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  • Spektralphotometrie  (58)
  • Fine structure  (57)
  • Springer  (115)
  • American Physical Society
  • MDPI Publishing
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • 1970-1974  (115)
  • 1950-1954
Collection
Publisher
  • Springer  (115)
  • American Physical Society
  • MDPI Publishing
  • Nature Publishing Group
Years
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 301-308 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fine structure ; Lime sacs ; Anura ; Calcium transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A histochemical and electron microscopical study was conducted on the lime sacs of larval and adult Rana catesbiana. Both undecalcified and EDTA-decalcified material was analyzed. The follicles of the lime sacs contain numerous aragonite crystals and are lined by a cuboidal epithelium. The epithelial cells contain granules of a material identified histochemically as acid mucopolysaccharide. Crystals similar to those present in the lumen of the follicles were also found inside the epithelial cells. These cells possess nuclei with coarsely distributed chromatin, many mitochondria, free ribosomes, well developed Golgi complexes and a few profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Numerous variously electron dense granules seem to correspond to those characterized histochemically as mucopolysaccharides. Large, intracellular vacuoles appear to contain crystals. Release of the crystals into the lumen seems to occur by apocrine secretion. Resorption of calcium from the lumen probably takes place by diffusion through the apical plasma membrane as indicated by the presence of numerous microvilli. The intercellular spaces contain numerous, thin, interdigitating processes from neighbouring cells and appear to be sealed at both ends by junctional complexes. This observation is discussed in relation to the idea that the intercellular spaces might be related to the transit of calcium from the epithelial cells towards the sub-epithelial capillaries.
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  • 2
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 259-268 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pigmentation ; Axolotls ; Fine structure ; Iridophores ; Xanthophores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of wild type axolotl xanthophores and iridophores was compared with that of cells at the same location in mutant axolotls lacking these chromatophores. The xanthophores of wild type axolotls contain ovoid pterinosomes that are empty or contain a few small vesicles of fibers. In skin from axanthic animals cells that may be xanthoblasts are present at the location in which xanthophores occur in wild type skin; pterinosome-like granules are absent. In wild type peritoneum, long, narrow organelles that appear to be developing reflecting platelets were seen within iridophores. Neither of the axolotl mutants that lack iridophores, axanthic and melanoid, contain these “prereflecting” platelets. In contrast with the absence of prepigment organelles in these two mutants, albino integument contains cells filled with granules identified as premelanosomes. The defects in chromatophore development of the axanthic and melanoid mutants seem to occur prior to formation of prepigment organelles.
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  • 3
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 327-337 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory receptor ; Sensillum ; Mosquito ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The grooved pegs also referred to in the literature as type A3 setae, thornshaped hairs, pegs, and sensilla basiconica of female Aedes aegypti (L.) are described. Externally the sensillum appears as a short, thick-walled, non-articulated peg with usually 12 grooves in the wall and bearing one terminal pore. Usually three, occasionally four or five, neurons with unbranched dendrites innervate each peg. The dendrites are encased in a prominent cuticular sheath from the ciliary region to the tip of the peg. Three sheath cells are associated with each sensillum. Although the grooved pegs have the structure commonly associated with contact chemoreceptors they function exclusively in the reception of air-borne stimuli.
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  • 4
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 185-191 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Laryngeal muscles ; Female tree frog, Hyla arborea arborea (L.) ; Fine structure ; Motor endplates ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The larynx musculature of female tree frogs is very poorly developed compared with that of males. This is probably due to the fact that they are less used; female tree frogs do not produce mating calls. The larynx muscles of the female are composed of fibers with small, medium, and large cross-sections. The distribution of the motor end plates varies correspondingly: in regions with fibers of very small diameter the density of synapses is about 33 times greater than in regions with large fibers. There is also a difference in fine structure between male and female laryngeal muscles. The muscles of females comprise red fibers, white fibers, and various transitional types. The arrangement of the triads and their number per sarcomere is the same in all fiber types. All fibers contain about the same amounts of glycogen, but the fat content varies widely among the different types.
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  • 5
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    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 265-274 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cell autolysis ; Deletion ; Planaria ; Acid phosphatase ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Selective cell autolysis and deletion is described in the normal adult planarian. This appears to be a common feature and the sequence of events leading from cytoplasmic vesiculation and peripheral lysis to complete cellular breakdown is described. — In lysing cells acid phosphatase activity can be demonstrated in the cytoplasm as well as in lysosome like vacuoles and occasionally in the Golgi apparatus. The role of cell autolysis and deletion in tissue regulation is discussed.
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  • 6
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    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 379-398 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Photoreceptors ; Polychaete ; Submicrovillar cisternae ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The prostomium of Eulalia viridis has both microvillar and ciliary photoreceptors. The compound eyes each consist of a central lens surrounded by a layer of sensory and pigment cells. They resemble those of nereids, except that the lens is composed of vesiculated droplets produced by a specialized lenticular cell located in the cell layer surrounding the lens. Photoreceptoral microvilli of the sensory cell outer segments are underlain by “submicrovillar cisternae” (or SMC). The axial filament is ensheathed by part of the SMC complex. The sensory cells of the posterior photoreceptors are similar in cytology to those of the compound eyes but are not organized into “eyes”. Each ciliary photoreceptor unit consists of an extracellular vacuole bounded by a supporting cell and the ciliated terminal of a sensory cell dendrite which projects into the vacuole. They are similar to the ciliary photoreceptors of nereids. The discussion seeks to establish SMC as an important component of microvillar photoreceptors in polychaetes. SMC resemble subrhabdomeric cisternae of arthropod eyes and also lamellate structures found in photoreceptors of other animals. SMC are probably involved with the metabolism of photopigment.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Infracerebral complex ; Polychaeta, Nereidae ; Neurosecretion ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The infracerebral complex consists of: (a) two types of ependymoid infracerebral cells located on the ventral surface of the brain, adjacent to a coelomic sinus and blood vessels; (b) a noncellular stroma, the neural lamella, which separates the infracerebral cells from cerebral nervous tissue; (c) two types of cerebral neurosecretory endings (one with many mitochondria) which abut on the neural lamella opposite from the infracerebral cells. The infracerebral a cells become columnar and develop abundant apical caveolae and Golgi elements in older worms. The infracerebral b cells, filled with electron opaque granules, resemble neurosecretory cells; their axon-like processes contain microtubules and make synaptoid contacts with the neural lamella. Both cell types are present in young worms of about 10 segments but the b cells, relatively abundant in younger worms, are outnumbered by a cells in mature individuals. However, during reproductive development neither a nor b cells display any structural changes which would indicate that they represent glandular tissue. Basal processes originating both from a and b cells form entanglements which become progressively more intricate during maturation. Neurosecretory endings are present in 10-segment worms and become very numerous in mature worms but at no time do they penetrate the neural lamella and contact the infracerebral cells. It is unlikely that the infracerebral cells per se constitute a gland but they are strategically located to influence the release of hormones from neurosecretory endings.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Val5-Angiotensin II Asp1-β-amid, Hypertensin, Peptidhormone ; Spektralphotometrie ; Azokupplung mit Halogenbenzoldiazoniumsalz
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Am Beispiel des Octapeptids Val5-Angiotensin II Asp1-β-amid (Hypertensin-CIBA) wird die Möglichkeit aufgezeigt, Polypeptidhormone mit Tyrosin und/oder Histidin im Molekül über eine Kupplung mit p-halogensubstituierten Benzol-diazoniumsalzen quantitativ zu erfassen. Durch photometrische Bestimmung des Kupplungsprodukts konnten noch 1–2 nMol Hypertensin nachgewiesen werden. Eine Steigerung der Empfindlichkeit läßt sich durch Kupplung des Polypeptids mit radioaktiv markierten Diazoniumsalzen erreichen. Die als besonders günstig ermittelten Bedingungen für die Diazotierungs- und Kupplungsreaktionen werden mitgeteilt. Das Kupplungsprodukt war papier-chromatographisch einheitlich. Es handelt sich vermutlich um eine Monoazoverbindung. Unter den gewählten Bedingungen stellt sehr wahrscheinlich Tyrosin den kupplungsfähigen Aminosäurerest im Hypertensinmolekül dar.
    Notes: Abstract Through the azocoupling of Val5-angiotensin II-Asp1-β-amide (Hypertensin-CIBA) with p-halogene substituted benzenediazonium salts the possibility is shown for quantitative determination of polypeptides containing tyrosine and/or histidine. 1 to 2 nanomoles of the coupling-product could be measured photometrically. The detection limit can be lowered, if the polypeptide is coupled with a radioactive labelled diazonium salt. The preferable reaction conditions for diazotising and coupling are reported. The reaction-product showed an uniform behaviour in the used paper-chromatographic system. Probably it is a monoazo compound. Under the chosen conditions the tyrosyl group is very likely the reacting part of the hypertensin molecule.
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  • 9
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 169-181 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Duodenum ; Guinea-pig ; Organ culture ; Fine structure ; Light- and Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of adult guinea-pig duodenum maintained in organ culture for 24 to 48 hours has been analysed. During the first 24 hours, the absorptive cells of the villi remain unchanged with a normal distribution of their organelles. The undifferentiated cells of the crypts are generally well preserved but several zones exhibit cellular injury. After 48 hours, necrosis is present in the crypts and the absorptive cells of the villi show numerous signs of degeneration. Short time metabolic studies are possible with this model.
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  • 10
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 147-158 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skin ; Fish ; Salmon ; Microridges ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Both the epidermis and dermis of the anadromous coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, have a full complement of the protective structures found in fish. The living epidermal surface is protected by mucous secretions which are prevented from ablation by the intricately patterned microridges of the surface keratinocytes, as seen by scanning electron microscopy. Bundles of filaments are dispersed throughout the keratinocytes but not to the extent that ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus are excluded. In the yearling salmon, the straight basal lamina of the embryo has changed to a convoluted border invaded by dermal reticular fibers. The complex dermis has an upper region of loosely organized collagen fibers, which is interspersed with fibroblasts and pigment cells, and a deeper, highly ordered zone of orthogonally arranged collagen. Coho salmon also have overlapping calcified scales that extend at an angle from the upper dermis to the epidermis and push an enclosing sheath of epidermal tissue with them to the skin's surface. The other major component of fish skin, the chromatophores, are discussed in an adjacent paper.
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  • 11
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 43-56 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Purkinje fibres ; Avian heart ; Fine structure ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The subendocardial Purkinje fibres in the right atrium of the heart of the adult fowl were investigated by light and electron microscopy. The myofibrils often originate from the lateral cell membrane of the cells and show a spirally wound course. Their arrangement is obviously not random. In some Purkinje cells the absolute amount of myofibrils per cell is as large as in ordinary myocardial muscle cells. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is constituted by ramifying tubules. They are distributed throughout the entire Purkinje cell and contact the myofibrils, the mitochondria, and the cell membrane. At the cell membrane the sarcoplasmic reticulum forms terminal cisternae, which often possess an electron dense content. These terminal cisternae are apparently unrelated to the Z-discs of the myofibrils. The cytoplasmic organelles of the Purkinje cell are embedded in a network of ca. 100 Å thick filaments. It is assumed that these filaments are responsible for the maintenance of the arrangement of the cell organelles. Some Z-discs of the myofibrils of the Purkinje cells are up to 0.4 μm long. Axon terminals running between the Purkinje fibre and the fibrocytic envelope may lie only 150 Å from the fibrocytes. The fibrocytes are connected by tight junctions and desmosomes and contain fine filaments and microtubules. The possible implications of these findings are discussed.
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  • 12
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 268 (1974), S. 367-368 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von p-Phenetidin, p-Aminophenol, p-Amino-phenoxy-essigsäure ; Spektralphotometrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 13
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 269 (1974), S. 15-18 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Sulfit mit Trinitrobenzoesäure ; Spektralphotometrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung SO3 2− kann mit Trinitrobenzoesäure innerhalb von 2 min photometrisch bestimmt werden. SO4 2−, S2O3 2−, S2− und SxO6 2− in Konzentrationen bis zu 1 mMol/100 ml stören nicht. Die untere Bestimmungsgrenze beträgt 0,22mg SO3 2−/100 ml, die Standardabweichung bei der Bestimmung von 7 mg SO3 2− ± 0,59 Rel.-%.
    Notes: Abstract SO3 2− can be determined photometrically with trinitrobenzoic acid within 2 min. SO4 2−, S2O3 2−, S2− and SxO6 2− in concentrations up to 1 mMole/100 ml do not interfere. The limit of determination is 0.22 mg SO3 2−/100 ml, the standard deviation for the determination of 7 mg SO3 2− is ± 0.59 Rel.-%.
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  • 14
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 271 (1974), S. 31-31 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Hydroxypropylgruppen in Cellulose-Mischäther ; Spektralphotometrie ; Ninhydrin als Reagens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 15
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 271 (1974), S. 208-208 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Amylose ; Spektralphotometrie ; zwei Wellenlängen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 16
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 271 (1974), S. 284-284 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Aluminium ; Spektralphotometrie ; SPADNS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 17
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 271 (1974), S. 286-286 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kupfer, Nickel, Kobalt mit Benzoyltrifluoraceton ; Spektralphotometrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 18
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 271 (1974), S. 359-361 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Nitrat mitβ-Methylumbelliferon ; Spektralphotometrie ; hochselektive Modifikation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Anwendbarkeit der spektralphotometrischen Nitratbestimmung mitβ-Methylumbelliferon wurde durch folgende Maßnahmen wesentlich erweitert: Abtrennung auftretender Niederschläge mit einem Membranfilter aus Cellulosenitrat, Fällung bzw. Maskierung störender Anionen mit AgClO4 und Reduktion störender Kationen mit Na2SO3. Der Einfluß von mehr als 60 Kationen und 20 Anionen auf die NO3 −-Bestimmung wird angegeben.
    Notes: Abstract The applicability of the spectrophotometric nitrate determination by utilizingβ-methylumbelliferone has been extended by the following measures: Separation of eventual precipitates by means of a membrane filter consisting of cellulose nitrate, separating or masking of interfering anions with AgClO4 and reduction of interfering cations by the use of Na2SO3. The influence of more than 60 cations and 20 anions on the determination of nitrate is listed.
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  • 19
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 272 (1974), S. 37-39 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Steroidsulfaten ; Spektralphotometrie ; Cu-Pyridin-Komplex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A new procedure has been developed for the quantitative determination of steroid sulphates. The basic principle of the method is that a pyridine solution of the pyridinium salt of the steroid sulphate is shaken at room temperature with metallic copper powder or copper(I)-oxide, and the intensity of the coloured complex formed is measured at 310–350 nm. The method is suitable both for the total steroid sulphate determination of various extracts, and for the quantitative determination of steroid sulphates previously separated by some other method. Errors are in the range of 0.5–2%.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Lösung des Pyridiniumsalzes des Steroidsulfats in Pyridin wird bei Raumtemperatur mit metallischem Kupferpulver oder Kupfer(I)-oxid geschüttelt und die Absorption des gebildeten Farbkomplexes bei 310–350 nm gemessen. Das Verfahren eignet sich zur Bestimmung des Gesamtgehaltes an Steroidsulfat in verschiedenartigen Extrakten sowie zur Bestimmung von zuvor abgetrenntem Steroidsulfat. Die Fehler liegen im Bereich von 0,5–2%.
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  • 20
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 272 (1974), S. 44-44 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Silber mit 4-(2-Pyridylazo)-resorcin ; Spektralphotometrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 21
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 272 (1974), S. 48-48 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kobalt mit 1-Naphthamidoxim ; Spektralphotometrie ; Spuren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 22
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 272 (1974), S. 283-283 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Eisen(II) mit Thiodibenzoylmethan ; Spektralphotometrie ; Extraktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 23
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 272 (1974), S. 284-285 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Bestimmung von Glykolaldehyd in Äthylenglykol ; Spektralphotometrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 24
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 272 (1974), S. 364-364 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Cer(IV) mit Kristallviolett ; Spektralphotometrie
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  • 25
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 272 (1974), S. 366-366 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Palladium mit Chromotrop 2R ; Spektralphotometrie
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  • 26
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 268 (1974), S. 31-32 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Iridium mit Acenaphthenchinonmonoxim ; Spektralphotometrie
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  • 27
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 269 (1974), S. 97-99 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. der Zusammensetzung von Metallkomplexen ; Spektralphotometrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary If the method of continuous variations as well as methods like the molar-ratio method are applied to complex formation reactions that take place stepwise, plots can be obtained in which the existence of intermediate complexes is fully obscured. An illustration is given for the complex formation between Cu2+ and pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Über den Gebrauch spektralphotometrischer Methoden zur Bestimmung der Zusammensetzung von Metallkomplexen. Wenn die Methode der kontinuierlichen Variationen und Verfahren wie die Molar-ratio-Methode für den Fall stufenweiser Komplexbildung angewendet werden, können graphische Darstellungen erhalten werden, in denen die Existenz von intermediären Komplexen völlig verdeckt ist. Dies wird für die Komplexbildung zwischen Kupfer(II) und Pyridin-2,6-dicarbonsäure gezeigt.
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  • 28
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 269 (1974), S. 182-187 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Aminosäuren mit p-Benzochinon ; Spektralphotometrie ; Charge-Transfer-Komplexe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aminosäuren können in Gegenwart organischer Lösungsmittel als Elektronen-Donator-Acceptor-Komplexe mit p-Benzochinon bestimmt werden. Die Methode vereinigt stabile Farbreaktion, hohe Empfindlichkeit (ɛ 490=2,5 cm2/μMol α-Aminosäure, 4,4 cm2/μMol α,ɛ-Aminosäure und ɛ 525=4,65 cm2/μMol Prolin), rasche, einfache und billige Durchführung mit guter Reproduzierbarkeit, ausreichender Spezifität und Unempfindlichkeit gegenüber Ammoniak und anorganischen Verbindungen. Es werden optimale Bedingungen für die Bestimmung von Aminostickstoff im Serum und Urin und Normalwerte bei Gesunden beschrieben.
    Notes: Abstract Amino acids can be determined as charge-transfer complexes by reaction with p-benzoquinone in the presence of organic solvents. This method combines high sensitivity (ɛ 490=2.5 cm2/μmole α-amino acid and 4.4 cm2 /μmole α,ɛ-amino acid; ɛ 525=4.65 cm2/μmole proline) and rapid, cheap and simple procedure with good reproducibility, sufficient specifity, stable colour and insensitivity to ammonia and inorganic compounds. Optimal conditions and normal values are reported for the determination of amino nitrogen in serum and urine.
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  • 29
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 270 (1974), S. 32-32 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Eisen(II) mit 7-Nitroso-8-hydroxychinolin-5-sulfonsäure ; Spektralphotometrie
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  • 30
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 270 (1974), S. 100-104 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von binären Lösungsmittelgemischen ; Spektralphotometrie ; Solvatochrome Farbstoffe, synergistische Polaritätseffekte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Empirical parameters of solvent polarity E T of some pure solvents and their binary mixtures (especially with CCl4 and CHCl3) were determined spectrophotometrically using solvatochromic pyridinium-N-phendl betaine dyes. Calibration curves are given for 16 binary solvent mixtures. The obtained E T values show that a synergetic polarity effect appears with the organic solvents containing C=O, P=O, and S=O groups in the mixture with chloroform. With these binary mixtures the increase of E T values results from the formation of 1∶1 complexes X=O... H-CCl3 by means of hydrogen bonding. Increasing number of methylene groups in the chain increases the synergism with these type of complexes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Empirische Parameter der Lösungsmittelpolarität E T einiger reiner Lösungsmittel und ihrer binären Mischungen (insbesondere mit CCl4 und CHCl3) wurden mit Hilfe von solvatochromen Pyridinium-N-phenolbetain-Farbstoffen bestimmt. Für 16 binäre Lösungsmittelgemische wurden Eichkurven ermittelt. Die erhaltenen E T -Werte zeigen, daß organische Lösungsmittel mit C=O-, P=O- und S=O-Gruppen in Mischungen mit Chloroform einen synergistischen Polaritätseffekt aufweisen. Die Zunahme der E T -Werte in diesen binären Mischungen beruht auf der Bildung von durch Wasserstoff brücken gebundenen 1∶1-Komplexen X=O... H-CCl3. Die Verlängerung der Alkylkette führt zu einer Zunahme des Synergismus bei dieser Art von Komplexen.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 270 (1974), S. 206-207 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Chrom(III) mit ÄDTA ; Spektralphotometrie ; Differenzmethode im UV-Bereich
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 270 (1974), S. 278-282 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Fluor in Biolog. Material ; Spektralphotometrie ; Applikation von Flufenaminsäure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach Extraktion aller F-haltigen Substanzen (intakte Substanz plus Summe aller Metaboliten) aus Urin (alkalisch in der Wärme hydrolysiert) von Menschen und Tieren, welche Flufenaminsäure bzw. deren Derivate appliziert bekamen, können Untersuchungen der Ausscheidungsbilanz durchgeführt werden. Nach alkalisch oxidativem Abbau (Wurzschmittsche Bombe) wurde aus schwefelsauren Ansätzen mit SiO2 destilliert und die Ansätze mit Alizarin-3-methylamin-N,N-diessigsäure-Cer(III)-Komplex bei pH 4,35 colorimetrisch untersucht. Messungen im Konzentrationsbereich ≤1 μg pro Meßansatz sind möglich. Die Ergebnisse der renalen Elimination von Flufenaminsäure und Metaboliten beim Menschen (49,4±4,6%; N=10) stimmen größenordnungsmäßig mit den Befunden anderer Autoren, welche Tracer-Methoden angewendet hatten (51%; N=4), gut überein und beweisen damit die Brauchbarkeit der Methode.
    Notes: Abstract After extraction of all F-containing substances (intact substance and the sum of all metabolites) from urine (hydrolysed in alkali under heating) of both man and animals after administration of flufenamic acid and derivatives, the balance of excretion can be determined. After alkaline oxydative degradation (Wurzschmitt bomb) of these extracts and distillation in the presence of sulphuric acid and SiO2 the distillates were investigated colorimetrically at pH 4.35 after addition of an alizarine-3-methylamino-N,N-diacetic-cerium(III) complex. Measurements in the range of ≤1 μg per sample used are possible. The results obtained for the renal elimination of flufenamic acid and metabolites in man (49.4±4.6%; N=10) are in concordance with the results of other authors who used tracer methods (51%; N=4) and prove the practicability of this method.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 270 (1974), S. 282-285 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Dihydrocodein neben Noscapin ; Spektralphotometrie ; Anwendung von Orthogonalfunktionen
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die direkte photometrische Bestimmung von Dihydrocodeinbitartrat (5 mg) neben der Hauptkomponente Noscapin (Narcotin)-hydrochlorid (25 mg) ohne Abtrennung gelingt, wenn zur Auswertung Orthogonalpolynome herangezogen werden. Eine andere Methode basiert auf der Fällung der Noscapinbase mit gesättigter Natriumacetatlösung. Auch in diesem Fall wird das Dihydrocodein über Orthogonalfunktionen bestimmt, um den Restanteil von Noscapin zu eliminieren und eventuell störende unspezifische Untergrundabsorptionen auszuschließen. Die Standardabweichung beträgt 1,56 ohne Abtrennung und 0,66 bei Fällung des Noscapins.
    Notes: Summary The orthogonal function method is applied to the determination of dihydrocodeine bitartrate as a minor component (5 mg) in presence of noscapine hydrochloride (25 mg) without separation. Another method based upon precipitating noscapine by a saturated solution of sodium acetate is also presented. Dihydrocodeine is determined in the filtrate using the orthogonal function method to correct for the unprecipitated fraction of noscapine. Standard deviation is 1.56 and 0.66 for direct and precipitation methods, respectively.
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 299-314 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Chicken ; Cytogenesis ; Fine structure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the chick embryo the first membrane-bound secretory granules occur in the cytoplasm of occasional cells in the cephalic lobe of pars distalis at the 7th day of incubation. On the 8th day most of the cells in both the cephalic and caudal lobes contain secretory granules that are variable in size, form and density. On the 9th day at least two types of glandular cells are distinguishable in the cephalic and in the caudal lobes; however, these cells are not comparable with those of the adult gland. Differentiation of acidophils and basophils occurs, apparently simultaneously, in 11-day embryos. The cells of the cephalic and caudal lobes are morphologically distinct from their first appearance. Thus it is concluded that these two lobes develop independently and differently from an early stage of ontogenesis. The secretory granules are formed in the Golgi area of the hypophysial cells after the 8th day of incubation. However, secretory material may be synthesized also by a process not involving the Golgi apparatus. Nerve fibers containing granules first appear in the superficial layer of the median eminence on the 8th embryonic day and by the 12th day three types of granules and two types of clear vesicles are identifiable.
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 191-205 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus ; Fine structure ; Avian ; Gallus domesticus ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the normal thymus of the young chicken (Gallus domesticus) is described. Four main cell types, lymphoid cells, epithelial cells, macrophages and myoid cells, can be distinguished. The lymphocytes are more numerous in the cortex than in the medulla, and are quantitatively the most important component of the thymus. The epithelial cells vary greatly in morphology. Reticular epithelial cells, which have long cytoplasmic processes connected by desmosomes, and which appear to afford a supporting network for the free cells of the thymus, are present in the cortex and medulla. Undifferentiated epithelial cells are present in the medulla and cortico-medullary regions and have few intracytoplasmic fibrils or desmosomes. Cystic epithelial cells, showing intercellular and intracellular cyst formation are frequent in the medulla. Also present in the medulla are squamous epithelial cells which contain many intracytoplasmic fibrils and have numerous desmosomes, and which are involved in the formation of Hassall's corpuscles. Macrophages are present in moderate numbers in the cortex and medulla, and immature and fully developed myoid cells are common in the medulla. Other cell types present include granule-containing cells with desmosomes, large pale cells with few cytoplasmic organelles, mast cells, plasma cells, red blood corpuscles and cells of the granular leukocyte series.
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 277-289 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Protonephridial system ; Turbanella cornuta Remane (Gastrotricha) ; Cyrtocytes ; Fine structure ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Protonephridien des marinen Gastrotrichs Turbanella cornuta Remane werden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Terminalapparate der Macrodasyoidea sind Cyrtocyten. Ein Reusenröhrchen besteht aus acht Längsstäben mit netzartigen Zwischenwänden aus dünnen Fibrillen. Im Lumen des Röhrchens schwingt eine Geißel. Die Wand eines Terminalbechers bildet ein zusätzliches Reusensystem, das mit Poren und Schlitzen versehen ist. Die drei bis vier Cyrtocyten eines Protonephridiums münden in eine Sammelzelle ein. Von dieser geht ein Exkretionsröhrchen mit Treibwimperflamme aus, welches von einer Ausleitungszelle gebildet wird. Die Cyrtocyten der beiden Gastrotrichenordnungen (Chaetonotoidea u. Macrodasyoidea) grenzen sich strukturell gegenüber bisher bekannten Formen dieses Zelltyps ab.
    Notes: Summary The protonephridial system of the marine gastrotrich Turbanella cornuta Remane was studied with the electron microscope. The terminal cells of the Macrodasyoidea are Cyrtocytes. Each tube for filtration consists of eight longitudinal rods with a net of fine fibrils between them; it contains a single whip. The wall of a terminal cup with its pores and slits is an additional system for filtration. Three or four filtration tubes are ending in a collecting cell. From this cell an excretory channel with one whip formed by an outlet cell arises. The filtration tubes of Macrodasyoidea are similar to those of Chaetonotoidea and differ from other forms of this cell-type.
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 455-474 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Bird ; Prolactin cell ; Reproduction ; Fine structure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The anterior pituitaries from a series of female White-crowned Sparrows,Zonotrichia leucophrys pugetensis, in the periods of oviposition, incubation, and brooding under natural conditions, have been investigated by electron microscopy. The prolactin cells occur in cephalic lobe and are characterized by large (ca. 300–600 mμ), polymorphic electron-dense secretory granules and an extremely well developed, lamellated endoplasmic reticulum. During incubation and brooding it is only these prolactin cells that are in an activated secretory phase, as indicated by increase in number and size, extremely well developed endoplasmic reticulum, decrease in number of mature secretory granules, and by active formation of granules in the enlarged Golgi apparatus. In the late stages of brooding, and post-breeding, the prolactin cells regress with involution of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, reaccumulation of granules, and the appearance of lysosomes. The gonadotropes of both the cephalic and caudal lobes undergo progressive morphologic changes through the course of the breeding period. They are numerous and active in the ovulating bird. They undergo gradual regression during the periods of incubation and brooding to become typical “broody” cells.
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 579-590 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Caddisfly larvae ; Abdominal chloride epithelia ; Fine structure ; Histochemical chloride localization ; Electrolyte transport ; Osmoregulation
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    Notes: Summary The larvae of the caddisfly Anabolia nervosa Curt. (Limnephilidae) possess 10 fields on the dorsal and ventral sides of the 3rd to 7th abdominal segments, which were formerly regarded as specialized sites of respiration. The epithelial fine structure and histochemical localization of chloride unequivocally show that the main function of these sites is the transport of electrolytes. They probably participate in osmoregulation by the absorption of salt. Therefore, these specialized areas of the hypodermis are termed chloride epithelia.
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 177-194 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thyroid gland (Salamander) ; Epithelial cells ; Fine structure ; Vacuolar bodies ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The thyroid gland of adult salamanders, Hynobius nebulosus, in the breeding season was studied by electron microscopy. The follicular cells are different in cell height and fine structures; the taller cells with many cell organelles and granules and the lower cells with a few cell organelles and granules are both present in the same follicle. In the cytoplasm, three types of membrane-bounded granules, namely, cytosomes, colloid droplets, and vacuolar bodies and circular membrane complexes occur. The vacuolar bodies are subdivided into two types; the ordinary type having loosely distributed particles and the specific type containing tubules and/or closely packed filaments, crystalloid structures, except for the particles. The chromophobe colloids within the Bensley-cells correspond to extremely large, ordinary type vacuolar bodies, while the Langendorff-colloid cells possess increased numbers of granular cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum and a ribosome-rich, dense cytoplasmic matrix but not extremely large colloid. The intracytoplasmic circular membrane complexes appear in the Golgi area of cytosome-rich cells. It is suggested that they originate from the Golgi apparatus which was activated to produce many cytosomes. Intranuclear inclusions consisting of microtubules and filaments and tight junctions between two adjacent lateral plasma membranes are occasionally encountered.
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 389-399 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle tissue ; Tardigrada ; Fine structure ; Polarisation and Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Muskelzellen des Pharynx-Bulbus der Tardigraden Macrobiotus hufelandi und Milnesium tardigradum sind bis zu 15 μm lang und bilden zwischen Basalmembran und cuticularer Intima des Lumens ein einschichtiges Epithel. Die Grenzen zwischen den Nachbarzellen zeigen einen geschwungenen Verlauf. Das Sarcolemm stülpt sich tief zwischen die Myofribrillen ein und bildet ein ausgeprägtes E-System, mit dem das sarcoplasmatische Reticulum unter Bildung von Diaden und Triaden korrespondiert. Die Myofibrillen verlaufen radial. Die dünnen Filamente entspringen am inneren und äußeren Sarcolemm aus hemidesmosomenartigen Strukturen in Form dichter Bündel, die sich im mittleren Teil der Fibrille, der dicke und dünne Filamente enthält, erweitern. Maximal 11 dünne Filamente konnten um die nicht immer streng hexagonal angeordneten dicken Filamente herum gezählt werden. Wie polarisationsmikroskopisch bestätigt werden konnte, besitzt jede Myofibrille eine breite A-Zone in der Mitte und an ihren Enden je eine schmalere I-Zone. Eine H-Zone ist undeutlich. Jeder Myofibrille kann der funktionelle und morphologische Wert einer Sarcomere zugeschrieben werden. Die Bedeutung dieser Befunde für die Evolution der Tardigraden wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The muscle cells of the pharyngeal bulb of tardigrades Macrobiotus hufelandi and Milnesium tardigradum are up to 15 μm long and form a single layer between the basal lamina and the cuticle-coated lumen. The boundaries between adjacent cells are sinuous. The sarcolemma invaginates between the myofibrils whereby a marked E-system is formed. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is associated to the latter, constituting diads and triads. The myofibrils run radially. Thin filaments originate from hemidesmosome-like structures at the inner and outer sarcolemma in dense bundles which widen in the middle part of the fibrils. Each fibril contains thick and thin filaments in this region. As many as 11 thin filaments could be counted around a thick filament. The latter are not always arranged hexagonally. As it is confirmed by polarisation microscopy each myofibril has a wide A-Zone in the middle which is flanked by shorter I-zones. An H-zone is marked but indistinctly. Each myofibril is interpreted to have the functional and morphological equivalent to one sarcomere. The relevance of these findings in the evolution of Tardigrada is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 297-307 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Prostaglandins E1 and E2 ; Fine structure ; Light and electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Histological and fine structural studies of adrenal cortices were performed on male Sprague-Dawley rats which had been given intravenous injections of prostaglandin E1 or E2. It was found that there were increased numbers of intracellular lipid droplets, free ribonucleoprotein particles, cholesterol ester clefts and coated vesicles of both the small and large varieties. A reorganization of the internal mitochondrial membranes and the appearance of protrusions of parenchymal cytoplasm into the sinusoidal lumina accompanied by vasodilation were also observed. These alterations are not typical of those observed following exogenous ACTH administration and are therefore considered to be prostaglandin-induced.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Branchial gland ; Cephalopoda ; Fine structure ; Hemocyanin ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an der Branchialdrüse verschiedener Cephalopoden (Sepia officinalis, Octopus vulgaris, Loligo vulgaris, Eledone moschata) zeigen, daß das Drüsengewebe des stark vaskularisierten Organs aus einem sekretorisch aktiven Zelltypus mit ausgeprägtem endoplasmatischen Retikulum besteht. In den Zisternen des endoplasmatischen Retikulums lassen sich granuläre und ringförmige Strukturen (Durchmesser: 45–65 Å und 170 Å) nachweisen, die in Größe und Gestalt mit den Hämocyanin-Einheiten in den Gefäßen und Lakunen übereinstimmen und durch randlichen Zerfall der Zellen in den Blutraum auszuwandern scheinen. Die histochemischen Untersuchungen ergeben eine positive Reaktion für Monoaminoxydase, aber vergleichsweise geringe Phosphatase- und Dehydrogenase-Aktivitäten. Diese Befunde sowie der histochemisch nachgewiesene hohe Kupfergehalt des Drüsengewebes sprechen für eine hämopoetische, d.h. hämocyaninbildende Funktion der Kiemendrüse.
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopic investigations on the branchial gland of different Cephalopoda (Sepia officinalis, Octopus vulgaris, Loligo vulgaris, Eledone moschata) show that the gland tissue, strongly vascularized, consists of an actively secreting cell type with a remarkable endoplasmatic reticulum. In the cisternae of the endoplasmatic reticulum granular and ring-shaped structures can be identified (diameter: 45–65 Å and 170 Å) which correspond in size and shape with the hemocyanin units in the vessels and lacunae and which seem to emigrate into the blood space caused by the peripheral decay of the cells. Histochemical investigations show a positive reaction for monoaminoxidase, but comparatively low phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities. These results, and also the high content of histochemically identified copper in the gland tissue, seem to indicate a hemopoetic, i.e. hemocyanin-forming function for the branchial gland.
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 223-233 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Laryngeal muscles ; Tree Frog, Hyla aborea arborea (L.) ; Fine structure ; Motor endplates ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um Hinweise auf die Funktion des Kehlkopfes bei der Rufabgabe zu bekommen, führten wir eine vergleichende elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung an den vier Kehlkopfmuskeln rufaktiver Laubfrösche durch. Zum weiteren Vergleich studierten wir auch einen Extremitätenmuskel. Die Kehlkopfmuskeln sind untereinander gleich gebaut, unterscheiden sich aber in mehrfacher Hinsicht vom Extremitätenmuskel: Ihre Myofibrillen sind nur ein Drittel so dick. Die Kehlkopfmuskeln enthalten sehr viele, auffallend große und dichte Mitochondrien; das sarcoplasmatische Retikulum ist mächtig entwickelt. Sie enthalten außerdem sehr viel Fett, das stets mit den Mitochondrien assoziiert ist. In beiden Muskeltypen kommt Glykogen vor; seine Menge ist in den Kehlkopfmuskeln jedoch größer als im Extremitätenmuskel. Die Zahl der motorischen Endplatten ist in den Kehlkopfmuskeln 25 mal höher als im M. plantaris longus. Die Zahl der Triaden pro Sarcomer und ihre Anordnung ist bei den beiden Muskeltypen gleich. Die Kehlkopfmuskeln winterstarrer Hyla-Männchen unterscheiden sich in ihrem Feinbau und Fettgehalt nicht von den Muskeln rufaktiver Tiere.
    Notes: Summary In order to obtain information on the function of the larynx during vocalization, a comparative electron microscopic study was made of the four laryngeal muscles of male tree frogs druing their vocalizing phase. A skeletal muscle (m. plantaris longus) was examined for comparison. The fine structure of the laryngeal muscles is uniform, but differs from skeletal muscles in several respects: the diameter of the myofibrils of the laryngeal muscles is only 1/3 that of the skeletal muscle. They contain many strikingly large and dense mitochondria. There is a strongly developed sarcoplasmic reticulum. Laryngeal muscles contain large quantities of fat which is always associated with mitochondria. Laryngeal muscles contain more glycogen than skeletal muscle. The number of motor endplates in laryngeal muscles is 25 times larger than in m. plantaris longus. The number of triads per sarcomere and their location is the same in both types of muscle. The laryngeal muscles of hibernating and active tree frogs do not show any difference with respect to fine structure and amount of fat.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 263 (1973), S. 331-333 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kohlenmonoxid in Wasserstoff ; Spektralphotometrie ; Ag-Na-Sulfamidbenzoat als Reagens
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 263 (1973), S. 334-334 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Zinn in Zircaloy ; Spektralphotometrie ; Phenylfluoron als Reagens
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 264 (1973), S. 131-133 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Gallium-Organoverbindungen ; Spektralphotometrie ; Extraktion der Dithizonate
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Reaktionsfähigkeit von Organo-Gallium-Verbindungen mit Dithizon wurde festgestellt. Die Dithizonate der alky- loder arylgruppentragenden Pseudoionen RGa2+ und R2Ga+ sind mit violettstichig roter Farbe in Tetra oder Chloroform extrahierbar. Über die Bildung der diesbezüglichen Dithizonate sowie deren charakteristische Eigenschaften werden nähere Angaben gemacht. Die analytische Bestimmung des R2Ga+ ist nach dem photometrischen Mischfarbenverfahren möglich.
    Notes: Abstract The reactivity of organo-gallium compounds has been established. The dithizonates of the pseudoions RGa2+ and R2Ga+ are in connection with alkyl or aryl groups extractable with red colour with a tinge of violet into carbon tetrachloride or chloroform. Detailed information on the formation of these dithizonates and their characteristic properties is given. The analytical determination of R2Ga+ is possible with the mixed-colour method.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 264 (1973), S. 133-138 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Zinn in Stahl ; Spektralphotometrie ; Brenzcatechinviolett, Phenylfluoron ; Dispergierungsmittel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A survey of existing procedures for the colorimetric determination of tin in steel is given. Recommendations are made with regard to separating tin, masking interfering metals and selecting a colorimetric finish. The effect of dispersing agents on reagents of the type used for determining tin, and on the complexes formed in these determinations, is discussed, including new work on the effect of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide on the phenylfluorone-tin(IV) system.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein Überblick über colorimetrische Zinnbestimmungsmethoden in Stahl wird gegeben und Vorschläge zur Abtrennung des Zinns, der Maskierung störender Metalle sowie der Auswahl des colorimetrischen Meßverfahrens gemacht. Der Einfluß von Dispergierungsmitteln auf die Eeagentien und gebildeten Komplexe wird diskutiert, wobei über neue Untersuchungen zum Einfluß von Cetyltrimethylammoniumbromid auf das System Phenylfluoron/Zinn(IV) berichtet wird.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 264 (1973), S. 412-413 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Phenylquecksilberborat in Augentropfen, Pharmazeut. Produkten ; Spektralphotometrie ; Atomabsorption ; flammenlos
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 265 (1973), S. 29-30 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Antimon in Eisen und Stahl ; Spektralphotometrie ; Methylfluoron als Reagens
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung von 2,5–100 ppm Sb in Eisen, unlegierten und niedrig legierten Stählen sowie in Automatenstählen wird das Antimon zuerst in 2 Stufen vorisoliert mit Hilfe der Spurenfällung mit Mangan(IV)-oxidhydrat als Spurenfänger und anschließender Jodidextraktion. Nach der Rückextraktion erfolgt die photometrische Bestimmung mit Methylfluoron in der wäßrigen Phase. Der relative Fehler beträgt ±5%, der Zeitbedarf für eine Einzelbestimmung 1,5 h.
    Notes: Abstract For the determination of 2.5–100 ppm Sb in iron, plain carbon steels, low-alloy and free-cutting steels antimony is at first separated in two steps. It is coprecipitated with manganese(IV)oxide hydrate as collector, the precipitate dissolved and antimony extracted as iodide with benzene. After back extraction antimony is determined photometrically in the aqueous phase with methylfluorone. The relative error is ± 5%. One determination requires 1.5 h.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 265 (1973), S. 104-113 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Spektralphotometrie ; Spurenanalyse ; Sensibilisierung eines Zweizellen-Photocolorimeters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine spektralphotometrische Methode wird beschrieben, die es ermöglicht, Elemente in kleinen Konzentrationen zu bestimmen. Dies wird im Prinzip durch den Anschluß eines hochempfindlichen Galvanometers an ein Zweizellenphotocolorimeter ermöglicht. Der so erreichte Gewinn an Empfindlichkeit wird einesteils durch die Anwendung von zwei Interferenzfiltern dazu genutzt, die Selektivität des Systems zu erhöhen, anderenteils kann mit dem Ersatz der Lichtschutzklappe durch Küvetten mit sog. Limitlösungen (Lösungen bekannter, entsprechender Konzentration) das System auf den optimalen Meßbereich ausgewogen werden. Zu den Hauptvorteilen dieser Methode zählen: Senkung der Nachweisgrenze (z.B. bei Mn von 20,27 auf 0,18 μg), variable Wahl der optimalen Empfindlichkeit, optimales Auflösungsvermögen durch die Möglichkeit der Skalendehnung im gewünschten Konzentrationsintervall, Erhöhung der Genauigkeit sowie leichte Konstruktion der diagonal zum Koordinatenkreuz unter einem Winkel von 45° verlaufenden Eichkurve.
    Notes: Abstract A spectrophotometric method is described by which it is possible to determine elements in low concentrations. This is achieved by the connection of a highly sensitive galvanometer to a two-cell photocolorimeter. The higher precision attained in this way can be used on the one hand by the application of two interference filters for the increase of the selectivity of the system, on the other hand, with the replacement of the flap by measurement cells with so-called limit solutions (solutions of known, corresponding concentration) for balancing the system for an optimum range of measurement. The main advantages of this method are: decrease of the limit of detection (e.g. of Mn from 20.27 to 0.18 μg), choice of an optimum sensitivity, an optimum separating power by the possibility of extending the scale in the necessary concentration interval, increase of precision and an easy construction of the calibration curve, located diagonally under a 45° angle to the coordinate system.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 265 (1973), S. 260-266 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Zirkonium mit 2,3,7-Trihydroxy-9-(2-chinolyl)-isoxanthenon-(6), 2′-Chinolylfluoron ; Spektralphotometrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Darstellung des 2′-Chinolylfluorons und dessen Eigenschaften werden beschrieben. Es wird gezeigt, daß das Reagens im sauren Medium mit Zirkonium mehrere Komplexe bildet, darunter einen mit der Zusammensetzung 1∶4. Dieser bevorzugt bei Fluoronüberschuß gebildete Komplex besitzt den extrem hohen Extinktionskoeffizienten ɛ max=165000 l/Mol · cm und eignet sich vorzüglich zur Ausarbeitung eines photometrischen Bestimmungsverfahrens für Zirkonium. Im Konzentrationsbereich 0,4–10 nMol/ml liegen die Variationskoeffizienten des Verfahrens zwischen 0,5 und 2,8 Rel-%.
    Notes: Abstract A report is given on the preparation and properties of 2′-quinolylfluorone. In acid solution the reagent forms various complexes with zirconium. Owing to its extremely high extinction coefficient ɛ max=165000 the 1∶4-complex can be used for quantitative determination of zirconium. In the concentration range 0.4–10 nmoles/ml the variation coefficients are 0.5–2.8% rel.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 265 (1973), S. 267-268 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Zirkoniumoxidchlorid in Natriumchlorid ; Spektralphotometrie ; Speisesalzanalyse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 2′-Chinolylfluoron bildet mit Zirkonium einen 1∶4-Komplex, dessen Extinktionskoeffizient bei 539 nm ɛ max=165000 ist. Das Bestimmungsverfahren für ZrOCl2 in Speisesalz wird auf dieser Farbreaktion aufgebaut.
    Notes: Abstract 2′-Quinolylfluorone forms a 1∶4-complex with zirconium. Owing to its high extinction coefficient ɛ max=165000 at λ=539 nm the complex can be used for the determination of ZrOCl2 in table salt.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 265 (1973), S. 269-269 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Bildungskonstanten des Komplexes Eisen(II)/Chinolinsäure ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 265 (1973), S. 272-272 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Phenol-2, 4-disulfonsäure neben Phenol-4-sulfonsäure ; Spektralphotometrie ; Eisen(III)-komplex
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 266 (1973), S. 343-348 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Magnesium in Aluminiumlegierungen ; Spektralphotometrie ; DHBTM als Reagens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch Kondensation von Malonaldehyd mit 4,6-Dioxohexahydropyrimidin (Dihydrobarbitursäure) bildet sich der Trimethinfarbstoff DHBTM. Er ist ein ausgezeichnetes, stabiles Reagens zur photometrischen Bestimmung von Magnesium. Seine Darstellung und seine Eigenschaften werden beschrieben. Die Magnesiumbestimmung beruht auf der Bildung einer Adsorptionsverbindung und ist weitgehend unabhängig von Störfaktoren, die bei ähnlichen Reaktionen von großem Einfluß sind. So läßt sich ohne voraufgehende Extraktion, lediglich unter Zuhilfenahme von Maskierungsmitteln ein Bestimmungsverfahren für Magnesium in Aluminramlegierungen ausarbeiten. Der Variationskoeffizient des Verfahrens liegt in der Größenordnung von 1 Rel.-%.
    Notes: Abstract The trimethine dye DHBTM, which can be prepared by condensation of malonaldehyde and 4,6-dioxohexahydropyrimidine (dihydrobarbituric acid), is described as an excellent, stable reagent for a photometric determination of magnesium. The method is based on the formation of an adsorption compound. Interfering elements in aluminium alloys can be masked in a simple manner with no preceding extraction being necessary. The variation coefficient of the photometric method is ca. 1%-rel.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 266 (1973), S. 348-351 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Ammoniumhydroxid in Ammoniumfluorid-Pufferlösungen ; Spektralphotometrie ; Indicatoren der Phenolgruppe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur reproduzierbaren Herstellung von NH4F-HF-Ätzlösungen muß der Gehalt an NH4OH in den käuflichen 40% igen NH4F-Lösungen ermittelt werden. Hierzu wurde eine colorimetrische Methode unter Verwendung von pH-Farbindicatoren der Phenolgruppe ausgearbeitet, die geringe pH-Wertabweichungen (0,007 pH) vom Soll (0% NH4OH) zu messen erlaubt, wobei der Sollwert durch stabile Citronensäure-Phosphatpuffer simuliert wird. Durch Extinktionsmessung gelingt es, 0,01% NH4OH in NH4F-Lösungen zu erfassen. Die gefundenen Werte liegen zwischen 0,1–0,3%.
    Notes: Abstract To obtain NH4F-HF etching agents with constant etching behaviour the concentration of NH4OH in commercially available 40% NH4F solutions has to be measured. By application of pH-indicators of the phenol type very small pH-deviations (0.007 pH) from the specified value (0% NH4OH) can be measured. The specified value is simulated by the stable McIlvaine buffer. By determining the differences in optical absorption 0.01% NH4OH can be measured in NH4F solutions. Values found in practice are between 0.1– 0.3%.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 266 (1973), S. 364-365 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Titan(IV) mit Pimelyl-bis-N-hydroxamsäure ; Spektralphotometrie ; Synergist, m. NH4SCN
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 267 (1973), S. 13-16 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Aluminium in Eisen, Stahl ; Spektralphotometrie ; Aluminonmethode nach Extraktionen und Elektrolyse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das beschriebene photometrische Verfahren wurde für Al-Gehalte von 0,01–1,1% in Eisen, Stählen und Edelstählen ausgearbeitet und an Teststählen überprüft. Mit Hilfe einer Hg-Elektrolyse und schrittweise vorgenommenen Extraktionen der die Al-Bestimmung störenden Legierungsbestandteile (wie Fe, Mo, Cr, Cu, Co, Cd, Mo, Pb, Ni, Sb, Zn, Sn, Mn) wird das Aluminium mit 8-Hydroxychinolin bei pH 9 abgetrennt und nach einem HNO3/H2SO4-Aufschluß photometrisch nach der Aluminonmethode bestimmt.
    Notes: Abstract The method has been worked out for Al contents from 0.01 to 1.1% in iron, steels and alloy steels, and tested with standard reference materials. Aluminium is separated by 8-hydroxy-quinoline at pH 9 after Hg-electrolysis and step-wise pre-extraction of interfering constituents as Fe, Mo, Cr, Cu, Co, Cd, Mo, Pb, Ni, Sb, Zn, Sn, Mn. Finally the 8-hydroxy-quinoline extract is digested with nitric/sulphuric acid and aluminium is determined spectrophotometrically by the Aluminon method.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 267 (1973), S. 44-44 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Carbonylverbindungen mit 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazin ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 267 (1973), S. 89-95 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Jod in Pflanzenmaterial, Filterpapier ; Spektralphotometrie ; ng-Bereich, Sandell-Kolthoff-Reaktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei einem Verfahren zur Jodbestimmung in Biomatrices auf Grund der Sandell-Kolthoff-Reaktion wurden der alkalische Aufschluß sowie weitere Verfahrensschritte mit 131J-Tracer auf Jodverlust und Reproduzierbarkeit überprüft und eine modifizierte Arbeitsvorschrift ausgearbeitet. Bei Grasproben wurde eine Standardabweichung von 7% ermittelt.
    Notes: Abstract A method for the determination of iodine in biological materials based on the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction has been studied. For the alkaline mineralization and some further steps with regard to iodine losses and reproducibility 131I tracer was applied and a modified procedure has been developed. In the case of grass samples the standard deviation is found to be 7%.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 267 (1973), S. 103-105 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. des O/U-Verhältnisses von nichtstöchiometr ; Urandioxid ; Spektralphotometrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Methode zur Bestimmung des Sauerstoff-Metall-Verhältnisses von überstöchiometrischem Urandioxid wird beschrieben. Nach Auflösen des Urandioxids in heißer konzentrierter Phosphorsäure werden die Konzentrationen an U4+ und U6+ über die Messung der Extinktionen zweier spezifischer Wellenlängen bestimmt. Die Methode zeichnet sich durch Einfachheit und geringen Zeitaufwand aus. Sie wurde für O/U-Verhältnisse von 2,05–2,67 getestet. Die Reproduzierbarkeit beträgt, bezogen auf das O/U-Verhältnis, ±0,005.
    Notes: Abstract After dissolution of the sample in hot concentrated phosphoric acid the concentrations of U4+ and U6+ are measured via the absorbance of two specific wavelengths. The method is simple and requires little time. It has been tested for 0/U ratios 2.05 to 2.67. The reproducibility, related to the O/U ratio, is ± 0.005.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 267 (1973), S. 127-128 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Phthalsäureestern in Polyvinylchlorid, Weichmachern ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Spektralphotometrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine dünnschicht-chromatographische Methode zur quantitativen Bestimmung von Phthalsäureestern in wäßrigen Weich-PVC-Extrakten wurde entwickelt. Als Lösungsmittel dient Petroläther-Diäthyläther-Eisessig (8∶2∶0,1); die Beschichtung besteht aus 0,2 mm Silicagel mit Fluorescenzzusatz. Nach Auftrennung und Elution erfolgt eine photometrische Auswertung.
    Notes: Abstract A thinlayer chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of phthalic acid esters in aqueous PVC-plastic extracts has been developed. Petroleum ether/diethyl ether/glacial acetic acid (8∶2∶0.1) is used as solvent; the plates are coated with 0.2 mm of silica gel with fluorescent agent. After separation and elution a photometric determination is performed.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 267 (1973), S. 288-288 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Platin(IV) ; Spektralphotometrie ; UV-Bereich
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    Cell & tissue research 123 (1972), S. 121-152 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Colloblasts ; Tentacles ; Ctenophore ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung der Tentakel und der Colloblasten der Ctenophore Pleurobrachia pileus ergab: 1. Die in Mesogloea eingelagerte glatte Muskulatur des Tentakels und der Fangfäden wird von einer perimuskulären Zone umgeben, die durch eine einschichtige Lage abgeplatteter Zellen (Deckschicht) nach außen begrenzt wird. Durch diese Zone, die freie Zellen und sulfathaltige Mukosubstanzen enthält, verlaufen die Stiele der Colloblasten. Ihr peripherer Abschnitt tritt durch interzelluläre Lücken in der Deckschicht hindurch und setzt sich in den Kopf des Colloblasten fort. Die kalottenförmigen Köpfe der Colloblasten liegen auf der Außenfläche der Deckschicht und werden von Cytoplasmalamellen ihrer Zellen umfaßt. Inmitten des Tentakels befindet sich ein axialer Gewebsstrang, der wahrscheinlich Nervenfasern enthält. 2. Als elektronenmikroskopisches Äquivalent der sulfathaltigen Mukosubstanzen in der perimuskulären Zone werden reichlich vorkommende Blasen angesehen, die von Zellen der Deckschicht abgegeben werden. Diese Substanzen dürften zur Plastizität der perimuskulären Zone beitragen und damit Verschiebungen der Muskelstränge gegen die sie umhüllende Deckschicht begünstigen. 3. Der Colloblast ist eine gestielte Zelle mit rübenförmigem Kern, die in der Oberfläche des Tentakels verankert ist. Die Achse ihres Stiels bildet ein Tubus, an dessen basales Ende sich eine massendichte, an eine Lampenbürste erinnernde Wurzel anschließt. Die Lichtung des Tubus enthält eine vermutlich halbflüssige Substanz. Der Tubus wird von einem Cytoplasmamantel umschlossen, aus dem sich eine Gruppe parallelisierter, longitudinal verlaufender Leisten erhebt. Diese Leisten umziehen den Stiel als langgestreckte Spirale und gehen an der Basis des Colloblastenkopfes in dessen Cytoplasma über. Ebenso stehen sie mit dem die Wurzel enthaltenden Cytoplasmakeil in kontinuierlichem Zusammenhang. Dieser Keil senkt sich in die Mesogloea der Tentakeloberfläche ein. Die Frage, ob die Stiele der Colloblasten kontraktil sind, muß in Untersuchungen am lebenden oder überlebenden Objekt geprüft werden. Anhaltspunkte für die Existenz von Strukturen im Colloblastenstiel, die als Substrat einer Kontraktilität angesehen werden können, wurden nicht gewonnen. 4. Unmittelbar unter dem Plasmalemm des Colloblastenkopfes liegen im Halbkreis angeordnete Sekretkugeln, die durch je einen Radius mit einem zentralen massendichten Sternkörper in Verbindung stehen. Dieser Sternkörper bildet die Fortsetzung der Wand des Tubusabschnittes, der in die Kalottenbasis eingebettet ist. Dem Sternkörper und dem Tubus lagert der Zellkern eng an. Weite Strecken seiner Oberfläche werden nicht von einer Kernmembran umschlossen. Das Cytoplasma des Colloblastenkopfes enthält wenige Mitochondrien (Cristatypus), einige Membranen des rauhen endoplasmatischen Retikulums und des Golgi-apparates, einzelne zarte Filamente und Vesikel verschiedenen Inhalts. 5. Die von einer Membran umhüllten Sekretkugeln (Globuli, Durchmesser durchschnittlich 0.9mμ) des Colloblastenkopfes stehen zu den stempelartig verbreiterten Enden der Radii des Sternkörpers regelmäßig in enger räumlicher Beziehung. Zwischen ihrer Membran und der Stempelfläche breitet sich eine dünne, anscheinend aus kurzen Stäbchen aufgebaute Platte aus; ihr pflegt eine Verdichtung der Globulisubstanz gegenüber zu liegen. In dem gleichmäßig granulierten Inhalt der Kugeln bildet sich eine weitere Schale parallel zur Kugeloberfläche aus. Das Plasmalemm des Colloblasten trägt im Bereich der Sekretkugeln einen niedrigen zarten Härchenbesatz. 6. In schalenartigen Vertiefungen in der Oberfläche des Colloblastenkopfes liegen Vesikel (Durchmesser 0.8–0.9 mμ), deren Inhalt aus teils homogenem, sehr massendichtem, teils feinkörnig strukturiertem Material besteht. Es wird angenommen, daß die Umwandlung des Inhalts der Sekretkugeln und ihre Extrusion rasch abläuft, da Stadien einer allmählichen Reifung der Sekretkugeln nicht beobachtet wurden. Der Inhalt der Vesikel wird — wahrscheinlich bei der Berührung mit der Beute — durch Platzen ihrer Membranen freigesetzt. 7. Ein Teil der Zellen der Deckschicht ist durch einen Stiel der beschriebenen Bauweise mit der Tentakeloberfläche verbunden und trägt die ultrastrukturellen Merkmale einer Stoffproduktion. In ihnen liegen kugelige Vesikel verschiedener Größe, die einen mäßig dichten homogenen Inhalt beherbergen. Gestielte Zellen der Deckschicht, die derartige Einschlüsse aufweisen, werden als Procolloblasten gedeutet. Die nicht gestielten Zellen der Deckschicht enthalten teils kleinere, teils größere Blasen, die offenbar in die perimuskuläre Zone abgegeben werden; sie werden als Produzenten der hier nachweisbaren sulfathaltigen Mukosubstanzen aufgefaßt. 8. Die unmittelbare Umgebung des Wurzelkeils des Colloblastenstiels ist durch lange, spiralig gewundene, aus Filamenten aufgebaute Fasersträhnen mit der Oberfläche der glatten Muskelzellen verbunden. Als Ort der Insertion und der Entstehung dieser Strähnen werden die zahlreichen zackenartigen Fortsätze angesehen, die sich aus der Oberfläche der Myozyten in die intermuskuläre Mesogloea erheben. 9. Jede Muskelzelle des Tentakels und seiner Fangfäden ist mit einem Tubuluskomplex ausgestattet, der unmittelbar unter ihrem Plasmalemm liegt und mit Mitochondrien vergesellschaftet ist. 10. Das verbreitete Schema des Colloblasten von Komai (z.B. Hyman, 1940; Barnes, 1963; Kaestner, 1969; Grassé, Poisson und Tuzet, 1970) muß auf Grund der mitgeteilten Befunde aufgegeben werden.
    Notes: Summary Tentacles and colloblasts of the Ctenophore Pleurobrachia pileus have been investigated light- and electron microscopically. Among others the results are as follows: 1. The smooth muscle cells of the tentacle and its branches are embedded in mesogloea and surrounded by a perimuscular zone bounded by a layer of flat covering cells. This zone contains the stalks of the colloblasts, free cells and sulfated mucosubstances. The nucleus containing part of the stalk passes through intercellular gaps between the covering cells. Cytoplasmic lamellae of the latter embrace the head of the colloblasts which are attached to the outer surface of the covering layer. The axis of the tentacle and its branches consist of a strand of tissue which presumably contains nerve fibres. 2. Balloon-like vesicles which originate from the covering cells are considered to represent the electron microscopical equivalent of the mucosubstances occurring in the perimuscular zone. These substances might favour any gliding movements of the muscular stem against the surrounding covering cell layer. 3. Colloblasts are cells with an elongated turnip-shaped nucleus and are provided with a stalk anchored in the surface of the tentacles. The axis of the stalk contains a tube of almost constant diameter the basis of which is in continuity with an electron dense radix situated in a wedge-shaped cytoplasmic area. The tube filled with a possibly semifluid material is wrapped by a cytoplasmic sheath. This sheath extends into parallelized longitudinally orientated and slightly spiralized cristae. These cristae are in continuity with the perikaryon of the colloblast and with the cytoplasmic wedge containing the radix. The question whether the colloblast stalks are contractile or not deserves further in vivo observations. Structures commonly considered to be responsible for their contractility have not been found. 4. Immediately below the plasmalemma of the colloblasts' heads secretory globules are situated in regular order which are connected by electron dense radii with a central core—both radii and core, forming a star-shaped body. This body is in continuity with that part of the wall of the tube which is embedded in the cytoplasm of the head. The elongated nucleus of the colloblast is closely attached to the core of the star-shaped body and to the intracellular tube. A special feature of the nucleus is its lack of a nuclear membrane over great parts of its surface. The cytoplasm of the head contains a few mitochondria (crista-type), a small amount of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, isolated filaments and vesicles of various contents. 5. The membrane bounded secretory globules (diameter approx. 0.9 mμ) in the head of the colloblast are regularly connected with stamp-shaped endings of the radii of the star-shaped body. Between the membrane of the globules and the feet of the radius a disc is intercalated which apparently consists of small rods. Within the evenly granulated material of the globule a second membrane or parts of it are to be observed. The plasmalemma of the colloblast covering the globules bears a coat of tiny bristles. 6. Indentations of the surface of the head contain vesicles (diameter approx. 0.8–0.9mμ) the content of which is partly homogenous and electron dense, partly fine granular. It is assumed that the transformation of the intraglobular material into the characteristic contents of these vesicles and their extrusion happens rapidly; phases of a slow maturation of the secretory globules have not been observed. It is further suggested that the material enveloped by the membranes of the vesicles—its nature still being unknown—is released by rupture of the membrane, if the colloblast contacts any prey of the animal. 7. Some cells of the covering layer reach the surface of the tentacle by a stalk exhibiting the structure already described. The ultrastructure of these cells is characteristic of secretory elements. Their cytoplasm contains spheroidal vesicles of different sizes filled with material of medium electron density. These cells are tentatively named Procolloblasts. The majority of the covering cells contains numerous vesicles, partly balloon-like, and releases these particles into the perimuscular zone. These materials are interpreted as to represent sulfated mucosubstances. 8. In the vicinity of the radix very long helical fibres occur regularly, built up by fine filaments. These curl-like fibres are connected with the protrusions of the muscle cells. Possibly these processes are the site of origin of the curls. 9. Each muscle cell is provided with a so-called tubular complex in its peripheral cytoplasm, associated with mitochondria. 10. The wide-spread scheme of the Colloblast presented by Komai (1922) and reproduced in a series of textbooks has to be abandoned.
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    Cell & tissue research 131 (1972), S. 27-30 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Atrial muscle ; Fine structure ; Triparanol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The atrial musculature of rats given the cholesterol inhibitor triparanol (MER/29) (250 mg/kg daily) for 8 days was examined under the electron microscope and compared with that from untreated animals. The sarcoplasmic core of muscle fibers from animals given triparanol exhibited a new formation of sarcoplasmic granules which displayed a crystalline latticework with opaque lines approximately 40–60 Å separated by clear spaces 50–70 Å. They were partially or completely surrounded by a membrane. The crystalline bodies in cardiac muscle fibers were not as numerous as those observed in adrenocortical, testicular interstitial, or luteal cells as reported earlier by the investigators.
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    Cell & tissue research 131 (1972), S. 519-528 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cardiac innervation ; Teleosts ; Acetylcholinesterase ; Fine structure ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The innervation of the heart of the plaice has been studied ultrastructurally and histochemically in order to describe the anatomy, and the nature of the neuro-transmitters involved in the regulation of the heart. A single cardiac branch of the vagus runs over the Duct of Cuvier and sinus venosus where it forms a plexus extending into the sinoatrial region. Many ganglion cells are scattered throughout this plexus upon which are seen cholinergic-type terminals at which AChE can be localised. It is therefore concluded that this is the parasympathetic cardiac ganglion. The innervation of the atrium is dense at the sinoatrial end but decreases towards the ventricle. The ventricle is probably aneural, possibly a consequence of the lack of a coronary blood supply to act as a pathway for an innervation of this chamber. Most of the intramural axon profiles contain large numbers of small agranular vesicles and are cholinergic, AChE being localised at their membranes. Other profiles contain small numbers of larger granular vesicles amongst the agranular vesicles but these are not adrenergic since these vesicles are not depleted by reserpine, do not load with 6-OHDA, and AChE can be localised at the membranes of the profiles. No adrenergic-type profiles were seen in any part of the heart, nor were any fluorescent, catecholamine-containing fibres observed.
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    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 119-130 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Renal tubules ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Fine structure ; Localization of adenosine triphosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie behandelt die Lokalisation von Adenosintriphosphatase an den Feinstrukturen der Malpighischen Gefäße der Larven von Drosophila melanogaster. In den Zellen des Anfangs- und Hauptstückes zeigt sich zum Lumen hin eine Aktivitätszunahme des Enzyms. Es kommt nicht frei im Cytoplasma vor, sondern ist stets an Membranstrukturen gebunden; man findet es am basalen Plasmalemm mit seinen Einfaltungen, am endoplasmatischen Retikulum, an Vesikeln, in multivesikulären Körpern und — besonders deutlich — an den Membranen der Mikrovilli, die in das Gefäßlumen hineinragen. Die Ergebnisse werden in einem Schema (Abb. 5b, c) wiedergegeben und mit den Befunden der Na+-Lokalisation (Wessing und Eichelberg, 1972b) verglichen.
    Notes: Summary This paper describes the localization of adenosine triphosphatase within certain ultrastructural elements of the cells of the initial and main regions of the Malpighian tubules of Drosophila melanogaster larvae. In both regions, an increased activity is observed towards the lumen. The enzyme is always related to such membrane structures as the basement membrane (especially its infolds), vesicles, multivesicular bodies, and densely to microvilli which projects towards the lumen of the renal tubules. The results (presented in a schematic drawing in Fig. 5b and c) are discussed in relation to those on Na+-localization (Wessing and Eichelberg, 1972b).
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    Cell & tissue research 132 (1972), S. 403-416 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Larval cuticle ; Blaberus trapezoideus ; Fine structure ; Epicuticle ; Pore and wax canals ; Stereoscan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Feinstruktur der frischgehäuteten larvalen Cuticula vonBlaberus trapezoideus BURM. wurde mit verschiedenen elektronenmikroskopischen Methoden im Hinblick auf ihre Permeabilitätseigenschaften untersucht. Von besonderem Interesse waren in diesem Zusammenhang der Aufbau der Epicuticula sowie der Verlauf und die Verteilung der Poren- und Wachskanäle. Die Epicuticula setzt sich aus 4 Lagen zusammen: aus der im vorliegenden Fall lamelliertendichten Schicht, derCuticulinschicht, derWachsschicht und derZementschicht. Die Cuticulinschicht, die ein polygonales Oberflächenmuster trägt, wird von den Wachskanälen durchdrungen. Die Wachskanäle entspringen im apikalen Bereich der Procuticula aus den Porenkanälen. Letztere verlaufen bogenförmig durch die procuticulären Lamellen bis zur Epidermis. Die möglichen Funktionen dieses Kanalsystems, das Epidermis und Außenwelt verbindet, werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of newly moulted larval cuticles ofBlaberus trapezoideus BURM. was investigated by various electron microscopical techniques in regard to properties of its permeability. The morphology of the epieuticle and pore and wax canals as well as their course and distribution were elucidated. The epicuticle is composed of four layers: (1) the lamellate dense layer, (2) the cuticulin layer, (3) the wax layer, and (4) the cement layer. The cuticulin layer, which shows a polygonal surface pattern, is penetrated by the wax canals arising from the blind ends of the pore canals in the apical region of the procuticle. The pore canals take a winding course through the procuticular lamellae to the epidermis. The functions of this canal system connecting, the internal and external faces of the cuticle are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 320-327 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Yolk platelet ; Amphibian embryo ; Fine structure ; Cell organelle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three heretofore undescribed types of yolk platelets are described from embryos of Xenopus laevis. The first (designated the multiple main-body platelet) is characterized by the occurrence of numerous randomly oriented small main-body crystals embedded in the noncrystalline superficial layer material. The second is characterized by the occurrence of a main-body crystal with an extremely irregular profile. The main-body element of the third platelet type (designated the cavitated main-body platelet) invariably shows little or no evidence of crystalline substructure and contains numerous internal cavities.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 276 (1972), S. 72-72 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Rhodium mit ÄDTA, CDTA ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Cell & tissue research 123 (1972), S. 411-424 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Compound eyes ; Insecta ; Stylops spec. ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Unter den Cornealinsen des Komplexauges von Stylops befindet sich ein „Kristallkegel“ vom pseudoconen Typ, der von zahlreichen Pigmentzellen umhüllt wird. An seinem proximalen Ende liegen 6 meist pigmentfreie Zellen (Sempersche Zellen). Das Ommatidium besteht aus etwa 60 Retinulazellen. Ihre distal kranzartig miteinander verbundenen Mikrovillisäume bilden ein einziges „offenes“ Rhabdom, das extrazelluläres (?) granuläres Material und die Basis der Semperschen Zellen umgibt. Stellenweise wird das Rhabdom samt granulärem Material von homogen erscheinenden distalen Ausläufern einzelner Retinulazellen überlagert. Proximad „zerfällt“ das Rhabdom zunehmend in kleinere Rhabdomteile. Im zentralen Teil des Ommatidiums liegen 1–2 auffallend große Retinulazellen, die meist weniger elektronendicht erscheinen und kleinere Pigmentgrana haben. Die einzelnen Ommatidien werden von ungemein zahlreichen, sehr pigmentarmen Stützzellen umhüllt. Diese werden — wie die basalen Teile der Retinulazellen — teilweise durch Gliazellfortsätze isoliert. Bei Stylops, einem Vertreter der Strepsipteren, handelt es sich nicht um „ocelläre Komplexaugen“ (Strohm, 1910), auch nicht um eucone Ommatidien (Kinzelbach, 1967), sondern um Ommatidien vom pseudoconen Typ. Zumindest der Bau des Rhabdoms ähnelt dem des Larvenauges (Stemma), dessen rezeptorischer Teil entgegen den Annahmen früherer Autoren in der Imago nicht reduziert wird.
    Notes: Summary In the compound eye of Stylops a “crystalline cone” of the pseudocone type is found beneath the corneal lens. It is enveloped by several pigment cells. At the proximal part of the cone there are 6 cells (Semper cells) mostly pigment-free. The ommatidium consists of approximately 60 retinula cells. Their rhabdomeres distally rim-like connected to another form a single “open” rhabdom which encircles extracellular granular material as well as the bases of the Semper cells. Here and there the rhabdom plus granular material is overlain with distal protrusions of single retinula cells which appear to be homogeneous. Towards the proximal part the rhabdom increasingly divides up into smaller rhabdomal segments. One or two conspicuous large retinula cells were found in the central part of the ommatidium, appearing to be less electron-dense and containing pigment granules of a smaller size. Each ommatidium is surrounded by numerous cells (Stützzellen) lacking in pigment. These cells are partially insulated from another—as well as the basal parts of retinula cells—by protrusions of glia cells. Our investigations show that the eyes of Stylops (as a representative of Strepsiptera) are not of the “ocellar complex eye” type. At least the structure of the rhabdom resembles to that of the larval eye (stemma), the receptor part of which is not reduced in the imago.
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    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 206-222 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cercus ; Contact chemoreceptors ; Fine structure ; Gryllus bimaculatus (Insects)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Der größte Anteil der Sinneshaare auf den Cerci von Gryllus besteht aus kurzen Borstenhaaren. Bei diesen lassen sich dicke und dünne Borstenhaare unterscheiden. 2. Im allgemeinen gehören zu jedem dicken Borstenhaar 2–3, zu jedem dünnen Borstenhaar 5–6 Sinneszellen. 3. Anzahl und Anordnung der Hüllzellen sind bei dicken und dünnen Borstenhaaren gleich. Jedem Haar sind außer einer Gliazelle (=Sinneszellhüllzelle) drei Hüllzellen zugeordnet. 4. Bei beiden Haartypen ist in einer der Sinnescilien direkt unterhalb der Haarbasis ein kleiner Tubularkörper ausgebildet. Alle Sinnescilien verlaufen von einer cuticularen Scheide umhüllt bis zur Spitze des Haares. Dort kleidet die cuticulare Scheide einen Porus aus, über den die Distalenden der Ciliarstrukturen Kontakt nach außen haben. Der Porendurchmesser beträgt bei dicken Borstenhaaren ca. 2000 Å, bei dünnen ca. 3500 Å. 5. Elektrophysiologische Befunde an morphologisch ähnlich gebauten Insektensensillen lassen uns annehmen, daß die kurzen Borstenhaare von Gryllus Kontaktchemorezeptoren (=Schmeckhaare) sind, die gleichzeitig mechanische Reize wahrnehmen können.
    Notes: Summary 1. Most part the sensory hairs on the cercus of Gryllus are short bristles, of thick and thin types. 2. Generally 2 or 3 sensory cells are associated with each thick bristle, whereas there are 5 or 6 sensory cells with each thin bristle. 3. The number and arrangement of the enveloping cells of thick and thin bristles are the same: each consists of one glial cell (=“Sinneszellhüllzelle”) and of three enveloping cells. 3. In both types of short bristles one of the ciliary structures contains a small tubular body just below the base of the hair. All ciliary structures within the cuticular sheath run to the tip of the hair. There is a distal pore, the inner surface of which is formed by the cuticular sheath and through which the distal ends of the ciliary structures are exposed to the atmosphere. The diameter of the pore in the thick bristles is about 2000 Å. In the thin bristles it is about 3500 Å. 4. The results of electrophysiological investigations of hairs of similar structure lead to the assumption that the short bristles are both contact chemoreceptors (=taste hairs) and mechanoreceptors.
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    Cell & tissue research 132 (1972), S. 533-551 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Aquatic insect larvae ; Tracheal gills: Chloride cells ; Fine structure ; Taxonomic distribution ; Salt absorption, osmoregulation ; Histochemical precipitation of sodium and chloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The tracheal gills of 16 species of mayfly larvae were studied with regard to the chloride cells. The ephemerid chloride cells occur as two main types: single cells and cell complexes. The single chloride cells are characterized by deep tubular or slit-like infoldings of the apical cell membrane, whereas the chloride cell complexes show numerous intercellular channels resulting from cellular interdigitation at the basolateral side. According to the structural organization of the apices, the ephemerid chloride cells may be classified into caviform, coniform, bulbiform and filiform types. In the caviform type (single chloride cell), the apex retracts to form an apical cavity similar to teleost chloride cells. In the other types (chloride cell complexes), there is a progressive extension of the central cell apex into or beyond the cuticle in the form of cones, bulbs or filaments. The common feature of all types is the differentiation of the cuticle into thin porous plates or envelopes covering or surrounding the various forms of apices. Histochemical precipitation of sodium and chloride in the apical region suggests that all types have basically the same function of salt absorption. The population of the various types differs with the species. However, there seem to be some taxonomic regularities with respect to the families. No relation was found between the types of chloride cells and habitat of the species.
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    Cell & tissue research 131 (1972), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart ; Teleost ; Cardiac muscle ; Myocardial cells ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tissue from the four chambers of the heart of the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa, L.) has been examined in the electron microscope in order to describe the morphology of the heart at a fine structural level. The sinus venosus is a thin walled chamber between 60–90 μ thick consisting of a connective tissue matrix in which are situated the plexus of the parasympathetic cardiac ganglion and localised bundles of myocardial cells. The myocardial cells do not form a continuous layer but are associated in particular with the region of the cardiac ganglion and are innervated by it. The sino-auricular junction has hitherto been described as a pacemaker region but the myocardial cells in this region are identical in morphology to myocardial cells in other parts of the heart. There is a large complex of nerves, derived from the cardiac plexus, that runs around the junction before branching to innervate the auricle. The myocardial tissues consist of an outer layer of myocardium forming the wall of the heart and a profusion of trabeculae. The endocardium invaginates into the endocardium to divide up the cells into populations of approximately 25 cells in profile. There is no well-defined coronary blood supply although capillaries are occasionally seen. The myocardial cells themselves are small in diameter (3.5–5.5 μ) and show some primitive features which are: a short sarcomere (1.4–2.0 μ), the absence of any sarcoplasmic reticulum, and very scarce fasciae occludentes. In the atrium in particular, there are many groups of 1500 Å membrane-bound, dense-cored vesicles in the myocardial cells. Ventricular cells contain more myofilaments and mitochondria than do atrial cells and have many vesicles of 0.1–0.3μ diameter whose function and contents are unknown. Connective tissue is very evident in the plaice heart, being an integral part of the sinus venosus and the auriculo-ventricular junction and being the sole constituent of the auriculoventricular valve and the bulbus arteriosus.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 261 (1972), S. 108-112 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Aluminium und Calcium in Wolfram und Molybdän ; Spektralphotometrie ; Atomabsorption ; ohne vorhergehende Abtrennung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Atomabsorptionsverhalten von Aluminium und Calcium in Wolfram und Molybdän wurde untersucht. Es zeigt sich, daß die Störungen durch die Matrixelemente wesentlich von der Geometrie des Brenners abhängen. Aluminium und Calcium können ohne vorherige Trennungsoperationen mit der Atomabsorptions-Spektrometrie in Wolfram und Molybdän bestimmt werden. Die Empfindlichkeit betrug 0,3 μg Al/ml und 0,04 μg Ca/ml Lösung bzw. 3 ppm Al und 0,4 ppm Ca im festen Metall.
    Notes: Abstract Results of the atomic-absorption behaviour of aluminium and calcium in tungsten and molybdenum are reported. There is a marked influence of the geometry of the burner on the interference of the matrix elements. As can be applied without prior separation procedures for the direct determination of aluminium and calcium in tungsten and in molybdenum. The sensitivity found was 0.3 μg Al/ml and 0.04 μg Ca/ml of solution, resp. 3 ppm Al and 0.4 ppm Ca in the solid metal.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 261 (1972), S. 124-125 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Untersuchung des Kupfer-Formazan-Komplexes ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 261 (1972), S. 126-126 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Eisen(III) ; Spektralphotometrie ; mit 5-Sulfo-β-resorcylsäure
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 261 (1972), S. 126-127 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Spurenelementen in Silicatgestein ; Spektralphotometrie ; Atomabsorption
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 261 (1972), S. 392-392 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Rubidium und Caesium ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 261 (1972), S. 394-394 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kupfer in Aluminium ; Spektralphotometrie ; Na-DDTC, automatisiert
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 261 (1972), S. 400-400 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Niob mit Chloranilsäure ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 262 (1972), S. 189-192 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Panthenol und Pantothenaten in Vitaminpräparaten ; Spektralphotometrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine empfindliche Methode zur Bestimmung von Panthenol und Pantothenaten ist ausgearbeitet worden. Störende Begleitstoffe werden mit Hilfe von Ionenaustauschern entfernt. Hydrolyse und Farbreaktion erfolgen in einem Schritt, wodurch eine große Zeitersparnis erzielt wird. Die colorimetrische Bestimmung erfolgt durch Bildung eines N-substituierten Pyrrols und anschließende Reaktion mit p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyd. Mengen von weniger als 0,5 mg Panthenol bzw. Pantothenat können in Multivitaminpräparaten bestimmt werden. Die relative Standardabweichung der Methode ist kleiner als ± 3%.
    Notes: Abstract A sensitive colorimetric method for the determination of panthenol and pantothenates was developed. Interfering substances can be eliminated by ion-exchange resins. Hydrolysis and colour reaction take place in one step. The time for the determination is reduced considerably. The colorimetric determination occurs by formation of a N-substituted pyrrole and reaction with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde. Quantities of less than 0.5 mg of panthenol or pantothenates can be determined in multivitamin preparations. The relative standard deviation of the method is less than ± 3%.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 262 (1972), S. 273-275 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Beryllium mit Thorin ; Spektralphotometrie ; Verbesserung der Selektivität
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch einfache Maskierung mit großen Zusätzen an ÄDTA und Ammoniumcitrat konnte die Berylliumbestimmung mit Thorin wesentlich verbessert werden. Über 60 untersuchte Kationen und 20 Anionen stören die Bestimmung in weiten Grenzen nicht. Die relative Standardabweichung beträgt etwa ± 1%.
    Notes: Abstract The selectivity of the spectrophotometric determination of beryllium by thorin has been essentially improved by simply masking the other cations with large quantities of EDTA and ammonium citrate. Over 60 cations and 20 anions, which have been investigated, do not disturb the determination in a wide range. The relative standard deviation is about ± 1%.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 262 (1972), S. 278-282 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Vitamin D3 in Lebertran ; Spektralphotometrie ; Verseifung ; Extraktion ; Sterinfällung ; Chromatographie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden verschiedene Aspekte der Vitamin D3-Bestimmung an Hand der Literaturangaben diskutiert und erläutert. Die eigentliche spektralphotometrische Vitamin D3-Bestimmung erfolgt nach der alkalischen Verseifung, Extraktion der unverseifbaren Anteile, Fällung der begleitenden Sterine und nach der säulen- und dünnschicht-chromatographischen Trennung des Vitamins D3 auf 40 cm DC-Platten von anderen Vitaminen. Der Farbstoff α-Naphtholbenzein eignet sich besonders als Leitsubstanz für die bessere Lokalisierung der Vitamin D3-Zone an der DC-Platte. An Hand der gleichzeitig durchgeführten biologischen Versuche wurden die Ergebnisse kontrolliert.
    Notes: Abstract The different aspects of Vitamin D3 determination and the data reported in the literature are discussed. The spectrophotometric determination of Vitamin D3 in cod-liver oil is carried out after the alkaline saponification, extraction of unsaponified parts, precipitation of accompanying sterols and the column- and thin-layer chromatographic purification and separation of vitamin D3 on 40 cm plates from other vitamins. The dyestuff α-naphtholbenzein is suited well as standard substance for the better location and identification of vitamin D3 zone on the thin-layer plate. The results obtained from the chemical method were checked through the simultaneous biological determination.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 266 (1972), S. 127-127 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kobalt mit 7-Nitroso-8-hydroxychinolin-5-sulfonsäure ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 276 (1972), S. 71-71 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Eisen(II) mit Pyrazin-2,3-dicarbonsäure ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 276 (1972), S. 73-73 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Diäthylenglykol in Propylenglykol ; Spektralphotometrie ; Spuren
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 276 (1972), S. 73-73 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Äthylenglykol in Wasser ; Spektralphotometrie ; Oxidation zu Oxalsäure
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    Cell & tissue research 112 (1971), S. 212-246 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spiders ; Cupiennius salei ; Slit sense organs ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein großes Einzelspaltsinnesorgan auf dem Tarsus der Spinne Cupienniua salei Keys. wird elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht und mit einem kleinen tarsalen Einzelorgan sowie dem zusammengsetzten (lyriformen) Organ des Metatarsus verglichen. 1. Der sog. Spalt besteht aus zwei Anteilen: a) Der in der Exocuticula gelegene hat die Gestalt einer Rinne (Länge ca. 51 μm, Breite ca. 2,2 μm), welche an den Enden ihrer Längserstreckung flach ist und in einer Mittelzone die Exocuticula bis auf einen ca. 0,23 μm starken Boden (innere Membran = M.i.) durchstößt. Die Exocuticula bildet um den Spalt herum einen verstärkenden Rahmen mit spezifischer Anordnung der exocuticularen Lamellen. b) Der in Meso- und Endocuticula gelegene Anteil öffnet sich von M. i. aus glockenförmig zur Epidermis hin. 2. Der Spalt ist überall von einer ca. 0,25 μm dicken Membran (äußere Membran M.a.) bedeckt, deren quantitativ wichtigste Komponente elektronenoptisch der innersten Lage der Epicuticula (dense layer) gleicht. 3. Das Spaltsinnesorgan wird von zwei Dendriten innerviert. Während einer davon nahe M.i. endet, zieht der andere durch eine Öffnung in dieser bis zu M. a. 4. Beide Dendrite weisen dieselbe feinstrukturelle Dreigliederung auf. a) Der dem Zellsoma folgende Abschnitt enthält Tubuli und einige randständige Mitochondrien. b) Nach distal folgt eine mitochondrienreiche und tubuluslose Dendritenanschwellung. c) Der somafernste Abschnitt beginnt mit einer Ciliarstruktur, deren Basalkörper in der Anschwellung liegen. Er zeichnet sich durch zahlreiche von periodischen Querstrukturen miteinander verbundene Tubuli sowie das vollkommene Fehlen von Mitochondrien aus. 5. Distal von der Ciliarstruktur umgibt eine gemeinsame elektronendichte Scheide die beiden Dendrite. 6. In der Mittelzone ihrer Längserstreckung bildet M.a. an einem in der Aufsicht tropfenförmigen und leicht versenkten Flächenausschnitt eine zylinderförmige Vertiefung (Tiefe ca. 1 μm, ø ca. 0,5 μm) aus, durch deren Boden der längere Dendrit samt Scheide hindurchzieht, um als fingerförmige Erhebung in dem Zylinder zu enden. Das Ende dieses Dendriten zeichnet sich durch eine extra- und intrazelluläre Ansammlung elektronendichter Substanz aus (Tubularkörper). 7. Eine innere und eine äußere Hüllzelle (Hz 1 bzw. Hz 2) umgeben die Dendrite gemeinsam. Hz 1 endet distal auf Höhe der Ciliarkörper, Hz 2 reicht nahe bis zu M.i. Der apikale Bereich von Hz 2 bildet eine große, nach distal offene Invagination aus, welche von Mikrovilli und einer daraufliegenden extrazellulären Substanz gesäumt wird. Elektronenoptisch vergleichbares Material findet sich in einem ausgedehnten Lakunensystem, das weiter proximal von weiteren Zellinvaginationen und erweiterten Extrazellularräumen gebildet wird. 8. Der sensorische Apparat eines kleinen tarsalen Einzelorgans sowie des metatarsalen lyriformen Organs stimmt im wesentlichen mit dem des großen tarsalen Einzelspalts überein.
    Notes: Summary A large single slit sense organ on the tarsus of the spider Cupiennius salei Keys, was examined electronmicroscopically and compared with a small single slit sense organ also on the tarsus and with the compound (lyriform) organ on the metatarsus. 1. The so-called slit consists of two parts. The upper one is a trough-shaped chamber in the exocuticle, flat at both ends of its longitudinal axis and growing deeper towards its mid-portion until only a floor remains 0.23 μm thick (inner membrane of the slit = M.i.). The exocuticle thickens around the slit into a reinforcing frame with specific arrangement of the exocuticular lamellae. The lower part opens out from M.i. like a bell into the meso- and endocuticle. 2. The trough-shaped upper chamber is covered by a membrane 0.25 μm thick (outer membrane of the slit = M.a.). The main component of this membrane resembles the “dense layer” of the epicuticle. 3. The slit is innervated by two dendrites. One of them ends close to M.i. The other passes through an opening of M.i. and runs up to M. a. 4. Both dendrites are composed of three portions markedly different in fine structure. a) The portion close to the soma contains tubules and a modest number of mitochondria. b) More distally a pronounced swelling of the dendrite follows, rich in mitochondria but lacking tubules. c) The most distal part begins with a ciliary configuration of microtubules. Its basal bodies are located in the dendritic swelling. This part does not contain any mitochondria but numerous tubules with a network of electron dense material between them. 5. Distal to their ciliary segments both dendrites are surrounded by a common sheath of high electron density. 6. Viewed from above a slight, flat, tear-shaped depression can be seen in M.a. Towards its middle the depression deepens to form a cylinder (ø 0.5 μm, depth 1 μm). The end of the longer dendrite penetrates the floor of this cylinder and projects like a finger into its interior. About 0.7 μm proximal and distal to the dendrite — M.a. junction, electron dense material accumulates around and within the dendrite (tubular body). 7. Two sheath cells surround both dendrites in common. The inner cell terminates at the level of the ciliary structure. The outer cell continues more distally towards M.i. The apical part of the outer sheath cell forms a large invagination bordered by a microvillous cell membrane and an extracellular layer of medium electron density. A substance very similar or identical with that of the layer is found deeper within the leg in a spaceous lacunar system formed by further cell invaginations and extended extracellular gaps. 8. The fine structure of the input apparatus of a small single slit on the tarsus and the compound lyriform organ on the metatarsus is essentially the same as that of the large single tarsal slit.
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  • 90
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    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 420-440 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Crayfish ; Hepatopancreas ; Cell differentiation ; Digestion ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of R-, F-, and B-cells and of the myoepithelial network in crayfish hepatopancreas tubules was studied as a basis for the functional interpretation of hepatopancreatic digestive activity: 1. R-cells absorb luminal nutrients, mainly via contact digestion and molecular transport, and they store and metabolize glycogen and lipids. To this extent, R-cells combine the functions of vertebrate intestinal absorptive and hepatic parenchymal cells. 2. F-cells synthesize digestive enzymes and sequester them in a supranuclear vacuole which enlarges by pinocytic intake of luminal nutrients and fluids. 3. F-cell to B-cell transformation results from continued engorgement of the F-cell's supranuclear vacuole until only the nuclear region and a pinocytically activeapical complex remain identifiable. 4. B-cell secretion involves pinching off of the apical complex followed by extrusion of the enzyme-rich vacuolar contents. 5. The tubule's myoepithelial network consists of circular fibers, each containing a single myofibril, which branch to form longitudinal fibers. Sarcomeres are long (10–12 μ) and each thick myofilament is surrounded by 11–13 thin ones. This arrangement permits coordinated, tonic contractions of tubule segments which transport nutrients “in” and enzymes “out”. 6. Neurosecretory control of tubular function is suggested by the presence of vesicle-containing, extratubular cell processes which contact the circular muscle fibers.
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  • 91
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 295-308 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fine structure ; Neuroglia ; Nervous system ; Polychaetes ; Cell junctions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The principal supportive elements of the nereid central nervous system are non-neuronal cells that are referred to as supportive glia. Supportive glial cells form a conspicuous cortex in the nerve cord. The inner region of this cortex consists of closely packed processes and cell bodies of fibrous supportive glial cells that are arranged in concentric layers around the perimeter of the neuropile. The fibrous appearance of the glial cells results from dense bundles of cytoplasmic filaments. Many fibrous glial processes penetrate the neuropile and ramify among the neuronal elements. Larger, irregularly shaped cells are the chief supportive glial elements of the peripheral region of the cortex where they line the stromal sheath (neural lamella) and invest the neuronal perikarya with extensive concentric systems of lamellate processes. These glial cells usually possess a relatively undifferentiated cytoplasm with scattered glycogen granules, but occasionally have a well developed Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum and densely packed particulate glycogen. The supportive glia exhibits numerous desmosomes as well as 5-layered (“tight”) and 7-layered (“gap”) junctions. Interspersed among the supportive glial cells are non-neuronal cells referred to as granulocytes. These cells have abundant large, granular inclusions, electron lucent vesicles, plasmalemmal infoldings and microtubules. The granulocytes may be derived from undifferentiated glial cells or may represent coelomocytes that have invaded the nervous tissue.
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  • 92
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    Cell & tissue research 122 (1971), S. 111-121 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salivary gland ; Octopods ; Epithelium ; Cell types ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The posterior salivary gland of Octopods comprises a parenchyma of branching tubules in a connective tissue stroma. The tubules are lined by either of two distinct epithelia.Type A is composed predominantly of columnar cells containing large granules whose contents vary in appearance from cell to cell.Type B consists of three cell types: A circumferential layer of processes ofstriated cells containing radially orientated infoldings of the cellular membrane, between which are packed numerous mitochondria;cistern cells which contain an invaginated system of membrane loops, the interior of which is in communication with the lumen; andlumen lining cells. All these cells send processes to the basement membrane of the tubule, so that both epithelia are pseudostratified. The functional significance of this cytological specialisation is discussed.
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  • 93
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    Keywords: Chemoreceptor ; Locusta ; Fine structure ; Development ; Moulting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The basic structure of the terminal sensilla of Locusta migratoria resembles that of Schistocerca gregaria. There are commonly six or ten neurons whose dendrites extend almost to the opening of the peg. Proximally the dendrites are clothed by a neurilemma cell which also encloses a basal cavity through which their ciliary region passes. The tormogen cell encloses the receptor-lymph cavity and actively secretes material into it. The receptor-lymph cavity and the basal cavity are quite separate. The development of new pegs at a moult is described. After apolysis the scolopale extends across the subcuticular space and protects the dendrites, which remain in a functional condition until shortly before ecdysis. As the trichogen cell grows out to form a new peg the tip is surrounded by a mass of electron-dense material, probably derived from the receptorlymph cavity. The function of this material is unknown. Regeneration of the dendrites is considered. The possible mechanism by which the tip of the peg opens and closes is considered and the general structure of the organule is discussed in relation to functioning.
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  • 94
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    Cell & tissue research 122 (1971), S. 160-171 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tentacles ; Polychaetes ; Sensory cells ; Sensory innervation ; Cilia ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following observation of conical groups of stiff, but motile cilia on the tentacles of the branchial crown of Sabella pavonina, these were examined with the electron microscope. The bundles consist of about 40 unenclosed “standard” cilia supported by one or two primary sense cells with centrally directed axons of 0.1–0.2 μ diameter. Axons in the distal portions of the branchial crown occur in small bundles surrounded by a basement membrane. More centrally, glial elements appear and the nerves are surrounded by a collagenous sheath. The branchial nerve trunk shows similarities in organisation to other previously investigated annelid central nervous tissue in that the whole nerve is surrounded by a fibrous sheath central to which there is a layer of glial cells with processes penetrating a central neuropile. The 0.1–0.2 μ axons commonly occur in glial-enveloped groups of 〈 40 whilst other axons of larger and mixed diameter are found together. Each tentacle has two branchial nerves on the oral side, and each nerve gives rise to two small 75-axon branches running to each pinnule. The branchial nerves fuse to form the branchial nerve trunk running to the supra-oesophageal ganglia. Sections of the branchial nerves of the branchial crown at progressively more central levels show that the branchial nerve trunk contains enough axons of 0.1–0.2 μ diameter to account for all the sensory cells on the tentacles. This is taken as evidence for the sensory cells having axons terminating within the central nervous system and that there is no peripheral confluence or fusion of these afferent axons.
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  • 95
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    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 220-233 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus ; Fine structure ; Fetus ; Primates ; Macaca mulatta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphologic features of the fetal and neonatal thymus were investigated by light and electron microscopy to determine developmental changes. Primitive epithelial cells differentiate into reticular epithelial cells, medullary epithelial cells, elongated epithelial cells, Hassall's corpuscles and cysts. Thymocytes first appear at 50 days fetal age and the number of thymocytes is amplified from 75–150 days fetal age. Minor differences between the fetal thymus of the monkey and that of other species were observed. Possible functions for the various cellular components of the fetal monkey thymus are discussed.
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  • 96
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 17-29 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Color ; Feathers ; Fine structure ; Keratin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The spongy structure in medullary cells responsible for the colour of blue barbs in rump feathers of Agapornis roseicollis and back feathers of Cotinga maynana is studied with the scanning and the transmission electron microscope. The Agapornis structure is an irregular three-dimensional network of connected keratin rods which in many places form rings with outer diameters 0.25–0.3 μ. The air-filled space likewise consists of an irregular network of connected channels. The Cotinga structure consists of spherical cavities fairly evenly distributed in a keratin matrix. Earlier spectrophotometric measurements on the Agapornis structure have shown that the colour production has to be ascribed to the interference of light, not to Rayleigh (Tyndall) scattering as previously held. The optical path lengths corresponding to the outer diameter of the Agapornis rings and to the Cotinga cavities including their horny walls both are c. 0.4 μ. It is suggested that the colours are produced by the interference of light reflected from the front and rear surfaces of the rings, respectively the spherical cavities.
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    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 532-563 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Trypanosomatids ; Crithidia fasciculata ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary As in other trypanosomatids, the cell membrane of Crithidia fasciculata overlies a single layer of microtubules. Each microtubule possesses a large number of periodically arranged drumstick-like appendages and adjacent microtubules are joined by fibrillar connectives. Anteriorly, the microtubules gradually taper to terminate just before or just after entering the reservoir. An attempt is made to correlate microtubule tapering with maintenance of form of the truncated anterior end of the cell. Smooth and coated vesicles are proliferated from the Golgi saccules and the prominent contractile vacuole lies nearby. The single mitochondrion is extensive and expanded at one point to form a capsule for the kinetoplast. The cristae are predominantly plate-like but other configurations do occur. The cytostome, a shallow invagination of the reservoir membrane, is found between two constrictions in the reservoir wall. Supporting the cytostome are several microtubules which penetrate deeply into the cytoplasm. Ingestion of ferritin occurs by pinocytosis from the cytostome and by coated vesicle formation from the reservoir membrane. Digestion probably occurs in multivesicular bodies which contain acid phosphatase activity.
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 485-501 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Osphradium ; Planorbarius ; Fine structure ; Cell types ; Function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The osphradium of Planorbarius consists of a blindly-ending ciliated canal, formed by an infolding of the mantle epithelium, and a basal ganglion of nerve cells which is comparable in complexity with ganglia of the central nervous system. The distribution of cell types in the osphradial epithelium is specialised so that three regions can be recognised; the ciliated, the secretory and the sensory regions. The basal sensory region of the canal epithelium consists of ciliated cells and is innervated by sensory neurones of the osphradial ganglion. The middle secretory region contains mainly of mucus-secreting cells and the epithelium adjacent to the osphradial aperture of ciliated cells and secretory cells of a second type. The sensory neurones of the osphradial ganglion are bipolar or of a modified monopolar type. Other monopolar neurones, similar to those common in the central nervous system are of non-sensory function. The osphradium of Paludina, although of typical prosobranch form, possesses ciliated pits similar to the single canal of Planorbarius, which may indicate a shared modality of receptor function. A definite function cannot be ascribed to the pulmonate osphradium based on morphological evidence alone.
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  • 99
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    Cell & tissue research 118 (1971), S. 297-309 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median ocellus ; Limulus ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The median ocellus of Limulus consists of irregular groups of large photoreceptor cells which form a cup-shaped retina around the ocellar lens. Each group is surrounded and penetrated by guanophores and glia. The photoreceptor cells have extensive rhabdomeric regions, both along infoldings of cell membranes and between cells. Five-layered junctions occur between rhabdomeric microvilli. An occasional arhabdomeric (AR) cell is associated with a group of photoreceptors. Fine dendritic branches of the AR cell penetrate the rhabdomeric regions and form five-layered junctions with photoreceptor rhabdomeres. Axons of photoreceptor cells, and of at least some AR cells, gather at the proximal side of the cup to form an optic nerve.
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    Cell & tissue research 122 (1971), S. 538-563 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Electric Organs ; Mormyridae ; Fine structure ; Innervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die drei Arten der GattungGnathonemus (Gn. petersii, moorii, stanleyanus) besitzen, wie alle Arten der Familie Mormyridae, zwei Paar elektrische Organe, die symmetrisch auf jeder Seite der Wirbelsäule zwischen der Caudal-, Dorsal- und Afterflosse liegen. Jedes Organ ist aus einer Serie von 70–170 elektrischen Platten zusammengesetzt. 2. Die Stiele der elektrischen Platten enthalten keine Nervenfortsätze. Die elektromotorischen Nervenfasern innervieren die Endanschwellung der Stiele, indem sie sich unverzweigt in einem kurzen marklosen Endabschnitt in eine Vertiefung des Elektroplasmas einfügen. 3. Die Elektroplasmamembran umgibt ohne Ausnahme die Stiele und die elektrische Platte. Sie ist sowohl auf der cranialen als auch auf der caudalen Seite der Platte tief eingebuchtet. Dadurch ist deren Oberfläche stark vergrößert. Im Inneren der Platte befindet sich quergestreifte Muskulatur. 4. Die motorischen und sensiblen Nervenfasern unterscheiden sich deutlich in ihrem Durchmesser. 5. Die Zahl der Nervenzellen in den Spinalganglien ist im elektrischen Organ um ein Mehrfaches größer als in den Segmenten der vor dem elektrischen Organ liegenden Rumpfmuskulatur. 6. Die Rekonstruktion der peripheren sensiblen Nerven eines Segments (aufgrund elektronenmikroskopischer Untersuchungen) ergibt die Tatsache, daß diese, mit Ausnahme von zwei freien Nervenendigungen in der Haut und freien Nervenendigungen im dorsalen Myoseptum, vor allem vier große Sehnen an der Seite des elektrischen Organs innervieren. 7. Die Innervationsverhältnisse des elektrischen Organs führen zu der Hypothese, daß die Sehnen im Zusammenhang mit der Funktion des elektrischen Organs sensorische Funktionen besitzen.
    Notes: Summary 1. Three species of the genusGnathonemus (Gn. petersii, moorii andstanleyanus) as all species of the family Mormyridae possess two pairs of electric organs situated symmetrically on each side of the vertebral column between the caudal, dorsal and anal fins. Each organ is composed of a series of 70–170 electroplaques. 2. The stalks of the electroplaques contain no nerves. Unbranched motor nerve fibres innervate the end sections of the stalks by synaptic knobs inserting into cavities of the electroplasma. 3. The electroplasma membrane surrounds the stalk (also in the region where the stalk penetrates through holes in the body of the electroplaque) and the electroplaque. The membrane is deeply indented on the cranial side as well as on the caudal side of the electroplaque. Through this the surface is greatly enlarged. In the inside of the electroplaque are striated muscles. 4. The motor and sensory nerve fibres are clearly different in diameter. 5. The number of the nerve cells in the spinal ganglions is, in the electric organ, about a multiple larger than in the segments of the body muscular system situated in front of the electric organ. 6. The reconstruction of the peripheral sensory nerves of one segment (in view of electron microscopical analyses), reveals that these, with the exception of two free nerve endings in the integument and the free nerve endings in the dorsal myoseptum, mainly innervate four large tendons on the side of the electric organs. 7. The innervation of the electric organs leads to the hypothesis that the tendons, in connection with the function of the electric organs, possess sensory functions.
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