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  • SOLAR PHYSICS  (1,193)
  • Witterung
  • 1975-1979  (1,202)
  • 1925-1929  (27)
  • 1
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    In:  Landwirtschaftl. Jahrbuch 64:241-296
    Publication Date: 1926
    Description: Zusammenhang zwischen Niederschlag, Temperatur und Erträgen. Untersucht wurden Winterweizen, Winterroggen, Sommergerste, Sommerroggen, Kartoffeln, Futterpflanzen und Wiesen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterungsfaktoren Niederschlag und Temperatur auf die Ernteerträge KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied +, dann Erträge (Halmfrüchte und Kartoffeln) + und später -; Delta T -, dann Erträge +,
    Keywords: Deutsches Reich (östl. u. westl. Provinzen, Hannover, Sachsen, Rheinland) ; 1899-1913 ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Rangordnungsmethode ; Witterung ; Hackfrüchte
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1926
    Description: Abhängigkeit der Getreideerträge von Witterungseinflüssen mithilfe der Korrelationsmethode in 11 orographisch abgegrenzen Gebieten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Korrelation zwischen der Abweichung vom 11, bzw. 30jährigen monatlichen Mittel (April-Juli) der Niederschläge und dem Ertrag von Getreidearten (Weizen, Dinkel, Roggen, Gerste, Hafer) KATASTER-DETAIL: Nied 〉 (11, bzw. 30jährigen monatlichen Mittel von 1888-1898 und 1888-1917 im Monat Mai, je nach Region 55-158mm), dann höchste Übereinstimmung der Korrelationskoeffienten für die Ertragszunahme über alle Kulturen
    Keywords: Baden ; 1888-1898 und 1888-1917 ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Witterung
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  • 3
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    In:  Vereinigten Friedrichs-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle.
    Publication Date: 1928
    Description: Ertragsrelevante Korrelationen bei Winterweizen und -gerste mit der Temperatur, bei allen übrigen Kulturen war Niederschlag entscheidend KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Saalkreis, Kreis Bitterfeld, Kreis Delitzsch, Kreis Wittenberg, südl. Teil Kreis Köthen ; 1900-26 ; Kartoffeln ; Boden ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Hafer ; Niederschlag ; Rangordnungsmethode ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Witterung ; Hackfrüchte
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Ergebnisse (Rangordungs- und Korrelationsmethode) der Beziehung zwischen Witterung und Ertrag vieler Kulturen eingeteilt nach Monaten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Temperatur und des Niederschlags auf den Ertrag folgender Kulturpflanzen: Winterweizen, Winterroggen, Dinkel, Sommerweizen, Sommerroggen, Sommergerste, Hafer, Hopfen, Luzerne, Rotklee, Wiesen, Kartoffeln) KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Vegetationszeit) -, dann Ertrag (Winter- und Sommergetreide) +; Delta T (Winter, Juni und Juli) -, dann Ertrag (Sommergetreide) +; Delta Nied (Winter) +, dann Ertrag (Getreide) -; Delta T (September) - und Delta Nied (Vegetationszeit) +, dann Ertrag (Futterpflanzen) +; Details für einzelne Kulturpflanzen: siehe Artikel
    Keywords: Württemberg ; 1899-1913 ; Ertrag ; Hafer ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Rangordnungsmethode ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Witterung
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  • 5
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    In:  Informationen der Hauptstelle für Forstlichen Pflanzenschutz; Nr. 5
    Publication Date: 1976
    Description: Beschreibung der auf die Dürre- und Hitzeperiode folgenden Schäden durch nadel- und blattfressende Insekten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur, Niederschlag) auf die Schädlingspopulationen KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied -- und Delta T +, dann Abwehrkraft (Kiefern) - und somit Raupenmortalität -; Delta T (April/Mai) -, dann Zeitpunkt Falterflug - (später); Delta Nied - und Delta T +, dann Buchenrindensterben +;
    Keywords: DDR ; 1975-1976 ; Insekten ; Luftfeuchte ; Buche ; Fichte ; Forst ; Kiefer ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit ; Wassermangel ; Witterung ; Witterungsextreme
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  • 6
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    In:  Information der Hauptstelle für Forstlichen Pflanzenschatz; Nr. 3
    Publication Date: 1976
    Description: Informationen zum Gradationsverlauf der Forleule und ihrer Begleitarten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur, Niederschlag) auf die Schädlingspopulation KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Winter) + und Delta Nied -, dann Vermehrung (Forleule) ++; Delta T (Frühjahr und Sommer) --, dann Population -; Delta T (März, April) - und Delta Nied (März, April) +, dann Population (Forleule) -;
    Keywords: DDR ; 1972-1976 ; Insekten ; Forst ; Kiefer ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur ; Witterung
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  • 7
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    In:  Informationen der Hauptstelle für Forstlichen Pflanzenschutz; Nr. 1
    Publication Date: 1976
    Description: Beschreibung des Befalls von Kiefernschädlingen und der Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Folgeschäden in sturmgeschädigten Kiefernbeständen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung auf die Entwicklung von Kiefernschädlingen KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Winter) +, dann Entwicklung (rindenbrütende Insekten) +; Delta T (April bis August) und Delta Nied --, dann Entwicklung (rindenbrütende Insekten) +; Delta Wind (=Sturm) +, dann Entwicklung (rindenbrütende Insekten) +;
    Keywords: DDR ; 1976 ; Forst ; Kiefer ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenschädling ; Sturmschaden ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit ; Witterung
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  • 8
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    In:  Informationen der Hauptstelle für Forstlichen Pflanzenschutz; Nr. 3
    Publication Date: 1977
    Description: Beschreibungen der durchgeführten Maßnahmen zum Forstschutz, der gegenwärtigen Situation (von u.a. Kiefernspanner, Forleule, Nonne, Kiefernspinner, Gemeine und Gelbe Kiefernbuschhornblattwespe) und Maßnahmen zur Kontrolle und Überwachung von Schädlingen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur, Niederschlag) auf die Schädlingspopulation KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T - und Delta Nied -, dann Entwicklung (Schadinsekten) -; Delta T +: T 〉 20 °C, dann Eiablage (Blauer Kiefernprachtkäfer) bis Ende September
    Keywords: DDR ; 1977 ; Insekten ; Fichte ; Forst ; Kiefer ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur ; Witterung
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Einfluss der Witterung ist Gattungs- teils sortenabhängig, und wechselt mit der Lage der Orte. Trockenheit im Vorjahr begünstigt die Ernteerträge, KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Trockenheit im Vorjahr begünstigt verbunden mit hoher Temperatur, geringer Luftfeuchtigkeit und langer Sönnenscheindauer, mit niedriger Temperatur, hoher Luftfeuchte, kurzer Sonnenscheindauer im Erntejahr, wirkt positiv auf die Ernteerträge für bestimmte Apfel - und Birnensorten, umgekehrte Beziehung insbesondere bei Früh-, Herbst- und Winterbirnensorten KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Niedersachsen ; 1900-1923 ; Apfel ; Ertrag ; Trockenheit ; Witterung ; Obst ; Birne
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: vgl. Neustädt KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Zusammenhang Witterungsfaktoren in wachstumsrelevanten Zeitspannen mit dem Ertrag verschiedener Kulturen KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied (Oktober bis März) -, dann Erträge (Roggen) +; Delta Nied (Januar) -, dann Erträge (Roggen) ++; Delta Nied (Februar) +, dann Erträge (Roggen) +; Delta Nied (Mai) +, dann Erträge (Roggen) +; Delta Nied (Mai) 〉 1,5x Mittel, dann Erträge -; Delta Sonn (Mai, im Bezirk Köthen) +, dann Erträge (Roggen) -; Delta Nied (Januar, März, April) -, dann Erträge (Sommergerste) +; Delta Nied (Februar, Mai bis Ernte) +, dann Erträge (Sommergerste) +; Delta Nied (Mai) +, dann Erträge (Sommergerste) ++; (Informationen zu den weiteren landwirtschaftlicher Kulturpflanzen: siehe Artikel)
    Keywords: Mitteldeutschland ; 1900-1926 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Niederschlag ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Witterung ; Hackfrüchte
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Einfluß der Witterung auf die Qualität von Weizen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Witterungsverhältnisse der letzten 5 bis höchstens 10 Tage vor der Gelbreife sind von entscheidendem Einfluss, Backqualität nimmt von kontinentalem zum maritimen Klima ab KATASTER-DETAIL: Tmit+, Sonn+, Nied-, dann gute Qualität Nied+, dann Tausendkorngewicht + aber Nied**, dann Tausendkorngewicht - und N-Gehalt +
    Keywords: Mitteldeutschland ; 1900-1925 ; Ertrag ; Korrelationsmethode ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit ; Weizen ; Witterung ; Sonnenscheindauer
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  • 12
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    In:  Kühn-Archiv, Berlin, Band XX, Seite 223-301
    Publication Date: 1928
    Description: Auswertung von 27 Versuchsjahren, Bestimmung einer kritischen Periode für die Mindestniederschlagshöhe durch Auswertung der Klimaparmeter in einzelnen Bezirken mittels Rangkorrelationskoeffizienten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Zusammenhang zwischen der Niederschlagshöhe und dem Ertrag von Zuckerrüben, Zusammenhang zwischen der Sonnenscheindauer und dem Zuckergehalt von Zuckerrüben KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied+: Nied 〉 175 mm (Juli-September), dann Ertragssteigerung bei ZR; Delta Sonn +: Sonn〉 4.43 h (September -Oktober), dann hohe Zuckergehalte bei ZR
    Keywords: Sachsen-Anhalt ; 1900-1926 ; Zuckerrüben ; Niederschlag ; Rangordnungsmethode ; Temperatur ; Witterung
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  • 13
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    In:  Landw. Jahrbuch 68:537-558
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Untersuchungen der Beziehungen zwischen Pferdebohne (Vicia faba L.) und der Witterung. Einteilung des Wachstums in Abschnitte KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung auf die Entwicklung und den Ertrag der Pferdebohne KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T + und Delta Sonn +, dann Reife + (früher); Delta T +, dann 1. Wachstumsabschnitt (vom Auflaufen bis zum Blütebeginnn) - (kürzer); Delta T + und Delta Sonn +, dann 3. Wachstumsabschnitt (Reifezeit) - (kürzer); Delta T +, dann Gesamtwachstumszeit +; Delta Nied +, dann Gesamtwachstumszeit -; Delta T (Gesamtwachstumszeit,Jugendzeit) +, dann Kornzahl +; Delta Sonn (Blütezeit) +, dann Kornzahl +; Delta Nied +, dann Kornzahl -; Delta T (Reifezeit) - und Delta Nied (Reifezeit) +, dann Pilzbefall + und somit Kornzahl -; Delta T +, dann Kornschwere -; Delta Nied (10 Tage vor bis 10 Tage nach Blütenende) +, dann Kornschwere +; Delta T +, dann Hülsenzahl +; Delta Nied +, dann Hülsenzahl -; Delta Nied (alle Wachstumszeiten) + und Delta T (bis zum Blütenende) + und Delta Sonn -, dann Strohgewicht +;
    Keywords: Freising, Bayern ; 1921-1926 ; Ertrag ; Witterung ; Gemüse
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  • 14
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    In:  Deut. Landwirtschaflt. Presse 55:94-95.
    Publication Date: 1928
    Description: Übersicht über die Literatur zum Einfluss des Wetters auf die Kulturpflanzen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Milder und trockener Winter wirkt positiv auf die Weizenerträge, kalter und niederschlagsreicher Winter eher negativ, Betrachung für Norddeutschland KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1900-1926 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Hafer ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit ; Witterung ; Gerste
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Einfluss der Witterungsfaktoren auf verschiedene Kulturen und die Betriebssysteme KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; Witterung
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  • 16
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    In:  Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung, Düngung, Bodenkunde 6:490-496.
    Publication Date: 1927
    Description: Einfluss der Witterungsfaktoren Niederschlag, Temperatur und Sonnenscheindauer auf die Erträge KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einteilung der Temperatur in Klassen (stark, mittel, gering) und die Beurteilung auf die Erträge in den 6 Provinzen des deutschen Reiches, mit Vermehrung der Niederschlage wahrend der Vegetationszeit Zunahme der Halmfrüchte und der Kartoffeln im gröBten Teile des PreuBischen Staates anfangs, jedoch nd spater wieder abnehmender Trend KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T+ (April-Augut), dann Winterweizenerträge + in OstpreuBen, Brandenburg und Sachsen Delte T++ (April-August), dann Winterweizenerträge ++ in Ostpreußen, aber - in Brandenburg und Sachsen Delta T- (April-Augut), dann Winterweizenerträge - in Hannover und der Rheinprovinz Delta T+ (+0.1° Erhöhung Temperaturmittel der Monate April bis September), dann Kartoffel+ in OstpreuBen und Schlesien
    Keywords: Deutschland, teilw. einzelne Regionen ; 1899-1913 ; Ertrag ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Witterung ; Sonnenscheindauer
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 1978
    Description: Untersuchungen zur Ertragshöhe, zu Ertragsvergleichen, zur langjährige Ertragsentwicklung und zur Abhängigkeit der Erträge von einigen Witterungsmerkmalen bei den wichtigsten Futterpflanzenarten (Mais, Futterrüben, Rotklee, Luzerne, sommerjährige Leguminosen und Gräser). Unterteilung des Landes Bayern in Klimagebiete. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur, Niederschlag und Sonnenscheindauer) auf den Ertrag von Futterpflanzenarten. Futterrüben sind gegenüber Mais weniger witterungsempfindlich. Luzerne ist in sommertrockenen Lagen weniger niederschlagsabhängig als Rotklee KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied (Juli) + (auf sommerfeuchten Standorten), dann Ertrag (Mais) -; Delta Nied (Juli) - (auf sommertrockenen Standorten), dann Ertrag (Mais) -; Delta T (generative Phase) +, dann Ertrag (Mais) + : Delta T = 1°C (im Bereich von 13-18°C), dann Ertragserhöhung um 516kStE/ha; Delta T +, dann Ertrag (Mais) + Delta Nied (Juli) + (auf sommerfeuchten Standorten), dann Ertrag (Futterrübe) -; Delta Nied (Juli) - (auf sommertrockenen Standorten), dann Ertrag (Futterrübe) -; Delta T +, dann Ertrag (Futterrübe) +; Delta Nied (Mai bis September) - (auf sommertrockenen Standorten), dann Ertrag (Rotklee) -; Delta Nied (Mai bis September) + (auf sommerfeuchten Standorten) und delta Sonn -, dann Ertrag (Rotklee) -; Delta Nied - (auf sommertrockenen Standorten), dann Ertrag (Rotklee) -;
    Keywords: Bayern ; 1950-74 ; Ertrag ; Landwirtschaft ; Mais ; Wachstum ; Witterung ; Hackfrüchte
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  • 18
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    In:  Die Kartoffel, S. 66
    Publication Date: 1926
    Description: Zusammenhang zwischen der Witterung und der Stärkeeinlagerung bei Kartoffeln KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Witterung
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  • 19
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    In:  Mitt. DLG, S. 128
    Publication Date: 1928
    Description: Zusammenhang zwischen der Witterung und den Knollenerträgen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Witterung
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  • 20
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    In:  Zeitschr. Pflanzenbau 2.
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Zusammenhang Witterung und Knollenansatz und -gewicht bei Kartoffeln KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Witterung
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  • 21
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    In:  Kühn-Archiv 20:140-222.
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Untersuchungen an Ernteergebnissen mittels Rangordnungs- und Korrelationsmethode zur Abhängigkeit von den Witterungsfaktoren. Untersucht wurden die Erträge von Weizen, Roggen, Sommergerste, Hafer, Erbsen und Zuckerrüben KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur, Niederschlag, Sonnenscheindauer) auf die Erträge der Kurlturpflanzen KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Oktober, November) - und Delta T (Januar, Februar) +, dann Erträge (Weizen) +; Delta Nied (April, Mai) + und Delta Nied (Februar, März) -, dann Erträge (Weizen) +; Delta Sonn (März) +, dann Erträge (Weizen) +; Delta Nied (Mai - Zeit des Schossens) +, dann Erträge (Roggen) +; Delta T (November) -, dann Erträge (Roggen) +; Delta Nied (April, Juni) + und Delta T (April, Juni) -, dann Erträge (Sommergerste) +; Nied (April, Juni) 〉 180mm, dann Erträge (Sommergerste) -; Delta Sonn (März, April) + und Delta Sonn (Mai) -, dann Erträge (Sommergerste) +; Delta Nied (April bis Juni) +, dann Erträge (Hafer) +; Delta Sonn (März, April) +, dann Erträge (Hafer) +; Delta T (Juni) -, dann Erträge (Hafer) +; Delta Nied (Juni, September) +, dann Erträge (Zuckerrübe) +; Delta Nied (August) +, Zuckergehalt +; Delta T (Juni) +, dann Erträge (Zuckerrübe) +; Delta Sonn (September) +, Qualität der Ernte +; Delta Sonn (März, April) + und Delta Sonn (Mai, Juni) -, dann Erträge (Getreide) +;
    Keywords: Mansfelder See- und Saalkreis, Kreis Querfurt, Kreis Merseburg ; 1900-1925 ; Zuckerrüben ; Hafer ; Niederschlag ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Witterung ; Sonnenscheindauer ; Gerste ; Erbsen
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  • 22
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    In:  Der Kartoffelbau, Nr. 69
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Zusammenhang der Witterungselemente, insbesondere der Sommerniederschläge zum Ertrag bei Kartoffeln KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Breslau ; 1901-1921 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Witterung
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  • 23
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    In:  Kühn-Archiv:53-78.
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Einführung der Rangordnungs- und Korrelationsmethode anhand langjähriger Beobachtungen, Einfluss des Niederschlages und der Temperatur auf den Ertrag von Erbsen, Kartoffeln, Weizen, Hafer und Roggen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur und Niederschlag) auf den Ertrag KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (März und April) + und Delta Nied (März und April) -, dann Erträge (Erbsen) +; Delta T (Mai und Juni) - und Delta Nied (Mai und Juni) +, dann Erträge (Erbse) +; Delta T (Oktober Vorjahr) +, dann Erträge (Kartoffel) +; Delta T (März) + und Delta T (Mai und Juni) -, dann Erträge (Winterweizen) +; Delta Nied (Januar bis März)-, dann Erträge (Hafer) +; Delta Nied (Januar bis März)-, dann Erträge (Winterroggen) +;
    Keywords: Halle ; 1893-25 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Fichte ; Hafer ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Rangordnungsmethode ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Witterung
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  • 24
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    In:  Diss., Göttingen
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Ergebnisse ( Korrelationsmethode) der Bezeihung zwischen Witterung und Ertrag vieler Kulturen eingeteilt nach Monaten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Beziehungen zwischen Witterung (Temperatur und Niederschlag)und Ernte KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied (erste 10 Blütetage) -, dann Ertrag (Roggen) +; Delta Nied (Beginn der Blüte bis 10 tage nach Ende der Blüte)-, dann Ertrag (Winterweizen) +; Delta Nied (während der 20 Tage nach Beginn der Blüte) -, dann Ertrag (Sommerweizen) +; Delta Tmit (während der 20 Tage nach dem Aufgang) -, dann Ertrag (Hafer) +; Delta Tmin (während der 20 Tage nach dem Aufgang) -, dann Ertrag (Gerste) +; Delta Tmit (während der 20 Tage nach Beginn der Blüte) -, dann Ertrag (Kartoffeln) +; Delta Nied (vom Aufgang bis zum Beginn der Blüte) -, dann Ertrag (Erbsen) +; Delta Nied +, dann Ertrag (Vietsbohnen) +;
    Keywords: Göttingen ; 1901-1922 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Hafer ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Witterung ; Erbsen
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  • 25
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    In:  Landw. Wochenschrift für die Provinz Sachsen und Anhalt, Hallle 18:428ff.
    Publication Date: 1928
    Description: Zusammenhang Witterung in Monaten und Gerstenertrag KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Sachsen und Anhalt ; 1920 ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Witterung
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  • 26
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    In:  Hanus, H., (ed.) 1978. Vorhersage von Ernteerträgen aus Witterungsdaten in den Ländern der EG, Vol. 21, Kiel
    Publication Date: 1978
    Description: Verfahren der multiplen Regressionsgleichungen zur Vorhersage von Ernteerträgen aus Witterungsdaten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Abhängigkeit des Ertrags von der Witterung (Temperatur, Sonnenscheindauer, Niederschläge, Windgeschwindigkeit, Relative Luftfeuchte, Regentage) KATASTER-DETAIL: -
    Keywords: Europa ; Luftfeuchte ; Ertrag ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Wind ; Witterung ; Sonnenscheindauer
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 1977
    Description: Einfluss meteorologischer Elemente auf den Ertrag von Winterroggen,Einteilung der Witterungsabschnitte entsprechend der phänologischen Phasen. Enge Korrelation zwischen der Niederschlagssumme der gesamten Vegetationsperiode und dem Ertrag. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Brandenburg ; Ertrag ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Roggen ; Vegetationsperiode ; Wassermangel ; Witterung
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 1928
    Description: Beziehung zwischen Witterung (unterteilt in einzelne Monate) und Ertragshöhe mithilfe der Rangordnungs- und der Korrelationsmethode KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur, Niederschlag, Sonnenscheindauer) auf den Ertrag von Winterweizen, Sommerweizen, Sommergerste, Wintergerste, Hafer und Runkelrüben auf dem Versuchsfeld (wasserundurchlässiger Boden) KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Sonn (Oktober bis November)+, dann Erträge (Winterweizen) +; Delta Sonn (Dezember bis März)+, dann Erträge (Winterweizen) -; Delta Sonn (April) -, dann Erträge (Winterweizen) +; Delta Nied (April) +, dann Erträge (Winterweizen) +; Delta Nied (Mai, Juni und Juli) -, dann Erträge (Winterweizen) +; Delta Nied (August bis Oktober) +, dann Erträge (Winterweizen) +; Delta T (April) -, dann Erträge (Winterweizen) +; (Details sowie Informationen für Sommerweizen, Sommergerste, Wintergerste, Hafer und Runkelrüben siehe Artikel)
    Keywords: Hohenheim (Baden-Württemberg) ; 1914-25 ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Hafer ; Klima ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Rangordnungsmethode ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Witterung ; Hackfrüchte
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  • 29
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    In:  Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung, Düngung, Bodenkunde 16.
    Publication Date: 1926
    Description: Beziehungen zwischen Witterung und Ernteertrag KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Hohenheim (Baden-Württemberg) ; 1914-25 ; Ertrag ; Witterung
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  • 30
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    In:  Landw. Jahrbuch Berlin 63(1):1-81
    Publication Date: 1926
    Description: Auszug aus der Diss. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Beziehungen zwischen Witterung (Temperatur und Niederschlag)und Ernte KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Göttingen ; 1901-1922 ; Ertrag ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Witterung ; Hackfrüchte ; Erbsen
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  • 31
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    In:  Zeitschrift für Acker- und Pflanzenbau 3:330-334.
    Publication Date: 1926
    Description: Angabe von Niederschlagsmengen und Durchschnittstemperaturen für das ökologische Optimum bestimmter Sorten, kritische Zeiten (vor und nach der Blüte) sind hierfür entscheidend KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss von Wasser und Wärme, bzw. Niederschlag und Temperatur auf den Ertrag KATASTER-DETAIL: Roggen, Weizen: Delta Nied (Beginn Blütezeit)-, dann Ertrag +; Hafer, Gerste, Kartoffel: Delta T (Beginn der Blüte) -, dann Ertrag +; Bohne: Delta T (gesamte Wachstumszeit)+ und Delta Nied (gesamte Wachstumszeit) +, dann Ertrag +
    Keywords: Göttingen ; 1901-22 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Hafer ; Klima ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Witterung ; Hackfrüchte ; Erbsen
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  • 32
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  Intern. Agrik.-Wiss. Rundsch. N.F. 1;p.406-424
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Der Autor fasst in einer Literaturstudie Forschungsergebnisse und -erkenntnisse von Studien zum Zusammenhang zwischen klimatischen Parametern und dem Auftreten verschiedener Pflanzenkrankheiten aus Feldversuchen zusammen und vergleicht diese mit eigenen Beobachtungen aus Indien. Aus dem Literaturstudium gewonnene Kardinalwerte für verschiedene Pflanzenkrankheiten sind enthalten. Schwerpunkte der Sammlung an Erkenntnissen stellen Indien und die USA dar. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Indien, USA, Welt ; 1900-1925 ; Pflanzenkrankheit ; Witterung
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  • 33
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  Arch. Acker- und Pflanzenbau, Bodenkunde 22 (9):593-599.
    Publication Date: 1978
    Description: Mittels Regressionsgleichungen wurde der Einfluss des Grundwasserstandes, bzw. der Witterung auf den Ertrag quantifiziert und dienen als Korrektur für die Wirkungsgrade (Tabelle)für unterschiedliche Standorte. Hierdurch können der Einfluss der Jahreswitterung quantifiziert und Ertragsrichtwerte berechnet werden. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Zusammenhang zwischen Witterung, Standort, Bodenart und Ertrag auf Niedergrünland. Berechnung durch allgemeine Formel möglich, die je nach Standort, Düngungsregime und Witterung Korrekturwerte für die Einflussfaktoren entsprechend einer Tabelle.Berechnet wird der Günland-Ertrag als TM auf Niedermoorstandorten. KATASTER-DETAIL: Ertrag (TM in dt/ha)=a + b x x1 + c x x2 + d x x3 + e x x4 + f x x5 + g x x6 mit a=absolutes Glied, b-g Korrekturfaktoren laut Tabelle in der Veröffentlichung x1=Mittlerer Grundwasserstand in cm (April-Mai) x2=Mittlerer Grundwasserstand in cm (Juli-September) x3=Stickstoffdüngung (kg/ha Rein-N) x4=Niederschlagssumme in mm (Juni-August) x5=mittlere Temperatur in ^C(März-Mai) x5=mittlere Temperatur in ^C(März-Mai) x6=mittlere Temperatur in ^C(Juni-August)
    Keywords: Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ; 1960-72 ; Ertrag ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Witterung
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  • 34
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    In:  Kartoffelbau 29 (1):15-17.
    Publication Date: 1978
    Description: Zusammenhang Kartoffelertrag und -qualität und Witterungsverlauf KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur, Niederschlag) auf den Ernteertrag KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Mai, Juni) + und Delta Nied (Mai, Juni) -, dann Pflanzenentwicklung -; Delta Bodenfeuchte -, dann Wachstum -; Delta T (März, April) 〈 0°C, dann Schäden +;
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1975-77 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Witterung
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Lage der Hochs nördlich und südlich des 50. Breitengrades und ihre Bedeutung für die Witterung und Ernteerträge in Mitteldeutschland KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL: Tmit+ (Janurar, Februar, März, Mai und Dezember) durch Abnahem der barometrischen Nordlagen Tmit- (August, September) durch Zunahme der barometrischen Nordlagen Nied+ (Janurar, Apri,, Mai, August, September, Dezember) durch Abnahmen der barometrischen Nordlagen (entspricht Zunahmen der Südlagen!) Nied- (Februar, März, Oktober und November) durch Abnahmen der barometrischen Nordlagen (entspricht Zunahmen der Südlagen!)
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1900-1925 ; Luftfeuchte ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit ; Witterung ; Sonnenscheindauer
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  • 36
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    In:  Georgine, Jahrgang 102, Nr. 68, p. 806-807
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Biologie und Bekämpfung von Fritfliege, Getreideblumenfliege, scheckige oder gelbe Halmfliege, Weizenfliege, Hessenfliege KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur, Niederschlag und Wind) auf die Schädlinge KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Winter) +, Anzahl Maden der Halmfliege +; Delta Nied (September) + und Delta Wind (September) +, dann Hessenfliege -
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1903-1925 ; Insekten ; Anbautermine ; Boden ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Hafer ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur ; Vegetationsperiode ; Weizen ; Wind ; Witterung ; Düngung ; Gerste
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: The structure and strength of the magnetic fields of the Sun's active regions were studied to obtain information for short term forecasting. Intensity forecasts were then made using the information obtained on the gradients of the magnetic fields between sunspots of opposite polarity. A comparison of flare forecasting methods is presented.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 72-88
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: For abstract, see N77-26622.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 233-246
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  • 39
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: The solar spectrum in the range of 300 is less than lambda is less than 1500nm is given for five typical clear weather days. These days are selected to represent typical seasonal conditions in respect to airmass water vapor, ozone, and turbidity. Present data are reviewed, and specific conditions are selected. The spectral distribution of the irradiance is given for the direct component, the scattered skylight, the total flux on a horizontal surface, and the flux on an inclined surface normal to the direct beam.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 17-58
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: An overview of the Energy Research and Development Administration planned insolation data network is described. The design of the network is predicated on an analysis and definition of user requirements. Research and analysis projects covering data collection, forecasting and extrapolation are presented.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 1-17
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The procedure to predict solar activity indexes for use in upper atmosphere density models is given together with an example of the performance. The prediction procedure employs a least square linear regression model to generate the predicted smoothed vinculum R sub 13 and geomagnetic vinculum A sub p(13) values. Linear regression equations are then employed to compute corresponding vinculum F sub 10.7(13) solar flux values from the predicted vinculum R sub 13 values. The output is issued principally for satellite orbital lifetime estimations.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 378-384
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: East-West solar scans produced daily on 692 and 1415 MHz are analyzed for the period 1968 to 1973. The analysis confirms that coronal holes are stable features displaying significantly reduced electromagnetic emission which can persist for many solar rotations. The coronal hole observations are summarized in a series of tables.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 288-311
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Short-term forecasting of solar activity conducted at Toyokawa is briefly reviewed. The forecasts are based on microwave observations of the slowly varying component of solar radiation associated with active regions. It was found that for proton flares which take place in intense active regions, it is possible to predict their occurrence with certain accuracy, but for a certain class of proton flares which occur in a small active region or which are associated with an active region, which evolves very rapidly, or for whose which occur behind the limb, it is almost impossible to forecast their occurrence.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 205-211
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  • 44
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Solar activity prediction procedures used at the Peking Observatory are briefly reviewed. Methods for short term prediction of solar proton events and the results for proton events of importance greater than 1 during the period 1974-1977 are given in detail. The characteristic values of solar cycle 21 are predicted.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 154-162
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Solar energetic radiation forecasting techniques are described. The factors that are used as the basis for the forecasts are discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 89-103
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  • 46
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The feasibility and scientific objectives of a solar probe were studied by a Mission Definition Group in 1975 and 1976. The orbit analysis program was developed and an extended study of the orbit analysis was done in 1977. The results of these studies are in the Report of the Mission Definition Study (1976) and an E.S.O.C. report (1978), and the reader is referred to these sources for greater details. In this report, only brief discussion on mission concept and objectives, satellite design, orbit, orbit analysis, are presented.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 556-564
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  • 47
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Realistic options for a Solar Probe Mission consistent with known technical, fiscal, and programmatic constraints are identified. A program plan for NASA which includes identification of necessary research and development activities is developed. A baseline mission and a strawman spacecraft design were selected and used to determine the feasibility of meeting the mission requirements and the sensitivity to variations in those requirements.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 521-534
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The magnitude of Doppler signals produced by gravitational wave burst, continuous gravitational waves, and oscillations of the sun interacting with a spacecraft are considered. Expressions are worked out for the appropriate noise entering each measurement. The noise sources considered are the Doppler extractor, fluctuations in the solar wind and the troposphere, and fluctuations in the reference oscillator.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 498-517
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: How gravitational radiation affects Doppler tracking is briefly described. The status of the analyses of the sensitivities achievable with the NASA-JPL Deep Space Network(DSN) is given.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 441-449
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  • 50
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The following general picture of the interplanetary dust is presented: (1) size distribution; (2) spatial distribution; (3) composition; (4) dynamics; and (5) origin. The solar probe mission provides a unique opportunity to study the evolution of the interplanetary dust and its eventual destruction near the sun. Two destructive processes (fragmentation and vaporization) of interplanetary dust are discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 411-419
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The discovery of coronal holes led to basic changes in ideas about the structure of the low corona and its expansion into the solar wind. The nature of the energy flux is not understood. Current ideas include enhanced thermal conductivities, extended MHD wave heating, and wave momentum transfer, all in rapidly diverging geometries. There is little feel for the relative importance of these processes. The Solar Probe, with its penetration deep into the solar corona, could lead to observational constraints on their relative importance, and thus to an understanding of the origin of the solar wind. Observations from the Solar Probe will also bear on such questions as to whether small scale "intrastream" structure is common close to the Sun in open field-line regions, whether the properties of the wind are pronouncedly different over closed and open field-line regions at five solar radii, and many others. The resolution of these questions requires measurements of the magnetic field and of the proton and electron distribution functions.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 318-333
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A review is presented of current experimental and theoretical knowledge of plasma waves in the solar wind, with comments on the scientific importance of obtaining plasma wave measurements in the region near the sun with the solar probe. The waves discussed include the acoustic waves and shocks which are thought to be the primary source for heating the solar corona, Alfven waves, ion-cyclotron waves, whistler-mode turbulence, ion-acoustic waves, and electron plasma oscillations associated with solar radio emissions. A discussion is presented of the types of measurements which would be needed to study these waves on the solar probe, the constraints imposed on the spacecraft and the research and development which would be needed to provide the necessary instrumentation.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 281-317
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Representative sets of recent experimental results and theoretical studies are summarized to show the current knowledge of energetic particle phenomena based mainly on observations near 1 AU. Measurements close to the sun of quantities such as particle spectra, charge and isotopic composition, and the flow of particles as a function of time, together with measurements of the plasma, magnetic field, X-rays, and gamma rays will not only reveal the properties of the source region and acceleration mechanisms but will also provide a better knowledge of the physics of the corona. These measurements may also reveal the existence of large scale inhomogeneities in the solar corona. The general requirements for making these measurements on the solar probe are listed. An energetic particle detector system which has the capability of resolving the charge and isotopic composition up to 50 MeV/nucleon may successfully measure the above quantities provided that it can perform under both very low and average intensity levels.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 205-218
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The unique vantage points and viewing geometries afforded by a close-in solar probe are briefly examined with regard to line and continuum measurements of features on the solar disk, the K and F coronas, and the zodiacal light. Common instrument and observing requirements are identified, suggesting that a single instrument could provide much of the necessary observational data on these phenomena.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Closeup of the Sun; p 143-154
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: On July 19, 1975, the Apollo spacecraft successfully occulted the solar disk from the field of view of a camera mounted in the Soyuz spacecraft while performing a spacecraft separation maneuver to permit the outer solar corona to be viewable by the Soyuz camera. The camera operated automatically, and 55 frames were developed for scientific analysis.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 5 p
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  • 56
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The use of Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP) for the Solar Probe Mission is addressed. The dependence of the payload mass on the site of the SEP and the flight time are described on the basis of preliminary data. The range of hardware expected to be available in the 1980's is summarized. There are several classes of optimal low-thrust trajectories for the Solar Probe Mission. These are trajectory types A, B, C corresponding to one, two, or three orbital revolutions, respectively. Plots of transfer trajectories corresponding to type-A, type-A with a Venus Swingby, type-B, and type-C with ab Icarus Rendezvous are shown. A summary of the SEP performance is given.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 544-555
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The Solar Probe will provide an ideal platform from which to study dynamics of dust particles near the sun by measuring the detailed character of the Fraunhofer structure of the zodiacal light. The suggested instrument is a wideband imaging Fabry-Perot interferometer with state of the art technology in both the optics and the detector. The instrument would function as a high-resolution imaging device providing wavelength resolution of 0.03 A over about a 20 A range. The wideband imaging capability would provide sky maps of the zodiacal light on a despun spacecraft without mechanical scanning. The Solar Probe mission would allow the velocity distribution of the dust to be mapped along most of the trajectory of the spacecraft.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 420-429
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Electron and ion plasma measurements on Solar Probe are important, especially to elucidate the role of coronal holes as sources of the solar wind and to resolve the long debated question of the importance of wave heating within 20 solar radii to the acceleration of the solar wind. Adaptable instruments are required to cover the large dynamic range of parameters between 1 AU and 4 solar radii. The baseline mission would be improved, in some respects, by the addition of a second spacecraft, following the first by a distance of several solar radii. A spinning spacecraft would be satisfactory, but not essential, for the present objectives. Attention should be paid to having the heat shield electrically conducting. An instrument for ion and electron (but no composition) measurements would have a mass of approximately 10 kg, require 8 w of power, and generate data at a maximum rate of approximately 2 kbits/sec.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 345-353
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  • 59
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Some of the competing theories of solar wind acceleration and heating are reviewed, and the observations that are required to distinguish among them are discussed. In most cases what is required is measurement of plasma velocity and temperature and magnetic field, as near the sun as possible and certainly inside 20 solar radii; another critical aspect of this question is determining whether a turbulent envelope exists in this inner region, and if so, defining its properties. Plasma and magnetic observations from the proposed Solar Probe mission would thus yield a quantum jump in our understanding of the dynamics of the solar wind.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 334-344
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  • 60
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A survey of all the experiments carried out over the past decade to verify theoretical predictions for the observation of solar neutrons is presented and discussed. The conclusions drawn from this discussion are: (1) the Solar Probe Mission is important in order to discover the low energy neutrons of solar origin; (2) this discovery is likely to carry very useful information about the nature, the locale, the lifetime and the mode of operation of the acceleration processes in the solar atmosphere; and (3) this information will lead to a rapid development of the science of solar meteorology and the more rapid forecasting of solar activity, on a long-term basis.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 262-270
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  • 61
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The solar probe offers a platform with particular advantages for studying solar nonthermal plasma processes via the observations of hard X-radiation from energetic electrons in the chromosphere and corona, these include (1) high sensitivity, (2) a second line of sign (in addition to the earth's) that can aid in three dimensional reconstruction of the source distribution, and, (3) the possibility of correlation with direct measurements of the nonthermal particles from the probe itself.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 132-142
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The possible role of solar probe mission in answering fundamental questions about the structure and heating of coronal loops is examined. The experimental technique consists of imaging 1-10 keV X-rays to give accurate temperature profiles of hot active regions and post-flare loops. A limitation on the interpretation of such pictures is that steroscopic reconstruction of the three dimensional arches requires many lines of sight. This kind of information can be provided only by a rapid solar flyby. In addition, the proximity to the sun will provide useful spatial resolution with compact instrumentation. The pictures thus obtained will provide crucial tests of theoretical models of coronal arches.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 111-117
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  • 63
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The spatial resolution of solar surface structure to ultimate limits with simple instrumentation. The logic is simple: a 10 cm aperture telescope at 4 solar radii resolves the equivalent of a five meter telescope in earth orbit. Given the ease of producing a diffraction limited 10 cm telescope and the difficulty of fabricating a diffraction limited 5 meter telescope, the performance of the small telescope could well be better. The telescope described complements planned solar orbiting telescopes in earth orbit and would need only a few arcs seconds of pointing.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 89-91
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The metric tensor is given for describing the dynamical effects of the sun on a solar probe and the gravitational redshift of a probe-based clock in a covariance analysis for the detectability of the solar quadrupole moment and the solar angular momentum. Unknown parameters were determined by least squares fit to the probe tracking data. A polar orbit was assumed with perihelion at 5 solar radii and with an earth-sun-probe angle of 135 deg at perihelion. Tracking was assumed to be Doppler only, with a basic uncertainity of .1 mm/sec in the radial velocity. A drag-free system which could reduce nongravitational forces below the level of 2 times 10 to the minus 12th power was found necessary to preserve this same level of accuracy. Both one way and two way Doppler were supposed in order to determine the gravitational redshift as well as the pure spacecraft dynamics.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 58-59
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Very high resolution stereoscopic images of high temperature loop structures observed at UV and X-ray wavelengths in the solar corona can be used to understand physical processes in the corona. An existing computational model is described and sample results are given to demonstrate that computational modeling of coronal structures can indeed take advantage of very high resolution images. The sample results include the run of temperature and number density along a typical loop and the variation of the differential emission measure with temperature. The integration of the differential emission measure with temperature along a column commensurate with an instrument's spatial resolution is the relevant parameter obtained from UV and X-ray observations. The effects of loop geometry and energy input are examined.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 118-131
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: High resolution soft X-ray imaging from the solar probe is justified in terms of the expected scientific returns which include the determination of the temperature and density structure of a coronal loop. The advantages of the grazing incidence telescope over the multiple pinhole camera are discussed. An instrument package is described which includes a grazing incidence mirror, a thermal prefilter, a three position filter wheel and a focal plane detector baselined as an 800 by 800 back-illuminated charge coupled device. The structural assembly together with the data processing equipment would draw heavily on the designs being developed for the Solar Polar Mission.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 94-110
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A very high sensitivity rotating gravity gradiometer onboard the spacecraft is described for measuring the gravitational oblateness of the Sun during a solar probe mission. The proposed instrument would be a self-contained structure in a thermal-vacuum-magnetic shield in the shape of a cross, with a mass of 20 kg and arm length of 1.0 m and thickness of 0.1 m. The sensor inside would have a resonant frequency of 1/30 Hz, a mechanical Q of one million and would use gravitational radiation antenna technology to achieve a sensitivity of 6 x 10 to the minus 8th power Eotvos, which would provide a measurement of the solar oblateness to an accuracy of 1.5 to 6 x 10 to the minus 8th power. The gravity gradiometer will require a spinning spacecraft, so that it will not sense the spacecraft gravity fields, but the gradiometer does not need to be at the spacecraft center of mass, or even on the spacecraft spin axis. Major problem areas to be addressed are demonstration of the instrument sensitivity prior to flight and the measurement and compensation for any residual spacecraft angular rates.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 69-78
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A spacecraft going within 4 solar radii of the Sun experiences an acceleration up to .00005 g from solar radiation pressure, and significant (though smaller) accelerations from the solar wind. To obtain satisfactory information about relativistic effects and the Sun's quadrupole mass coefficient, these non-gravitational accelerations are either measured or compensated out by making the spacecraft drag free. A proof mass inside the spacecraft structure is shielded from the external forces, so that it follows a nearly ideal gravitational orbit, and a control system activates gas jets (or other translational forcers) to make the vehicle follow the mass. The problems are mechanizing the control laws and minimizing extraneous effects such as the self gravitational pull of the spacecraft. The extraneous forces can be averaged in one plane by having a spinning vehicle.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 60-68
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The use of radio tracking of a solar probe to estimate accurately the coefficient of the second zonal harmonic of the sun's gravitational field was examined. Preliminary results indicate that the coefficient can be estimated with a standard error of 10 to the minus 8th power or less, provided that the probe is equipped with a suitable drag-free system to compensate for the effects of non-gravitational accelerations. For signal paths that pass near the sun, dual-band ranging to the probe can provide the tracking accuracy needed to insure that the standard of error is equal to or less than 10 to minus 8th power. The possibility of achieving such accuracy with a single-band radio uplink and a dual-band downlink is discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 19-41
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Current theoretical modelling of the sun is in difficulty. Additional observations must be made to place constraints on the plethora of conjectures that have been advanced to explain the low neutrino flux and to guide solar model builders in their search to understand the deep interior of the sun. A determination of the magnitude of the solar quadrupole moment, is one such constraint; it places limits on the density, angular velocity and magnetic field distributions inside the sun.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 11-18
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The SBUV/TOMS is designed to measure the extraterrestrial ultraviolet solar irradiation and the solar ultraviolet radiation from the earth and its atmosphere. Methods to recover the ozone information from backscattered ultraviolet measurements are described. Mapping of the total ozone and 200 mb height fields is obtained.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 175-212
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Apollo Soyuz Test Project Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement Experiment was flown to demonstrate that direct solar occultation measurements by photometers and photographs can be used for defining stratospheric aerosol concentrations. Supporting ground truth data were provided by laser radar and balloon borne dustsonde. Initial results show a significant difference in aerosol concentrations between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 8 p
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Complementary, simultaneous observations of flares from as many observatories, both ground based and orbiting, as possible planned for the Solar Maximum Year are considered. The need for forecasts of solar activity on long term, one week, and two day intervals is described. Real time reporting is not needed, but daily summaries of activity and permanent records are important.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 331-339
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Available data on the solar spectral irradiances at wavelengths below 3100 A are extremely limited and there are major uncertainties in many of the measurements. In particular, there is major disagreement on the magnitude of the variability of the spectral irradiances over the solar cycle. The effects of different solar features on the ultraviolet spectral irradiances over both the 28 day solar rotation period and over the solar cycle are discussed. It is proposed that any attempt to predict the magnitudes of the ultraviolet spectral irradiances must take into account a long term variability of emission from quiet regions of the solar disk over the solar cycle. The need for direct long term monitoring of the ultraviolet spectral irradiances is emphasized.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 280-321
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A method of solar activity prediction based on the statistical relationship between the minimum value of geomagnetic activity in each 11 year cycle and the height of the next sunspot cycle is proposed. The method is applied to predict sunspot cycle 21.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 258-263
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Similarities between plasma instabilities occurring in the magnetospheric tail and in active regions on the Sun are discussed. Intense observations of the flare build-up processes on the Sun planned for May and June 1980 as a part of the Solar Maximum Year are described.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 322-330
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Three new and independent methods of predicting the magnitude of a forthcoming sunspot maximum are suggested. The longest lead time is given by the first method, which is based on a terrestrial parameter measured during the declining phase of the preceding cycle. The second method, with only a slightly shorter foreknowledge, is based on an interplanetary parameter derived around the commencement of the cycle in question (sunspot minimum). The third method, giving the shortest prediction lead-time, is based entirely on solar parameters measured during the initial progress of the cycle in question. Application of all three methods to forecast the magnitude of the next maximum (Cycle 21) agree in predicting that it is likely to be very similar to that of Cycle 18.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 264-279
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The need for long term solar activity predictions is addressed. The spatial organization of solar activity is described including applications for predictions, and ancient evidence for solar variability. Methods of predicting sunspot numbers are discussed. The inherent accuracy of the methods varies considerably, but a typical error bar 20%. The accuracy of sunspot cycle predictions is considered along with long term predictions of great solar events.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 246-257
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Evidence is presented which suggests that very large geomagnetic disturbances (350 gammas or greater at an invariant magnetic latitude of 50 degrees) occur once or twice per sunspot cycle, on the average. There is also some tendency for these disturbances to group in large odd numbered sunspot cycles similar to the current cycle, cycle 21. No such disturbance was noted during the past cycle although a series of major solar flares was observed in August 1972. At least one very large geomagnetic disturbance is expected during the current cycle; a prediction with perhaps serious consequences for electric power companies.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 193-197
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Columnar spectral index information that has been extracted from a sizable volume of Voyager 1978 solar conjunction Doppler phase fluctuation data is presented. The Voyager 1978 results, when compared to similar information derived from the 1976 Helios and Viking Solar Conjunctions, lead to the following inferences: (1) there has been a significant change in the spectral index from 1976 to 1978; (2) there is continuing evidence that favors a slight (positive) correlation between the spectral index and the solar cycle; and (3) there is little or no evidence in support of a radial variation of the spectral index.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 59-65
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A procedure was developed to generate a computerized time intensity profile of the solar proton intensity expected at the Earth after the occurrence of a significant solar flares on the Sun. A combination of many pieces of independent research and theoretical results are included. A construction of selected experimental and theoretical results from the entire domain of solar terrestrial physics is given.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 406-427
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  • 82
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A method of forecasting the level of activity of every active region on the surface of the Sun within one to three days is proposed in order to estimate the possibility of the occurrence of ionospheric disturbances and proton events. The forecasting method is a probability process based on statistics. In many of the cases, the accuracy in predicting the short term solar activity was in the range of 70%, although there were many false alarms.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 176-181
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The definition of a spiral sunspot is given. Three examples are described which illustrate the processes of the occurrence of spiral sunspots and the roles played by them in prominence and flare activities. A method for solar activity forecasts is then proposed making use of parameters such as spiral sunspots, prominences and neutral lines.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 140-153
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Corrections to the forecast of the basic parameters of the 21st cycle are described. Estimates about the level of solar activity in the 22nd cycle are presented.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 163-175
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  • 85
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The only ballistic trajectory mode feasible for a close solar probe or for an orbit inclined approximately 90 degrees to the ecliptic is the Jupiter gravity assisted mode. A comparison of the trajectories of the Solar Polar and the Solar Probe Mission for 1983 launches is shown. The geometry of the solar encounter phase is practically the same for the 4.3 year orbit achieved by a Jupiter gravity assist and for a one year orbit. Data describing the geometry of an orbit with perihelion at 4 solar radii and aphelion at Jupiter are listed. The range of apparent directions of the solar wind if it is flowing radially outward from the Sun with a speed of either 150 or 300 km/sec is shown. The minimum sun-earth-probe angle during the solar encounter as a function of the earth-node angle and the orbital inclination is also shown. If the inclination is 60 degrees or more, the minimum SEP angle is not greatly different from the 90 degree value.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 521-534
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The effects of the transmission media - the earth's troposphere and ionosphere, and the solar wind - on precise Doppler tracking are discussed. The charged particle effects can be largely removed by dual frequency observations; however there are limitations to these corrections (besides system noise and/or finite integration times) including the effects of magnetic fields, diffraction, and differential refraction, all of which must be carefully evaluated. The earth's troposphere can contribute an error of delta f/f approximately 10 to the minus 14th power.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 450-456
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Results on the electron density spectrum, the random velocity and the mean velocity of the solar wind in the region from 5 to 100 solar radii are presented. Results are based on intensity scintillations of incoherent radio sources at different locations and different radio frequencies. The shape of the electron density irregularity spectrum is shown to be well modeled by a power law in wavenumber with a slope that abruptly steepens at higher wavenumbers. This two slope power law model is shown to have a break (defined as the wavenumber of the change of slope) that increases with decreasing distance from the Sun. The fractional random velocity is shown to be insignificant at distances of greater than 40 solar radii, but shows a steady increase with decreasing solar distance inside of 40 solar radii.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 388-396
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: How the electron content between the Solar probe and the earth can be observed with a minimum of equipment and give a quantitative rationale for the use of a signal near 400 MHz to supplement the telecommunications signal is described. The emphasis is on the method of making content observations and on their value. While far from the Sun, the electron content is so low that the S-X dual-frequency system is insufficiently sensitive and a UHF system is optimum. As the probe approaches the Sun, the UHF may be disrupted by scintillation and the variations of the telecommunications signal must be used for the content measurement. By operating the suggested system in different modes as the solar distance changes, operation during the entire mission is possible.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 397-407
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Phase perturbations that occur in the following components of the one and two-way systems are considered: (1) one-way system (signal from A to B): station a oscillator - transmitter A antenna A - signal path - antenna B - receiver B station B oscillator - recording system B; (2) two-way system (signal from A to B back to A): station A oscillator - transmitter A - antenna A - signal path up - antenna B - transponder B - antenna B - signal path down - receiver A - station A oscillator - recording system A. A symmetrical one- and two-way system which can identify the place of origin of the fluctuation and quantify it so as to recover the unperturbed phase at a given moment of time by time-correlating the phase fluctuations obtained in the one- and two-way data taken at both stations is described
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 457-497
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Questions are posed and answered through discussion of gravitational wave detection with the Solar Probe. Discussed are: (1) what a gravitational wave is; (2) why wave detection is important; (3) what astrophysical information might be learned from these waves; (4) status of attempts to detect these waves; (5) why the Solar Probe is a special mission for detecting these waves; (6) how the Solar Probe's expected sensitivity compares with the strength of predicted gravitational waves; and (7) what gravity wave searchers will do after the Solar Probe.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 433-440
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A state of the art fluid continuum technique to describe the MHD transient respose of the corona below 10 solar radii during two well observed events (flares on 21 August 1973 and 5 September 1973) is reviewed. It is concluded that the computer simulation should be subjected to in situ verification of as many of its initial assumptions as possible. Its ability to provide a rational basis for physical understanding of mass ejections suggests its use as one of the tools used in the planning and analysis of such encounter missions.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 367-387
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  • 92
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: During the total solar eclipse of 1970, measurements of resonantly scattered Lyman-alpha radiation from the solar corona revealed a means to determine temperatures and densities in the solar corona beyond 1.5 R solar radii. A natural extension of this work is to use the Solar Probe to measure the spectral line profile of Lyman-alpha radiation backscattered toward the Sun from coronal regions between 4 R solar radii and 10 R solar radii. The backscattered profile would provide unique and quantitative determinations of the outlaw velocities of coronal material into the solar wind. Such information is of critical importance for understanding solar-wind formation and solar-terrestrial effects on the earth's climate. There is no known way to obtain this information without a Solar Probe-type mission.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 354-365
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  • 93
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Scientific objectives for solar-wind investigations relevant to a Solar Probe mission are outlined and put in perspective. Information gained from the various possible measurements are also listed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 273-280
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  • 94
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A brief note is summarized to show the importance of solar neutron observations for the advancement of phenomena crucial for solar physics, and to suggest the constraints which must be placed on the Solar Probe Mission for carrying out studies of this kind.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 243-261
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: First and second order anisotropy measurements are proposed as a tool for studying the coronal source function and interplanetary propagation of low energy protons. Optimum orbit and attitude requirements are suggested for a three telescope system. Some limitations with regard to the lower energy limit for a feasible set-up are discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 234-239
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  • 96
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: An optical system for the solar probe is described as well as its capability for improvements in spatial resolution. A magnetograph for measuring the elementary flux tube and obtaining vector geometry field geometry offers the possibility of looking for low contrast weak structure. With the probe's orbit passing over the pole, the structure of the polar field can be directly measured. The detector plane of the system receives a telecentric image of the objective. Because there is an aperture in this focal plane that can both move and change size, polarized line profiles can be obtained at arbitrary points with variable spatial resolution. The telescope microprocessor searches for the magnetic elements and then constructs the vector field.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 155-158
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  • 97
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The merits and demerits of an approach to the Sun (more closely than about one AU) are examined. High resolution imaging (approximately 0.1 arc sec) to be obtained with the shuttle-borne solar optical telescope, will permit conclusive observations relating to the structure of the quiet solar atmosphere, sunspots, spicules, oscillations, and many other problems of solar astrophysics. Beyond this limit important unresolved structure will exist, especially in optically thin regions or in regions with strong magnetic fields. Ambiguity will remain in solar imagery because a single line of sight cannot suffice completely to untangle the vertical dimension from the two horizontal dimensions. A solar probe with a complement of solar telescopes would provide two lines of sight for solar viewing and increase knowledge of the three dimensional structure of the solar atmosphere.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 81-88
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  • 98
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A covariance analysis was performed for a solar probe trajectory which encounters the sun at four solar radii. The unknown parameters in the analysis are the six initial cartesian coordinates for the probe, six initial cartesian coordinates for the earth, the astronomical unit, the solar gravitational quadrupole coefficient and two post Newtonian meters (beta, gamma). Errors in the unknown parameters were computed as a function of standard errors on the radio tracking data and on the nongravitational forces which act on the probe. Results were obtained for several tracking geometries and for several orbital inclinations to the ecliptic. The analysis shows that the principal scientific result from the radio tracking of a solar probe would be the determination of the quadrupole moment, which would place a constraint on models of the solar interior.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 42-57
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  • 99
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Spectral analysis of solar wind plasma fluctuation requires knowledge of the average ground tracking system phase fluctuation spectrum. Typical ground tracking system phase fluctuation spectra are presented as deduced from two-way S-band Doppler noise measured at large Sun-Earth-Probe angles.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 125-128
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A radio science data capability within the DSN Tracking System is described. This capability consists of routine provision of phase fluctuation data concurrently computed over several different time scales. This capability was used to observe phase fluctuation spectral characteristics during a rapid increase in solar wind turbulence that occurred during a July 23, 1978 track of the Voyager 1 spacecraft by Deep Space Station 11. It is suggested that the capability will prove useful in studies of variations of solar wind phase fluctuation spectral characteristics with, for instance, parameters such as the solar cycle and radial distance.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 55-58
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