau once the oocytes approach a critical size. This critical size defines the developmental stage beyond which decerebration does not prevent normal maturation. The neuronal synthetic activity rises again when the oocytes differentiate the cortical structure of ripe eggs. The curve displays its maximum slope at the onset of metamorphosis. During the epitokous transformation the synthetic activity decreases rapidly and is almost totally depressed when swarming is imminent. In animals induced to regenerate their posterior segments after they have passed the critical stage, the number of labelled neurosecretory cells becomes reduced to the precritical level. According to this, regeneration in young precritical animals containing only few endocrine neurones does not stimulate the development of further secretory neurones. Thus, the time course during maturation and the changes caused by regeneration are reciprocal to the activity of the brain with respect to the release of juvenile hormone. The question is thus raised as to whether the declining titer of juvenile hormone may be accompanied or caused by an increased production of an antagonistic principle related to maturation.
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    Das zeitliche und räumliche Muster der Dottereinlagerung in die Oocyte von Apis mellifica (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 142 (1973), S. 409-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oocyte ; Honeybee ; Vitellogenesis ; Yolk pattern ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Oogenese der Bienenkönigin (Apis mellifica) kann in 6 Stadien eingeteilt werden. Proteinsynthese und Dottereinlagerung in der Oocyte werden autoradiographisch und mittels Trypanblau-Vitalfärbung untersucht. Euplasmatische Proteinsynthesen finden in allen Eifollikeln bis zum frühen Stadium 5 statt. Vitellogenese-aktiv sind nur die Oogenese-Stadien 3 und 4. Die pinocytäre Einschleusung dotterpflichtiger Haemolymphproteine ins Ooplasma nimmt etwa 20 min in Anspruch. 10 min später sind kleinste neugebildete Dotterkugeln in der äußersten Oocytenperipherie zu erkennen. Aus ihnen werden binnen 1 $${\raise0.5ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 1$}\kern-0.1em/\kern-0.15em\lower0.25ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 2$}}$$ —2 h große Dotterschollen von ca. 20 μm φ. Die Vitellogenese-Phase eines einzelnen Follikels dauert insgesamt 3 Tage. Dotterschollen werden nur im Bereich des freien Follikelepithels gebildet. Sie wandern einzeln ins zentrale Ooplasma ein, wo unterschiedlich alte Schollen durchmischt abgelagert werden. Dotterfrei bleibt ein Euplasmahof, der den Vorderpol des Eies markiert. Im Ooplasma und in den Nährzellen erfolgt sicher keine Synthese von Dottermaterial. Ein Beitrag der Follikelepithelzellen zur Dotterbildung kann nicht vollständig ausgeschlossen werden. Das zeitliche und räumliche Muster der Dottereinlagerung wird diskutiert unter Berücksichtigung der Determination der Oocyten-Achsen und der Präformation von ooplasmatischen Kontrollzentren für die frühe Embryogenese.
    Notes: Summary Oogenesis in the honeybee queen (Apis mellifica) can be divided into 6 developmental stages. By autoradiography and vital staining with trypan blue protein synthesis and yolk incorporation into the oocyte were studied. Euplasmic protein synthesis occurs in all egg follicles up to the early stage 5. Only the stages 3 and 4 are active in vitellogenesis. The resorption of vitellogenic haemolymph proteins by pinocytosis needs about 20 min. 10 min later very small newly formed yolk globules can be recognized in the outermost periphery of the oocyte. After 1 $${\raise0.5ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 1$}\kern-0.1em/\kern-0.15em\lower0.25ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 2$}}$$ —2 hrs large yolk platelets of ca. 20 μm in diameter arise from them. The whole vitellogenesis of a single follicle lasts 3 days. Yolk globules are formed only in the area of the free follicle epithelium. They migrate separately into the central ooplasm where yolk platelets of different age are deposited in a mixed pattern. An euplasmic halo remains free of yolk thus marking the anterior pole of the egg. It is shown that no yolk material is synthesized in the ooplasm and in the trophocytes. A contribution of the follicle epithelium to yolk formation can not totally be excluded. The temporal and spatial pattern of yolk deposition is discussed. The determination of the oocyte axis and the preformed ooplasmic reaction centers for early embryogenesis are considered.
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    Influence of light and darkness on the hypothalamo-hypophysial system of blinded and unilaterally blinded frogs (Rana temporaria) (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 355-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamo-hypophysial system ; Rana temporaria ; Blinding ; Illumination ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of a long daily photoperiod and continuous darkness on the hypothalamo-hypophysial system of blinded frogs was studied. In the preoptic nucleus no difference could be observed between the two groups of blinded frogs neither in the amount of incorporated 35S-cysteine nor in the amount of aldehydefuchsin positive material nor in the nuclear volume of the secretory cells. These results were compared with those of an experiment with intact frogs kept simultaneously under the same environmental conditions. It appeared that the activity of the dark-treated blinded group was enhanced compared with the activity of the dark-treated intact group while the light-treated blinded frogs showed a decrease in activity compared with the similarly treated intact animals. Likewise the influence of a long daily photoperiod on the hypothalamo-hypophysial system of unilaterally blinded frogs was studied. The activity of the preoptic nucleus was lower on the side where the optic nerve had been cut than on the intact side. In the dorsal part of the preoptic nucleus a difference between the two sides could not be observed. The significance of these results is discussed with regards to a possible connection between retina and preoptic nucleus.
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  • 21
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    Autoradiographische Untersuchungen zum Einbau von N-Acetyl-3H-Mannosamin im optischen System von Teleosteern (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 93-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Optic system (Teleosts) ; Gangliosides and Sialo-glycoproteins ; Site of synthesis ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Einbau von intracranial sowie intraocular-appliziertem N-acetyl-3H-Mannosamin (N-Ac-3H-Man) in das optische System (Tectum opticum bzw. Tractus opticus) von Scardinius erythrophthalmus und Carassius carassius (cyprinidae, Telosteer) wurde autoradiographisch untersucht und mit dem Einbau von 3H-Histidin verglichen. 1. Intracranial appliziertes N-Ac-3H-Man wird im Tectum opticum in Glykoproteine und Ganglioside im Verhältnis von 2:1 eingebaut. 2. Die Synthese von Gangliosiden und Sialo-Glycoproteinen erfolgt im Nervengewebe im Gegensatz zu der von Proteinen ubiquitär, d. h. sowohl in den Perikaryen als auch in den Fasern. 3. Nach einseitiger intraocularer Applikation von N-Ac-3H-Man werden bereits nach 24 stündiger Inkorporationszeit ausschließlich die mit dem injizierten Auge zusammenhängenden Sehschichten (Stratum opticum) des kontralateralen Tectum opticum radioaktiv markiert. Im Zusammenhang mit ergänzenden biochemischen Analysen ergibt sich, daß die Radioaktivität niedermolekularer Aminozucker mit dem schnellen axonalen Transport (〉40 mm/d) zum Zwecke einer peripheren Gangliosid-Synthese im Tractus opticus proximo-distal verlagert wird.
    Notes: Summary The incorporation of intra-cranially and intra-ocularly injected (N-Ac-3H-Man) and 3H-histidine into the optic systems (optic tectum and optic tract) of Scardinius erythrophthalmus and Carassius carassius was investigated by means of autoradiography. 1. N-Ac-3H-Man injected intra-cranially, is incorporated into gangliosides and glycorproteins in a ratio of 1:2 in the optic tectum. 2. In nervous tissue gangliosides and sialo-glycoproteins are labeled ubiquitously, i.e. in the perikarya as well as in the fibers. 3. Following an intra-ocular injection of N-Ac-3H-Man and after an incorporation period of 24 hrs, only the optic layers in the contralateral optic tectum are labelled (gangliosides). Together with corresponding biochemical data, this shows, that in the optic tract radioactivity of low molecular amino sugars is transported proximo-distally by means of rapid axonal flow (〉40 mm/d), before the incorporation into high molecular compounds.
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    Localization of tritiated prostaglandin E1 in rat adrenal cortices (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 309-317 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Prostaglandin E1 ; Autoradiography ; Electron microscopy ; Lipid analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To determine whether or not prostaglandins enter adrenocortical parenchymal cells,3H-PGE1 was injected intravenously into rats. In histological preparations, grains denoting activity were noted in intracellular lipid droplets and nuclei and in sinusoids. At the fine structural level, activity was observed in lipid droplets, mitochondria, the agranular endoplasmic reticulum, nuclei and the plasma membrane. Biochemical lipid analyses of the adrenals revealed activity in the cholesterol and cholesterol ester fractions. Large amounts of unaltered3H-PGE1 and its degradation products were also present. Compared to the liver, the adrenal was more effective in degrading prostaglandin, when expressed on a weight basis. The possible roles of the organelles in PGE1 degradation and in prostaglandin-related hormone synthesis are discussed.
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    Influence of light and darkness on the hypothalamo-hypophysial system ofRana esculenta and the involvement of the pineal complex (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 491-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamo-hypophysial system ; Pineal complex ; Rana esculenta ; Light/darkness ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary InRana esculenta the activity of the hypothalamo-hypophysial system has been investigated in intact and blinded animals, after removal of the frontal organ and after elimination of the whole pineal complex. The results on intact and blinded animals are practically the same as those found earlier inRana temporaria. Light increases the activity of the preoptic nucleus, blinding changes the difference between light- and darkness-treated intact animals. Compared with the intact animals the other two groups (without frontal organ and without pineal complex) show a marked increase in incorporation of35S-cysteine in the preoptic nucleus. A difference between the animals without frontal organ and those without pineal complex, however, can hardly be observed. It follows that the absence of the frontal organ has the same influence on the preoptic nucleus as elimination of the whole pineal complex. In intact animals the influence of the frontal organ on the preoptic nucleus consists of an inhibition of neurosecretory activity as well under light as under darkness conditions. The enhanced synthesis of labelled material in the preoptic nucleus after removal of the frontal organ, results in a transport along the hypothalamo-hypophysial tract mainly to the outer zone of the median eminence and not to the posterior lobe.
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    The optic tracts of Rana temporaria and a possible retino-preoptic pathway (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 179-200 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retino-preoptic pathway ; Optic tracts ; Rana temporaria ; Light microscopy ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The optic tracts and centres of optic terminals of Rana temporaria have been investigated with silver impregnation techniques after unilaterally cutting the optic nerve and autoradiographically after injection of a mixture of tritiated amino acids into the vitreous body of the left eye. The observations on the course of the optic tracts and on the optic terminals in the thalamus and optic tectum are to a great extent in agreement with those of other authors. The probability of a retino-preoptic pathway is supported by the detection of fibres running in dorsal direction in front of the place where the optic nerve penetrates the brain. In horizontal sections these fibres can be seen deviating from the optic tract, covering a short distance in frontal direction and then turning upward under an angle of about 90 degrees. They disappear between the ventral aldehyde-fuchsin positive cells of the preoptic nucleus. The ventral and median parts of the ipsilateral preoptic nucleus contain fragments of degenerated fibres. Autoradiographic data are also in favour of the presence of an ipsilateral retino-preoptic tract. After carefully counting the number of grains over left and right preoptic nucleus, it appeared that over the ventral and median parts of the left preoptic nucleus more grains occur than over the identical areas of the right one.
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    Localisation autoradiographique des ions Cl− et Na+ dans les cellules à chlorure de la branchie d'anguille (Anguilla anguilla L.) adaptée à l'eau de mer (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 575-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chloride cells ; Eel ; Gills ; Ionic transport ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons montré par une technique autoradiographique que les ions Cl− et Na+ sont concentrés dans les cellules à chlorure de la branchie d'anguille adaptée à l'eau de mer. La signification de cette accumulation ionique plus marquée vers le pôle apical de ces cellules a été discutée par rapport à l'excrétion branchiale de ces ions en eau de mer.
    Notes: Summary With an autoradiographic technique Cl− and Na+ ions have been shown to be localized in the chloride cells of sea water eel gills. The significance of this accumulation, more marked towards the apical pole of these cells, is discussed with regard to branchial excretion of these ions in sea water.
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    Preparation of undecalcified bone sections for auto- and microradiography (1972)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 23-30 
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    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Microradiography ; Autoradiography ; Preparation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La préparation de coupes fines, plano-parallèles d'os non décalcifié, d'épaisseur connue, pour la réalisation de microradiographies et d'autoradiographies quantitatives est décrite. Pour éviter que des fractures de l'os se produisent, le fragment osseux fixé doit être inclus dans un matériel approprié qui ne doit pas se rétracter. Un minimum de force doit être appliqué à l'échantillon pendant la coupe pour éviter des vibrations. La méthode décrite, utilisant une scie circulaire tournant à faible vitesse, est adéquate. Le polissage final des surfaces du specimen est réalisé sur une machine à polir modifiée. On peut préparer un grand nombre de coupes en relativement peu de temps pour des études statistiques.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Herstellung von dünnen, parallelgestellten Schnitten von unentkalktem Knochen bekannter Dicke zur quantitativen Auto- und Mikroradiographie wird beschrieben. Der Knochen hat die Tendenz, unter Druck zu brechen. Um diese Schwierigkeit zu überwinden, ist es sehr wichtig, daß die fixierte Knochenprobe genügend vom Einbettungsmaterial durchdrungen wird und daß das Einschlußmittel sich vom Knochenrand weg kontrahiert. Beim Schneiden darf nur ein minimaler Druck auf die Probe ausgeübt werden, damit der Knochen nicht zertrümmert wird. Die beschriebene Methode, bei welcher eine spezielle Einrichtung zum Auftropfen des Schmiermittels den Gebrauch einer langsam rotierenden Kreissäge ermöglichte, erwies sich als günstig. Das schließliche Polieren der Oberflächen der Proben wurde auf einer modifizierten Schleifmaschine ausgeführt. Mit dieser Methode kann eine große Anzahl von Schnitten in relativ kurzer Zeit hergestellt werden; dies ist sehr wichtig, um eine angemessene Anzahl von Proben für statistische Analysen zu erhalten.
    Notes: Abstract The preparation of thin, parallel-sided sections of undecalcified bone of known thickness for quantitative auto- and micro-radiography is described. To overcome the tendency of the bone to fracture when stressed, it is essential that the fixed sample of bone should be adequately penetrated by the embedding material and that the mounting material should not contract away from the edge of the bone. Minimum stress must be applied to the sample when cutting or the bone may be shattered. The method described, using a gravity feed to a low speed circular saw, has been found to be suitable. Final polishing of the surfaces of the specimen was carried out on a modified lapping machine. Large numbers of sections can be prepared in a relatively short time by the method and this is essential to obtain an adequate number of samples for statistical analysis.
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    The kinetics of 35S-labelled cysteine in the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract of the rat, studied by autoradiography (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 342-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamic-hypophyseal neurosecretory tracts (rat) ; Incorporation of 35S-cysteine ; Kinetics of neurosecretory material ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fate of 35S-cysteine incorporated into the hypothalamic-hypophyseal neurosecretory system was followed in normal rats as a function of time from 30 min up to 30 hrs after intraperitoneal administration (11 different times, three rats each). Autoradiography and grain counting were employed to determine quantitatively the activities present in: supraoptic nucleus (SON), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), three different sites in the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract (HHT), corresponding to its initial, middle and late portions, and neurohypophysis (NH). In SON and PVN, the kinetic behaviour of 35S-cysteine was compatible with a two-compartment model, implying decline of tracer activity in accordance with two exponential components. Of these, the slow throughput component had its closely equivalent, apparently independent, counterparts in the HHT and NH. Replicas of the rapidly abating activity peak were seen, superimposed on the slow component, in the HHT with such timing of its appearance at the various sites, as to be consistent with the concept of travel through the HHT, at substantially constant speed and without delay, of material rich in 35S-cysteine that has been primarily synthesized in the SON and PVN (with the “transport theory of neurosecretion”). This flow was calculated to have a velocity in the order of 0.6 mm per hour. The kinetic phenomena and their association with the supposed sites of synthesis, and transport, of the neurosecretory material are discussed with reference to earlier literature.
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    Quantitative electron microscopic autoradiography on the mouse thyroid gland after administration of 3H-L-DOPA (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 182-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thyroid ; Parafollicular cells ; Adrenergic nerves ; 3H-L-DOPA uptake ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cellular and subcellular distribution of radioactivity in the mouse thyroid gland different times (20 min — 8 hours) after intravenous administration of 3H-L-DOPA was studied by means of quantitative electron microscopic autoradiography. High concentrations of autoradiographic silver grains occur over parafollicular cells and adrenergic nerves while the labelling of follicular cells and lumina is low or absent and similar to the labelling of connective tissue cells at all observation times. Over the parafollicular cells high levels of radioactivity can be recorded already 20 min after administration of the labelled amino acid. The grain counts are highest at 1 hour and decrease then at 2.5 and 8 hours. The intracellular distribution of label is similar at all observation times; thus, the concentration of silver grains over the typical cytoplasmic granules of the parafollicular cells is 4–5 times higher compared to the concentration over the remainder of the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Treatment with a decarboxylase inhibitor prior to the injection of 3H-L-DOPA results in a low and uniform labelling of all thyroid cells. This finding, taken together with the observation that also pretreatment with reserpine abolishes the autoradiographic reaction over the cytoplasmic granules, gives strong support to the idea that the great majority of silver grains observed over parafollicular cells represents dopamine formed by decarboxylation of the labelled precursor.
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    Nukleoluszahl und -größe während des Zellzyklus (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 374-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nucleoli ; Cell cycle ; Number ; Size ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach einer Dreifach-Markierung mit 3H- und 14C-Thymidin zur autoradiographischen Unterscheidung der Zyklusstadien wurden die Veränderungen des Nukleolus während des Zellzyklus in normalen diploiden menschlichen Fibroblastenkulturen untersucht. Es ergab sich, daß die Zellen in den ersten Stunden der Interphase die höchste durchschnittliche Nukleolenanzahl je Zellkern aufweisen (3,62 im Mittel). Im Verlauf des Zellzyklus verringert sich die Anzahl der Nukleolen je Zellkern und erreicht in der G2-Periode einen Durchschnitt von 2,51. Die durchschnittliche Fläche aller Nukleolen je Kern nimmt im Verlauf des Zellzyklus zu. Allerdings ist die Verdoppelung der DNS-Menge des Kernes im Verlauf des Zellzyklus nicht von einer Verdoppelung der Nukleolengröße begleitet. Der Quotient aus der Fläche aller Nukleolen je Kern und der Fläche des Kernes ist in den frühesten Stadien des Zellzyklus am größten und nimmt im Verlauf der Interphase leicht ab.
    Notes: Summary In diploid human fibroblast cultures the cells in different stages of the cell cycle can be distinguished by their autoradiographic patterns after labeling the cells with 3H- and 14C-thymidine. At the beginning of the interphase (up to 4 hours after the mitosis) cells show the highest mean number of nucleoli per nucleus (3.62). In the course of the cell cycle the number of nucleoli per nucleus decreases and in the G2-peroid the mean number of nucleoli per cell is 2.51. The mean total projection area of the nucleoli per cell increases in the course of the cell cycle. However, duplication of the DNA in the nuclei is not accompanied by a duplication of the nucleolar area. The proportion between nucleolar and nuclear area shows its highest value in the early interphase and decreases in the course of the cell cycle.
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    Autoradiographische Untersuchungen zum Wachstum der Nebennierenrinde der Ratte (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 421-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Growth ; Sex-dimorphism ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Anhand des Verlaufs des 3H-Index und der Mitoserate in Anhängigkeit vom Lebensalter wurde die Proliferationsaktivität in den Zonen der Nebennierenrinde untersucht. 84 SPF-Ratten erhielten 2 μCi/g 3H-Thymidin i.p.; der Untersuchungszeitraum erstreckte sich vom 18. Trächtigkeitstag bis zur 12. Lebenswoche. Alle Zonen zeigten in der Rangfolge Glomerulosa — Fasciculata — Reticularis eine Abnahme DNS-synthetisierender Zellkerne. Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede im Ausmaß der Proliferationsaktivität konnten zu keiner Zeit nachgewiesen werden. Aus der Dissoziation der Kurven des 3H-Index und der Mitoserate bei vergleichbaren DNS-Syntheseraten wird auf eine Änderung der G2-Phase des Generationszyklus der NNR-Zellen in der teilexponentiellen Wachstumsphase geschlossen.
    Notes: Summary In 84 SPF-rats the poliferative activity of the adrenal cortical cells was studied from the 18th day of pregnancy up to 12 weeks post partum. Rats were given 2 μC/g tritiated thymidine and killed 1 hour thereafter. It was shown that there was no sex-related difference in the degree of proliferation that could explain the sexual dimorphism in adrenal weights. In all cortical zones a decrease in the number of labeled cells was seen during the obvservation period. The highest percentage of labeled cells was found in the glomerulosa. There exists no parallelism of the mitotic and labeling index, which gives evidence for a change in length of the G2-phase of the cell generation cycle.
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    Evolution de la radioactivité des cellules neurosécrétrices de la pars intercerebralis chez Locusta migratoria migratorioides (Insecte Orthoptère) après injection de cystéine S35 (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 212-226 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretory cells ; Pars intercerebralis ; Locust ; Autoradiography ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Après injection de cystéine S35, les cellules A, B, C et les neurones banaux de la pars intercerebralis chez Locusta (femelles immatures et mûres) sont radioactifs. Le taux d' incorporation de la cystéine S35 dans les cellules B est identique chez toutes les femelles et il est légèrement supérieur à celui des neurones banaux. Ces résultats confirment l'inactivité sécrétoire protéique des cellules B. Les cellules C incorporent 3 à 5 fois plus de cystéine S35 que les neurones banaux. Elles synthétisent donc une ou plusieurs protéines contenant de la cystéine ce qui réaffirme leur activité neurosécrétrice chez Locusta. Les cellules A possèdent le taux d'incorporation de cystéine S35 le plus élevé: 5 à 8 fois celui des neurones banaux. Chez toutes les femelles, les cellules A synthétisent plus de neurosécrétion et en éliminent proportionellement plus que les cellules C. La neurosécrétion A est élaborée sous sa forme figurée plus rapidement (30 min) que la neurosécrétion C (60 min). Le renouvellement de la neurosécrétion A est donc quantitativement plus important et plus rapide que celui de la neurosécrétion C. Chez les femelles immatures, les cellules A et C synthétisent plus de matériel et en éliminent proportionnellement plus que chez les femelles mûres. Le temps nécessaire à l'élaboration et à la vidange des grains de neurosécrétion A est identique chez toutes les femelles. Il en est de même pour le matériel C. Le renouvellement des neurosécrétions A et C est donc plus important chez les femelles immatures que chez les femelles mûres mais il n'est pas plus rapide. L'accumulation du matériel fuchsinophile dans les cellules A et C lors de la maturation ovarienne correspond à une réduction de leur fonction neurosécrétrice: elle résulte d'une diminution de l'activité d'élimination des cellules neurosécrétrices A et C supérieure à l'affaiblissement de leur activité de synthèse.
    Notes: Summary After injection of 35S-cysteine, the A, B, C cells and the ordinary neurones of pars intercerebralis in Locusta — immature and mature females — are radioactive. The rate of incorporation of 35S-cysteine into the B cells is the same for all the females, and it is slightly higher than the rate of incorporation of 35S-cysteine into the ordinary neurones. These results demonstrate the proteinic secretory inactivity of the B cells. The C cells incorporate 3 to 5 times more 35S-cysteine than ordinary neurones. Thus, the C cells synthesize one protein or several proteins with cysteine; this observation confirms their neurosecretory activity in Locusta. The A cells have the highest rate of incorporation of 35S-cysteine: 5 to 8 times the one of ordinary neurones. In all the females, the A cells produce and release proportionally more neurosecretion than the C cells. The production of granules is faster in A cells (30 min) than in C cells (60 min). The turnover of the A neurosecretion is consequently higher and quicker than the C neurosecretion. In immature females, the A and C cells synthesize and release proportionally more material than in mature females. The time necessary for production and release of the A neurosecretion is the same for all the females. It is so for the C material. The turnover of the A and C neurosecretions is thus more important in immature females than in mature females but it is not more rapid. The accumulation of stainable neurosecretory material in A and C cells at the time of ovarian maturation is associated with a reduction of their neurosecretory activity: it is due to a decrease of the rate of release of the A and C cells being more important than their rate of production.
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    Untersuchungen am Ovar von Bruchidius obtectus Say. (Coleoptera-Polyphaga) zur Klärung des Oocytenwachstums in der Prävitellogenese (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 241-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovary ; Bruchidius obtectus ; Oocytes ; Previtellogenesis ; Ultrastructure ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im ersten Teil der Arbeit werden die Ovariolen adulter Imagines von Bruchidius obtectus licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Durch den Nachweis von Nährsträngen, die die Oocyten mit den Nährzellen der Endkammer verbinden, konnte erstmals gezeigt werden, daß Bruchidius telotroph-meroistische Ovariolen besitzt. Die Nährzellen, deren Kerne kettenförmige Nukleolen aufweisen, bilden bei den Imagines ein Syncytium, das von einem räumlichen Maschennetz aus interstitiellen Zellen stabilisiert wird. In den Oocytenkernen entsteht während der Prävitellogenese eine Karyosphäre, von der aus „Nukleolarkörper“, Binnenkörper und „segmentierte Längsstrukturen“ gebildet werden. Die „Nukleolarkörper“ und die kettenförmigen Nährzellnukleolen werden als multiple Nukleolen diskutiert. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit stellt eine ontogenetische Untersuchung des Ovariolengewebes dar. Danach entsteht das Nährzellsyncytium in der Phase der Imaginalhäutung aus einem zellulär-fusomalen Verband. Die morphologische Abgrenzung der Ei- und Nährzellen voneinander sowie die Ausbildung von Nährsträngen finden ebenfalls in dieser Entwicklungsphase statt. Die präsumptiven Ei- und Nährzellen durchlaufen auf dem Puppenstadium das Pachytän der Prophase der Meiose. Damit weisen sich die Nährzellen als Keimbahnabkömmlinge aus. Im dritten Teil der Untersuchungen erfolgt eine Analyse der DNA- und RNA-Synthese sowie des RNA-Transports in dem Ovariolengewebe adulter Imagines. DNA Markierungen mit 3H-Thymidin lassen auf einen, wenn auch geringen, Polyploidiegrad der Nährzellkerne schließen. Markierungen mit 3H-Uridin belegen eine hohe RNA-Syntheserate der Nährzellkerne. Mit nahezu gleicher Intensität wie die Nährzellkerne synthetisieren auch die Oocytenkerne RNA, obwohl sie eine Karyosphäre bilden. Mit Hilfe von Markierungsgradienten im Ooplasma sowie von Nährstrangmarkierungen gelang der Nachweis eines RNA-Transportes von Nährzellsyncytium über die Nährstränge in die Oocyten. Abschließend wird das telotrophe Ovar von Bruchidius (Coleoptera-Polyphaga) dem telotrophen Ovar der Heteropteren gegenübergestellt. Der Vergleich legt eine konvergente Entwicklung dieses Ovartyps bei Insekten nahe.
    Notes: Summary In the first part of the investigation the ovarioles of adult imagines are analyzed by light and electron microscopy. It is shown that nutritive cords connect the oocytes with the apical trophic tissue, demonstrating that Bruchidius has telotroph-meroistic ovarioles. The trophic tissue, in which the nurse cell nuclei contain chain-like nucleoli, is a syncytium stabilized by a three-dimensional network of interstitial cells. During previtellogenesis, a karyosphere is formed in oocyte nuclei in which “nucleolar bodies”, endobodies, and “filament bodies” originate. The “nucleolar bodies” and the chain-like nucleoli of nurse cells are considered to be multiple nucleoli. In the second part, the development of the ovariole tissue during ontogenesis is studied. The syncytial trophic tissue derives from a cellular-fusomal organization during the phase of molting. During the same period, the morphological distinction between nurse cells and oocytes as well as the development of nutritive cords take place. Nurse cells are derived from the germ-line, since, during pupal stages, both the prospective oocytes and the prospective nurse cells undergo the prophase of meiosis up to pachytene. The third part is an investigation of DNA- and RNA-synthesis and RNA-transport in the ovariole tissue of adult imagines. DNA labelling with tritiated thymidine shows a small degree of polyploidisation in nurse cell nuclei. By labelling with tritiated uridine, a high rate of RNA-synthesis could be demonstrated in nurse cell nuclei. A similar amount of RNA-synthesis exists in oocyte nuclei, even if they form a karyosphere. The transport of RNA from the apical trophic tissue via the nutritive cords into the oocytes is demonstrated by silver grain gradients over the ooplasm and by the labelling of nutritive cords. Finally, the telotrophic ovary of Bruchidius (Coleoptera-Polyphaga) is compared with the telotrophic ovary of Heteroptera, suggesting a convergent development of telotroph-meroistic ovaries in insects.
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    Histochemical studies of high-endothelial venules of lymph nodes and peyer's patches in the mouse (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 131 (1972), S. 287-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Histocytochemistry ; Autoradiography ; Blood vessels ; Lymph nodes ; Intestine, small
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The histochemistry and DNA turnover of postcapillary high-endothelial venules in lymph nodes and Peyer's patches have been investigated. Autoradiographic studies showed that the cells are long lived. They exhibit a distinct metachromatic reaction that is indicative of a moderate amount of RNA. They are PAS positive due to the presence of glycogen. Considerable amounts of mucopolysaccharides are not found inside the cells. The reactions for lactate dehydrogenase, NADH-tetrazolium reductase and unspecific esterase are strong. The intensities of the reactions are comparable to those of the epithelium of the intestinal villus and of reticular cells and definitely stronger than that of other endothelial cells. Tests for acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADPH-tetrazolium reductase showed that these enzymes are either absent or present in small amounts.
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    Autoradiographische Bestimmung der S-Phasen-Dauer der Gonocyten bei der Wistarratte durch Einfach- und Doppelmarkierung (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 229-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gonocytes ; Rat ; Mitotic activity ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Gonocyten der Ratte können in 2 hintereinander geschaltete Keimzellarten gegliedert werden, die I-Gonocyten und II-Gonocyten. Die I-Gonocyten proliferieren bei der Wistarratte zwischen 15. und 18. Fetaltag, die Tochterzellen der I-Gonocyten, die II-Gonocyten treten nach einer Zeitdauer von 7–8 Tagen zwischen 4. und 6. Lebenstag in die Mitose. Auf Grund der gewonnenen Daten erschien es sinnvoll, die mitotische Aktivität der II-Gonocyten und die Bestimmung der Dauer ihrer S-Phase an 5 Tage alten Ratten durchzuführen. Untersuchungen von 50 Zentren mitotischer Aktivität in einem in Serie geschnittenen Hoden einer 5 Tage alten Ratte ergaben, daß 148 von 190 Mitosen, d.s. 78%, in Gruppen und 122, d.s. 64% der Mitosen in „Paaren“ vorkommen. Mit der Methode der markierten Mitosen (Quastler u. Sherman, 1959) und der Methode der Doppelmarkierung (Hilscher u. Maurer, 1962) wurde die Dauer der S-Phase der II-Gonocyten bei 5 Tage alten Ratten bestimmt. Es ergab sich eine gute Übereinstimmung der nach beiden Methoden bestimmten Werte. Die S-Phasen-Dauer der II-Gonocyten dürfte danach am 5. Lebenstag bei 11,0–11,5 Std liegen.
    Notes: Summary The gonocytes of the rat are of two types: I-gonocytes and II-gonocytes. In Wistar rat I-gonocytes proliferate at the beginning of prespermatogenesis between the 15th and 18th day of gestation. Their multiplication stops between the 18th and 19th day. Starting on the 4th postnatal day, II-gonocytes, the daughter cells of I-gonocytes, begin to proliferate. The 5th postnatal day proved to be favourable for studying the mitotic activity and for determing the S-phase of II-gonocytes. In one serially sectioned testis of a 5 days old rat 25 sex cords were reconstructed. Till now 50 centres of mitotic activity of II-gonocytes with 190 mitoses were localized. Only 42 out of the 190 mitoses were isolated, 148 occur in groups. 122 out of the grouped mitoses are in “pairs”. That means that 78% of the grouped and 64% of all mitoses were to be found in pairs. By the method of labeled mitoses (Quastler and Sherman, 1959) and by the method of double labeling with C-14- and H-3-thymidine (Hilscher and Maurer, 1962) the duration of the S-phase of II-gonocytes were determined in 5 days old rats. The results of both methods show that the S-phase is 11.0 to 11.5 hours.
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    Interrelationships between polyamines and nucleic acids (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 393-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peripheral nerve ; Polyamines ; Autoradiography ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe der Autoradiographie von Semi- und Ultradünnschnitten wurde die Verteilung der Radioaktivität nach Applikation von 3H-Putrescin im intakten und im degenerierenden N. ischiadicus der Ratte sowie in Spinalganglien untersucht. Im intakten und im geschädigten Nerven war die Radioaktivität, die zum weit überwiegenden Anteil als Spermidin und Putrescin vorkam, in allen zellulären Bestandteilen des Nerven, im Cytoplasma, in den Kernen und sehr deutlich auch in den Markscheiden, lokalisiert. Im extrazellulären Raum und über den Kollagenfibrillen war demgegenüber nur eine sehr geringe Radioaktivität festzustellen. Die physiologische Funktion von Spermidin und Putrescin im Myelin und den anderen Zellbestandteilen wird in erster Linie im Zusammenhang mit der in diesen Strukturen ebenfalls lokalisierten RNA diskutiert, da zahlreiche Hinweise für eine Rolle der Polyamine in der RNA- und Proteinsynthese vorliegen.
    Notes: Summary The distribution of radioactivity from 3H-putrescine was studied in intact and degenerated sciatic nerves, and spinal ganglia of rats by means of high resolution autoradiography. During the first three days after the administration of the labeled putrescine, the main proportion of radioactive material in the nerves was represented by spermidine and putrescine. Both, in intact and degenerating nerves, developed silver grains were deposited in all cellular components of the nervous tissue, the myelin sheath being markedly tagged. Perineural tissue was also labeled considerably, however, there was no significant amount of label in the extracellular space and in the collagen fibrils. The possible physiological significance of putrescine and spermidine in myelin and in other cellular components of nerves is discussed.
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    Ultrastructure des photorécepteurs de Lineus ruber (O. F. Müller) (Hétéronémertes Lineidae) (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 134 (1972), S. 245-254 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Melanogenesis ; Porphyrinogenesis ; Lineus ruber ; Autoradiography ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Lors de la régénération traumatique des yeux de Lineus ruber la différenciation biochimique des nouvelles cellules pigmentaires est séquentielle. On assiste à l'apparition successive des chaînes enzymatiques nécéssaires à la biosynthèse de porphyrine et de mélanine. Les études ultrastructurale et autoradiographique à haute résolution de ces phénomènes — montrent que la mélanisation s'opère au niveau “d'organites” cellulaires spécialisés (prémélanosomes, mélanosomes). La porphyrinogénèse se développe dans des vacuoles et organites d'origine golgienne qui participent également à la mélanogénèse.
    Notes: Summary In Lineus ruber the biochemical differentiation of the new pigmentary cells is sequential during the reparative regeneration of the eyes. The enzymatic pathways for porphyrin and melanin biosynthesis appear successively. Ultrastructural and high resolution radioautography studies, show that melanization occurs in specialized organelles called premelanosomes, melanosomes and melanin granules. Prophyrogenesis occurs in Golgi vesicles which are also involved in melanogenesis.
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    Cell population kinetics of zymogen and parietal cells in the stomach of mice (1972)
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    Cell & tissue research 134 (1972), S. 505-518 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastric mucosa ; Parietal cells ; Zymogen cells ; Cell division, DNA synthesis ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary With autoradiography after labelling with tritiated thymidine, the kinetics of zymogen and parietal cells were studied in the gastric mucosa of mice. After one intraperitoneal injection of the DNA precursor, zymogen cells in the DNA synthesis phase were clearly identified on autoradiograms, whereas no parietal cells were seen to synthesize DNA. In another group of mice, multiple injections were used in order to obtain a greater number of labelled cells. Following the latter procedure, analysis of grain count distributions over labelled zymogen cells and of labelling indices allowed detection of two subsequent zymogen cell divisions within an interval of approximately two months. This indicates that the cell turnover of zymogen cells is at least partly assured by their own mitotic activity. By contrast, parietal cells showed no evidence of cell division, but appeared to be derived through differentiation from other cells in the neck area of the gland. Analysis of spatial distribution of the labelled parietal cells in the glandular tube indicated that, in time, most newly formed parietal cells undergo a slow migration directed downwards to the bottom of the fundic glands. These results clearly show that the zymogen and the parietal cell population of the fundic glands have a different kinetic behaviour.
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    Influence of light and darkness on the subcommissural organ of Rana temporaria L. (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 237-255 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Rana temporaria ; Light/Darkness ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of long daily photoperiods and of continuous darkness on the subcommissural organ (SCO) of Rana temporaria was studied. The amount of aldehyde-fuchsin (AF) positive material in the apical cell parts of the SCO proves to be less in light-adapted than in darkness-adapted animals in winter. The nuclear volume in the SCO of light- and of darkness-adapted animals, however, does not show any clear differences. Distinct differences in incorporation rate of 35S-cysteïne between the SCO of light- and of darkness-adapted animals cannot be observed either in winter or in summer. The conclusion must be that light/darkness conditions hardly influence the secretory activity of the SCO cells of Rana temporaria. The results mentioned above were compared with those of experiments on pineal gland and preoptic nucleus. Incorporation of 35S-cysteïne, which proceeds rather slowly, firstly takes place in the apical, i.e. supranuclear and perinuclear cell parts. Then the AF positive material located subnuclearly becomes gradually labelled. This is in support of the assumption that the apical cell parts are primarily concerned with synthesis and the basal cell parts with storage of secretory material. A marked influence of temperature on localization, appearance and amount of AF positive material in SCO cells has been observed.
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    An autoradiographic and electron microscopic study of retino-hypothalamic connections (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 1-26 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Hypothalamus (Mammals) ; Suprachiasmatic nucleus ; Neuroendocrinology ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Retino-hypothalamic connections have been studied autoradiographically in the rat, guinea pig, rabbit, cat and monkey following the intravitreal injection of 3H-leucine or 3H-proline, and electron microscopically following unilateral eye removal in the guinea pig and monkey. In each of the species examined evidence has been found for a direct projection from the retina to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, but to no other region of the hypothalamus. The projection to the suprachiasmatic nucleus is always bilateral (even in the albino guinea pig, in which all other components of the retinal projection are crossed) but from grain counts in our autoradiographs it appears that the input to the contralateral nucleus is about twice as heavy as that on the ipsilateral side. Most of the retinal fibers appear to terminate within the ventral part of the nucleus where they form asymmetric synapses either upon small dendritic branches or dendritic spines. The possible role of this retinal projection to the suprachiasmatic nucleus in mediating a variety of light-induced neuroendocrine responses is discussed.
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    Tissue culture of rat adult decapsulated adrenal glands (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 245-273 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Primary cultures ; ACTH ; Stereology ; Autoradiography ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A method of cultivation involving both repeated trypsinisations (at room temperature) and explantation of the tissue fragments on polythene discs has been shown to be apt to the growth in vitro of rat adult decapsulated adreno-cortical tissue. This is the first time that the successful cultivation of such a tissue is reported. The technique and its applications are discussed. The effects of β1–24 corticotrophin (ACTH1–24) on the rat adult adrenal cultures have been examined by both electron microscopy and autoradiography. Zona fasciculata and reticularis cells grown in the absence of ACTH for long terms (15–16 days) survive and proliferate as dedifferentiated elements. If ACTH1–24 is added to the cultures, adrenocortical cells will, within 2 days, simultaneously increase their proliferation rate and differentiate. After 7 days of treatment, cortical cells exhibit not only fully differentiated but even hypertrophic morphologic features. Significant stimulations of adrenal DNA, RNA and gross protein synthesis have been found to take place at different times after the starting of the ACTH1–24 treatment. These data are discussed in relation to the findings previously reported in literature. Rat adult adrenal gland tissue cultures are proposed as a non-previously available tool for investigations into the physiopathology of the adrenal cells to be carried out in a carefully controlled environment.
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    Struktur und Funktion des Drüsenepithels der postabdominalen Tergite von Blatta orientalis (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 45-87 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Protein secretion ; Defensive glands ; Blatta orientalis ; Cytology ; Autoradiography ; Insekts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Bereich der abdominalen Tergite V-X und oberseits and den Zerzi liegt bei Nymphen beider Geschlechter und bei adulten Weibchen von Blatta orientalis statt des einschichtigen Epithels ein zweischichtiges Drüsengewebe vor, welches ein visköses Sekret aus Wasser, freien Aminosäuren (+ Glutamin), Oligo- und zahlreichen Polypeptiden auf die Tergitenoberfläche sezerniert. Die strukturelle Differenzierung des Drüsengewebes ist mit der Sekretionsaktivität korreliert, sowohl während der Ontogenese als auch im Bereich verschiedener Tergite (Maxima: weibliche Subimagines, Tergite VI und VII). Untersuchungen mittels hochauflösender quantitativer Autoradiographie ergaben, daß injizierte Aminosäuren im größten Teil der Drüsenzellen angereichert werden: Markierte Zellen zeigen Radioaktivität im reichlich ausgebildeten rauhen endoplasmatischen Retikulum, Golgi-Apparat, in Sekretgranula und in ihrem Endapparat. Dieser durchsetzt die Drüsenzelle als langer gewundener Kanal mit Bürstensaum, in welchen je eine darüberliegende Gangzelle einen chitinösen Ausführgang inseriert. Die gleichzeitige Anwesenheit von markierten und nicht markierten Zellen mit praktisch gleich stark entwickeltem endoplasmatischem Retikulum und Golgi-Apparat zeigt, daß die morphologische Ausbildung dieser mit der Proteinsekretion befaßten Organellen nicht unbedingt deren Aktivität reflektiert. Vereinzelt stehen Zellfortsätze mit den morphologischen Charakteristika neurosekretorischer Tätigkeit in direktem Kontakt mit Drüsenzellen. Eine Abwehrfunktion des viskösen Sekrets durch bloße mechanische Behinderung kleiner räuberischer Arthropoden wurde sichergestellt, wobei es dem Beutetier gelingt, zu flüchten. Weiters wurde ein zweiter Drüsenzelltyp beobachtet, der mit injizierten Aminosäuren nur schwach markierbar ist, ebenfalls einen Endapparat besitzt, jedoch arm an rauhem endoplasmatischem Retikulum und gleichzeitig reich an Mitochondrien, Golgi-Apparaten und kleinen Vesikeln ist. Die Funktion dieses zweiten Zelltyps ist zwar nicht sichergestellt, möglicherweise reguliert er jedoch die funktionell wichtige Viskosität des Sekretes.
    Notes: Summary A two-layered glandular tissue occurs on tergites V to X and on the cerci of juvenile specimens of both sexes and of adult females of Blatta orientalis, in place of the usual monolayer of epidermal cells. This gland tissue contains two cell types and secretes a viscous product of water, free amino acids (+ glutamine), oligo- and several polypeptides onto the tergal surface. The structural differentiation of the gland is correlated with secretory activity, both in different molting stages and in different tergites of an individual; maximal values are found in tergites VI und VII on last instar females. Applying quantitative radioautography on the electron microscope level, we found, that although the most common gland cell type contained an abundantly developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi-apparatus, characteristic of protein secreting cells, not all of them incorporated equally the injected amino acids. This is consistent with an asynchronous secretory cycle, also suggested by biochemical studies. Of great significance is the demonstration that the fine structural elaboration of the cellular organelles involved in protein synthesis cannot be used as a criterion for their ongoing activity. The secretion is discharged into an end-apparatus consisting of a tortuous canal with a brushborder that penetrates the whole gland cell. One unbranched chitinous duct, formed by a “duct carrying cell”, is inserted into the end-apparatus of each gland cell. Occasionally, cell processes exhibiting the typical morphological characteristics of neurosecretory cells are seen in direct contact with gland cells. A defensive function of the secretion which acts by mechanically impairing smaller predatory arthropods was ascertained. To achieve this effect and to allow the preyanimal to escape, the secretion has to be adjusted to a proper viscosity by an adequate dilution. This might be achieved by the second gland cell type, which was not selectively labelled by injected amino acids; this cell type contains an endapparatus, abundant mitochondria, Golgi-apparatuses and small vesicles, but only few profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum.
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    Wachstum und Regeneration in parenchymatösen Organen der Ratte (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 306-331 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Parenchyma of organs ; Rats ; Regeneration ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die sowohl nach singulärer 3H-Thymidin-Injektion als auch nach kontinuierlicher 3H-Thymidin-Dauerinfusion an Ratten erhobenen autoradiographischen Befunde lassen folgende Schlüsse ziehen: 1. Die während des Wachstums im Vergleich zum Ende der Foetalperiode ganz auffällige, unmittelbar postpartal nachweisbare Depression des 3H-Thymidin-Markierungs-Index im Parenchym von Leber, Niere und Pankreas wird auf eine funktionelle Umstellung und zumindest in der Leber auch auf eine strukturelle Umgestaltung bezogen. Schon am 30. Tag ergeben sich Anhaltspunkte für eine Umschaltung auf einen langsamen Proliferationsmodus, die bei 60 und 120 Tagen mit Halbierung der DNS-Syntheserate vollends abgeschlossen ist. 2. In der kompensatorisch regenerierenden Leber nach 2/3-Teilhepatektomie wird der Anteil nicht proliferierender Zellen — d.h. die non growth fraction — von juvenilen über eben ausgewachsene bis zu senilen Tieren kontinuierlich größer. 3. Bei der reparativen Regeneration in der unterbundenen Niere nach temporärer 1stündiger Ischämie ist der Proliferationsumfang in den am stärksten geschädigten Nephronabschnitten auch am größten. Es führt das Stratum subcorticale, dann folgt die Zona intermedia, das Stratum labyrinthicum und die Zona basalis. 4. Demgegenüber weist die Topik proliferierender Zellen bei kompensatorischer Nierenregeneration nach kontralateraler Ischämie bzw. Nephrektomie wohl quantitative aber keine qualitativen Unterschiede zu der beim physiologischen Zellersatz von Kontrollen auf. Das Stratum labyrinthicum zeigt die höchsten Werte und dann stellt sich eine stufenweise erfolgende Abnahme der prozentualen Markierung über das Stratum subcorticale zur Zona intermedia und Zona basalis ein. 5. Anhand der autoradiographischen Daten wird ein Modell für die Proliferation von Leberepithelien juveniler und ausgewachsener Ratten entworfen. Weiter befaßt sich dieses Modell mit der Zellneubildung nach Teilhepatektomie im Verlauf und nach Abschluß der Regeneration. Nach den entwickelten Vorstellungen wirkt eine partielle Hepatektomie an ausgewachsenen und senilen Tieren durch Verkleinerung der non growth fraction und Vergrößerung des proliferating pools im Sinne einer Verjüngerung der proliferatorischen Potenz des Leberepithels.
    Notes: Summary The autoradiographic results reported, are obtained on rats after single injections of 3H-thymidine as well as continuous 3H-thymidine infusions. They lead to the following conclusions: 1. Compared to the end of embryonic development the 3H-labelling index in parenchyma of liver (epithelium), kidney (tubule), and exocrine pancreas (acinus) is depressed during the first day of postnatal growth. From 1–4 days postpartal fluctuations occur, afterwards the labelling index increases between 7 and 12 days and from there on a decrease is observed up to 120 days. This depression and fluctuation of the labelling index is probably connected with a functional transposition and, especially in the liver, with a structural transformation. The reduction of the mean grain density of labelled nuclei by about a factor of 2, begins already at day 30 and is completed on day 60 and 120. It depends on a reduction of the rate of DNA synthesis. This might be explained as a consequence of a commutation from the rapid to the slow mode of cellular proliferation. 2. In the compensatory regenerating liver after 2/3 partial hepatectomy the portion of non labelled nuclei—i.e. the non growth fraction—increases continuously from juvenile to young adult and especially up to senile animals after a postoperative continuous 3H-thymidine infusion. 3. During reparative regeneration in the ligatured kidney following temporal (1 h) ischaemia the extent of proliferation after postoperative continuous 3H-thymidine infusion is hightest in those regions of the nephron with the largest postischaemic damage. The percentage of labelled nuclei decreases from the stratum subcorticale to the zona intermedia, stratum labyrinthicum, and zona basalis. 4. On the other hand only quantitative but not qualitative differences exist in the topic of proliferating cells between compensatory regeneration in the unligaturated kidney after contralateral temporal ischaemia or nephrectomy and the physiological cell renewal of controls. After continuous 3H-thymidine infusions the highest percentage of labelled cells is observed within the stratum labyrinthicum and then a gradual decrease occurs from there to the stratum subcorticale, zona intermedia and basalis. Thus, cellular proliferation in compensatory regeneration of the kidney is only an enhanced form of those proliferative processes occuring during physiological cell renewal. 5. With the autoradiographic data a model concerning proliferation of liver epithelia in juvenile and adult rats has been constructed. Furthermore this model deals with cell renewal during and after regeneration following partial hepatectomy. The conclusion is, that partial hepatectomy diminishes the non growth fraction and enlarges the proliferating pool. Thus this operation acts as a rejuvenating process in the proliferating potency of liver epithelia.
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    Autoradiographic localization of calcium in the mucosal cells of the avian oviduct (1971)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 201-211 
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    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Autoradiography ; Calcium ; Oviduct ; Shell-gland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La localisation cellulaire du calcium de la muqueuse de l'oviducte d'oiseaux a été étudiée par autoradiographie au45Ca, à partir de tissus préparés soit par incubation dans le45Ca, soit par injection intraveneuse du45Ca. La congélation — substitution est utilisée pour retenir le calcium aisément diffusible dans le tissu. L'épithelium cylindrique de la glande de la coquille s'enrichit significativement plus en45Cain vitro, en fonction de l'augmentation du temps d'incubation, de une à dix minutes et/ou en élevant la température de 0° à 42°. Ces effets sont diminués par l'adjonction de dinitrophenol au milieu d'incubation. Les glandes tubulaires de ce tissu réagissent à peine. Généralement, après injection intravenieuse de45Ca, la glande de la coquille retient plus de radionuclide que les autres régions de l'oviducte. Lorsqu'une coquille d'œuf est en voie de calcification, l'épithelium cylindrique de cette glande contient plus de grains que les glandes tubulaires, mais, en cas d'absence de formation d'œuf, le nombre de grains est identique dans les 2 types cellulaires. Il semble que l'épithélium cylindrique de la glande de la coquille a une affinité plus grande et plus variable pour le45Ca que la glande de la coquille les glandes tutulaires ou les cellules muqueuses d'autres régions de l'oviducte. Ces résultats indiquent sans le prouver, que l'épithélium cylindrique est plus actif dans le transfert du calcium des vaisseaux sanguins vers la lumière de la glande de la coquille.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die celluläre Verteilung von Calcium in der Eileitermucosa von Hühnern wurde anhand von45Ca-Autoradiographien in Gewebe studiert, welches entweder durch Inkubation mit45Ca oder durch intravenöse Injektion von45Ca präpariert wurde. Gefriersubstitution wurde verwendet, um leicht diffundierbares Calcium im Gewebe zurückzuhalten.In vitro nahm das Cylinderepithel der Schalendrüse auffallend mehr45Ca auf, wenn die Inkubationszeit von einer auf zehn Minuten verlängert wurde und/oder wenn die Temperatur von 0° auf 42° erhöht wurde. Diese Wirkungen wurden durch die Zugabe von Dinitrophenol zum Inkubations-medium vermindert. Die Tubulärdrüsen dieses Gewebes reagierten kaum. Im allgemeinen schlossen die Schalendrüsen nach intravenöser Injektion von45Ca mehr Radionuklid ein als andere Teile des Eileiters. Wenn eine Eierschale calcifizierte, zeigte das Cylinderepithel der Schalendrüse bei der Autoradiographie eine höhere Anzahl von Silberkörnern als die Tubulärdrüsen, aber wenn keine Schale gebildet wurde, war sie bei beiden Zelltypen ähnlich. Die Resultate zeigen, daß das Cylinderepithel der Schalendrüse, eine größere und unterschiedlichere Affinität für45Ca hat als Schalendrüse Tubulärdrüsen oder Schleimhautzellen aus anderen Gebieten des Eileiters. Die Befunde deuten darauf hin, aber beweisen es nicht, daß das Cylinderepithel beim Transport von Calcium aus den Blutgefäßen in die Schalendrüse das aktivste ist.
    Notes: Abstract The cellular location of calcium in the mucosa of the avian oviduct has been studied by45Ca autoradiography in tissue prepared either by incubation with45Ca or by intravenous injection of45Ca. Freeze-substitution was used to retain easily diffusible calcium in the tissue.In vitro, columnar epithelium of the shell gland acquired significantly more45Ca as the length of incubation time was increased from one to ten minutes and/or when the temperature was raised from 0° to 42°. These effects were diminished by the addition of dinitrophenol to the incubation medium. The tubular glands of this tissue responded minimally. Genrally, after intravenous injection of45Ca, the shell gland sequestered, more radionuclide than the other regions of the oviduct. When an egg shell was being calcified, the columnar epithelium of the shell gland revealed a higher grain count than the tubular glands, but when a shell was not forming, grain counts were similar over the two types of cells. The results show that the columnar epithelium of the shell gland has a greater and more variable affinity for45Ca than have the shell gland tubular glands or mucosal cells from other regions of the oviduct. The data suggest, but do not prove, that the columnar epithelium is the most active in translocation of calcium from the blood vessels to the lumen of the shell gland.
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    A study of calcium deposition in the skeleton of a dog using autoradiography (1971)
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    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 121-132 
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    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Skeleton ; Autoradiography ; Isotope ; Deposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le taux de formation osseuse d'un chien adulte a été déterminé en divers endroits, en utilisant deux marqueurs à la tétracycline. Les valeurs obtenues ont été comparées avec des mesures similaires de dépôts calciques, obtenues par45Ca. Les mesures du ≪marquage diffus≫ de45Ca ont également été réalisées en utilisant l'autoradiographie quantitative. Les résultats ont été comparés avec les études similaires de Leeet coll. (J. Bone Joint Surg.47B, 157, 1965), effectuées à l'aide d'un chien nouveau-né et d'un chien adolescent. Il apparait ainsi que les études au45Ca permettent de mesurer la formation osseuse chez les chiens d'âges différents. Cependant, il est probable que le ≪marquage diffus≫ de calcium marqué chez l'Homme rend difficile la mesure du dépôt de calcium.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Geschwindigkeit der Knochenbildung bei einem ausgewachsenen Hund wurde mittels 2 Tetracyclinmarkierungen an verschiedenen Stellen des Knochens gemessen. Durch Messungen der Calciumzuwachsrate mittels45Ca-Tracer konnten die Werte beider Methoden verglichen werden. Die „diffuse Markierung” von45Ca wurde anhand von quantitativer Autoradiographie ebenfalls gemessen. Die Resultate wurden mit denjenigen ähnlicher Studien ausgewachsener Hund verwendet wurden. Es wird daraus geschlossen, daß die Knochenbildungsgeschwindigkeit von Hunden aller Altersstufen anhand von45Ca-Tracer-Studien gemessen werden kann. Es ist jedoch wahrscheinlich, daß die „diffuse Makierung” mit Tracer-Calcium beim Menschen zu einer schwierigen Interpretation der Messung der Calciumzuwachsrate führt.
    Notes: Abstract The bone formation rate of an adult dog has been found at several bone sites using two tetracycline markers. The values found have been compared with similar measurements of calcium accretion rate using45Ca as a tracer. Measurements of the “diffuse label” of45Ca were also made using quantitative autoradiography. The results have been compared with similar studies by Leeet al. (J. Bone Joint Surg.47 B, 157, 1965) using a puppy and an adolescent dog. It is concluded that45Ca tracer studies can measure the bone formation rate of dogs at any age. However, it is probable that the “diffuse label” uptake of tracer calcium in humans makes the calcium accretion rate measurement difficult to interpret.
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    Ostéoporose provoquée par la carence en sodium chez le rat en croissance (1971)
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 114-132 
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    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteoporosis ; Sodium-deficiency ; Histology ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Ce travail étudie les effets d'une carence en sodium sur le squelette chez le Rat en croissance. Il a été effectué sur 3 groupes de Rats: groupe carencé, groupe témoin sous-nutri et groupe témoin normal. L'étude macroradiographique et microradiographique des tibias révèle que la carence en sodium provoque en 8 semaines une diminution de la longueur, un amincissement de l'espace métaphyso-épiphysaire et l'apparition d'une ostéopénie. Cette ostéopénie prédomine sur la métaphyse par rapport à la diaphyse. Au niveau de celle-ci, le rapport cortico-diaphysaire est diminué. Ce changement est essentiellement dû à l'amincissement de l'os cortical par sa face périphérique. Le marquage par la tétracycline confirme cette atteinte prédominante de l'apposition périostée. L'étude histologique et l'étude autoradiographique suggèrent que cette ostéopénie résulte d'un important ralentissement de l'ostéogénèse et de l'activité globale du tissu osseux. L'analyse chimique révèle des changements minimes de la composition des fémurs. La teneur en cendres est légèrement abaissée. La rapport Ca/P est légèrement augmenté. Les rapports Ca/N et P/N sont diminués. Le rapport Na/Ca est augmenté. Les mécanismes possibles de cette atteinte squelettique sont envisagés: sous-nutrition, effet acidifiant du régime, trouble de l'absorption intestinale du calcium, retentissement surrénal et conséquences cellulaires de la carence en sodium. En conclusion, dans le déterminisme de l'atteinte osseuse semblent devoir être retenus: a) l'inanition dûe à l'anorexie provoquée par le régime désodé, b) und effet squelettique propre de la carence en sodium, le trouble de l'absorption intestinale du calcium ne paraissant pas jouer un rôle déclenchant.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wurde der Einfluß eines Natriummangels auf das Skelet der noch wachsenden Ratte beobachtet. Die Studie betrifft drei Gruppen von Ratten: eine mit Natriummangel, eine normal ernährte und eine unterernährte Kontrollgruppe. Die makro- und mikroradiographische Untersuchung der Tibiae nach 8wöchigem Natriummangel zeigt eine Verkürzung, eine Verringerung des metaphyso-epiphysären Intervalls und eine Osteopenie, die in der Metaphyse merkbarer als in der Diaphyse ist. Das corticodiaphysische Verhältnis ist herabgesetzt, und zwar verjüngt sich der Knochencortex peripherisch. Mit markiertem Tetracyclin wird bewiesen, daß vorwiegend die periphere Knochenbildung betroffen ist. Die histologische und autoradiographische Untersuchung erlaubt die Annahme, daß diese Osteopenie auf stark verlangsamte Knochenbildung und gesamte metabolische Tätigkeit des Knochengewebes zurückzuführen ist. Die chemische Analyse weist unerhebliche Änderungen der Zusammensetzung der Femora auf. Der Aschengehalt ist leicht vermindert. In den Epiphysen ist Ca/P leicht erhöht. Ca/N und P/N sind herabgesetzt. Na/Ca ist wenig verändert. Die möglichen Mechanismen dieser Skeletveränderungen werden erörtert: Unterernährung, diätbedingte Säurebildung, Störung der intestinalen Calciumabsorption, Nebennieren-beeinflussung und Zellstoffwechselveränderungen durch Natriummangel. Zusammenfassend scheint hauptsächlich die Unterernährung eine Rolle zu spielen. Dazu kommen die direkten Folgen des Natriummangels auf den intestinalen Zucker- und Aminosäurentransport.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of sodium deficiency on the skeleton were studied in growing rats assigned to 3 groups: sodium deficient group, pair-fed controls, normal controls. Macroradiographic and microradiographic examinations and measurements of the tibia demonstrated that sodium deficiency after 8 weeks resulted in shorter bones, thinner cartilage and osteopenia. This osteopenia was greater in metaphysis than in diaphysis. However the cortico-diaphyseal ratio decreased, resulting from cortical bone thinning by the periosteal side. Histologic and autoradiographic examinations suggested that this osteopenia resulted from a marked slowing down of osteogenesis and total bone turnover. The mineral composition of the femur was little changed. The ash rate, Ca/N and P/N ratios decreased slightly. The Ca/P ratio increased slightly. The Na/Ca ratio increased also. The following possible mechanisms of skeletal damage were considered: undernutrition, acidifying effect of diet, fall of calcium intestinal absorption, adrenal and cellular changes resulting from the sodium deficiency. In conclusion, the bone lesions appear to be caused by undernutrition and in addition by a skeletal effect specifically due to sodium deficiency.
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    Influence of light and darkness on the hypothalamo-hypophysial system of Rana temporaria L. (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 174-187 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamo-hypophysial system ; Rana temporaria ; Illumination ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of a long daily photoperiod and continuous darkness was studied on the hypothalamo-hypophysial system of Rana temporaria. After six weeks of treatment (December-January 1968/1969) the secretory activity of the hypothalamo-hypophysial system of the light-treated animals was enhanced. The amount of aldehyde-fuchsin positive material in the preoptic nucleus increased as a result of the light treatment, and decreased in the median eminence, whereas in the posterior lobe no difference could be observed between the light- and dark-treated animals. The karyometric results showed an increase of the nuclear volume of the cells of the preoptic nucleus after light treatment; small differences were noticed between distinct areas of the preoptic nucleus. Autoradiographic data especially showed that light influenced the hypothalamo-hypophysial system to a high degree. Half an hour after the injection of 35S-cysteine, the incorporation of the isotope in the preoptic nucleus of the light-treated animals was five times as much as in the dark-treated animals. In the median eminence and in the posterior lobe, the autoradiographic results confirmed the results found with regard to the amount of aldehyde-fuchsin positive material. Labelled material is released only from the median eminence and not from the posterior lobe.
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    Autoradiographische Untersuchungen über die Frühwirkung von Thyroxin auf die RNS-Synthese in verschiedenen Geweben von Xenopus-Larven (1971)
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 118-138 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: RNA-synthesis ; Thyroxine ; Antibiotics ; Metamorphosis ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Frühwirkung von Thyroxin auf den RNS-Stoffwechsel in verschiedenen Geweben von Xenopus-Larven wurde autoradiographisch mit Uridin-3H untersucht. Bereits nach 4 h wird in Anwesenheit von Thyroxin (T4) eine Stimulation der nukleären RNS-Synthese festgestellt. Dabei sind das Ausmaß und der zeitliche Verlauf je nach Gewebe verschieden. Die RNS-Synthese wird nach einer T4-Vorbehandlung von 24 h am stärksten stimuliert. Während 72 h Hormon-Behandlung kann kein Transport markierter RNS vom Zellkern ins Cytoplasma festgestellt werden. Aetinomycin D hemmt die T4-induzierte RNS-Synthese bereits nach 4 h. Die stärkste Hemmung tritt nach 24stündiger Vorbehandlung auf. Puromycin hemmt die RNS-Synthese nur, wenn das Antibiotikum 24 h vor dem Hormon appliziert wird. Angesichts der starken Hemmung der RNS-Synthese durch Aetinomycin D wird angenommen, daß die T4-induzierten Veränderungen während der Metamorphose nicht nur durch Transkription spezifischer mRNS-Arten bedingt sind, sondern auch von der Bildung anderer RNS-Typen abhängen.
    Notes: Summary The early effects of thyroxine on RNA-metabolism in various tissues of Xenopus-larvae have been investigated by autoradiography using uridine-3H as precursor. In the presence of thyroxine (T4) a stimulation of nuclear RNA-synthesis is detected already 4 h after the onset of hormone administration. There are tissue-specific differences in the extent and the time course of response. T4 most effectively stimulates RNA-synthesis after 24 h of pretreatment. During 72 h of hormone treatment there is no detectable shift of labeled nuclear RNA into the cytoplasm. Actinomycin D inhibits T4-induced RNA-synthesis already after 4 h, but is most effective after 24 h of pretreatment. Puromycin inhibits RNA-synthesis to a minor extent, but only if exposure to the antibiotic precedes hormone administration. In view of the extent of inhibition of RNA-synthesis by actinomycin D, it is concluded that T4-induced metamorphic responses not only involves transcription of specific mRNA's, but must also depend upon formation of other types of RNA.
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    Wachstumsverhältnisse des Samenblasenepithels bei der heranwachsenden weißen Ratte (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 378-383 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Seminal vesicles ; Rat ; Epithelium ; Proliferation activity ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 12 männlichen weißen Wistarratten unterschiedlichen Alters wurde autoradiographisch die Proliferation des Samenblasenepithels zur Zeit der Pubertät geprüft. Die Tiere waren 21, 29, 40, 50, 60 und 180 Tage alt und erhielten 1 Std vor der Tötung durch Dekapitation 2,5 μC 3H-Thymidin/g Körpergewicht i. p. appliziert. Ausgewertet wurden Autoradiogramme nach einer Expositionszeit von 18 Tagen; bestimmt wurde der Prozentsatz der markierten Zellkerne (3H-Index). Im Gegensatz zu dem bekannten exponentiellen Abfall des 3H-Indexes bei nicht-hormonabhängigen Leberepithelien jugendlicher Ratten kommt es beim Epithel der Samenblasen um den 40. Lebenstag zu einem erneuten, starken Proliferationsschub. Diese starke Wachstumszunahme ist wahrscheinlich der proliferationskinetische Ausdruck der nach Steinberger (1970) zur gleichen Zeit stattfindenden hormonellen Umschaltung in den Testes. Anschließend geht das Vermehrungswachstum des jugendlichen Tieres, durch das die Zellzahl erhöht wird, in das Erhaltungswachstum über; der 3H-Index des Samenblasenepithels erreicht den Wert des erwachsenen Tieres.
    Notes: Summary In 12 male white rats (Wistar) the proliferative activity of the epithelial cells in the seminal vesicles was studied by autoradiography. The animals were 21, 29, 40, 50, 60 and 180 days old. Each animal was given 2.5 μC/g 3H-thymidine and was killed 1 hour thereafter. We analysed the autoradiograms recording the percentage of labelled nuclei (3H-index). While the 3H-index of the non hormone-dependent epithelial cells in the liver of young rats declines continously with growing age (Stocker et al., 1964), the epithelial cells in the seminal vesicles of 40 days old rats show a remarkable rise in their proliferative activity. It is quite possible that this new peak in the proliferation is the morphological result of a preceeding switch in hormonal production of the testes as reported by Steinberger (1970). Thereafter the growth proliferation of the young rats declines into the steady state of the grown up.
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    Electron microscopic autoradiography on the localization of serotonin in the frog median eminence (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 326-333 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Frog ; Serotoninergic nerve fibers ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary For the identification of the nerve fiber containing serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) in the frog median eminence, an electron microscopic autoradiography was performed with 5-hydroxytryptophane-3H which is the precursor of serotonin. At 1 and 24 hours after the intraperitoneal injection, most silver grains were located over the nerve fibers and endings, and a few were also found over the glia cell and the perivascular space. A large number of silver grains were located over the type 3 nerve endings (Nakai, 1971) containing small dense granules about 600–1000 Å in diameter 1 and 24 hours after the injection. Some silver grains were localized over the nerve endings containing intermediate-size dense granules 1100–1700 Å in diameter. Silver grains were also frequently observed over the nerve fibers in the inner layer of frog median eminence. There is no significant difference in the pattern of distribution of silver grains between tissues of 1 hour and 24 hours after the injection.
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    Long-term trophic effect of ACTH on rat adrenocortical cells (1971)
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 30-45 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal Cortex ; ACTH ; Autoradiography ; Stereology ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The changes occurring in rat adrenocortical cells (zona fasciculata) during an 8 day period of treatment with ACTH, were investigated by morphometric and autoradiographic methods. The most important ultrastructural change consists in a conspicuous increase in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, that accounts for about 50% of the total increase of cellular volume. Also the mitochondrial fraction shows a significant increase, which is found to be due both to the increment in the number of mitochondria per cell and to the increase in the mean volume of organelles themselves. The quantitative autoradiographic data, indicating an increment in the incorporation of 3H-orotate and 3H-leucine into adrenocortical cells of the treated animals, allow us to conclude that the ACTH-induced ultrastructural changes are the morphological expression of a stimulation of the cellular protein synthesis. Since mitochondria are largely autonomous in the synthesis of their enzymes and structural proteins, it is possible to hypothesize that ACTH also intervenes in the regulation of the mitochondrial protein synthesis.
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    Action de l'actinomycine D sur la différenciation cellulaire au cours de la régénération de Planaires qui viennent d'éclore (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 442-460 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Regeneration ; Young Planarians ; ARN ; Actinomycin D ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 1. Nous avons étudié les synthèses d'ARN pendant la régénération de jeunes Planaires à l'éclosion. Elles régénèrent dans l'eau ou dans l'actinomycine D à 50 μg/ml. Les synthèses sont décelées par l'incorporation d'uridine tritiée examinée en autoradiographie histologique et ultrastructurale. Des synthèses de protéines sont évaluées par incorporation de leucine tritiée. 2. La décapitation peu après éclosion entraîne, comme pour les adultes, un accroissement de la synthèse d'ARN. Celui-ci n'apparaît pas lorsque les animaux sont traités par l'actinomycine, et cependant, les jeunes commencent à régénérer. Le retour dans l'eau permet la reprise de l'incorporation chez les jeunes Planaires. Ce pouvoir de récupération varie suivant les individus. 3. L'actinomycine D n'a pas d'effet sur l'accroissement des synthèses de protéines chez les jeunes Planaires en régénération. 4. Le microscope électronique montre que l'incorporation d'uridine est inhibée par l'actinomycine dans toutes les catégories de cellules, quel que soit le degré d'altération cellulaire. La récupération du pouvoir d'incorporation de l'uridine qui se manifeste après le retour dans l'eau des jeunes décapités dépend de l'état d'altération primitif des structures. Les cellules aux nucléoles non dissociés, c'est le cas pour la majorité des cellules morphologiquement indifférenciées, retrouvent une structure normale et incorporent à nouveau activement l'uridine tritiée. Dans les cellules aux nucléoles dissociés qui sont surtout des cellules différenciées, il n'y a pas de reprise de l'incorporation d'uridine.
    Notes: Summary 1. We have studied RNA synthesis during regeneration of young hatched Planariang, Polycelis nigra. They regenerate in tap water or in actinomycin D 50 μg/ml. RNA synthesis is tested by histologic and ultrastructural examinations of radioactivity in tissues and cells incubated in tritiated uridine. Protein syntheses are tested after incorporation of tritiated leucine. 2. If decapitated a few days after hatching, young Planarians are characterized, as adults, by an increasing synthesis of RNA. This synthesis fails to increase if animals are incubated in actinomycin during a lapse of time of 24, 48 and 96 hours after cutting. However, the ability of young animals to regenerate is not impaired. If the young animals come back into water after 48 hours of inhibition in actinomycin, incorporation of uridine can start again, with some variations according to the importance of the blastema at the end of incubation in actinomycin. 3. Actinomycin D has no effect on the increase of protein synthesis in regenerating young animals. 4. Electron microscopy shows that uridine incorporation is inhibited by actinomycin D in every cellular category at any degree of alteration. Recovery, which appears after the return of the decapitated Planarians into the water, depends on the degree of cytological alterations. The cells with non dissociated nucleoli, that is the majority of the morphologically undifferentiated cells, assume again normal structures and can incorporate actively anew tritiated uridine. Cells the nucleoli of which are dissociated, mainly differentiated cells, do not resume uridine incorporation. We suppose, in conclusion, that in young growing Planarians cells, a mechanism exists which provides information for regeneration and cellular differentiation.
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    Effect of ACTH on mitochondrial RNA synthesis of rat adrenocortical cells (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 118 (1971), S. 35-48 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; ACTH ; Mitochondria ; RNA synthesis ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The incorporation of 3H-thymidine and 3H-uridine into adrenocortical cells of intact and ACTH-treated rats was investigated by high-resolution autoradiography. The quantitative analysis of autoradiographs shows no effect of ACTH on the incorporation of 3H-thymidine, at least in our experimental conditions. On the contrary, ACTH was found to enhance the incorporation of 3H-uridine into both adrenocortical nuclei and mitochondria. These findings are discussed in relation to numerous biochemical and morphological data, indicating that ACTH stimulates the synthesis of enzymes and structural proteins of adrenocortical cells. It is suggested that the mechanism of action of ACTH on adrenal cortex, consists in an integrated stimulation of both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-dependent RNA synthesis.
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    Autoradiographic distributions of 3H-putrescine and 3H-uridine in a Xenopus liver cell line (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 321-331 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver Cells Polyamines ; Xenopus laevis ; Autoradiography ; RNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distributions of 3H-putrescine and 3H-uridine were studied autoradiographically in cultured Xenopus laevis liver cells. Biochemical assay showed that at 4 h 10%, and at 24 h 30 % of the putrescine label was recovered as spermidine. Grain counts per unit surface area in light microscopic autoradiographs indicate that the 3H-polyamines show a similar intranuclear accumulation as 3H-uridine with a definite association with the nucleolus. The time course is different, however since 3H-polyamines continue to accumulate in the nucleus, while 3H-uridine reaches a peak nuclear concentration within 30 min and drops to one-half after 24 h. No instance of grains overlying mitotic figures was observed. These findings indicate an association of 3H-polyamines with nuclear and nucleolar RNA.
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    Action de l'actinomycine D sur la différenciation cellulaire au cours de la régénération de Planaires qui viennent d'éclore (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 122 (1971), S. 26-35 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Regeneration ; Young Planarians ; Actinomycin D penetration ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons montré, à l'aide d'actinomycine tritiée, que cet inhibiteur pénètre en quantité égale dans les cellules de planaires adultes qui ne régéénèrent pas en présence de fortes concentrations (50 μg/cm3) et dans celles de jeunes planaires qui peuvent former un blastème en présence d'actinomycine D, malgré l'inhibition de nouvelles synthèses d'ARN qui en résulte. Chez les jeunes, le taux de pénétration de l'antibiotique est comparable dans les noyaux des cellules indifférenciées qui participent à la formation du blastème et dans les noyaux des cellules différenciées. Les noyaux à nucléoles dissociés ne sont pas plus radioactifs que les noyaux où le nucléole est seulement appauvri en granulations. La radioactivité diminue uniformément dans toutes les cellules si les animaux sont remis en élevage dans l'eau. La radioactivité cytoplasmique observée est probablement due à la nature des fixateurs qui favorisent la rétention de molécules non liées. Nous pouvons conclure que les noyaux de toutes les catégories cellulaires présentent la même perméabilité à l'actinomycine. Celle-ci est présente dans les cellules de régénération des jeunes qui édifient cependant un blastème où le taux de synthèse des protéines est au même niveau que dans une régénération normale.
    Notes: Summary 3H actinomycin inhibitor of RNA synthesis enters equally cells of adult planarians which never regenerate when applying the drug at high concentration (50 μg/cm3), and young planarians which can form a blastem in the same solution; regeneration occurs despite of the inhibition of new RNA synthesis which ensues. Ultrastructural histoautoradiographs of newly hatched Planarian tissues show that this drug enters equally nuclei of undifferentiated cells which make up the blastem of regeneration and whose nucleoli are not dissociated, and nuclei of differentiated cells whose nucleoli are very often dissociated. The radioactivity is very often located upon heterochromatin. After return of the animals into water, radioactivity becomes reduced evenly in all cells. The cytoplasmic radioactivity that we have observed probably depends on the nature of fixatives which favour the retention of non linked molecules. We can conclude that the nuclei of all cells have the same permeability to actinomycin D, whatever the state of morphological differentiation. The inhibitor is present within the regeneration cells of young Planarians which build a blastem wherein the rate of protein synthesis is at the same level as in normal regenerating tissues.
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    Light and electron microscopic autoradiography of substantia nigra of rat after intraventricular administration of tritium labelled norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin and the precursors (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 137-148 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Substantia nigra ; Rat ; Incorparation of 3H-Dopamine, 3H-Serotonin and 3H-Norepinephrine ; Axo-dendritic Synapses ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In autoradiographies of substantia nigra in rat, it has been observed that after intraventricular injections of 3H-dopamine and 3H-norepinephrine respectively the silvergrains are accumulated in nigra neurons and their dendritic branches. The incorporation was more pronounced in the case of 3H-norepinephrine than 3H-dopamine. This seems to indicate that exogenous norepinephrine may have stronger affinity to nigra neurons and their dendrites than exogenous dopamine. In addition, some 3H-dopamine and 3H-norepinephrine labelled nerve terminals were observed in axo-dendritic synapses. In contrast to these data, 3H-5HTP and 3H-5HT administration showed almost all silver grains accumulated in the neuropil when observed in light microscopic autoradiography. Electron micrographs further reveal that the incorporation of 3H-5HTP and 3H-5HT was mostly within axo-dendritic boutons with more frequent dense core vesicles. These data again strongly suggest that substantia nigra receives a large number of serotoninergic fibres forming axo-dendritic synapses which may play an important role in modulation of substantia nigra function.
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    Uptake of putrescine by Tetrahymena (1971)
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 593-598 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Polyamines ; Uptake ; Tetrahymena ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The uptake of the diamine 3H-putrescine by Tetrahymena pyriformis GL was studied in cultures which were synchronized by heat shocks. An inverse correlation was found between the uptake of putrescine and the acid stability of DNA, but there was also a parallelism between putrescine uptake and the intracellular amount of putrescine. There was no evidence for a transformation of the labeled putrescine to other amino compounds within the cells. Electronmicroscopical autoradiography showed a structure-bound radioactivity localized to nuclear and mitochondrial structures. In the nucleus, both the chromatin and the nucleoli showed labeling.
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    Vergleichende morphologische und zytophotometrisch-autoradiographische Untersuchung der menschlichen Erythropoiese (1971)
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    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 523-531 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Erythropoiesis ; Nucleated Red Cells ; Cell cycle ; Autoradiography ; Cytophotometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um die Abhängigkeit der erythropoietischen Zellformen von ihrer Stellung im Generationszyklus (G1, S und G2) zu untersuchen, wurde das Knochenmark von vier Normalpersonen mit der Kombination von zytophotometrischer DNS-Bestimmung (Feulgen-Photometrie) und autoradiographischer Technik mit 3H-TdR (in vitro) untersucht. Die Zellen wurden vor dieser Untersuchung in den nach Pappenheim gefärbten Ausstrichen differenziert. Sowohl in der Gruppe der basophilen Erythroblasten (E1-E3) als auch bei den polychromatischen Normoblasten (E4) wurde eine postmitotische (G1) und eine prämitotische Ruhephase (G2) nachgewiesen. Beide Zellgruppen waren zu ca. 65% mit3H-TdR markiert (S). Unter den basophilen Erythroblasten war bei E1 eine G2-Phase, jedoch keine G1-Phase nachweisbar. Demgegenüber fand sich bei E3 eine ausgeprägte G1-Phase, hingegen keine G2-Phase. Bei E2 war sowohl eine G1-Phase als auch eine G2-Phase erkennbar. Nach diesen Befunden stellen die Erythroblasten E1-E3 keine Zellgruppen mit jeweils vollständigem Generationszyklus dar, sondern sind als ein Zellkompartment zu verstehen, in dem die G1-Phase vorwiegend durch die kleineren Zellen, die zytologisch die Merkmale der basophilen Normoblasten besitzen, und die G2-Phase vorwiegend durch die größeren Zellen vom Typ der Proerythroblasten und Makroblasten repräsentiert wird.
    Notes: Summary In the different types of normal human nucleated red cells the stages of the cell cycle (G1, S and G2) were investigated by combined application of the cytophotometric determination of the DNA content (Feulgen photometry) and of autoradiographic labelling using 3H-TdR in vitro. The individual cells were identified in Pappenheim stain. In the basophilic erythroblasts (E1-E3) as well as in the polychromatic erythroblasts (E4) about 62–65% of the cells were labelled (S). The unlabelled cells partly were diploid and partly were tetraploid, representing G1 and G2. The oxyphilic erythroblasts (E5) mostly were diploid and unlabelled (G1). Within the basophilic erythroblasts G1 was demonstrated mainly in E3, and G2 was demonstrated mainly in E1. In E2, G1 as well as G2 were present. The results indicate that all basophilic erythroblasts belong to one cell compartment, in which G1 is represented by the smaller cells commonly subclassified as basophilic normoblasts and G2 is represented by the large cells usually called proerythroblasts and macroblasts.
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    Synthesis of ribonucleic acid in oocytes of the house cricket (Acheta domesticus) (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 309-320 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oocytes ; Ribonucleic acid synthesis ; Insects ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A large DNA containing body is found in oocytes of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus. Little or no RNA synthesis is associated with the DNA body during the leptotene, zygotene, and pachytene stages of meiotic prophase I. During the early diplotene stage of development, large masses of nucleolar material begin to accumulate at the periphery of the DNA body. The onset of RNA synthesis correlates with a change in the histochemically detectable histone proteins associated with the DNA body. In ovaries of animals injected with uridine-H3, most of the label accumulates in ribosomal RNA. Autoradiographic studies show that the cytoplasm of late diplotene stage cells accumulates uridine label to a greater extent than does the cytoplasm of early diplotene stage cells. Increased transport of nucleolar material through the nuclear envelope of late diplotene stage cells accounts for the increased cytoplasmic labeling.
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    Autoradiographic evidence for epithelial origin of glucose-rich components of the basement membrane (basal lamina) and basement lamella in the skin of Fundulus heteroclitus (1970)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 106 (1970), S. 398-411 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Basement membrane ; Glucose-H3 ; Teleost ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Autoradiography has been employed to investigate the site of origin of the adepithelial basement membrane, or basal lamina, of the skin of Fundulus heteroclitus. Both tritiated glucose and proline were used as radioactive precursors in organ culture. Glucose was progressively segregated and concentrated in two areas of the epithelium: (1) in the superficial layer of cells near the external surface, and (2) in the cortex of the basal layer near the basement membrane. After 12 hours the basement membrane was also labeled, and after 24 hours the epithelium, basement membrane (basal lamina), and basement lamella were all labeled. We have concluded that the label over the superficial layer of epithelium near the external surface of the fish represents glucose incorporation into mucous secretion products; and that label over the basal cell layer, basement membrane, and basement lamella represents synthesis by the epithelium of glucose-rich components, perhaps mucoproteins, of the basement membrane and of the ground substance of the basement lamella. Not all areas of the epithelium and underlying connective tissue incorporated glucose at the same time, and only after 24 hours were unlabeled areas of the skin eliminated. Proline incorporation was much less specific than that of glucose. Although the epidermis and dermis were heavily labeled, proline was incorporated in almost every tissue of the fish. The value of proline as a specific label for collagen is questioned.
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    Autoradiographic study of RNA synthesis in isolated cells in culture from chick embryo spinal ganglia (1970)
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    Cell & tissue research 106 (1970), S. 615-626 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: RNA synthesis ; Spinal ganglia cell cultures ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dissociated cells from 9, 12 and 15 day-old chick embryo spinal ganglia were cultivated in presence of total embryo-extract, brain embryo extract, or total embryo extract supplemented with purified nerve growth factor (NGF). The cells were maintained during 4 days in Maximow assembly and during 1 month in Rose chamber. Neurons showed growth of nerve fibres. The non-neural cells evolved to spindle cells, Schwann cells, or fibroblasts. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis was followed with tritiated uridine by autoradiography. Some nerve cells showed tritiated uridine incorporation. The highest incorporations for short-term cultures were at 15 hours in presence of NGF, at 48 hours in presence of total or brain extract, and for long-term cultures at 8 days. These periods corresponded to the highest growing activity of the nerve fibres. After 4 days all the non-neural cells incorporated tritiated uridine. The tritiated uridine was first incorporated into the RNA of the nucleus and, afterwards was found also in the cytoplasm. The presence of brain extract or of NGF stimulates the incorporation of labelled uridine into RNA. No labelling was found in the nerve fibres, even after 4 hours incubation.
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    Umsatz von Lymphozyten in Blut und Lymphknoten der Ratte (1970)
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    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 75-89 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lymphocytes ; Replacement rate ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei jugendlichen erwachsenen, weiblichen Ratten wurden der Markierungsindex und die Markierungsintensität kleiner Lymphozyten und größerer lymphoider Zellen im zirkulierenden Blut und in Lymphknoten während und nach langzeitig wiederholten Injektionen von Thymidin-3H verfolgt. Die radioaktive Vorläufersubstanz wurde in 8stündigen Intervallen über eine Zeitdauer von 30 Tagen intramuskulär verabreicht. Unter der Annahme, daß es bei diesem Verfahren zu keinen nennenswerten radiogenen, pharmakologischen oder hormonalen Störungen kam, erscheinen die nachstehenden Schluß folgerungen gerechtfertigt: 1. Während des ersten Tages der Injektionsperiode wurden im Mittel 18% (Maximum: 29%) unmarkierte kleine Lymphozyten durch markierte ersetzt. Die Markierungsindices dieser Zellart im Blut, als Funktion der Zeit nach Beginn der wiederholten Injektionen von Thymidin-3H, ergaben eine Kurve, die um den 8. Tag herum 50% und nach 30 Tagen 79% (Maximum: 85%) erreicht. 2. Die Resultate lassen sich am ehesten mit der Annahme in Einklang bringen, daß die Häufigkeitsverteilung der verschiedenen Werte für die G 0-Zeit (Erklärung im Text), bzw. Verweiloder Rezirkulationsdauer, der kleinen Lymphozyten im peripheren Blut eine kontinuierliche ist und einen Gipfel bei einem bis mehreren Tagen aufweist. 3. Die größeren lymphoiden Zellen im peripheren Blut wurden in ihrer überwiegenden Mehrzahl wesentlich rascher umgesetzt als die kleinen Lymphozyten. 4. Der Markierungsindex der kleinen Lymphozyten in Lymphknotenausstrichen entsprach am Ende der Injektionsperiode demjenigen im peripheren Blut. Am Ende der Injektionsperiode fanden sich in den äußeren Rindenschichten der Lymphknoten, wo der schwer mobilisierbare Pool von Lymphozyten liegt, mindestens ebenso viele unmarkierte kleine Lymphozyten wie im zirkulierenden Blut. 5. Die Blutmonozyten waren 4 Tage nach Beginn der wiederholten Injektionen von Thymidin-3H zu 100% markiert und behielten diesen Markierungsindex während der restlichen Injektionsperiode bei. Die Befunde werden im Zusammenhang mit Fragen des Proliferationsmodus und der Wanderungsmöglichkeiten der Lymphozyten sowie ungenügender autoradiographischer Wirksamkeit besprochen und mit den von anderen Autoren mitgeteilten Resultaten nach kontinuierlicher intravenöser Infusion von Thymidin-3H verglichen.
    Notes: Summary Young adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were given intramuscular injections of thymidine-3H at 8-hour intervals for a period of 30 days in order to follow the labeling indices and labeling intensities of small lymphocytes and of large lymphoid cells in the circulating blood and lymph nodes. Assuming that radiotoxic, pharmacological and/or hormonal effects were negligible, the following conclusions seem to be justified: 1. During the first day of the injection period the labeling index of small lymphocytes in the peripheral blood rose from zero to an average of 18% (maximum: 29%). Labeling indices of this cell type in the circulating blood, as a function of time after onset of the labeling procedure, followed a curve which reached 50% around day 8 and 79% at the 30 day terminal interval. 2. Results can best be explained by the hypothesis that the frequency distribution of the values for G 0 time or residence (recirculation) time of small lymphocytes in the circulating blood is a continuous one and shows a marked peak from one to a few days. 3. Large lymphoid cells in the peripheral blood were replaced much more rapidly than small lymphocytes. 4. The labeling index of small lymphocytes in lymph node smears at the end of the injection period corresponded to that of small blood lymphocytes. Autoradiographs of histological sections revealed that the outer zones of the lymph node cortex which contains preferentially the more sessile pool of lymphocytes, contained as high a percentage of unlabeled small lymphocytes as did the circulating blood. 5. Blood monocytes were labeled to 100% 4 days after beginning repeated injections of thymidine-3H and maintained this labeling index throughout the labeling period. These results are discussed in respect to the proliferative pattern and migrational behavior of lymphocytes and to the problem of autoradiographic inefficiency. Data are compared to those obtained with continuous intravenous infusion of thymidine-3H.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00342102
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    Correlated morphometric and autoradiographic studies of the effects of corticosterone on adrenocortical cells of intact and hypophysectomized ACTH-treated rats (1970)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 90-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Corticosterone ; Autoradiography ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of corticosterone on adrenocortical cells of intact and hypophysectomized ACTH-treated rats were investigated by morphometric and autoradiographic methods. The data obtained in these experiments allow us to make the following conclusions: 1 The most important morphological parameter for assessing the activity of a steroid-secreting cell is the quantity of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. 2 The decrement in the smooth reticulum in adrenocortical cells of rats treated with corticosterone is due to an inhibition of the protein synthesis by the hormones themselves. 3 There is in vivo a direct negative feed-back control mechanism at the adrenal level, mediated by an inhibition of the RNA synthesis by the corticosteroid-hormones. 4 The trophism of the mitochondrial fraction of adrenocortical cells is controlled by ACTH. It is possible to hypothesize that ACTH intervenes in the regulation of the mitochondrial RNA and DNA synthesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00342103
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    I-125 labelled thyroid hormones in cultured mammalian nerve tissue (1970)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 106 (1970), S. 189-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thyroid hormones ; Tissue culture ; Neurons ; Autoradiography ; Differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cultures of embryonic mouse and rat spinal cord-dorsal root ganglion combinations, and of newborn hamster and rat cerebellum were treated with 5×10-6M I-125 thyroxine and I-125 triiodothyronine. Autoradiographic studies on glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide fixed tissue indicated that these hormones were located predominantly in neurons, but could be found in glia cells as well. This pattern was observed in cultures treated for 2 hours to 4 days. Some of the effects of thyroid hormones on the developing nervous system were therefore linked to a direct action of these hormones on nerve cells. Furthermore, the label was seen not only over the cytoplasm, as might be expected from past biochemical studies, but was also present over the nucleus, particularly the nucleolus. This suggested a possible role for these hormones in the process of translation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335737
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    Cellular localization of 3H-oestradiol in the hypothalamus (1970)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 572-581 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Cellular Localization of 3H-Oestradiol ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hypothalamus of male and female rats, given 0.3 μg/100 g body weight of 6.7-3H-oestradiol-17β and killed 1 hour after the injection, was examined by autoradiography in order to 1) localize the areas and the cells involved in the uptake of the hormone, and 2) study the intracellular localization of the labelled material. Only nerve cells contained radioactive material while glial and ependymal cells were not significantly labelled. In the anterior hypothalamus, labelled nerve cells were concentrated in areas corresponding to nucleus preopticus medialis and nucleus preopticus, pars suprachiasmatica. The nucleus supraopticus was unlabelled. In the medial basal hypothalamus, neurons corresponding to the nucleus arcuatus and the lateral part of the nucleus ventromedialis showed marked labelling. No significant labelling was observed in the nucleus paraventricularis, pars magnocellularis. Although the individual nerve cells varied in their extent of labelling, the major proportion of the silver grains were consistently concentrated over the nuclei. Castration was not found to influence the results. The findings were essentially the same in male and female rats and appear to suggest that oestradiol exerts a direct effect on nerve cells in certain hypothalamic areas.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335379
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    Cellular localization of 3H-oestradiol in the hypophysis (1970)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 597-614 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypophysis ; Rat ; Localization of 3H-Oestradiol ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pituitaries of male and female rats given 0.3 μg of 6.7-3H-oestradiol-17β per 100 g body weight were examined by autoradiography in order to 1) identify the cells responsible for the uptake of the hormone, 2) determine the intracellular distribution of the hormone and quantify the proportions localized within the cytoplasm and nucleus by silver grain counting, and 3) see if sex differences existed in the cellular and intracellular distribution of the hormone. The animals were killed at intervals varying from 1 minute to 8 hours following intravenous or intramuscular injection. A large proportion of pituitary cells having the morphologic characteristics of acidophils, basophils and chromophobes contained radioactive material. Castration cells and acidophils of gonadectomized and lactating rats showed marked labelling. In male and female rats killed 10 minutes after intravenous injection, 84.4 and 83.6 per cent of the cells were labelled. One hour after intramuscular injection, 86.6 and 76.1 per cent of the cells were labelled in males and females, respectively. Thus, a small proportion of the cells remained unlabelled. Labelled cells showed silver grains both in the cytoplasm and over the cell nuclei, but the major proportion of the radioactive material was invariably associated with the cell nuclei in all cell types and at all time intervals. About 65 per cent of the radioactive material was associated with the cell nuclei in animals killed five minutes or one hour after intravenous or intramuscular injection of the hormone. The silver grains appeared to be randomly distributed in both the cytoplasm and over the cell nuclei. In the intermediate lobe and the neurohypophysis, only sparse labelling with random distribution was observed. At the border between the intermediate lobe and the neurohypophysis, labelling of single cells or clusters of cells similar to those in the adenohypophysis was found. The results, which were essentially the same in male and female rats, appear to indicate a direct effect of oestradiol at the pituitary level.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335381
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    The fine structure of the proliferative cells of the mouse intestine as revealed by electron microscopic autoradiography with 3H-thymidine (1970)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 103 (1970), S. 170-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Duodenum and colon ; Epithelium ; Proliferative cells ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The duodenal and colonic epithelia in mice were observed with electron microscopic autoradiography 2, 5 and 24 hours after a single injection of 3H-thymidine. After 2 hours, in the duodenum, silver grains are found in many undifferentiated cells, in a few young goblet cells, in some crystal-containing cells, and in some lymphocytes. In the colon after 2 hours silver grains are seen in some undifferentiated cells, and in many young goblet cells. Undifferentiated cells are characterized by a few short microvilli, poorly developed rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, abundant free ribosomes, and a few apical moderately dense granules. In normal animals, absorptive cells seem to arise from undifferentiated cells, and goblet cells — from younger goblet cells. Undifferentiated cells could also become young goblet cells. Crystal-containing cells, which may not be of epithelial origin, proliferate in the epithelium in the adult animal.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00337310
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    Le collagène du byssus de Mytilus edulis L. (1970)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 358-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Collagen ; Secretion ; Byssus ; Mytilus edulis ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'autoradiographie révèle, au niveau du pied, une incorporation massive et sélective de la 3H-Proline dans la ≪glande blanche≫ de Mytilus edulis. Cette étude a permis de suivre le processus qui mène de la synthèse de la sécrétion dans la partie basale des cellules jusqu'a son émission dans le sillon pédieux où elle participe à la formation du filament. La collagénase détruit la presque totalité du marquage, attestant ainsi la nature collagénique du produit sécrété. Les autres glandes pédieuses ainsi que la glande du byssus proprement dite, située à la base du pied, montrent une incorporation très faible, sans commune mesure avec celle de la ≪glande blanche≫. Ceci démontre de façon définitive que le collagène présent dans le filament prend naissance dans cette glande et justifie la dénomination de ≪glande du collagène≫. Des contrôles réalisés dans différentes régions (bords du manteau, manteau, branchies) montrent que l'injection du précurseur dans le bord palléal constitue une méthode satisfaisante pour marquer de façon relativement rapide et différentielle le collagène de la glande.
    Notes: Summary Autoradiographic studies reveal a strong specific incorporation of 3H-Proline in the “white gland” in the foot of Mytilus edulis. The author could trace the radioactive secretory product from its synthesis in the basal part of the cells down to its outflow into the pedial groove where it takes part in the formation of the filament. Purified collagenase takes out radioactivity from the sections. This observation confirms the collagenous nature of the secretion. The other foot-glands as well as the main “byssus gland” located at the base of the foot show but a very weak labelling not comparable with that of the “white gland”. This clearly evidences that the collagen occuring in the filament originates from the latter. The “white gland” may be properly called: “collagen gland”. Control sections through different parts of the body (mantle-edge, mantle, gills) confirm that our injection technique of the precursor into the palleal margin is a suitable method for a rather quick and specific labelling of the glandular collagen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335688
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  • 68
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    Seismizität der Erde (1952)
    Springer
    In:  Professional Paper, Landolt Börnstein (6. Edition) III. Band: Astronomie und Geophysik, Berlin, Springer, vol. 7, no. XVI:, pp. 369-375, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
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    Publication Date: 1952
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismicity
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 69
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    Erdbebenwellen (1952)
    Springer
    In:  Professional Paper, Landolt Börnstein (6. Edition) III. Band: Astronomie und Geophysik, Berlin, Springer, vol. 7, no. XVI:, pp. 375-384, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
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    Publication Date: 1952
    Keywords: Seismology ; Waves
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
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