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  • Articles  (2,787)
  • Springer  (2,787)
  • MDPI Publishing
  • 1975-1979  (2,787)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (2,787)
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  • Articles  (2,787)
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Year
Journal
  • 1
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 229-231 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 2
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 210-215 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The author proposes that more attention be given to human escape time — the time between alerting and nonescape conditions and the comparison of available escape time to the needed escape time in real life situations.
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  • 3
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 216-228 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The ignition behavior of furniture upholstery fabrics appears to be influenced by fabric variables (weight, weave, construction, and backcoating), test conditions, and substrate as much as by the chemical composition of the fiber.
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  • 4
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 232-234 
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  • 5
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 235-238 
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  • 6
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 243-244 
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  • 7
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 51-62 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The char yields of various synthetic polymers associated with lethal doses of their pyrolysis gases to laboratory animals were investigated. The results appear compatible with the hypothesis that hydrogen cyanide and carbonyl sulfide are evolved in the pyrolysis gases from the high-char-yield polymers and are an order of magnitude more toxic than carbon monoxide.
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  • 8
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 63-66 
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  • 9
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 67-70 
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  • 10
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 71-74 
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  • 11
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 75-76 
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  • 12
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 83-83 
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  • 13
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 157-160 
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  • 14
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 161-164 
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  • 15
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 165-166 
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  • 16
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 171-172 
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  • 17
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 180-188 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A comprehensive theory is being developed to predict the behavior of load-bearing masonry walls subjected to fire on one side.
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  • 18
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 173-179 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A new extinction photometer design has been developed that will provide the stability and accuracy necessary for taking smoke measurements in fire testing.
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  • 19
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 189-194 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Criteria have been proposed using the new Flooring Radiant Panel Test that provide safety equivalent to the level provided by the NFPA'sLife Safety Code ®.
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  • 20
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 195-209 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the broad subject of the estimation of losses that result from fires and the comparison of the costs of actions to prevent losses with the resultant benefits in the form of loss reduction. It discusses how to estimate fire losses and suggests a framework for comparing prevention costs and loss reduction benefits.
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  • 21
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 5-9 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the results of a continuing experimental study on the possible effects of fumigant vapors on grain dust explosibility.
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  • 22
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 10-19 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Smoke detectors will shift in sensitivity or fail at some unknown time in the future. The best means presently available to minimize potential unprotected time is the inclusion and regular use of a full-function test feature.
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  • 23
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 20-24 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Fire extinction tests using fluorochemical foaming agents were conducted on pool fires of gasoline and kerosine ranging in surface area from 0.25 m2 to 40 m2. A useful degree of correlation was demonstrated and hence the validity of the current United Kingdom Defence Standard test.
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  • 24
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 25-42 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Based on the work discussed here, the author suggests that a new test standard be implemented to evaluate ionization-type smoke detectors. Such a standard would place less emphasis on particle size, concentration, and chemical composition and more emphasis on ionization chamber sensitivity.
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  • 25
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 43-50 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A new Forest Service policy, effective February 1978, allows some wildfires to burn under prescribed conditions, urges a multidisciplinary approach to fire control, and has applications to rural and urban situations.
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  • 26
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 85-101 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports the findings from a study of the candle-like burning of polymethylmethacrylate sheet.
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  • 27
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 102-106 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A limited number of flammability tests of foamed plastics indicates that the ASTM E162 radiant panel test will rank thermosetting foamed plastics in a plausible merit sequence. The method attributes undue merit, however, to the influence of the low emissivity of aluminum-foil-facing and rates thermoplastic foams very favorably because of their melting and dripping characteristics.
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  • 28
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 107-113 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The structural frame described in this paper has been designed for, and to the requirements of, the Fire Division of the Building Research Association of New Zealand to facilitate fire resistance testing of load-bearing walls using the Division's furnace facilities at Judgeford, Wellington. The furnace and frame have been designed to carry out testing in accordance with International Standard ISO 834 (1), which is similar to most equivalent standards in various countries.
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  • 29
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 114-121 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Using a physically based computer model to predict alarm response travel times, it is shown that the road performance level of a fire engine can have a significant impact. The discussion includes a description of the model, how results from it compare with actual road tests, how it is used to analyze response time sensitivities over a wide range of road and vehicle related conditions, and finally how it is used to aid fire service officials in the specification and procurement of fire engines.
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  • 30
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 130-141 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A small-scale test has been developed to determine the critical radiant flux to cause a flame to spread from a small ignition source on horizontal specimens.
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  • 31
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 122-129 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The relative toxicity of the pyrolysis gases from some plastics can vary considerably, depending on the temperature at which the material is pyrolyzed and other test conditions. Because a large number of test conditions can exist at some particular place and time during a fire, depending on the type of fire, the differences illustrate the importance of selecting test conditions that are relevant to the particular fire environment.
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  • 32
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 142-156 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The results of an experimental study of the burning of JP-5 and methanol pools emphasize structural differences between JP-5 and methanol fires as well as the importance of radiant feedback of energy to the pool surface in controlling rates of burning.
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  • 33
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 262-270 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Tests indicate that water fog streams are effective in attenuating radiant heat. It is suggested, therefore, that such fog patterns be used for fire fighter protection and be considered a part of the fire fighter's environment when specifications for protective clothing systems are developed.
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  • 34
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 245-261 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Rational decisions about the number of fire companies a community should have require reliable estimates of the fire losses that would result. Such estimates are not now available. One building block in their development is a relationship between the distance the responding companies travel and physical damage.
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  • 35
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 271-281 
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    Notes: Abstract A new extinction photometer design has been developed that will provide the stability and accuracy necessary for taking smoke measurements in fire testing.
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  • 36
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 283-290 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Insulated and uninsulated boots for use by aircraft crash crew fire fighters were evaluated and compared for the protection, comfort, convenience, and durability they offer the wearer.
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  • 37
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 307-310 
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  • 38
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 291-306 
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    Notes: Abstract A probability model has been developed to evaluate the effectiveness of fire prevention efforts applied under specific weather conditions.
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  • 39
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 311-313 
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  • 40
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    Fire technology 15 (1979), S. 314-316 
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  • 41
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 347-369 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Using a very simple form of disaggregate model for household car ownership, it appears that two widely held beliefs about disaggregate modelling — that analysis should always be carried out on individual households, and that sample sizes of 500 to 1000 are generally sufficient - are not necessarily valid. Though the results may not be generalizable to the full class of problems to which disaggregate analysis addresses itself, it does seem that more attention needs to be given to the questions of sample size and grouping. In addition, the standard test of goodness of fit (the so-called “rho-squared” test) is shown to be extremely weak. A far stronger and to some extent complementary, test is to compare the log-likelihood value given by the model with that on the basis of the “full” or “saturated” model — a test which has recently been clearly presented by a number of writers in the statistical literature. When using dummy variables, it is important that pair-wise tests on coefficients relating to various levels of the same attribute should be carried out, as well as the standard test assessing difference from zero. These points are illustrated by a number of simple examples.
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  • 42
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 431-432 
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  • 43
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 141-151 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This study is concerned with travel time and operational reliability on arterial routes. Reliability is viewed in terms of the consistency of operation of the route under investigation and defined in terms of the inverse of the standard deviation of the travel time distribution. Under certain assumptions, travel time behavior on an arterial route is seen to closely follow a gamma distribution; the reliability measure can be derived accordingly. Utilizing arterial travel time data from the Chicago area, both a regression and a statistical model are show to serve as efficient techniques in predicting reliability. The prediction models are evaluated.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1572-9435
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    Notes: Abstract The model used a Monte-Carlo algorithm to simulate modal split and trip distribution as an interconnected decision process at the individual level. Using census data, the individuals of a planning region are classified into “situation groups”, which represent significantly different decision situations with respect to socio-demographic position and territorial location. According to the theoretical framework, which emphasises mobility constraints instead of preferences, household structure and sex (time budget and car availability constraints) and work place characteristics (location constraints) are the key variables. For each situation group, “decision profiles” are empirically determined; these describe car availability, travel time constraints and work place distribution. Modal split and trip distribution are simulated as an interconnected individual decision process, which is stochastically determined by the location of the individual and the decision profile of his situation group. The algorithm is very sensitive and flexible and extremely well suited to electronic processing. An extended and modified version is currently being used in the preparation of regional transporation plans for several German city regions.
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  • 45
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 167-182 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper proposes an alternative approach to understanding travel behaviour —the study of behavioural intentions. The communality of this and the revealed behaviour approach are outlined and the use of controlled experimental methods illustrated in an analysis of empirical data on behavioural intentions of citizens with respect to changes in the levels of transport service, and the introduction of an area licensing scheme for travel in a central city area in Australia.
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 37-49 
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    Notes: Abstract Productivity, in terms of net value added per man-year of labor and capital input, provides a more useful yardstick of airline efficiency than the widely used indices representing average unit costs or labor productivity. Large variations in productivity between airlines, in particular between U.S. and European airlines, can be explained almost entirely by differences in level of service, demand patterns and route characteristics. A regression model calibrated on 1975 data for fourteen U.S. and fourteen European scheduled airlines indicates that productivity could be increased by changes in network shape though a more liberal exchange of traffic rights, greater specialization (in particular the limited involvement of scheduled airlines in the very low yield charter market) and consumer choice — by offering higher frequency, multi-city services.
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  • 47
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 97-98 
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  • 48
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 119-123 
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  • 49
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 125-140 
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    Notes: Abstract This article presents an overview of highway and transportation planning in England. It covers the division of responsibilities between central and local government; the organisation of the Department of Transport; the planning, financing and implementation of road schemes, both local and national. A very brief review of transport legislation is included. NOTE: This paper was printed before the UK General Election of May 1979. The Department of Transport is now responsible to the Minister of Transport. The Minister has similar responsibilities to those previously exercised by the Secretary of State for Transport as referred to in this paper. The views expressed in this paper are those of the writer and are not necessarily those of the Department of Transport.
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  • 50
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 189-196 
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 237-258 
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    Notes: Abstract In an effort to conserve fuel, Congress required that automobile manufacturers increase the average fuel efficiency of the vehicles which they sell. The extent to which this policy is successful in conserving fuel depends on how consumers respond to the more fuel-efficient vehicles. The present paper reviews previous economic research on automobile demand and examines what this research can tell us about how consumers will respond to fuel-efficient vehicles. Three categories of research are reviewed, namely aggregate econometric studies, disaggregate econometric studies, and hedonic price analyses. It is shown that insufficient variation and too large covariation among automobile characteristics (such as price, weight and length) are problems which hinder the usefulness of each type of analysis. Two methods to alleviate these problems are proposed for future research.
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 299-306 
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  • 53
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 73-87 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A Lowry-type land use-transport model stratified both by socio-economic group and urban sub-region is described. The parameters of this model are calibrated from a 1969 urban travel survey conducted in Delhi. Parameter magnitudes are estimated for several versions of the model and the qualities of these calibrations are reported. Applications of the calibrated models to the analysis of alternative development concepts for the Delhi urban region are described.
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 99-113 
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    Notes: Abstract This article discusses recent attempts to implement a federally sponsored road pricing demonstration in the United States. It examines reasons for the attempts, pointing to several enduring traffic related problems; the greater effectiveness and flexibility of road pricing compared to other measures; and the proven feasibility of area licenses as in Singapore. The generally negative reaction of city decision-makers to road pricing is specified, particularly concerns about harm to businesses, interference with the right to travel and discrimination against the poor. Some lessons for further attempts at implementation of road pricing include more attention to contingency planning for worst possible outcomes; the design of parking permit programs which might lead the way to road pricing; and the selection of recreational rather than downtown sites for first attempts at innovative parking permit and road pricing schemes.
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 183-187 
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 197-198 
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 199-218 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper asserts the continuing need for a long-range component to urban transportation planning, citing particularly the relationships between short- and long-range planning and the dangers of a single-minded concentration on short-range planning. However, the nature of the long-range planning procedure that is required is substantively different from that of most extant approaches. Some of the specific requirements and capabilities of a new procedure are described, and existing procedures are compared against these. In the latter part of the paper, some of the elements of a new long-range planning procedure are characterized. It is suggested that the procedure be built around a scenario approach to confronting and bounding future uncertainty. Second, the need to incor porate financial forecasting in the process is laid out and related to the scenario concept. Third, the need for travel- and impact-forecasting procedures is recognized and a set of input, output and operating requirements for such procedures are specified. It is suggested that improved sketch-planning tools may fit the requirements to a large extent. It is also suggested that some procedures or models in the process should be “synthetic” models, not needing calibration for each new application. Finally, a number of requirements are specified for the display and evaluation of planning proposals from this procedure. A major emphasis is placed here on transparency of the process and responsiveness to direct intervention by the decision-maker.
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 259-274 
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    Notes: Abstract This article describes some general features of public transport provision in the urban areas of Japan (especially the large urban areas), and some specific features of an integrated transport system currently being developed in one such area. Although there are a number of important differences between Japan and the United Kingdom — such as the degree of urbanisation, level of car ownership, the responsibilities of government organisations and the existence of private railways in Japan — there are many similarities in the role that public transport plays and the factors which influence the efficiency of public transport. The success or otherwise of the developments in urban public transport systems in Japan would seem to have important implications for the design of transport systems in the similarly dense and compact conurbations of the United Kingdom and other European countries.
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 307-308 
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 371-387 
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    Notes: Abstract The regulation of taxicab services is receiving an increasing amount of attention by city governments. At issue are the questions of whether local regulations should limit the supply of taxicabs and whether the regulations should control taxi fares. Recently, deregulation has become a popular suggestion; however, little empirical or theoretical evidence has existed to indicate the effects of taxi deregulations. This paper discusses these effects within a framework of eight regulatory scenarios involving different price, entry, and industry concentration factors. The analysis provides support for a public brokerage function.
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 1-2 
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 3-19 
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    Notes: Abstract Transportation policy in America distinguishes between capital expenditures and recurrent operating and maintenance costs. Federal policy and resources encourage capital-intensive projects, but traditionally have left to state and local governments the responsibility for maintaining and operating the facilities built with federal support. This has led to consistent underestimation of operating costs in the decision process leading to capital expenditures, and to overcapitalization of transportation networks. Today, faced with recurrent costs which strain local resources, there is pressure to broaden federal participation in operations and maintenance, and legislation is beginning to weaken the traditional distinctions between capital and recurrent expenditures.
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 65-69 
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 89-91 
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 93-96 
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 115-118 
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 409-426 
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    Notes: Abstract The logit modeling methodology is applied to include transit access mode choices in conjunction with the automobile vs. transit travel choice decision. The practical problems that arise when the choice set expands beyond two alternatives are identified and addressed. In particular, the complexities that must be resolved in order to use ULOGIT or a similar program include the definition of independent choices (the Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives Property (IIA)), a sequential binary or multinomial logit model (MNL) structure, specification and testing of variables, and the potential for transferring the model to new areas for transportation planning purposes. It was found that the available options cannot be reduced to a single modeling strategy. However, the analysis showed certain concepts which can reduce the uncertainties in related applications of the logit model. It was determined that as many independent choices as possible should be hypothesized and tested for inclusion in the model, but the IIA must be carefully considered because it limits the number of choices that can be represented. Although binary calibration techniques are conceptually appealing, the large number of calibrations for studies involving more than three alternatives suggests that the MNL approach is most practical. Application of the MNL model requires that not only must variables be selected that best explain choice, but they must also be placed in the disutility function of the specific mode or modes to which they are most unique. Finally, it was shown that if choice sets and homogeneous market segments are properly defined, the models can be transferred among different urban areas even though the urban areas exhibit different aggregate characteristics. All observations lead to the general conclusion that the logit modeling methodology can now best be advanced with implementation experience.
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 388-388 
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 427-430 
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 51-63 
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    Notes: Abstract This report describes an application of continuous spatial models to freight movements in Greater London. Continuous spatial models are fitted to data on the densities of generation and attraction of the freight assuming that the density is dependent on the distance from the centre of the area. The fit is measured using regression analysis and the results are examined. The graphs of the densities against the distance from the centre suggest an exponential relationship, and Clark's model is fitted to the data. The model fits fairly well to the data on densities for most groups of commodities. The correlation between the density and the distance is stronger for attraction than for generation in most groups of commodities.
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 21-36 
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    Notes: Abstract The aim of this paper is to discuss cross-lagged panel analysis in terms of the causal inferences it generates about the relationship of beliefs about modes and mode choice behavior. Frequencies of use of the single-occupant automobile (SOA), bus and carpool, as well as beliefs about each of the modes, were collected from a sample of central business district commuters at two points in time. The belief variables for each mode were summed to form composite measures and were corrected for unreliability due to measurement error. Perceptions of each mode and the frequency of its use were analyzed for influences operating over time. A time interval was assumed to exist during which the variables causally operated on each other. It was assumed that the time necessary for an individual to change modes based on his perception was equivalent to the interval required for a person to alter perceptions based on his experience. The causal structure relating the two variables was also assumed to be stable over time. An additional assumption was required to distinguish between third variable effects, or spuriousness, and dual causation: if a third variable were to be causing the relationship, it would be operating at a relatively constant rate over time. A strong causal relationship was found to be operating between beliefs about SOA and bus and use of those modes over time. The relationship is mutually causative; beliefs determine behavior and behavior reinforces and changes perceptions. Analysis of the carpool data indicated that the causal structure had changed over time and could not be analyzed with this technique. In general, support is evidenced for an adaptation or learning process interpretation of the relationship between beliefs and mode choice behavior.
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 71-72 
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 219-236 
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    Notes: Abstract Preferences of consumers for small urban vehicle concepts differing only with respect to their hypothetical purchase prices and network capabilities (i.e., whether they are capable of operating on expressways, major arterials or local streets) are analyzed using statistical techniques based on psychological scaling theories. Results from these analyses indicate that a vast majority of consumers are not readily willing to give up the accessibility provided by conventional automobiles. More specifically, over the range of hypothetical prices considered here, network capability dominates as a determinant of preferences for vehicle concepts. Also, the ability to operate vehicles on expressways is of utmost importance to consumers.
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 293-297 
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 275-291 
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    Notes: Abstract A U.S. certificated passenger airline must be authorized by the Civil Aeronautics Board before it can schedule a route to serve a set of cities. The route authority is described in a number of legal statements on a Route Certificate, which specifies the routing restrictions by which the airline must abide in offering the service. For cost considerations, an airline is often interested in the shortest flight-time routes between city pairs. This paper introduces a graph-theoretic method to quantify the legal statements in a Certificate. Through straightforward matrix operations, all the authorized nonstop and multistop routes, including the shortest time routes, can be generated. The method is a convenient tool to help an airline to generate alternative network routes as demonstrated by a case study of American Airlines.
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 329-346 
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    Notes: Abstract Reliability of travel modes was found to be the most important characteristic of transportation systems in several attitudinal investigations of individual travel behavior. This paper represents the first part of a research effort aimed at gaining a better understanding of the characteristics of reliability of transportation modes in urban travel. In this research, reliability characteristics are identified; their importance relative to each other is assessed, and an insight into possible structure of an objective reliability index is discussed. The research is based on perceived values of reliability, which were identified through a large attitudinal survey conducted in the Chicago metropolitan area.
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 309-328 
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    Notes: Abstract In the past years the ‘behavioural’ basis of travel demand models has been considerably extended. In many cases individual behaviour is taken as the starting point of the analysis. Conventional aggregate models have been complemented by disaggregate models. However, even in most disaggregate models there is still the well-known sequence of generation, distribution, mode split, and assignment. In fact, travel behaviour is isolated from other human activities, and analyzed separately. The alternative is to take the general activity pattern of individuals as the departure point, and to consider travel as a derived demand. The basis of this study are diaries, kept during a full week on the basis of quarter hours by a sample of approximately 1100 persons. First, results with respect to travel frequency and travel time are given. Secondly, the influence of car availability and degree of urbanisation on travel behaviour is studied. Next, the population is divided into five person categories, and the travel pattern and activity pattern are studied separately per person group. Finally, links between travel and other activities are tentatively established.
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    Transportation 8 (1979), S. 389-408 
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    Notes: Abstract Heavy goods vehicle taxation has been the subject of considerable debate in U.K. over the past 15 years. There have been a number of attempts to relate the taxes paid by heavy goods vehicles to the public costs incurred to provide road track for their use. This paper reviews critically the position taken in the last public account of allocation procedures and also outlines recent modifications to the approach. It is suggested that the allocation of public costs is sensitive to some of the assumptions made and that this may result in an over-estimation of the costs associated with road haulage activities. A number of comparative calculations are made using data from both 1975/76 and more recent years to examine this hypothesis.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 11 (1979), S. 143-150 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Grenzen der Bestimmbarkeit der Spannungen in der Erdkruste. In großen Tiefen kann mit derzeit verfügbaren Untersuchungsmethoden die tatsächliche Spannung in der Erdkruste nicht bestimmt werden. Die größte meßbare Spannung beträgt ungefähr 100 MPa, die größte Tiefe 1000–1200 m.
    Abstract: Résumé Limites de la possibilité de la détermination des contraintes dans l'écorce terrestre. Il est impossible de faire des déterminations exactes des contraintes dans l'écorce terrestre en utilisant les méthodes courantes. La contrainte la plus grande qui peut être mesurée est à peu près 100 MPa et la profondeur maximale 1000–1200 m.
    Notes: Summary Limits of Stress Measurements in the Earth's Crust. Accurate measurements of stress in the Earth's crust cannot be performed at deep levels with currently available recording procedures. The maximum stress recordable is about 100MPa, and the maximum depth 1000–1200 m.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 12 (1979), S. 47-60 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The Pfaffenstein Tunnel at Regensburg (West Germany) The paper describes observations and difficulties of design and construction of the Pfaffenstein Tunnel. The two tubes have a length of 843 m; the cross-section of each tube is on an average 86 m. Towards the southern end of the tunnel the cross-section enlarges to 139 m2 in the eastern and to 149 m2 in the western tube. The two tubes are crossing below the “Pfaffenstein” hill in a horizontal distance of 20 m, and are approaching each other to 0.72 m at the southern ends. A description is given how the tunnel could be built under these extremely difficult conditions, according to the New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM). The problems due to the small distance between the tubes are depicted and some break-downs are described in detail. As a very important result is considered the fact that measurements are not always able to indicate in time a danger for men and building. Break-downs of a large extent can happen without any warning by measurements. Furtheron a series of occurrences is indicated, the reasons of which will be subject of a second publication.
    Abstract: Résumé Le tunnel de Pfaffenstein à Regensbourg La construction et l'exécution du “Pfaffenstein Tunnel” a été l'objet des observations intéressantes et naturellement aussi des difficultés attendues et non attendues. Les deux tubes, chaque-une d'une longueur de 843 m, ont dans la tranche transversale 86 m2, enlargeant à 139 m2 et 149 m2 envers le bout au sud du tunnel. La distance horizontale des deux tubes normalement est 20 m. Mais vers le sud cette distance diminue graduellent jusqu'à 0,72 m. Les difficultés résultant de cettes conditions extrèmement sevères sont montrées et les manières de résoudre les problèmes étaient parfois des autres que prévues initialement. Le tunnel était construit d'après la “nouvelle méthode autrichienne”. Deux croulements pendant les traveaux d'excavation sont indiques en détail. L'auteur regarde le résultat le plus important de ces expériences que des croulements sans avertissements sont possibles. Mesurages ne donnent pas toujours une indication d'un danger menaçant, au contraire, parfois il faut se méfier des mesurages. Dans la suite des observations intéressantes sont prescrites. Des raisons concernant quelques phénomènes sont expliqués dans un autre article qui va apparaître encore.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Pfaffensteiner Tunnel in Regensburg Beobachtungen und Schwierigkeiten bei der Planung und Ausführung des Pfaffensteiner Tunnels werden beschrieben. Die beiden Tunnelröhren haben eine Länge von 843 m, ihr Normalquerschnitt beträgt 86 m2. Dieser vergrößert sich im Bereich der Aufweitungsstrecken des Südportals auf 139 m2 bis 149 m2. Unter dem „Pfaffenstein“ beträgt der Horizontalabstand der beiden Tunnelröhren 20 m. Er verringert sich bei Annäherung an das Südportal bis auf 0,72 m. Es wird geschildert, wie unter diesen extrem schwierigen Bedingungen — eine Besonderheit bildet auch die unregelmäßig verlaufende Schichtfolge von Gesteinen sehr unterschiedlicher Festigkeit — das Tunnelbauwerk nach der Methode der „Neuen Österreichischen Tunnelbauweise“ ausgeführt werden konnte. Auf die Probleme, welche sich aus der starken Annäherung der beiden Tunnelröhren ergaben, wird ausführlich eingegangen. Zwei große Nachbrüche werden beschrieben und ihre Ursachen erläutert. Ein wichtiges Ergebnis sieht der Verfasser in der Feststellung, daß Messungen nicht immer eine rechtzeitige Anzeige für bevorstehende Gefahren geben müssen. Es ist durchaus möglich, daß große Nachbrüche, die zur Zerstörung von bereits ausgeführten Bauwerksteilen führen, ohne jede Vorwarnung durch die Messungen stattfinden. Außerdem wird auf eine Reihe von Erscheinungen hingewiesen, deren Ursachen in einer weiteren Veröffentlichung erläutert werden.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 12 (1979), S. 77-78 
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 12 (1979), S. 61-76 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A Contribution to the Mechanics of Rock Surrounding a Deep-Seated Excavation in the Post-Failure State Based on fracture phenomena observed during the advance of various Austrian tunnels a new conception of the fracture mechanism of the regions surrounding deep-seated cavities is presented for discussion. Experiments carried out on eccentrically loaded prisms, the stress of which is similar to the one resulting from excavating have shown that a further investigation of this problem on the principles of fracture mechanics will be necessary.
    Abstract: Résumé Un article traitant la mécanique des roches enceindrant une excavation profonde dans la phase Post-Failure Partant des phénomènes de cassures lors des travaux d'avancement de divers tunnels autrichiens, nous mettons en question une conception divergente des idées jusqu'alors usuelles du mécanisme des cassures, concernant les excavations des massifs rocheux situées en grande profondeur. Une charge excentrique comparable à la sollicitation des roches autour d'une cavité artificielle fut appliquée à des échantillons prismatiques. Ces expériences nous ammènent par conséquent à traiter ce problème (ci présent) d'après les règles de la mécanique des cassures.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein Beitrag zur Mechanik des Gebirges um einen tiefliegenden Hohlraum im Post-Failure-Bereich Ausgehend von Brucherscheinungen beim Vortrieb verschiedener österreichischer Tunnel wird eine von bisherigen Auffassungen abweichende Vorstellung über den Bruchmechanismus ausbruchnaher Bereiche tiefliegender Gebirgshohlraumbauten zur Diskussion gestellt. Versuche an exzentrisch gedrückten Prismen, deren Beanspruchung jener des Gebirges um einen Hohlraum ähnlich ist, führen in weiterer Folge zur Behandlung des vorliegenden Problems nach den Regeln der Bruchmechanik.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 12 (1979), S. 79-97 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein Niederfrequenz-Schallverfahren zur Vorausbestimmung des progressiven Gesteinbruches Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt in großen Zügen die verschiedenen Verfahren an, die zur Vorhersage des Versagens von Fels bei Obertage- und Untertagearbeiten Verwendung finden können. Die sich bei Spannungserhöhung sowie beim Zusammenbruch ergebenden Veränderungen der Gesteinsparameter werden im allgemeinen dargestellt. Ein neues, auf dem Nachweis der Veränderungen des Ansprechens von Fels auf induzierte Schwingungen sehr kleiner Frequenz und kleiner Amplitude beruhendes Prüfverfahren wird beschrieben. Die Grenzen der zur Zeit für diesen Zweck verfügbaren Apparatur werden angegeben, und die sich aus dem neuen Verfahren ergebenden Probleme werden besprochen. Die Voraussetzungen des Systems sowie der Analysenmethoden werden erörtert. Die an einem Gelatinemodell unter Laborbedingungen gewonnenen Ergebnisse werden beschrieben. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen deutlich, daß die bei der Bruchentwicklung vorkommenden Veränderungen des Frequenz- und Amplitudenansprechens des Modells einen vorläufigen Hinweis auf einen drohenden Gesteinszusammenbruch liefern können.
    Abstract: Résumé Technique sonique à basse fréquence pour la prédiction de la fracture progressive de la roche Cet article expose à grands traits les diverses techniques employées pour prédire des avaries de roche dans les exploitations minières à ciel ouvert ou souterraines. Les changements des paramètres de la roche pendant l'augmentation des contraintes et au moment de l'avarie sont indiqués. Une nouvelle technique expérimentale est décrite, elle est basée sur les changements de la réponse d'une masse rocheuse à la surimposition de vibrations de basse amplitude et de très basse fréquence. Les limitations de l'appareillage disponible pour ce but sont indiquées et les problèmes posés par la nouvelle technique sont discutés. Les exigences du système et la méthode d'analyse sont discutées. Des résultats obtenus au laboratoire avec un modèle en gélatine sont décrits. Ces résultats montrent clairement que les changements de la réponse à la fréquence et à l'amplitude du modèle développant des fractures peuvent donner à l'avance des indications d'une avarie imminente.
    Notes: Summary Low Frequency Sounding Technique for Predicting Progressive Failure of Rock The paper outlines the various techniques used for predicting failure of rock in open strip or underground mining operations. Changes occurring in mechanical parameters of rock on increase in stress and at failure are outlined. A new experimental technique is described, which is based upon detection of changes in the response of the rock mass to imposed very low frequency, low amplitude vibrations. The limitations of the existing equipment available for the purpose are outlined and the problems posed by the new technique discussed. The requirements of the system and the method of analysis are discussed. Results obtained on a gelatine model under laboratory conditions are described. These results clearly show that changes in the frequency and amplitude response of the model with developemnt of fractures can give advance indication of imminent failure.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 12 (1979), S. 99-113 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary On Possible Fluid Movement of Whole Clay Hills The paper is to show how a hill is deformed by its own weight. The jointed rock which it consists of is assumed to be an anisotropic fluid. Recent studies in the mechanical behaviour of jointed clay give reason to believe that this kind of rock behaves like an anisotropic fluid. A primitive model experiment shows that the hill very quickly reaches a simple form which is then kept for a long time. The development of the hill after that can be determined by mathematical approximation. The mathematical approach to anisotropy in fluids has been shown by C. Schaefer (1928). In horizontal beddings the rate of movement can be told if Torre's value of viscosity in “Hydrodynamische Theorie fester Stoffe” is employed: e. g. a hill of now 30 m height has developed its simple form during the time since the last glacial period; it is now losing height at a rate of 2 mm/a, its diameter is growing 3 cm/a. Even if the value of viscosity is not known yet, the shear stress in the slope can be calculated (see note 2). The special solution of the equation of motion of an anisotropic fluid also helps to understand a problem concerning the “Talzuschub”.
    Abstract: Résumé Théorie sur l'affaissement de collines entières On démontre comment une colline s'effondre sous son propre poids. On suppose que la pierre fracturée dont elle est composée se comporte comme un liquide hétérotrope. D'après des découvertes récentes sur le comportement mécanique de l'argile fracturée on suppose que cette pierre présente les mêmes caractéristiques. Une expérience faite sur un modèle montre que la colline prend très vite une forme simple qu'elle garde pendant longtemps. L'évolution que la colline connaît après avoir pris la forme simple peut être determinée d'une manière approximative d'apres une formule mathématique. C. Schaefer (1928) a déjà indiqué comment on pourrait traiter mathématiquement les liquides hétérotropes. Si on prend la valeur de la viscosité de la “Théorie hydrodynamique des corps solides” de Torre, on peut indiquer en chiffres exacts le mouvement valable pour la stratification horizontale. Une colline qui aujourd'hui mesure 30 m de haut a depuis l'époque glaciaire pris la forme simple. Maintenant elle perd 2 mm par an, son diamètre augmente de 3 cm. Même si on ne connaît pas encore la viscosité, on peut mesurer sur le versant la contrainte cis 2.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Über die mögliche Fließbewegung ganzer Tonberge Es wird gezeigt, wie ein Berg unter seinem eigenen Gewicht zusammensinkt. Das geklüftete Gestein, aus dem er aufgebaut ist, soll sich dabei wie eine anisotrope Flüssigkeit verhalten. Neuere Erkenntnisse über das mechanische Verhalten von geklüftetem Ton lassen vermuten, daß dieses Gestein der Voraussetzung entspricht. Ein primitiver Modellversuch zeigt, daß der Berg sehr rasch eine einfache Gestalt annimmt, die er dann lange beibehält. Die Entwicklung, die der Berg nach Erreichen der einfachen Gestalt erfährt, läßt sich näherungsweise mathematisch bestimmen. Den Weg zur mathematischen Behandlung anisotroper Flüssigkeiten hat bereits C. Schaefer (1928) gewiesen. Übernimmt man den Zahlenwert für die Viskosität der „Hydrodynamischen Theorie fester Stoffe“ von Torre, dann kann die Bewegung bei waagrechter Schichtlagerung zahlenmäßig angegeben werden: ein heute 30 m hoher Berg hat in der Zeit seit der letzten Eiszeit die einfache Gestalt angenommen, er verliert jetzt jährlich 2 mm an Höhe, sein Durchmesser nimmt um 3 cm zu. Auch wenn man die Viskosität noch nicht kennt, läßt sich die Schubspannung am Hang berechnen (vgl. Fußnote 2).
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 12 (1979), S. 163-165 
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 12 (1979), S. 166-166 
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 12 (1979), S. 115-135 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zugspannungsprobleme in Felshalbräumen mit Klüften, die sich elastisch verhalten Eine Felsmasse mit einer größeren Anzahl von parallelen, ebenen Klüften wird unter der Annahme untersucht, daß die Kluftweite gegenüber den betrachteten Längenabmessungen klein ist und gegenüber den relativen Bewegungen quer zu den Klüften groß ist. Mit Hilfe einer Kontinuumstheorie kann unter der Annahme, daß die Klüfte, bevor sie gleiten, eine endliche elastische Steifheit in Kluftrichtung und normal dazu besitzen, gezeigt werden, daß der Fels transversal-isotrop bezüglich der Kluftnormalen ist. Die Klasse der Probleme, für die analytische Lösungen für ein transversal-isotropes Medium existieren, ist sehr begrenzt. Jedoch für den Fall geringer Bindungssteifigkeit gibt es eine Näherungspotentialtheroie, ähnlich jener für undehnbare, glasfaserverstärkte elastische Materialien, die viel allgemeiner angewendet werden kann. Sowohl die Näherungstheorie als auch die exakte transversal-isotrope Theorie für kleine Fugensteifheit wird auf ebene Zugspannungsprobleme in einem Halbraum angewandt, in welchem die Klüfte in verschiedenen Winkeln zur Grenzebene geneigt sind. Für verschiedene Werte der Felsparameter und der Winkel der Klüfte werden Vergleiche angestellt.
    Abstract: Résumé Les problèmes de traction sur un roc demi-espace joint élastiquement Une masse de roc avec un ensemble majeur de parallèle, les joints planar, est considérée dans le cas où l'espace de joint est petit en comparaison avec la longueur des échelles considérées, et large en comparaison avec le décalage relatif à travers les joints. Une théorie continue est adoptée et sous la supposition additionnelle qui stipule que les joints ont des raideurs élastiques finies, associés avec leurs tangentielle et normale reponse antérieur à glisser. Il pourrait être démontré que le rock peut-être transversalement isotropique en ce qui concerne la direction des joints normaux. La classe des problèmes pour lesquels des solutions analytiques sont valables pour un milieu transversalement isotropique est très limitée. Cependant, pour le cas des petites raideurs de joint, une théorie de potentiel approximative analogue aux matériaux élastiques renforcées d'une fibre inextensible est disponible, et peut-être appliquée pour un ensemble de domaines plus généralisés. La théorie approximative et la théorie de l'isotropie transversale pour les petites raideurs de joint, sont à la fois appliqués aux problèmes d'effort de traction plane dans un demi-espace dans lequelle les joints sont inclinés à des angles variés par rapport à la limite. La comparaison des deux théories est réalisée pour diverses valeurs des paramètres du roc et de l'angle de joint.
    Notes: Summary Traction Problems on an Elastic Jointed Rock Half-Space A rock mass with a major set of parallel, planar joints is considered for the case when the joint spacing is small compared with the length scales of interest, and large compared with the relative displacements across the joints. A continuum theory is adopted and under the additional assumption that the joints have finite elastic stiffnesses associated with their tangential and normal response prior to slip, the rock may be shown to be transversely isotropic about the direction of the joint normal. The class of problems for which analytic solutions are available for a transversely isotropic medium is very limited. However, for the case of low joint stiffnesses an approximate potential theory, analogous to that of inextensible fibre reinforced elastic materials, is available and may be applied to a much more general set of domains. Both the approximate theory and the exact transversely isotropic theory for low joint stiffnesses are applied to plane strain traction problems on a half-space in which the joints are inclined at varying angles to the boundary. Comparisons of the two theories are made for various values of the rock parameters and the joint angle.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 12 (1979), S. 137-162 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Static Calculation of the Safety Coefficient of Tunnels The relyability of the calculated safety coefficient of tunnels depends on the proveness of the assumptions in the mechanical properties of the rock samples and the rock massive, on the assumed load and the algorithmus which connects their functional interdependence. The mechanical properties of the rock samples depend on the mode of their testing within the laboratory and in situ, especially on the rate of loading. By theoretically proven reasons it is practically impossible to gauge the primary state of the threedimensional strain-stress distribution which prevails within the virgin rock. In consequence of the excavation proceedings there arise infinite values of threedimensional states of stresses and strains that are not occasioned by superimposed loads but depend essentially on the virgin stress/strain state and also on the mode of excavating and on the mould of the cavern. A critical review on the usual modes of safety calculations is given as: hypothesis of a broken rock perimeter; hypothesis of a perforated sheave; hypothesis of a thick walled hollow cylinder. It is shown that the unique theoretically well proven method of a relyable computation of the safety coefficient of tunnels is based upon an analogical evaluation of the measurements that are gauged in situ in the excavated tunnels. The effect of the support means and the optimal moment of their installation is shown in utilizing the analogous model of a thickwalled hollow cylinder being a representative of the supporting perimeter. The safety of an underground excavation may not be defined by a unique coefficient. It is composed from partial safeties, some ones of them may be calculated, some ones have to be warranted by the expert proceedings of the excavating and supporting works. The numerical dimension of the coefficient of partial safeties is suggested.
    Abstract: Résumé Le preuve de la stabilité des cavités Le calcul de la stabilité des cavités rocheuses réussit avec la même sûreté qui existe pour les paramètres de la résistance des roches et du rocher, dans la valeur des charges et dans le modèle de leur coopération fonctionnelle. La résistance des roches et du rocher dépend du procédé de leur épreuve en laboratoire ou en situ mais surtout du temps. Par principe l'état des contraintes initiales du rocher vierge est pratiquement inscrutable. En conséquence de l'excavation naissent des états de contraintes secondaires et dynamiques qui ne datent pas des charges extérieures mais résultent de leur état initial et dépendent en partie du procédé de l'avancement, en partie des dimensions de la cavité. Les trois hypothèses actuelles utilisées en pratique pour le calcul de la stabilité d'une cavité rocheuse sont discutées: Hypothèse des zones de rupture. Hypothèse de la tranche trouée. Hypothèse du cylindre creux. La mise en valeur des résultats d'arpentage des essais in situ transformées selon les règles de l'analogie s'avère être la seule méthode valide théoriquement pour chercher le grade de stabilité des cavités rocheuses. L'efficacité des moyens d'appui et le moment optimal de leur mise en place est démontré par des réflexions basées sur la théorie de déformations élastiques et plastiques appliquées au cylindre creux. La stabilité des cavités ne peut pas être décrit par un coefficient unique; elle est composée de plusieurs stabilités partielles dont quelques unes sont à calculer et quelques unes à garantir par un mode expert de l'abbattage et de soutien. Das valeurs numériques pour les coefficients partiaux de stabilités sont proposés.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Nachweis der Standsicherheit von Hohlraumbauten Die Ermittlung der Standsicherheit von Felshohlraumbauten gelingt so zuverläßlich wie die Annahmen der Festigkeitsparameter der Gesteine und des Gebirges, der Belastungsgrößen und deren funktioneller Zusammenhang als Berechnungsmodell. Die Festigkeitseigenschaften der Gebirge und des Gebirges hängen vom Prüvorgang und von der Zeit ab. Der primäre Spannungszustand des unverritzten Gebirges ist aus prinzipiellen Gründen praktisch nicht meßbar. Nach dem Aufbruch des Hohlraumes treten zeitabhängige sekundäre räumliche Spannungszustände auf, welche nicht auf eine äußere Belastung ‚sondern auf den Primärspannungszustand zurückgehen und vom Ausbruchvorgang sowie von der Form des Hohlraumes wesentlich abhängen. Die drei gängigen Modellvorstellungen zur Berechnung der Standsicherheit werden kritisch gewertet, nämlich die Bruchkörperhypothese, Modellvorstellung der gelochten Scheibe, Modellvorstellung des dickwandigen Hohlzylinders. Die modellmaßstabgetreue Auswertung der Meßdaten von Versuchen in situ stellt sich als die einzige, theoretisch stichhaltige Methode zur verläßlichen Ermittlung der Standsicherheit von Felshohlraumbauten heraus. Über die Wirkungsweise und den optimalen Zeitpunkt zur Anbringung der Stützmittel geben elastizitäts- und plastizitätstheoretische Überlegungen am dickwandigen Hohlzylinder Aufschluß, der als Analogiemodell zum Hohlraumtragmantel benutzt wird. Die Standsicherheit von Hohlraumbauten läßt sich nicht durch einen einzigen Sicherheitskoeffizienten kennzeichnen. Sie besteht aus Teilsicherheiten, deren einige berechenbar und andere durch die Ausführung zu gewährleisten sind. Über die numerische Größe der Koeffizienten der Teilsicherheiten werden Vorschläge gemacht
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Engineering, Geological and Mineralogical Problems With the Construction of Several Tunnels in the Course of the Tauern Highway (Salzburg, Austria). From 1974 to 1976 the Tauern Highway was further extended near Werfen in the federal state of Salzburg (Austria). Therefore a total tunnel length (twin tube tunnels) of 3460 meters was performed in the section from km 34,2 to 42,3. The three twin tube tunnels have been cut mainly through Lower and Middle Triassic members of the Northern Limestone Alps. Thus, the Brentenberg tunnel, 600 meters (eastern tube) and 540 meters (western tube) respectively, is situated in the so called Ramsau dolomite. The Zetzenberg tunnel, 503 m (eastern tube) and 500 m (western tube) respectively long, penetrates Gutenstein limestone and dolomite, whereas the main part of the longest tunnel, the Helbersberg tunnel, 750 m and 740 m respectively, traverses Werfen beds except its northernmost ninety meters in Gutenstein limestones and limey shales. Furthermore, tunneling through sixty meters of loose rock debris in the northern part of Brentenberg caused a lot of trouble. The holing of non-cohesive rock debris by means of the „New Austrian Tunneling Method“ will be dealt with in detail as well as the supporting works for the surface entrances. Excavation site for Brentenberg tunnel portals was supported by a retaining wall of bored piles sunk at 30 to 90 centimeters centre. The bored piles were stabilized by means of anchors of up to 38 meters length. Tunneling through the section of loose rock debris was performed with the aid of injections of cement and bentonite grout at the crown and the side walls. By that means, the over-all property of the initially freely running loose debris could be improved up to rock quality class IV (classification according to Pacher and Rabcewicz). In the Helbersberg tunnel at least, as prognosticated by preliminary geological studies, two sections of gypsiferous rock, about 150 and 200 m respectively long, were encountered. Before taking precautionary measures, rock samples were collected at intervalls of several meters and investigated mainly by X-ray diffractometer therefore. The results showed, that gypsification of most of anhydrite has taken place in the rocks of Helbersberg already. Due to that fact, “Thiodur” — a sulphate-proof special cement — was used to construct the external supporting elements. Then, the supporting elements of the reinforced inner ring were performed in concrete quality B 400. Moreover, the inner ring had to be isolated completely by means of soft PVC-framework. Owing to a smoothly running teamwork of civil engineers and geologists optimal solution could be achieved for every problem on site.
    Abstract: Résumé Problèmes techniques, géologiques et minéralogiques résultant de la construction de l'autoroute du Tauern dans la région de Werfen (Salzbourg, Autriche). Dans la section 6 „Werfen” de l'autoroute du Tauern, au sud de Salzbourg, on a construit pendant les années 1974–1976, entre les kms 34,2 et 42,3, des tunnels à deux tubes dont la longueur s'élève à 3460 mètres en total. Ce sont, énumérés selon la direction nord-sud: le tunnel „Brentenberg”, le tunnel “Zetzenberg” et le tunnel “Helbersberg”. Les travaux ont été effectués selon la “Nouvelle Méthode Autrichienne de Construction de Tunnels”, en grande partie par attaque “conventionnelle” à l'explosif, partiellement à l'aide de fraiseuse. Après le percement d'une section à éboulis instable d'une longueur de 60 mètres, on a traversé dans le tunnel Brentenberg de la dolomie Ramsau. Le tunnel Zetzenberg est situé dans des strates stables de calcaire et de dolomie du niveau de Gutenstein. Dans le tunnel Helbersberg, il a fallu percer d'abord, sur une distance de 80 mètres, du calcaire de Gutenstein et des dolomies, ensuite du quartzite gypseux ou schisteux et du grès des couches de Werfen. Le travail présenté décrit les consolidations de la fouille pour l'excavation à ciel ouvert débouché nord du tunnel Brentenberg et des détails concernant le percement minier de l'éboulis après installation, en tant que dispositif de sécurité, d'un écran d'injection. Il y est question aussi de mesures additionnelles prises le long des sections gypsifères du tunnel Helbersberg ainsi que d'observations particulières concernant l'écroulement dans ce passage difficile.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ingenieurtechnische, geologische und mineralogische Probleme beim Bau einiger Tunnel der Tauernautobahn im Bereich von Werfen (Salzburg, Österreich). In den Jahren 1974 bis 1976 wurden im Baulos 6 „Werfen“ der Tauernautobahn (südlich von Salzburg) zwischen den Bau-Kilometern 34,2 und 42,3 insgesamt 3460 lfm Tunnel (Doppelröhren) ausgebrochen. Es sind dies, von N nach S gezählt, der Brentenbergtunnel, der Zetzenbergtunnel und der Helbersbergtunnel. Die Tunnelarbeiten wurden nach der „Neuen Österreichischen Tunnelbauweise“, überwiegend in konventionellem Sprengbetrieb (streckenweise auch mit Teilschnittfräse) durchgeführt. Im Brentenbergtunnel wurde nach Durchörterung einer im Norden vorgelagerten 60 m langen Hangschuttstrecke Ramsaudolomit durchfahren. Der Zetzenbergtunnel liegt in gut geschichteten Kalken und Dolomiten des Gutensteiner Niveaus. Im Helbersbergtunnel schließlich wurden beim Vortrieb von N nach den ersten 80 m, in denen noch Gutensteiner Kalke und Dolomite anstanden, Gips führende Quarzite, Quarzitschiefer und Sandsteine der Werfener Schichten durchörtert. Die Baugrubensicherung des Voreinschnittes am Nordportal des Brentenbergtunnels sowie Details zur bergmännischen Durchörterung der Hangschuttstrecke im Schutze eines Injektionsschirmes werden ausführlich beschrieben und weiters Sondermaßnahmen in den Gips führenden Strecken des Helbersbergtunnels sowie einige spezielle Beobachtungen zur Nachbrüchigkeit in diesem schwierigen Tunnelabschnitt behandelt.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 11 (1979), S. 253-254 
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 11 (1979), S. 191-216 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ermittlung und Interpretation gebirgsmechanischer Kennwerte aus einem Radialpreβversuch Im Zuge der Projektierung der Trinkwasser-Talsperre Frauenau im Bayerischen Wald wurden zwei Radialpreßversuche durchgeführt, der eine im natürlichen und der andere im verpreßten (mit Mörtel injizierten) Gebirge. Es werden die Unterschiede im mechanischen Verhalten des Gebirges kurz dargestellt. — Ausgehend vom Radialpreßversuch im natürlich belassenen Gebirge wird versucht, das Verhalten des Gebirges aufgrund der gewonnenen Meßdaten rechnerisch zu erfassen. Zu diesem Zweck wird ein rheologisches Modell des Gebirgsverhaltens aufgestellt, denn es zeigt sich, daß das Gebirge nicht ausschließlich elastisch reagiert. Zur geotechnischen Interpretation der ermittelten Verformungen wurden die Strukturelemente des Gebirges in der Umgebung der Teststrecke aufgenommen, speziell die Kluftgeometrie. Diese scheint jedoch keinen Einfluß auf die beobachteten Verformungen auszuüben, jedoch ist ein Zusammenhang zwischen der topographischen Lage des Versuchsstollens und den Deformationen erkennbar. Den in dieser Arbeit entwickelten Betrachtungen liegt in groben Zügen das auf S. 193 folgende Schema zugrunde.
    Abstract: Résumé Détermination et interprétation des caractéristiques des roches d'un essai de compression radiale (vérin cylindrique) Dans le cadre du projet de la digue de Frauenau dans la Forêt Bavaroise deux essais de compression radiale ont été exécutés, l'un dans le rocher naturel et l'autre dans le rocher injecté. Les différences de comportement mécanique entre le rocher traité et non-traité sont décrites. — Sur la base des résultats de l'essai de compression radiale dans le rocher naturel on cherche à formuler le comportement de celui-ci à l'aide d'un modèle numérique. Pour rendre compte de la réaction inélastique du matériau rocheux, un modèle rhéologique est établi. Dans le but de servir à l'interprétation géotechnique des déformations, les éléments structuraux du rocher ont été relevés dans la galerie d'essai. On constate une correspondance entre l'anisotropie et la position topographique du lieu d'essai, mais aucune influence des caractéristiques structurales. La présentation de cet article suit approximativement le schéma (voir p. 193).
    Notes: Summary Analysis and Interpretation of Rock Parameters From a Radial Jack Test For Frauenau dam project (Bavarian Forest) two radial jack tests in the future power tunnel were accomplished, one in the natural and the other one in the injected rock. The differences in mechanical behaviour of the treated and the non-treated rock are presented. — Based on the radial test in the not injected rock mass it is tried to define the behaviour of the rock according to field data. For this purpose a rheological model of rock behaviour is defined, because the test shows clearly that the loaded rock mass does not react like an infinite elastic body. The observed radial displacements of the rock were geotechnically analysed. For this purpose tectonic features, especially the joint pattern in the immediate area of the test site have been recorded on map. The joint pattern does not appear to have influenced the recorded radial deformations during the test but a connection between the topographical position of the power tunnel and the recorded deformations seems to exist. The diagram shown on p. 193 summarizes in short the subsequent technical statements.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 11 (1979), S. 243-251 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Elastoplastische Analyse des Spannungs-Verformungs-Zustandes von Kohlepfeilern mit Hilfe der Finite-Element-Methode Es wird eine Methode zur Bestimmung des Verlaufes der Spannungen und Verformungen in der Umgebung von Grubenbauen beschrieben. Der Gebirgskörper wird als elastoplastisches Medium betrachtet, in dem Dilatation und Entfestigung erfolgen. Es wird die graphische und mathematische Darstellung des Zustandsgesetzes des Mediums gegeben. Dabei wird die numerische Methode der „primären Spannungen“ als ein Bestandteil der Finite-Element-Methode angewendet. Es werden einige Lösungen für streifenartige Kohlepfeiler angeführt. Unter Belastung entstehen an den Rändern der Kohlepfeiler plastische Zonen und Zonen zerrissener Elemente in den Firsten der benachbarten Kammern.
    Abstract: Résumé Analyse élasto-plastique de l'état de tension dans les piliers de charbon par la méthode d'éléments finis L'article présente une méthode pour déterminer la distribution des tensions et des déformations autour des excavations souterraines. La masse rocheuse est considérée comme un milieu elastoplastique, dilatable et adoucissable. On décrit graphiquement et mathématiquement la loi de l'état du milieu. On utilise la méthode numérique “des tensions initiales” faisant partie de la méthode d'éléments finis et on propose une série de solutions pour des piliers de charbon rubanés. Dans les flancs des piliers apparaissent des zones plastiques, et dans le toit des chambres surgissent des zones d'éléments de rupture.
    Notes: Summary Elastoplastic Analysis of Stressses in Coal Pillars by Finite Element Method A method for determining the distribution of stresses and strains in rocks around underground openings is described. The rock mass is considered as an elastoplastic dilating and work-softening medium. The graphical and mathematical description of constitutional law of medium is given. The digital procedure of “initial stresses” as a part of general FEM process is used. Few solutions for strip-like coal pillars are demonstrated. In lateral parts of pillars under load some plastic zones and zones of torn elements in roof of adjacent chambers appear.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 12 (1979), S. 1-14 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Geomechanisches Modell eines alpinen Tales In-situ-Spannungsmessungen an einer oberflächennahen Stelle am Fuße eines Gebirgszuges im Felbertal (Österreich) zeigten unerwartet hohe Spannungen, welche zudem nicht in das überregionale tektonische Spannungsschema passen. Die abnormale Orientierung der Hauptspannungsrichtungen wird durch Kluftmessungen bestätigt. Spannungsberechnungen nach einem Finiten-Elemente-Modell zeigen, daß die experimentell gefundenen Werte allein durch das Gewicht des Gebirges als Folge der topographischen Verhältnisse erklärt werden können. Wesentliche Voraussetzung für eine übereinstimmende Rechnung ist, daß das Gebirge auf einem plastischen Material aufruht, also an einer horizontalen Basis überall annähernd der gleiche Druck herrscht. Ruht der Gebirgskörper auf einer in Vertikalrichtung starren Basis, ergibt sich keine Übereinstimmung mit den experimentell gefundenen Werten. Somit ergibt sich ein Hinweis dafür, daß der rheologische Zustand der Materie in der Erdkruste schon in geringen Tiefen langzeitlich plastisch und nicht elastisch-fest ist.
    Abstract: Résumé Modèle géomécanique d'une vallée alpine Des mesures des contraintesin situ au pied d'une montagne dans le Felbertal (Autriche) ont donné des valeurs qui étaient inexpectablement hausses et qui ne se conformaient pas au caractère régional de la tectonique. L'orientation abnormale des contraintes principales est confirmée par les mesures de l'orientation des diaclases. En utilisant un modèle aux elements finis, il est possible d'expliquer les valeurs expérimentales trouvées par le poids de la masse rocheuse comme conséquence de la topographie locale. Il est nécessaire, pourtant, que la montagne reste sur une base qui est en un état plastique ainsi que la même pression agisse le long de l'horizontale. Si la masse rocheuse reste sur une base rigide, on ne peut pas reproduire théoretiquement les valeurs expérimentales. Ainsi, on a une indication que le materiau dans la croûte terrestre doit être en un état plastique au profondeurs comparativement petites.
    Notes: Summary Geomechanical Model of an Alpine Valley In-situ stress measurements in a near-surface tunnel at the foot of a mountain range in the Felber Valley (Austria) yielded unexpectedly high stress values which do not fit into the regional tectonic stress pattern. The anomalous orientation of principal stress the axes is confirmed by a statistical evaluation of joint-orientation measurements. Theoretical calculations of the stresses by means of a finite-element model show that the experimentally found values can be explained by the weight of the material alone as a consequence of the local topographic conditions. An essential assumption herein is that the mountain range rests on a plastic substratum so that approximately the same pressure is acting everywhere along the horizontal basis. If the mountain mass rests on a (vertically) rigid material, then the experimental stress values cannot be reproduced by the calculations. Thus, one has an indication that the rheological state of the material in the earth's crust is plastic (over geological time ranges) already at comparatively shallow depths.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 11 (1979), S. 217-242 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Description of Joint Systems Taken From Drill Cores The description of drill cores for the early availability of information on the joint systems is of great help for decisions on further exploration and planning. The goals and problems of judgement must be settled by a compromise because manifold statements cannot be deducted from formulations which are simple, quick and early available. The available alternative of description are the parameters of piece count, core recovery, RQD-number, and joint index according to Hansagi. The possibility of presenting these parameters in a number sequence is also being considered. Comparisons are being made between these alternatives. The joint index is being analysed with respect to its structure. This joint index appears as most informative from all modes of description which use single numbers, but a certain requirement for additional supplementary information is being stated. For the technical utility the possibility of a statement of basic features which are indifferent with respect to application is being considered as opposed to the statement of application — oriented detail properties. For the first mentioned type a short form in the mode of a single index number is mostly sufficient, but for the second type of statement a multitude of information is necessary. Conclusions for the mode of description are being drawn. In these it is found that the joint index is useful in practice because the structure of its composition and the corresponding magnitudes of the index can be memorized. More frequent utilization of such methods is recommended. It would not only serve the deepening of scientific insight but also the fast collection of experience with such methods.
    Abstract: Résumé La description de l'ensemble des systèmes de diaclases et des fissures observées au carottes La description des carottes de sondage est de grande aide pour une première information sur les systèmes des joints, d'une part pour la mise en main de recherches suivantes et d'autre pour effectuer la planification. Les buts et les problèmes du jugement sont à resoudre en compromis, parce qu'il n'est pas possible de faire de rapports étendus par expressions simples et qui soîent en même temps rapide et facile à établir. Les alternatives d'une description sont les paramètres du nombre des pièces de la carotte, de la guérison de carotte de sondage, du nombre de RQD et du coefficient de jointure. L'expression en forme d'un group de nombres est également considérée comme possibilité. Ces alternatives sont mises en comparison. Le coefficient de jointure est analysé. Parmis les nombres d'index comme nombres singulaires, le coefficient de jointure d'après Hansagi apparaît être le plus instructif, mais on y constate également la nécessité de details supplémentaires. Quant à l'utilisation technique, la possibilité d'une présentation des caractères de base, détachée d'un but particulier, est opposée à une description orientée plus vers le problème. Tandis que l'expression simple en forme d'un index singulier est suffisante dans le premier cas, le deuxième a besoin d'une multitude d'informations. Des conclusions sur la forme de description sont présentées. Le coefficient de jointure est convenable à cette dernière, parce que la structure de sa composition ainsi que sa quantité numérique correspondante peut être retenue dans la mémoire. Donc l'utilisation plus fréquente est recommandée, parce qu'elle ne sert pas seulement à se mettre au courant mais aussi à gagner des expériences plus rapidement.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Beschreibung des Trennflächengefüges aus Bohrkernen Die Beschreibung der Bohrkerne für die frühzeitige Bereitstellung von Information über das Trennflächengefüge ist sowohl für die Disposition der weiteren Erkundungsmaßnahmen in einem Projekt als auch für die Maßnahmen der Planung von großer Hilfe. Die Ziele und Probleme der Beurteilung müssen in einem Kompromiß bewältigt werden, weil vielartige Aussagen durch einfache, schnelle und leicht erstellbare Formulierungen nicht möglich sind. Als Alternativen der Beschreibung dienen die Kenngrößen der Kernstückzahl, des Kernausbringens, der RQD-Zahl und des Gefügefaktors. Auch die Möglichkeit der Darstellung als Zahlengruppe wird in Erwägung gezogen. Vergleichende Betrachtungen zwischen diesen Alternativen werden angestellt. Der Gefügefaktor wird in seiner Struktur analysiert. Unter den Index-Zahlen als Einzelzahlen erscheint der Gefügefaktor nach Hansagi am aufschlußreichsten, doch wird auch hierzu ein gewisser Bedarf an zusätzlichen Angaben festgestellt. Für die technische Nutzbarkeit wird die Möglichkeit der anwendungsneutralen Angabe von Grundeigenschaften jener der zielgerichteten Angabe von problemorientierten Detaileigenschaften gegenübergestellt. Während für die erstgenannte die Kurzform einer einzelnen Indexzahl noch weitgehend ausreicht, bedarf die zweitgenannte einer Mehrheit von Angaben. Folgerungen für die Form der Beschreibung werden angeschlossen, für welche sich der Gefügefaktor auch dann eignet, wenn man die Struktur seiner Zusammensetzung und die möglichen Zahlengrößen ins Gedächtnis aufnimmt. Die häufigere Nutzung solcher Methoden wird empfohlen, weil sie nicht nur dem sachlichen Einblick dient, sondern auch die schnelle Sammlung von Erfahrung mit derartigen Methoden fördert.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 12 (1979), S. 15-46 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mechanismen groβer Bergstürze Die Trümmerströme vieler großer Bergstürze zeigen eine bemerkenswerte Tendenz zum Verbleiben in mehr oder weniger undurchmischtem Verband. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird dieses Fehlen laminarer oder turbulenter Strömung auf Grund einer mathematischen Untersuchung erklärt. Die dabei resultierende hohe Energiedichte in der Nähe der Gleitflächen deutet auf Selbstschmierung durch transformiertes (geschmolzenes oder dissoziiertes) Gestein als entscheidenden tribologischen Mechanismus. Zwei wesentliche Tatsachen sprechen für diese Idee: das Versagen aller bisher vorgeschlagenen Mechanismen bei der Erklärung der beobachteten Bewegungsökonomie, speziell im Hinblick auf deren Steigerung in Funktion der Größe; und der rechnerisch ermittelte überraschend niedrige Energieanteil, der in größerer Entfernung von den Gleitflächen umgesetzt werden kann. Eine weitere Rechnung demonstriert zahlenmäßig die Plausibilität der Selbstschmierung sowohl für Urgesteine wie für Kalke. Die Entwicklung brauchbarer Vorhersage-Algorithmen rückt damit in den Bereich des Möglichen.
    Abstract: Résumé Les mécanismes de gros éboulements Les composantes de gros éboulements montrent une tendance remarquable à se déplacer dans un ordre plus ou moins invariable. L'étude explique mathématiquement cette absence d'écoulements laminaire ou turbulant. La haute concentration d'énergie aux environs immédiats des surfaces de glissement implique la possibilité d'une auto-lubrification par le rocher métamorphosé (soit fondu, soit dissocié) en tant que mécanisme tribologique fondamental. Deux faits importants appuient cette hypothèse: d'une part l'impossibilité jusqu'à maintenant d'expliquer l'économie d'énergie observée (et spécialement en corrélation avec la grandeur de l'évènement) par un mécanisme quelconque; d'autre part la fraction d'énergie déterminée par calcul, étonnament basse, susceptible d'être métamorphosée à grande distance des surfaces de glissement. En outre le calcul démontre la possibilité du mécanisme d'auto-lubrification pour les plus importants types de rochers (primitifs et sédimentaires). Le développement futur d'algorithmes de prédiction utilisables entre de ce fait dans le domaine du possible.
    Notes: Summary Mechanisms of Large Landslides The moving components of many large landslides show a remarkable tendency to remain in more or less undisturbed sequential order. In the present study this lack of laminar or turbulent flow is mathematically analyzed and explained. The high energy concentration thus resulting for the zone near the gliding surfaces points to self-lubrication by transformed (fused or dissociated) rock as a fundamental tribological mechanism. The idea is backed by two important facts: the impossibility to explain the observed economy of locomotion (and especially its increase with size) by any of the mechanisms considered hitherto; and a calculation yielding an unexpectedly low amount of energy susceptible to be dissipated far away from the gliding surfaces. Further analysis demonstrates numerically the plausibility of the self-lubrication concept both for primitive and carbonate rock. The development of useful prediction algorithms is not impossible in the future.
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    Materials and structures 12 (1979), S. 75-127 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Materials and structures 12 (1979), S. 307-319 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
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    Materials and structures 12 (1979), S. 143-149 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Résumé Le but premier de la recommandation est de réduire aussi efficacement que possible les malentendus fréquents entre les fabricants et les utilisateurs d’équipement d’essais. D’une part ces difficultés sont dues à l’absence d’un vocabulaire commun accepté et utilisé par les deux partenaires, d’autre part à une description incomplète (ou même inexistan te) de certaines caractéristiques et de leurs méthodes de contrôle. La précision requise pour la description d’un système d’essais englobe non seulement les éléments constituant le système mais aussi les conditions d’exécution des essais et certaines règles relatives à la rédaction des spécifications. Des méthodes unifiées pour la vérification des caractéristiques n’existent que pour des essais classiques (par exemple avec des corps d’épreuve bein centrés par rapport à l’axe du système). Ainsi, dans le but de compléter les normes en vigueur et de les adapter aux exigences actuelles, la recommandation décrit un nombre de techniques pour des essais non normalisés y compris l’équipement spécial indispensable à leur exécution (par exemple lors de sollicitations à corps d’épreuve excentrique par rapport à l’axe de la machine). En tenant compte des expériences mentionnées, il était logique d’élaborer la recommandation selon le schéma suivant: 1. Introduction 1.1. But 1.2. Remarques relatives aux définitions 1.3. Subdivision des systèmes d’essais 1.4. Conditions d’exécution d’essais de vérification 1.5. Règles relatives à la rédaction des spécifications Description des syst\`emes d’essais 2.1. Remarques générales 2.2. Sous-systèmes constituant tous les systèmes d’essais 2.3. Sous systèmes ne faisant partie que de certains systèmes d’essais Sp\’ecification des performances 3.1. Remarques générales 3.1. Remarques générales 3.2. Systèmes de coordonnées 3.3. et articles suivants: détails des spécifications Essais particuliers pour la v\’erification des performances 4.1. Remarques générales 4.2. Équipement 4.3. Techniques expérimentales. Depuis le début de son activité en janvier 1976, la Commission 30-TE a tenu neuf séances. Les articles 1. 1 à 3.2 sont rédigés définitivement en langue anglaise, l’article 3.3 partiellement. Le comité espère pouvoir présenter le texte complet de la recommandation avant la réunion de la Commission Permanente de Rio de Janeiro.
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    Materials and structures 12 (1979), S. 343-348 
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    Materials and structures 12 (1979), S. 351-352 
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