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  • Articles  (5,060)
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  • Chemistry  (5,060)
  • 1975-1979  (5,060)
  • 1935-1939
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (5,060)
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  • Articles  (5,060)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization of vinyl chloride in presence of substituted olefins: Effects on molecular weight and melt rheology (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 867-876 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Vinyl chloride (VCM) was polymerized by free-radical suspension procedures in presence of methyl-substituted olefins such as propylene, isobutylene, cis-2-butene, trimethylethylene, and tetramethylethylene. Dilute solution viscosities of polymer formed in the presence of these olefins were measured and compared to that of trichloroethylene, a chlorinated chain-transfer agent. A pseudo-chain-transfer coefficient for these olefins was calculated based on solution viscosity determinations and found to be exponentially proportional to the number of allylic hydrogens. The effects on melt flow of the olefin distribution in the polymer chain were examined. Olefins at the ends of polymer chains were found to have no effect on melt rheology, whereas those in internal portions of chains were found to significantly increase melt flow.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230321
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Styrene divinyl benzene copolymers. I. Texture of macroporous copolymers with ethyl-2-hexanoic acid in diluent (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 927-939 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The texture and the pore size distribution of a set of styrene divinylbenzene copolymers, prepared by suspension polymerization with various compositions and various amounts of ethyl-2-hexanoic acid as diluent, have been studied using nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, mercury porosimetry, and scanning-electron microscopy. It appears that pore volume and surface area may be well predicted in a large range of conditions (divinylbenzene contents between 20 and 60%, ethyl-2-hexanoic acid contents between 35% and 60%). In this range of conditions there are three structures: the elementary nuclei are spherical particles of about 100-200 Å in diameter. They are organized in microspheres of about 500-1000 Å, and the microspheres form aggregates (2500-5000 Å) more or less separated by large holes. The smaller pores (〈40 Å) are in the microspheres, between the nuclei; they are present only if the amount of divinylbenzene is high enough. Intermediate pores (40-500 Å) are, in the aggregates, between the microspheres, although the larger pores between the aggregates range from about 500 Å to more than 10,000 Å, depending on the amount of diluent.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230327
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Irregularities in steady flow for non-newtonian fluids between cone and plate (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 953-965 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Flow irregularities have been visually observed in solutions of polyacrylamide of high molecular weight on shear in a cone-and-plate rheometry (gap angle 2.3°). This anomalous flow was found to depend on molecular weight, concentration, and solvent. The onset of flow irregularities were generally at shear rates 〈 5 sec-1. A dimensional analysis shows that the elastic component of the fluid is responsible for the anomalous flow. The onset of flow irregularities has been predicted from measurements of recoverable strain as a function of shear stress.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230401
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Basic study of extrusion of polyethylene and polystyrene foams (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1013-1026 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A fundamental study of bubble morphology development and apparent rheological properties in foam extrusion is reported. The influence of melt temperature, die length/diameter ratio, and blowing agent level on the morphology are considered. Measurements of the influence of blowing agent on viscosity, extrudate swell, and end-pressure losses are described. The viscosity is reduced, but extrudate swell is increased. End-pressure losses were found to become very large relative to the die wall shear stress at low extrusion rates. These results were interpreted in terms of bubble development. The filling of molds by foaming melts was observed and is described.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230406
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of elastic and thermoelastic properties of ethylene-propylene and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers. I. Elastic properties (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 985-993 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The elastic properties of ethylene-propylene and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers crosslinked to different degrees were studied. A correction of the front factor with respect to temperature has been proposed for calculation of the concentration of network chains from shear modulus G. Deviations from the Gaussian approximation of the dependence of force on deformation were evaluated.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230403
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of elastic and thermoelastic properties of ethylene-propylene and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers. II. Thermoelastic properties (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 995-1002 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermoelastic properties of ethylene-propylene and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers crosslinked to different degrees were studied. An equation was proposed for calculating the relative contribution of the internal energy, fU/f, from the temperature dependence of shear modulus G. Analysis of a relation for calculating fU/f derived on the basis of the Mooney-Rivlin equation was made.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230404
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasma polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene. I. Inductive radio frequency discharge (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1003-1011 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The plasma polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene in an inductively coupled radio frequency glow discharge, using a flow system, was studied. A simple long tube reactor, with the coupling coil placed at the middle of the tube and gas entrance and exit at the respective ends, was used. Deposition rates and the chemical nature of the polymer (as revealed by ESCA spectra and surface energy studies) are obtained as a function of location in the reactor tube with respect to the coupling coil and of applied energy per unit mass of tetrafluoroethylene (W/FM). It was found that a fluorinepoor polymer, containing considerable carbon-oxygen bonds (after contact with air), is obtained at all locations at high W/FM. When a low W/FM is utilized, such a fluorine-poor polymer is also obtained at locations downstream from the coupling coil (the location of the highest energy density) in the reactor. In the latter case a fluorine-rich polymer containing very little oxygen is formed upstream from the coil. The polymer deposition rate distribution is also considerably broader in a high W/FM plasma than when low W/FM is used. These results are in agreement with earlier studies indicating that fluorine abstraction and decomposition due to fluorine etching occur when the energy density, as expressed by W/FM, is high.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230405
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of terminal OH groups in butadiene telechelics by calorimetry and by inverse gas chromatography (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1043-1049 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Direct injection enthalpimetry (DIE) with improved sensitivity constitutes a reproducible method for terminal OH group determination in telechelic oligomers. However, it requires calibration for each individual type of telechelic. Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) can also be applied to determine endgroups of butadiene oligomers using polar probe molecules which do not interact with the polymer backbone.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230409
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copolyester studies. I. Preparation and characterization of tetramethylene terephthalate-tetramethylene sebacate copolymers (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1063-1075 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Tetramethylene terephthalate-tetramethylene sebacate copolymers containing up to 20 mol % sebacate have been prepared and characterized. Molecular weights and distributions have been evaluated using viscometry and gel-permeation chromatography. Compositions have been established by NMR spectroscopy. Thermal properties have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical methods. Melting and glass-transition temperatures and moduli are discussed in terms of the structural differences, particularly the effect of composition on chain flexibility. Density and thermal methods of crystallinity determination are critically discussed for these systems.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230412
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copolyester studies. III. Melt-spinning, drawing, and mechanical properties of tetramethylene terephthalate-tetramethylene sebacate copolymer fibers (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1095-1104 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Fibers have been prepared from tetramethylene terephthalate-tetramethylene sebacate copolymers, containing up to 20 mol % of the latter, using a conventional melt-spinning technique. The mechanical properties of these undrawn fibers and of highly oriented fibers prepared from them have been evaluated. The changes in mechanical properties brought about by the introduction of sebacate groups in poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) have been related to the glass-transition temperatures of the copolymers and to the flexible nature of the sebacate unit. The formation of voids during a continuous drawing process and during mechanical testing is discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230414
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flocculation of dispersions by preferential adsorption of solvents from polymer solution (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1693-1697 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An attempt was made to account for the adverse effect of the preferential adsorption of solvents onto particles from polymer solution (negative adsorption of polymer) on the stability of a dispersion in terms of osmotic attraction. The change in the energy of osmotic attraction on collision of solvated particles in a solution of macromolecules was calculated as a function of an osmotic pressure of the media, the thickness of the solvation layers, and the size of solute molecules, based on the assumption that the adsorption is irreversible and the adsorbed layers are impenetrable. The result showed that the energy of osmotic attraction is of the same order of magnitude as that of the electrostatic repulsion, indicating that the flocculation caused by the negative adsorption of polymers is mainly due to the osmotic attraction.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230611
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polyblends based on vinyl chloride/propylene copolymer (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1733-1746 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends of vinyl chloride/propylene copolymer (VCM-P) with aromatic polycarbonate (PC) and with ABS terpolymer were studied. Particular emphasis was on characteristics of deflection temperature under load (DTUL), simply referred to as heat deflection temperature (HDT). In a binary system which contained PC and VCM-P, the HDT-composition plot exhibited an S-shaped curve, suggesting incompatibility. In contrast, a straight-line correlation, indicating compatibility, was found for VCM-P/ABS blends. These observations are consistent with dynamic measurements by viscoelastometer (Vibron Model DDV-II). Compatibility of the VCM-P/PC system was improved through incorporation of ABS copolymer, as indicated by the broadening of tan δ peak. Electron photomicrographs revealed that, in a 50% VCM-P binary blend, polycarbonate existed in a string-like morphology which differed from the compatible ABS system where the ABS copolymer was dispersed in a form of discrete particles.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230614
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanochemistry and permeability of polyelectrolyte complex membranes composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) derivatives (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1759-1767 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Two polyanions and two polycations were prepared by the esterification of poly(vinyl alcohol). Properties of their neutral polyelectrolyte complex membranes were compared with those of polyelectrolyte membranes. The charged state on the membranes was related closely to the mechanochemical reaction, the salt rejection, and the solution permeability. Both the salt rejection and the water flux of neutral polyelectrolyte complex memberanes were lower than those of the corresponding acidic or basic complex membranes.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230616
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffusivity and solubility of organic vapors in modified polyethylene films. I. Technique and analysis of results (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1819-1831 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new method of analyzing unsteady-state sorption data was developed to determine the diffusivity and solubility of vapors in polymer films. The equilibrium weight increase yields the solubility directly. Analysis of the unsteady-state data gives the diffusion coefficient and its concentration dependence. A complete method for the analysis of either absorption or desorption results is presented for any type of concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient. In this paper the method is applied to the Fujita free volume theory. The apparatus and the experimental procedures are discussed in detail.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230622
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adhesion of elastomers to rigid substrates - three substrates with unexpectedly high adhesion (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1863-1866 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230625
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modification of a model relating rheological behavior of polymer melts to the molecular weight distribution (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1867-1869 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230626
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Peak distortion in gel permeation chromatography at high sample concentration (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1879-1881 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230629
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat curing of radiation-induced crosslinked syndiotactic 1,2-polybutadiene (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1893-1896 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230632
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solvent barrier property for fluorinated polyethylene (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1907-1913 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Solvent barrier studies for fluorinated polyethylene have shown that the fluorinated surfaces reduce the rate of permeation for many solvents. The barrier property has been related to physical and chemical properties of the solvent. For instance, solvents having a dielectric constant between 7 and 10 were not retained as well as solvents with a dielectric constant less than 7.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230701
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fine structure investigation of Sansevieria roxburghi fiber by small-angle x-ray methods (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1671-1677 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Small-angle x-ray methods were used to evaluate macromolecular parameters such as specific inner surface of the dispersed phase; transversal lengths such as length of inhomogeneity and length of coherence; and the air fraction of the scattering particles in Sansevieria roxburghi; these parameters were found to be 12.76 × 10-6 Å-1, 549.9 Å, 15.21 Å, and 0.17%, respectively. A small-angle Kratky camera was used for the experimental measurements, and the theories of Kratky and Kratky and Porod were utilized to evaluate these parameters. The sample under investigation is treated as a densely packed colloidal system belonging to general micelle systems.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230609
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The determination of particle size distribution by hydrodynamic chromatography. An analysis of dispersion and methods for improved signal resolution (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1699-1721 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Various methods are described and compared for the determination of particle size distributions (PSD) in the submicron range by a technique known as hydrodynamic chromatography (HDC). Data are presented for a series of monodisperse latexes to establish the validity of the Mie theory of light scattering in describing the detector optical density signal. Analyses for the PSD involve corrections to the experimental HDC chromatograms for the effects of dispersion and are broadly classified as integral and numerical methods. Comparisons of calculations are made to chromatograms for polydisperse latexes as well as synthetic, discontinuous distributions and show the critical role of the optical density-particle size relationship in determining resolution and calculation stability. An integral method involving a non-Gaussian form for the dispersion function and a polynomial expansion for the chromatogram and an iterative numerical method involving modifications of a previously published technique are shown to give the best results for the PSD. The discussion includes an analysis of the possibility of improved signal resolution using turbidity in the absorption wavelength region and refractive index measurements. The conclusion is reached that increased resolution with turbidity is preferable to refractive index measurement since lower particle concentrations can be used.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230612
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The characterization of nylon 6 filaments by x-ray diffraction (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1747-1757 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method is described for calculating crystallinity indices and crystalline orientation functions for the α and γ components of the crystalline phase of nylon 6 filaments using wide-angle x-ray diffraction (WAXS) analysis. The method is shown to be applicable to a wide range of filament samples (“conventional” as-spun, fast spun, drawn, and annealed) even when only a single broad diffraction maximum is observable from the WAXS photograph. The component indices can be used to illustrate differences present in the filament microstructure which would be unobservable if a total crystallinity index, such as that determined by density, were determined alone. For example, the initially mixed α-γ structure is retained in low-temperature drawing (75-150°C) of nylon 6 fiber, but the predominantly α form is produced at higher draw temperatures.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230615
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Durable flame resistance via reaction of cotton cellulose bearing aromatic amino groups with tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1803-1810 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Chemically modified cotton fabric samples having different amounts of aromatic amino groups were prepared. These modified samples were reacted with tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC) under a variety of conditions using the pad-dry-thermofixation technique. The extent of the reaction (expressed as %P) was dependent of the degree of chemical modification of cotton, temperature and time of heating, and pH of the treating bath as well as incorporation of Lyofix CHN (N-methylol finishing agent), MgCl2·6H2O (catalyst), and urea at various concentrations. THPC did react with the modified cotton having a nitrogen content over a range of 0.4%-1.3% even in the absence of catalyst at a temperature as low as 30°C for 10 min to impart durable flame resistance to cotton. Increasing the temperature up to 80°C enhanced considerably the extent of reaction; he latter remained practically constant upon further increase in temperature. The reaction was favored in acidic media (pH 4-6), whereas alkaline media (pH 9-11) inhibited it. Incorporation of Lyofix CHN (9%), MgCl26H2O (1%), and urea (5%) along with THPC (25%) in the treating bath required a curing temperature of 120°C and a curing time of 5 min to achieve a fabric containing as much as 2.7% phosphorus with excellent durable flame resistance. A tentative mechanism of the reaction between THPC and the modified cotton was also elicited.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230620
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    PVC powder extrusion. Melting properties and particle morphology (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1781-1794 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The extrusion of unplasticized PVC powder has been studied. Powder blends with low amounts of lubricants have been used in order to observe differences between structurally different PVC powders. Experiments with varying screw speeds indicate that resins consisting of agglomerated, small, globular primary particles are more sensitive to shear and deformation in the extruder channel than more compact particles. Frictional heat seems to be dissipated inside loosely agglomerated resin particles, possibly because of a larger internal surface. This additional heat, which depends on the shear rate, influences the melting behavior considerably. Scanning electron microscopy shows that PVC particles seem to melt without first breaking into smaller particles. A comparison between bulk-polymerized and suspension-polymerized PVC with nearly the same particle structure reveals a close similrity in melting properties. The results obtained in this work indicate that structural differences may explain the differences in melting behavior often observed when rigid PVC blends are extruded.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    Measurements of vapor sorption/desorption properties of ultrathin polymeric filmsPresented at Division of Polymer Chemistry, American Chemical Society Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, March 1977. (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1795-1802 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: After a brief review of various standard methods of diffusion measurements of vapors into and out of polymeric solids, a direct gravimetric method for studying the sorption/desorption process in thin polymer films is discussed. The apparatus used consisted of a sensitive electrical balance housed in a vacuum pump. The sorption and desorption characteristics of thick polystyrene films were studied for comparison with literature values. The system polystyrene/methylene chloride was chosen to calibrate the system because of its known data. Experiments were carried out using the polystyrenes PS-5 and Dow Trycite 1000 at 35 and 50 mm Hg. Results agreed well with those reported in the literature. The apparatus was also suitable for measuring the very initial uptake of vapor. This information is important in the study of very thin films where the amount of vapor absorbed is minimum and the initial rate of uptake is almost instantaneous.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Gel permeation chromatography in the study of the molecular weight distribution vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer. III. Influence of the incompatibility of polymers and some problems of interpretation of experimental data (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1811-1817 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The influence of incompatibility in the ternary systems gel-polymer-solvent and polymer-polymer-solvent on the results of gel permeation chromatography of the copolymer vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate was investigated. The measurements were performed on styrene-divinylbenzene gels and on porous silica gels. Detection in GPC was made using a differential refractometer together with a UV detector, which permitted evaluation of the extent of interactions of the polymer components in the mixture. Some aspects of the GPC data are discussed for the application of universal calibration, the validity of which for the copolymer vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate has been proved.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    NMR study of water absorbed by epoxy resinSupported in part by NASA Grant No. NGS1423. (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1871-1874 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230627
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    The alkali-catalyzed depolymerization of amyloses in relation to iodine-complexing propertiesA preliminary report was presented to the 43rd Annual Meeting, Israel Chemical Society, Beersheba, Oct. 1975, Proceedings, p. 130. (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1883-1887 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230630
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    Stress yield value in closely packed gel suspensions (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1897-1900 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230633
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    Partially dehydrochlorinated PVC. II. Reactions with dienophiles and hydroxylating agents (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2005-2017 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Samples of poly(vinylchloride) containing polyene sequences were made by partial dehydrochlorination by alkali in tetrahydrofuran solution, by alkali in dioxane, and thermally in dimethyl-formamide. The reactions of polyene PVC were followed by UV spectrophotometry. Dienophiles were found to have relative reactivities similar to those found in reactions with low molecular-weight dienes. The reaction with maleic anhydride yielded polymers which after hydrolysis contained carboxyl groups. Hydroxylation was made with osmium tetraoxide and performic acid. With the latter reagent the reaction proceeded to complete disappearance of the UV-absorption peaks from trienes and higher polyenes: Gel permeation chromatography analysis showed that hydroxylation could be made with only minor changes in molecular-weight distribution. The formation of gel upon thermal dehydrochlorination in DMF was shown to be due to physical cross linking probably arising by crystallization of polyene segments. The adhesion of the hydroxylated and carboxylated polymers to glass and stainless-steel surfaces was investigated. Films adhered stronger as the degree of dehydrochlorination of the polyene PVC used to make the derivative increased. Samples with long sequences adhered much stronger than those containing short sequences of corresponding degrees of total substitution.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Size distribution of suspension-polymerized unsaturated polyester beads (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2043-2048 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Thermosetting polyester beads in the size range of 200 to 2000 μm were prepared in a PVAl stabilized suspension polymerization system from a commercial unsaturated polyester resin. Bead size distribution curves were determined and the average surface mean diameter Dm was calculated. Agitation speed, resin volume fraction in the reaction medium and PVAl concentration were varied and their effect on Dm was studied.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230714
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    Deformational, swelling, and potentiometric behavior of ionized gels of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid copolymers (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2073-2082 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The deformational, swelling, and potentiometric behavior of ionized water-swollen gels of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)-methacrylic acid (MA) copolymers used in biomedical and separation applications was investigated. With increasing degrees of neutralization α, the swelling degree strongly increases and the modulus Gs decreases. For the copolymers with MA content ≥ 30 mole-%, the dependence of Gs on α passes through a minimum. Comparison of the results with the modified theory of rubber elasticity shows that the decrease in Gs at low concentrations of charges on the chain is controlled mainly by the degree of swelling. At higher α, both the finite extensibility of network chains, caused by a high degree of swelling, and electrostatic interactions contribute to Gs. The dependence of the interaction parameter χ on the volume fraction of polymer in the gel, v2, is independent of α and closely resembles the dependence obtained for other hydrophilic polymers.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230717
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    Comparisons of the cure of phenol-formaldehyde novolac and resol systems by differential scanning calorimetry (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1973-1985 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Comparisons were made of differential scanning-calorimetric (DSC) thermograms of both liquid and powdered commercial phenol-formaldehyde resins. By a combination of the results from analyses under a variety of conditions, such as ambient pressure, high pressure, using freeze-dried samples, and also by direct observation of the resin-curing process in wood-veneer assemblies, the curing reactions of phenol-formaldehyde resins were found to differ for resol and novolac systems. At a heating rate of 10°C/min, the resol resin showed endothermic curing reactions at temperatures of about 150°C, while the novolac-type resin showed an exothermic peak maximum at about 160°C. Results are presented to show how DSC can be used to differentiate between a resol and novolac system.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Grafting onto polyester fibers. II. Kinetics of grafting of acrylic acid, acrylonitrile, and vinyl acetate onto polyester fibers (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2133-2138 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of grafting of acrylonitrile, acrylic acid, and vinyl acetate onto polyester fiber by catalytic initiation and radiation were studied. The energy of activation determined for acrylic acid grafting by the catalytic method was 10.7 kcal/mole and that for vinyl acetate grafting by the radiation method, 11.7 kcal/mole. In the case of acrylonitrile grafting by the catalytic method, the rate of grafting decreased with increase in temperature of grafting, showing the differential behavior of the precipitating type of polymer from that of homogeneous polymerization.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230723
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    Solution and rheological properties of poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide) in dimethylacetamide/LiCl (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2155-2168 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An experimental study of the solution properties of poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide) (MPD-I) in dimethylacetamide (DMA)/LiCl solutions is presented. Differential refractometry, light scattering photometry, dilute and concentrated solution viscometry, and normal stress experiments are reported and interpreted. This polymer in the concentration range investigated does not exhibit mesophase behavior in contrast to its para-linked analog. Generally, it behaves as a flexible polymer molecule; however, its capacity to become a polyelectrolyte strongly influences its behavior in the presence of LiCl. MPD-I is self-associated when dissolved in pure DMA but dissociates in DMA/LiCl solvent systems. The Zimm plots of MPD-I in DMA/LiCl solutions show distortion, probably due to polymer-salt interactions.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230726
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    Permeability of oxygen through polymers. I. A novel spectrophotochemical method (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2365-2371 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A novel method for the measurement of oxygen permeability through polymer membranes is described. It is based on monitoring the sensitized photo-oxygenation of a singlet oxygen acceptor in a detector layer sandwiched between a support and the polymer layer under test. The detector layer contains a sensitizer which on irradiation produces singlet excited oxygen from the ground-state oxygen available. The singlet oxygen reacts with an oxygen acceptor, the disappearance of which can be followed by spectrophotometry. In the photostationary state, changes in the acceptor absorbance are directly related to the overall flux of oxygen through the polymer membrane. It can be shown that the permeation coefficient P of oxygen is proportional to the rate of change in acceptor absorbance and to the inverse of the oxygen concentration in the surrounding atmosphere. It is given by the expression \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ P = \frac{1}{{10^3 \varepsilon {\rm }\Delta C}} \cdot \frac{{\Delta D{\rm }l}}{{\Delta t}} $$\end{document} where ∊ is the molar extinction coefficient, ΔC is the difference in the oxygen concentration on the two sides of the polymer membrane, ΔD is the change in optical density during the time interval Δt, and l is the thickness of the polymer membrane. The method is comparatively simple and rapid and provides data for polymers that are difficult to study by more conventional methods. Oxygen permeabilities were measured for a group of water-soluble polymers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230814
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    Thermal degradation of polymers. XXII. Vacuum pyrolysis of poly(m-N,N-dimethylaminostyrene); the residue and the fraction volatile at pyrolysis temperature, involatile at room temperature (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2855-2869 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The effect of extent of degradation of poly(m-N,N-dimethylaminostyrene) on the quantity and molecular weight of the residue is described. Comparative studies on polystyrene and poly(m-N,N-dimethylaminostyrene) have indicated significant differences between the two polymers. Torsional braid analysis has shown the crosslinked residue from poly(m-N,N-dimethylaminostyrene), produced at temperatures greater than 150°C, to be obtained on the heating cycle rather than the cooling cycle, and mechanisms to account for this phenomenon are discussed. The physical form of the residue has been found to be molecular weight dependent, and this has been discussed in terms of the differences in “melt temperature” relative to the “onset temperature” for crosslinking. The quantity and composition of the fraction volatile at pyrolysis temperature, involatile at ambient temperature are discussed. The components of this fraction were identified by GPC and mass spectrometry and include oligomers containing the secondary amino function. Mechanisms involving N-alkyl and N-aryl scission are proposed to account for the observed products.
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    Use of sorbyl chloride-osmium staining for fibrillar measurements in cotton fibers (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2929-2931 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The technique for staining unsaturated additives within cotton fibers reacts osmium tetroxide with a sorbyl moiety which has been attached to the cellulose chain. Resulting electron micrographs indicate that contrast is considerably enhanced. Measurements of fibrillar size averaged 0.30 nm, closely approximating the values in the literature.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Hydroquinone, polyvinyl alcohol, formaldehyde, and acrylonitrile (HPFA)-based weak acid electron exchangers (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2945-2950 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: A standard weak acid electron exchanger based on hydroquinone phenol formaldehyde (HPF) has been prepared by standard procedure [L. K. Edward and P. W. Richard, Chem. Abstr., 49, 7780b (1955)]. Similarly, three new electron exchangers based on hydroquinone, polyvinyl alcohol, formaldehyde, and acrylonitrile (HPFA) have been synthesized and compared with the standard HPF electron exchanger.
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    Interfacial properties of polyelectrolyte-cellulose systems. III. Theoretical model for the electrokinetic behavior of cellulose fibers with adsorbed monolayers of cationic polyelectrolyte (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2999-3016 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A theoretical model is proposed to account for the experimental results in part II. The basic assumption is that the total surface charge of the monolayer-formed DP fibers stems from (i) fixed ionized groups on the surface and (ii) adsorbed ions on the surface from surrounding solutions. The fixed ionized groups are the carboxyl groups of the fibers and quaternary ammonium groups of the polymer. The proposed model correlates the amount of adsorbed polymer with the zeta potential of the monolayer-formed DP fibers. Calculations made on the proposed model using the experimental data in part II suggest that a comparison of the charge calculated from zeta potential with that from the amount of adsorbed polymer yields ca. 0.04% of the fixed ionizable groups as effective charged sites, i.e., electrokinetically detectable. This finding is due to the binding of counterions to the fixed ionized sites on the surface. Zeta potentials of the DP with adsorbed monolayers largely stem from the fixed ionized groups with only a minor contribution from the adsorbed ions. The zeta potentials are nearly proportional to the difference between the number of cationic and anionic groups on the surface.
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    The effect of casting solvent on the sorption and diffusion of water vapor in poly(γ-methyl L-glutamate) (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2729-2737 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Water vapor permeability of poly(γ-methyl L-glutamate) (PMLG) membranes prepared by using dichloroethane, trifluoroacetic acid, and formic acid as solvents was studied. The membranes prepared by casting dichloroethane and trifluoroacetic acid solutions of the polymer, designated as PMLG-DCE and PMLG-TFA, respectivley, had α-helical structures according to infrared absorption spectra, while the membranes prepared by allowing the PMLG-TFA membranes to swell in formic acid, designated as PMLG-FA, had mainly a β-sheet structure. The amounts of water sorbed by PMLG-DCE, PMLG-TFA, and PMLG-FA increased in that order. The isotherms of PMLG-TFA and PMLG-FA were sigmoidal-shaped isotherms, and the heat of sorption for PMLG-TFA and PMLG-FA was larger than that for PMLG-DCE, which suggested the presence of the sorption sites. The diffusion coefficients of water for PMLG-DCE increased and then decreased with increasing concentration. On the other hand, the diffusion coefficients for PMLG-TFA and PMLG-FA increased with concentration. The activation energies of diffusion for PMLG-DCE, PMLG-TFA, and PMLG-FA increased in that order. These results were discussed in connection with the molecular conformations of poly(γ-methyl L-glutamate) in the membranes. From these results, it is assumed that the molecular chains in the PMLG-TFA membranes are mainly in α-helical and partly random-coil conformations.
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    On the thermoelastic effect and configurational entropy in rubber-like solids (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2803-2806 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230924
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    Diffusion coefficient in polymer solutions (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3021-3025 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Molecular diffusivity of a solute in a solvent may be determined by measuring the extent of dispersion of solute in solvent flowing in a straight circular tube under the conditions of laminar flow. This simple and rapid method for determination of molecular diffusivity in aquous polymer solutions is discussed. Experimental results show a substantial reduction in the solute diffusivity with increase in polymer concentration.
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    Identification of the active species in the suppression of postirradiation conductivity in polystyrene films for dosimeter applicationExcerpted from reports ORNL-4842 (Oak Ridge National Laboratory) and MRC-DA-323 (Monsanto Research Corp.). Available from National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Virginia 22151. A portion of this material was presented at the Second Cairo Solid State Conference, Recent Advances in the Science and Technology of Materials, Vol. 2, A. Bishay, Ed., Plenum, New York, 1974, p. 29. (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3033-3039 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The resistivity of insulating materials for electrostatic, ion chamber dosimeters must be very high and must remain so after exposure to ionizing radiation. Low dielectric polarization and good fabrication characteristics make hydrocarbon polymers most suitable, but both the conductivity during irradiation and its decay afterward vary greatly even for the same type of polymer, probably depending on impurities. Amorphous, styrene-based polymers and copolymers polymerized in aqueous emulsion and initiated with K2S2O8 were found to have much more rapid decay of conductivity after irradiation than pure polystyrene or other nonpolar polymers. The synthesis method incorporates sulfate groups on the polymer chain ends and leaves emulsifier residues distributed throughout the polymer as was demonstrated by various analytical procedures. To identify the trapping species a synthesis program was carried out varying selected ingredients in the polymerization recipe. It was found that the postirradiation conductivity was not dependent on the chemical nature of the emulsifier residues. On the other hand, the decay time of conductivity after irradiation did depend on the polar groups incorporated in the polymer chain. It was concluded that effective charge carrier traps were constituted of a polar second phase highly dispersed through the polymer by association with polar groups incorporated on the polymer chain.
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    Melt spinning of fibers: Effect of air drag (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3105-3122 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Experimental measurements of the magnitude of air drag on the filament and the air velocity profile around the filament in the spinning and drawing down of a fiber filament in the surrounding of stagnant air are reported. The results are examined in comparison with the existing theoretical correlations that have been used in the studies of the spinning processes. The experimental values of the air drag are found to be larger than the values based on the existing correlations to such an extent that, in some cases of past studies, the air drag effect on the filament tension may have been underestimated.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Flocculation of dispersions by preferential adsorption of solvents from polymer solution (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3143-3143 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070231032
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    Polymer systems in geothermal applications (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3179-3191 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The feasibility of using a copolymer composed of styrene, acrylonitrile, and acrylamide or methacrylamide in the formation of a high-strength thermally and chemically stable polymer concrete for use in geothermal environments has been demonstrated. Specimens produced with the copolymer in conjunction with an aggregate containing sand and portland cement had compressive strengths in the range of 25,000 to 30,000 psi at 20°C and were thermally stable up to ∼240°C. A study of the effect of monomer concentration on the properties of the polymer concrete indicated that the optimum concentration is in the range of 12 to 13 wt. %. Increased monomer concentrations lead to a nonuniform polymer distribution within the composite, resulting in a deterioration of the properties. The optimum properties are obtained when the monomer is used in conjunction with an aggregate containing 70 to 80 wt. % silica sand and 20 to 30 wt. % portland cement. The results from laboratory and field evaluations in progress indicate that the materials can be used for pipe or as protective liners on pipe and vessels in electric generating and direct utilization geothermal processes.
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    Elastomeric electron beam-cured coatings: Structure-property relationships. I. Oligomer structure (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3227-3242 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Mechanical properties of electron beam-cured films were studied as a function of oligomer structure and monomer diluent. In films cast from polyester acrylourethane oligomers, increasing the chain length between the two acrylate groups on each end resulted in a decrease in breaking strength from 7000 psi to 1000 psi in Young's modulus from 200,000 psi to 700 psi, and in glass transition temperature from 50 to -25°C, while the ultimate elongation increased from 20% to 210%. These properties were virtually independent of dose above 1 Mrad. The elongations were compared with literature values at equivalent degrees of crosslinking and found to fall within the range, but on the low elongation side of the distribution. It was speculated that the crosslinks' functionality would equal the average degree of polymerization of the double bond at each end of the oligomer, resulting in multirayed, star-shaped crosslinks with less flexibility than those with the usual functionality of 3 or 4, and methods for reducing this functionality were investigated. Addition of active monomers effected only minor change, but diethylaminoethyl acrylate was found to be very helpful in increasing the extensibility of these films considerably. This behavior can be explained by assuming that this monomer has a significant chain transfer constant, which should reduce the degree of polymerization of acrylic endgroups, producing a looser structure.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    Dyeing properties of poly(methyl vinyl pyridine)-poly(ethylene terephthalate) graft copolymers (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3051-3059 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Grafting of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers (PET) with 2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine (MVP) was carried out using γ rays and benzoyl peroxide independently for the initiation of grafting. The poly(MVP)-PET graft copolymers were analyzed for density, moisture regain, and dyeability. Radiation-induced grafting yielded copolymers with densities and moisture regain appreciably higher than those produced by benzoyl peroxide. The same results occurred when acid dyes were used. The behavior of (MVP)-PET graft copolymers towards some reactive dyes was also studied. The extent and rate of dyeing were dependent of pH of the dye bath, nature of the dye and the magnitude of grafting. Dyeing occurs through formation of salt linkages between the pyridine moieties and the solubilizing groups (usually sulfonate groups) in the dye molecule.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Low peclet number heat transfer for power law non-newtonian fluid with heat generation (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3077-3103 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Heat transfer for power law non-Newtonian fluid with heat generation and axial conduction is analyzed. Radial and axial temperature distribution and the Nusselt number inside a tube are obtained in terms of nonorthogonal series expansion. Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions are given for different values of various parameters. The effects of Peclet number, power law model index, viscous dissipation, and heat generation on the temperature distribution and Nusselt number are discussed. Comparison of the present results for extreme cases with those obtained by previous workers shows good agreement.
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    Elastic moduli of glassy polymers at low strains (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3129-3138 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The short time moduli of polystyrene, poly(methyl methyacrylate), and polycarbonate have been measured in the glassy state. The main methods used were as follows: (1) The Young's modulus of a strip was derived by extrapolating to infinite length. (2) A bidirectional strain gauge was used for Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. (3) A unidirectional bulk modulus was measured by the method of Warfield. The results obtained made it possible to determine all the isotropic moduli including the bulk modulus, and these are compared with those reported in the literature. Poisson's ratio (v) was found to increase with temperature in all cases. For poly(methyl methacrylate), where results reported in the literature vary widely, our values agreed with the lower reported figures (v 〈 0.36). The Young's modulus of poly(methyl methacrylate) is found to be more dependent on temperature and frequency than with the other two polymers.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Quantitative analysis of copolyamides and copolyesters by gas chromatography (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3167-3177 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Procedures were developed for the analysis of copolyesters and copolyamides by saponification or hydrolysis of the copolymers to their component dicarboxylic acids, glycols, amino acids, or diamines and quantitatively identifying these by gas chromatography. The alcohols, amines and acids were converted to volatile trimethylsilyl derivatives for the analysis, and linear correlations were observed between carbon atom contents of these derivatives and retention times in the chromatograph.
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    Effects of alkalinity on endwise depolymerization of hydrocellulose (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3219-3225 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The role of hydroxyl ion concentration in the endwise depolymerization of hydrocellulose has been investigated in sodium hydroxide solution (0.05-18.6N) at 120°C, by determining the amount of degradation and the changes of carboxyl content and degree of polymerization in the solid phase. The extent of degradation increases with the base concentration up to about 6N and then sharply decreases thereafter. These data are discussed in terms of altering the accessibility and the relative rates of peeling and stopping reactions in varying concentrations of alkali.
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    Lignocellulose-polymer composite. I (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3263-3269 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Bagasse grinded to different mesh sizes was used for the production of lignocellulose polymer composites. Samples of different polymer loads were prepared from crude-grafted bagasse with polymethyl methacrylate. A sodium bisulfite-soda lime glass system was used as an initiator for the grafting reaction. The properties of the resulting composites have been found to be affected by both the polymer load and the mesh size of the ground bagase. Grafting in the absence of soda lime glass from the initiator system was successful, and the properties of the composite produced from the prepared samples differed greatly from those containing glass. Other oxides, namely, copper (cupric) oxide and iron (ferric) oxide, were used in replacing glass in the initiator system. Some of the properties of the composite containing the latter were deteriorated. A composite from the true-grafted sample (homopolymer free) showed improvement in some of the properties, while the others deteriorated. Composites prepared from impregnated bagasse with polymer or homopolymer behaved differently in their properties and from those from crude-grafted samples, depending on the mesh size of the ground bagasse they are made from.
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    Influence of shearing history on the rheological properties and processability of branched polymers. III. An amorphous long-chain branched polymer (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3295-3300 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Viscoelastic properties of branched polymers vary with their shearing history; notwithstanding, their primary molecular parameters do not change. According to a recent study, such viscoelastic variation was believed to be observed only with crystalline long-chain branched polymers such as low-density polyethylene or polyacetal. That is, the origin of the viscoelastic variation was attributed to the presence of specific entanglements at the branching points, which was formed during the crystallization process. However, the viscoelastic variation of the long-chain branched polymers is the phenomenon at temperatures well above their melting points, namely, it is considered that whether the long-chain branched polymers are crystalline or not is not essential for the occurrence of the viscoelastic variation. Thus, the influence of the shearing history on the rheological properties of an amorphous long-chain branched polymer was investigated in this paper, and it was found that, irrespective of their crystallinity, the viscoelastic properties of long-chain branched polymers vary according to their shearing history.
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    Estimation of transfer constants in the aqueous solution polymerization of acrylamide with potassium persulfate initiator (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3341-3354 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An experimental investigation on the aqueous polymerization of acrylamide with potassium persulfate initiator is reported. Molecular weight averages were measured by viscometry. Non-Newtonian effects were accounted for by extrapolation to high shear rates where the polymer solutions approximated Newtonian behavior. Values for the transfer constants to the acrylamide monomer and to the persulfate initiator were estimated at 25 and 40°C and compared to literature values.
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    Polymérisation des méthacrylates d'ethers glycériques par le peroxyde de benzoyle: Accélération de la polymérisation par les sulfinates d'amines tertiaries (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 11-23 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The kinetic study of the radical polymerization of phenyl glyceric ether methacrylate, taken as model of the corresponding derivative of bisphenol A, initiated by the system benzoyl peroxide/dimethyl p-toluidine p-toluene sulfinic acid salt, was performed. The effect of hydroxylic groups of the monomer on the polymerizability was established. The system used as initiator allows rapid polymerization of the monomer in presence of stabilizers.
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    Mechanism of action of PVC thermal stabilizers (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 39-54 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Based on experimental data, changes of properties of plasticized PVC containing stearates of Ca, Zn, Cd, and Pb stabilizers during thermal degradation are discussed. The mechanism of action of these stabilizers is described in kinetic form.
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    Radical formation and graft copolymerization on photo-irradiated aldehyde cellulose (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1-9 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The relationship between the activity to initiate graft copolymerization under photo-irradiation and the photo-induced radicals of periodic acid-oxidized cellulose (aldehyde cellulose) was investigated. Aldehyde cellulose proved to have a high activity to initiate graft copolymerization under photo-irradiation, and the effect was profound, especially for hydrophilic vinyl monomers such as acrylic acid and acrylamide. By studying the ESR spectrum of photo-irradiated aldehyde cellulose, the formation of a radical giving a singlet spectrum with linewidth of 14-15 G and a g value of 2.001 was observed. This was assigned to an acyl radical orginating in the aldehyde group of the sample. Employing low molecular weight aldehydes, it was confirmed that an acyl radical formed on aldehyde compounds by photo-irradiation has a function sufficient to initiate the graft copolymerization of vinyl monomers. It was concluded that the high activity needed to induce the graft copolymerization of aldehyde cellulose under photo-irradiation was based on an acyl radical which originated in the aldehyde group of the sample.
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    Correlating and predicting polymer thermal conductivities (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 55-58 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: General correlations were developed to estimte polymer thermal conductivities for four cases - amorphous polymers above the glass temperature; amorphous polymers below the glass temperature; semicrystalline polymers above the melting temperature, and semicrystalline polymers below the melting temperature. The correlations based on readily available parameters (mer weights, densities at 25°C, specific heats) yielded calculated thermal conductivities that deviated by only 1%-2% from experimental values.
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    Physicochemical properties of kevlar 49 fiber (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 59-73 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The high-strength, high-modulus Kevlar 49 fiber is widely used today because of its superior properties. In this paper, we discuss the fundamental physicochemical nature of the commercial fiber. It is an extended chain polymer, poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide), which is highly crystalline. Extensive analysis shows that the material composition is quite consistent from lot to lot and is low in impurities. The fiber absorbs water reversibly; the extent of absorption is related to the ash content. The well-known interaction of the fiber with ultraviolet light is illustrated with spectra, and the thermal stability of the fiber is demonstrated with various thermal analysis techniques.
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    Organic polymeric coatings for silica fibers. I. UV-curing epoxy acrylate (V1F) (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 75-84 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Coated optical fibers (∼100 μm) were prepared exhibiting fracture strengths in excess of 750 ksi (5.3 GN/m2) for lengths up to 100 meters. To achieve this we have developed a novel coating and coating application process. The coating is an epoxy acrylate, cured by UV irradiation, which may contain a multifunctional silane coupling agent. The coating liquid was applied to the fiber prior to solidification by an applicator, which facilitates centering of the fiber in the coating. Our coating system offers advantages in that there is no solvent to remove, thereby avoiding possible surface “corrosion” of the glass fiber. The reasonably low viscosity of the coating formulation allows for the extensive wetting of the fiber surface irregularities prior to solidification.
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    Water-soluble photocurable elastomer (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 115-122 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: A low molecular weight copolymer of vinylbenzyl chloride and butadiene was quaternized with N-dimethylaminoethylmethacrylamide. The resin was coated from water solution to give a photorelief plate which could be developed with water. A photocured protective coating on steel showed good toughness.
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    Polyester-polycarbonate blends. II. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 85-99 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Melt blends of polycarbonate and poly(ethylene terephthalate) were prepared and examined for their transitional behavior by thermal analysis and dynamic mechanical testing. A single Tg was observed for compositions containing more than 60%-70% PET by weight while compositions below this range showed two glass transitions. From this it is concluded that PC and PET are completely miscible in the amorphous phase for PET-rich compositions, whereas PC-rich blends separate into two amorphous phases which apparently contain both components. Melting point and crystallization behavior are conssistent with these conclusions and suggest that very little if any interchange reactions occur between the ester and carbonate groups during melt mixing.
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    Mechanism and evaluation in electroinitiated copolymerization coatings of acrylonitrile and acrylic acid (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 101-113 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Adherent films of copolymers on different metal surfaces were formed by an electrolytically initiated polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) and acrylic acid (AA) in 0.05N H2SO4 aqueous solution. The electrolysis was carried out under a constant current. Hydrogen overvoltages for five different metals used as the cathode were measured in order to interpret the nature and quality of the coating. Solutions containing varying volume fractions of AN and containing different electrolytes gave rise to coatings of varying film thickness. Based on the analyses of copolymer compositions, it is believed that the polymer was formed at the cathode by a free-radical propagation mechanism. The film hardness and the adhesion between the polymer and the metal surface were measured with an Arco microknife. Furthermore, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to examine the structure of the film surface and cross section. The corrosion rates of the coated and uncoated metals in substitute ocean water were also measured for purposes of evaluation of the coatings.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Studies in chemically modified celluloses. XI. Hypochlorite oxidation of cellulose in the presence of chromium oxide (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 123-132 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In the dyeing of mineral Khaki on cotton fabrics, which are mainly used for military uniforms in India, a mixture of Fe2O3 and Cr2O3 is deposited in the fabric. When these garments are laundered using bleaching powder solution, the chromium oxide is likely to accelerate the oxidation of cotton cellulose. This aspect has been studied by oxidizing cotton yarn with sodium hypochlorite solution in the presence of chromium oxide, varying the chromium content, the pH of the oxidizing medium, and the concentration of the oxidizing agent. The properties of these chemically modified celluloses indicate that chromium oxide does accelerate the hypochlorite oxidation of cellulose and that the maximum extent of acceleration takes place when the oxidation is carried out at pH 7. The oxidized products were further modified separately by treatment with chlorous acid and sodium borohydride, and the effects of these agents on the properties of the oxidized products were studied.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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    Crystalline transitions and the solid-state extrusion of polymers (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 133-140 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Extrusion experiments on eight polymers in our laboratory and eight additional polymers in other laboratories reveal that solid-state extrusion and malleability occur in semicrystalline polymers that have a reversible crystalline transition, Tc, and do not occur in crystalline polymers devoid of Tc, The solid-state extrusion takes place only in the temperature range of Tc ≪ T 〈 Tm. The transparency of the solid-state extrudates was shown to be largely due to void disappearance and may be due in part to the diminution in size of the scattering species. Increases in Tm were shown not to be correlatable with lamellar thickening or chain extension.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Emulsion of polyurethane having thermosetting properties. I. Preparation (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 141-153 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method of preparation of an urethane emulsion which provides thermosetting film is described here. By reacting a urethane prepolymer containing terminal isocyanate groups with diethylenetriamine in the presence of ketones, poly(urethane-urea-amine) was prepared. In other organic solvents, however, gelation occurred immediately and preparation of polyurethane-urea-amine was not successful. The function of ketone was ascribed to the tentative formation of a Schiff base between the primary amino group of diethylenetriamine and ketone in situ, and the reaction of primary amine with isocyanate was partly masked to prevent gelation. Then the free amino group is generated when the polymer is treated with epichlorohydrin and the reaction occurs between them. After the solution was neutralized with an aqueous acid, the solvent was removed in vacuo to give a stable self-emulsifiable thermosetting urethane emulsion. Typical mechanical properties of film from this urethane emulsion are also given here.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    2,2′,6,6′-Tetrabromo-3,3′,5,5′-tetramethyl-4,4′-biphenol (TTB)-flame retardant copolycarbonates and copolyestersPresented in part at the ACS 7th Central Regional Meeting, Morgantown, West Virginia, May 28-30, 1975. (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 155-162 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: 2,2′,6,6′-Tetrabromo-3,3′,5,5′-tetramethyl-4,4′-biphenol (TTB) is a new flame retardant monomer possessing a high degree of chemical and thermal stability. This brominated biphenol can be directly incorporated as a comonomer in condensation polymerizations. An example is the preparation of copolycarbonates of TTB and 2,2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane (BPA) via the aqueous caustic phosgenation method. The reaction of TTB with either ethylene oxide or ethylene chlorohydrin affords 4,4′-bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2,2′,6,6′-tetrabromo-3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbiphenyl (TTB-Diol). This diol is melt polymerized into a series of terephthalate copolymers with 1,4 butanediol. The above copolymers possess flame retardancy, thermal stability, and good mechanical properties. These high-bromine-content copolymers are blended with nonhalogen-containing polymers to afford blends with specific degrees of flame resistance.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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    Investigation of the composite molecular structure of LDPE by using temperature rising elution fractionation (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 163-171 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In the synthesis of low-density polyethylene there is a direct relationship between the synthesis conditions, molecular structure, and technical properties of the product. The evaluation of the molecular structure of the polymer is therefore important. The most important structure parameters in low-density polyethylene are molecular weight distribution (MWD), degree of long-chain branching (LCB), and short-chain branching distribution (SCBD). Through chain transfer to polymer it is possible to get composite molecules made up of chains with different amounts of short-chain branching. By using temperature rising elution fractionation (TREF) and plotting the methyl contents or the DTA melt temperature of the fractions as functions of the elution temperature, the SCBD within composite molecules can be evaluated. The deviations from linear relationships are caused by such SCBD within composite molecules. In order to demonstrate the buildup of composite molecules, samples from different parts of a reactor were investigated.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Fiber-fiber coefficient of friction: Effects of modulus and tan δ (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 173-184 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The technologically important studies on rubber friction and wear give strong support to rubber friction being a viscoelastic phenomenon. However, the basic concepts and conclusions derived from such studies appear to have general validity. Fiber-to-fiber friction studies are carried out on a number of polymeric flaments with a view to establishing the relationships between fundamental mechanical properties such as modulus, tan δ, and the coefficient of friction. The relationship between these three quantities is expressed by an equation. The results show that with these fibers adhesive contribution to friction is negligible and that temperature and humidity variations in end uses have a much more important effect in frictional properties than changes in draw ratio, heat setting, and so on.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    Diffusion of gases through polyurethane block polymers (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 201-214 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The diffusivities of simple gases through a series of polyurethane block copolymers of differing aromatic urethane content and type of soft segment were measured using a quadrapole mass spectrometer as a detecting device. Although an Arrhenius expression generally described the temperature dependence of diffusion in this system, a discontinuity was observed in the Arrhenius plots for some materials, and the discontinuity was found to be related to the onset of the glass transition in the hard domains. Increasing the hard segment content of the materials decreased the diffusivity due to the increase in the activation energy of diffusion. Increasing the soft segment length brought about a decrease in the activation energy with an increase in diffusivity. Polyster urethanes had lower activation energies for diffusion than polyether urethanes of similar hard segment composition. Finally, as the penetrant diameter was increased, a decrease in the diffusivity and an increase in the activation energy was noted.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Sulfur vulcanization of natural rubber accelerated with 2-mercaptobenzothiazole plus tetramethylthiuram disulfide (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 185-200 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The sulfur vulcanization of NR by a MBT-TMTD mixed accelerator system both in the presence and absence of ZnO and stearic acid with or without DCP has been studied. The rate of decomposition of DCP in the presence of both MBT and TMTD is quite similar to that in the MBT system alone. The reduction in crosslinking due to DCP is dependent mainly on MBT. The decomposition product of TMTD may contribute to it only at the later stage of vulcanization. Though TMTD has no influence on the decomposition rate, it reacts with MBT at least in the initial stage of vulcanization and suppresses the retardation caused by MBT on DCP vulcanization in accordance with the free sulfur decrease, the nature of crosslinking formation both in the presence and absence of DCP, and the methyl iodide treatment of the vulcanizates. The vulcanization process of the MBT-TMTD-S-NR system has been interpreted in terms of both free radical and polar mechanisms. The domination of either of these depends on the dominant amount of either MBT or TMTD in the acclerator ratio. According to the initial high rate of crosslink formation, free sulfur decrease and also the initial additiveness of crosslinking in stocks containing DCP, the vulcanization process of MBT-TMTD-ZnO-St. acid-S-NR system has been explained in terms of an ionic mechanism. The pronounced synergistic nature of such systems has been interpreted by the enhanced activation of MBT-S-ZnO-St. acid complex due to the dithiodicarbamate ion formed in the initial stages of vulcanization, and also by the activation of TMTD accelerated vulcanization due to the mercaptobenzothiazylion.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    On free volume of polymers above the glass transition (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 223-228 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The magnitude of the activation energy for diffusion, ED is shown to be inversely dependent on the fractional free volume of the polymer above Tg. From the proportionality of ED above and below Tg, the magnitude of ED below Tg is also inversely dependent on the free volume in that temperature range. While this correlation holds very well for our determinations of fractional free volume above Tg it does not correlate with the Simha-Boyer fractional free volume below Tg, contrary to expectations.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Block copolymer molecular weight by GPC (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 24 (1979), S. 953-963 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Molecular weights of narrow distribution styrene-butadiene block copolymers were determined from combined GPC-intrinsic viscosity data using the universal calibration principle and from GPC data alone using the assumption of weighted average of log molecular weights suggested by Runyon et al. The results indicate that, experimentally for block copolymers in good GPC solvents, the simpler second method is more precise despite the objection on theoretical grounds raised by Ho-Duc and Prud'homme. The calibration curves of polystyrene and polybutadiene in THF were found to be parallel, and the ratio for the two molecular weights at equal elution volume was found to be 1.75, differing from the 2.0 value reported earlier.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070240409
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    Ozone treatment of water-soluble polymers. V. Ultraviolet irradiation effects on the ozonization of polyacrylamide (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 24 (1979), S. 999-1006 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Polyacrylamide was ozonized in aqueous solution (at pH 2, 7, and 11) under UV irradiation with a low-pressure mercury lamp. The breakage of the polymer chains by ozone was strongly accelerated by UV irradiation under acidic and neutral conditions. Formaldehyde was produced characteristically in the UV ozonization. From the correlation between the amount of formaldehyde and the number of breaks of polymer chains, it was presumed that one molecule of formaldehyde resulted from the chain breakage, at least under acidic conditions. The intensity of the UV absorption peak at 266 nm (285 nm in the UV ozonization at pH 2), which was presumed to be due to the carbonyl groups, namely, ketone and terminal aldehyde produced by ozonization, was very much stronger than that in simple ozonization. Oxamic acid and oxamide as end products were observed in the solution which was ozonized exhaustively under UV irradiation.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Viscoelastic behavior of interpenetrating networks of polyurethane and polyurethane acrylate (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 24 (1979), S. 1007-1015 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The temperature dependence of the dynamic viscoelastic behavior of interpenetrating networks (IPN) of polyurethane (PU) prepared from poly(oxypropylenediol) (POP) and toluylene diisocyanate (TDI), and of polyurethane diacrylate (PUA) prepared from POP and TDI by reacting isocyanate groups of the prepolymer with 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, was measured in the main transition region. The photoelastic behavior of IPN swollen in dimethylformamide (DMF) and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) was examined in the rubbery region. The temperature dependences of the dynamic Young modulus E* of IPN in the concentration range of PUA ≥ 50 vol.% indicate a pronounced two-phase behavior. The effect of the composition of IPN on the temperature dependence of the modulus E* was quantitatively described by Takayanagi's two-phase model with the conclusion that the PU network is the continuous phase of IPN at ≤ 90% PUA. While in the range of high concentrations of PUA (≥50%) the contributions of phases to E* are additive within the whole range of temperatures, the thermomechanical behavior at low PUA concentrations (≤40%) is more complex. This finding is interpreted by the existence of an interfacial layer which leads to the loss of the distinct two-phase character of IPN. The higher number of elastically active network chains (EANC) of the PUA network compared with the PU network corresponds to different molecular weights of POP used in the preparation of both components. The nonadditive dependence both of the concentration of EANC and of the stress-optical coefficient on composition confirms the heterogeneous character of the IPN structure.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Thermal gelation properties of methyl and hydroxypropyl methylcellulosePresented at the 1977 Annual Meeting of the Institute of Food Technologists, Philadelphia, June 5-8, 1977. (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 24 (1979), S. 1073-1087 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Aqueous solutions of methyl and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose are known to gel upon heating. These gels are completely reversible in that they are formed upon heating yet will liquefy upon cooling. The precipitation temperature, gelation temperature, and gel strength of these methylcellulose solutions were determined as a function of molecular weight, degree of methyl and hydroxypropyl substitution, concentration, and presence of additives. The precipitation temperature of these polymer solutions decreases initially with increasing concentration until a critical concentration is reached above which the precipitation temperature is little affected by concentration changes. The incipient gelation temperature decreases linearly with concentration. The strength of these gels is time dependent, increases with increasing molecular weight, decreases with increasing hydroxypropyl substitution, and depends on the nature of additives. Hydrophobe-hydrophobe interaction or micellar interaction is postulated to be the cause of gelation. This thermal gelation property of the polymers is utilized in many end uses including food, pharmaceuticals, ceramics, tobacco, and other industrial applications.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    A study on the further acetylation of SPA cotton (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 24 (1979), S. 1139-1141 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070240426
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    A method for determining the permeability and solubility of sulfur in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (RTV) (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 261-274 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A method has been devised whereby the S8 permeability and solubility in silicon resin are determined by observing the reaction between sulfur vapors and silver particles within the polymer. The particles (∼10 μm diameter), which may vary between 0.1 and 100 μm in diameter, are dispersed in the polymer at a concentration up to 20% within a glass cylinder (also an aluminum container). The polymer is cured according to procedure and exposed to S8 saturated vapors at various temperatures (55°-125°C), leaving one end of the cylinder open. The Ag particles are a perfect sink for sulfur, which is consumed as soon as it reaches the reaction boundary that separates the reacted and unreacted Ag particles. Consequently, a distinct black region containing Ag2S product is left behind as the boundary advances. The line displacement, measured at time intervals for the several temperatures, is used to calculate the gas permeability in the polymer as a function of temperature on the basis of a mass transport model developed from diffusion theory. The S8 solubility in the polymer is calculated from the permeability and diffusivity. The latter is determined independently by measuring the time that the Ag2S reaction is delayed when a layer of plain polymer separates a silver surface and the sulfur environment.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Dynamic mechanical properties of solvent-crazed polystyrene (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 295-298 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Secondary relaxation behavior of some diene polymers (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 299-302 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230127
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    Preparation and properties of radiation-grafted membranes for eliminating sodium alkylbenzenesulfonate from water (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 303-309 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230128
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    Design of polymers for migration imaging applications. I. Copolymerization of p-decylstyrene (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 311-314 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230129
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    Kinetics of hydrolysis, acetylation, and deamination reactions on polyamide fibers in homogeneous medium (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 275-294 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Chemical reactions on polymers in homogeneous medium were used to characterize the structure of the macromolecules. The polymer was in the form of polyamide fibers dissolved in m-cresol to give a fairly highly concentrated solution (approximately 6%). Kinetic studies of hydrolysis, acetylation, and deamination reactions on the polyamide fibers were carried out in homogeneous medium at different temperatures. All the three reactions studied followed first-order kinetics. Rate constants and apparent activation energies were determined for these reactions, which show two rates - an initial fast rate followed by a slow one. A new microfibrillar model of the polymer dissolved in m-cresol is proposed, and the existence of two rates is explained on the basis of the two-phase structure of the proposed microfibril. The fast rate is attributed to the free chain segments, and the slow rate is shown to correspond to the regions which are strongly hydrogen bonded and which hold the various chains together to give the microfibrillar structure of the polymer in the homogeneous phase. The apparent activation energy for hydrolysis was 3.20 and 0.18 kcal/mole for the fast and slow rates, respectively. The apparent activation energy values for acetylation were 1.50 and 0.80 kcal/mole, while those for the apparent deamination reaction were 6.90 and 4.60 kcal/mole, respectively. Lower values of apparent activation energies are attributed to the ease of reaction in the difficult-to-penetrate regions of the microfibril due to the role played by the solvent of the homogeneous phase in carrying the reacting species inside these regions while simultaneously breaking the hydrogen bonds between the polypeptide chains. The apparent deamination reaction is shown to be a resultant reaction of simultaneous deamination and “amination” through hydrolytic breakdown of the polypeptide chain.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230125
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  • 86
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    Applicability of the two-dimensional approach to polymer miscibility in pure and mixed organic liquids (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 317-318 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Previously it was proposed that the solvent power of a pure or mixed organic liquid for a given polymer can be characterized by two parameters δh and χH. Using these two parameters, a two-dimensional (2D) solubility diagram can be constructed to predict solubility or insolubility. In the investigation only the polymers, poly(methyl methacrylate), polystyrene, and poly(vinyl acetate), were used to demonstrate the applicability of the 2D method. In this note, applicability of the 2D method to the 33 polymers investigated in Hansen's works is presented.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230201
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  • 87
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    Polymer miscibility in mixed organic liquids having acid-base interaction - a modified two-dimensional approach (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 319-324 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A mixture of two organic liquids, each of which is a solvent for a given polymer, may become a nonsolvent mixture, if there is strong acid-base interaction between the two solvents. Experimental results of such cases are presented for five polymers. These results are then correlated with the proposed modified form of the two-dimensional approach. In the modification, an additional term for taking into account the acid-base interaction is added to the expression for the hydrogen-bonding solubility parameter of the liquid mixture; the dispersion forces and polar interactions are assumed to be undisturbed by the occurrence of the acid-base interaction.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230202
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  • 88
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    Permeability of phenol through cellulose acetate membranes by reverse osmosis in various alcoholic systems (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 24 (1979), S. 1191-1203 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Reverse osmosis separation of phenol in various alcoholic solutions using porous cellulose acetate membranes was investigated. The permeation behavior of phenol was measured for cellulose acetate membranes having various pore size distributions which were prepared by annealing at four different temperatures. Some differences were found between the aqueous and the alcoholic solutions in solute permeabilities and product rates. Membranes annealed at 90°C showed higher permselectivity than membranes annealed at lower temperatures. The pore character was classified into two types according to the relation of the product rate of 1-propanol and that of water. It was found in a series of alcoholic solutions that the permeability of phenol, the product rate, and the apparent partition coefficient are closely related to the carbon number of the alcohols, but the values of Jv × η (ca. 1.25 × 10-4 poise·m3/m2·day) and of the permselectivity coefficient (ca. 0.83) remain constant. The result was analyzed by using the three-dimensional solubility parameter to obtain some information for the partition mechanism of solutes in aqueous and alcoholic solutions.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070240505
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  • 89
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    Physical and chemical properties of methyl trifluoroacrylate-α-olefin copolymer and its hydrolyzed copolymer (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 24 (1979), S. 1237-1245 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Physical and chemical properties of alternating copolymers of methyl α,β,β-trifluoroacrylate (MTFA; CF2=CFCO2CH3) with α-olefins such as ethylene, propylene, and isobutylene and their hydrolyzed copolymers were investigated. The original ester-type copolymers are amorphous and hydrophobic. The copolymers, except for the MTFA-isobutylene copolymer, were found to be easily hydrolyzed in boiled NaOH-methanol aqueous solution to give hydrophilic fluoropolymers which contain nearly theoretical amounts of carboxyl groups. No chain scission takes place during the hydrolysis. The decomposition temperature of the original ester-type copolymers is in the range of 347° to 379°C in nitrogen atmosphere, and the glass transition temperature is in the range of 21° to 76°C. Two steps of weight decrease, at around 100°C due to the removal of absorbed water and around 250°C due to the decomposition, were observed in the TGA curve of the hydrolyzed acid-type copolymers. Both ester- and acid-type copolymers were crosslinked by electron beam irradiation, while the MTFA-isobutylene copolymer was degraded. The tensile strength of the copolymers is in the range of 190 to 450 kg/cm2.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070240509
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  • 90
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    Effects of phosphorus-containing flame retardants on pyrolysis of cotton cellulose (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 24 (1979), S. 1281-1294 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Unmodified cotton and cottons finished with high levels of seven different phosphorus-containing flame retardants were pyrolyzed in a temperature-programmed solid probe of a mass spectrometer, and mass spectra were recorded continuously throughout the pyrolyses. The spectra at the maximum rates of volatiles evolution during the pyrolyses were analyzed to determine relative amounts of water, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, furfural, furyl hydroxymethyl ketone, hydroxymethylfurfural, levoglucosan, and 1,6-anhydro-β-glucofuranose. These volatile materials accounted for 64% to 90% of the total ionization in the spectra. The flame retardants increased the fractions of nonfuel volatiles (water and carbon dioxide) and decreased those of anhydroglucoses, but had less effect on the carbon monoxide and furan derivatives. The flame retardant fabrics differed greatly in the fractions of anhydroglucoses (from 1% to 23%) and water (from 19% to 57%) in their pyrolysis products. These results indicate that mechanisms of flame retardant action differ among phosphorus-containing finishes.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070240513
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  • 91
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    Ionically crosslinked poly(acrylic acid) membranes. III. Reverse osmosis results for dry cast membranes (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 24 (1979), S. 1341-1351 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The reverse osmosis properties of ionically crosslinked polyacrylic acid membranes were investigated in terms of the salt separation of a 0.1% NaCl solution and water flux. The membranes were synthesized and crosslinked with the metal ion Al3+ via the dry casting technique described in a previous paper. The effect of such variables as the polymer concentration in the casting solution, the ratios of solvents used (DMF/H2O), the ratio of monomer to the crosslinking agent (AA/Al), the evaporation time and temperature, and the nonsolvent nature and treatment times were studied in some detail. The most important variable was found to be the length and nature of the treatment in the nonsolvents acetone and methanol. In the best series of the membranes that were synthesized, fluxes of more than 3.0 gfd, with salt separations at the 80%-85% level, were obtained.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070240518
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  • 92
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    Thermal oxidative studies of poly(hexafluoropropene oxide) fluids (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 24 (1979), S. 1397-1411 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Elucidation of mechanisms operative in thermal oxidative degradation of hexafluoropropene oxide derived polyethers and the effect of metals on these processes are reported. Thermal oxidative instability of a commercial fluid, at moderate temperatures (550°F), was found to be due to the presence of ∼3% of thermooxidatively unstable chains believed to be hydrogen terminated; treatment at 650°F in oxygen volatilized these chains by unzipping. The resultant fluid was unaffected by oxygen at 650°F and by M-50 and Ti(4Al, 4Mn) alloys at 600°F in oxidizing atmospheres. M-50 alloy catalyzed the degradation of the hydrogen-terminated chains below and at 600°F, but after completion of this process did not affect the remainder of the fluid at these temperatures. At 650°F a chain scission process promoted by the metals constituting the alloy, or their oxides or fluorides, came into play. Ti(4Al, 4Mn) alloy in the presence of CF3COF and COF2 species, formed via decomposition of the hydrogen-terminated chains, degraded poly(hexafluoropropene oxide) fluids at 550°F by chain scissions.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070240601
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  • 93
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    Tributylborane-initiated grafting of methyl methacrylate onto chitin (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 24 (1979), S. 1587-1593 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The grafting of methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto chitin initiated by tributylborane (TBB) was investigated at ordinary temperature. It was found that water was essential to the grafting. No grafting was observed in the usual organic solvents such as n-hexane, tetrahydrofuran, and cyclohexanone. The total conversion and the percentage and efficiency of grafting increased with increasing chitin content. The extent of homopolymer formation also increased with increasing chitin content. The optimum concentrations of TBB and MMA for the grafting were determined. Activation energies were estimated to be about 22.8 and 27.4 kcal/mole for the grafting and homopolymerization, respectively. On the basis of these results the mechanism of the grafting onto chitin was discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070240701
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    Influence of shearing history on the rheological properties and processability of branched polymers. I (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 463-471 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The influence of shearing history on the viscoelastic properties of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is investigated. Swelling of extrudates from a melt indexer is measured for monitoring the variation in viscoelasticity. Continuous shearing of molten LDPE reduces the swelling ratio. The reduction is not due to molecular degradation, as evidenced by constancy of intrinsic viscosity. The rate of the reduction in the swelling ratio depends on the shearing conditions and characteristics of LDPE, but the swelling ratio finally attain a steady value. The swelling ratio reduced by the continuous shearing is completely recovered by solvent or heat treatment. The ratio of the completely reduced swelling ratio to the completely recovered one is defined as a new index representing the viscoelastic variation, the processing index (PI), and the relationship between PI and the primary molecular parameters of LDPE is investigated. It is concluded that the variation in the viscoelastic properties becomes more remarkable with increase in the weight-average molecular weight. The cause of the viscoelastic variation is also discussed from the rheological and thermodynamic points of view.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230216
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  • 95
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    Effect of short thermal treatment on cotton degradation (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 453-462 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Cotton fabric was subjected to thermal treatment for durations ranging from 0.5 to 5 min at a temperature range of 160°C. In comparison with the untreated cotton, the copper number (measure of the aldehyde content) decreased after heating cotton for up to 3 min at 160°, 180°, and 190°C but increased when heating was prolonged to 5 min. Thermal treatment at 200°C or above caused an appreciable increase in the copper number. The carboxyl content increased with time of heating, attained a maximum, and then fell down to reach values which in some cases were lower than that of untreated cotton. Thermal treatment at 180°C caused a substantial reduction in the D. P.; this reduction increased with time of treatment. At the other temperatures there was no significant decrease in D. P. when cotton was heated up to 3 min. The D. P. decreased in these cases only when the thermal treatment was conducted for 5 min. The tensile strength remained practically unimpaired after thermal treatment of the cotton for up to 2 min, regardless of the temperature used within the range studied. A loss in tensile strength of ca. 9% and 13% was observed with fabrics treated for 5 min at 160° and 180°C, respectively. This contrasts with a loss of ca. 4% at 190°C, 7% at 200°C, and 8% at 220°C. The highest dye exhaustion was obtained on cotton which was thermally treated at 180°C prior to dyeing, while the lowest dye exhaustion was obtained on cotton heated at 220°C. Thermal treatment at 160°C left the susceptibility of cotton toward the dyestuff practically unaltered.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230215
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    Characterization of water structure in cellulose acetate membranes by calorimetric measurements (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 473-484 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The heat capacities of homogeneous and asymmetric cellulose acetate membranes have been measured at different water contents within the temperature range of -40 to +20°C. The experimental heat capacity-temperature curves were verified by DTA measurements within a temperature range of -120 to +20°C. The results for the partial heat capacity of water within the membranes as well as for the heat of fusion were interpreted by assuming two different states of water - unfreezing bound water due to a sorption process and unbound water due to capillary phenomena, which freezes with a freezing point depression and a reduced heat of fusion.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230217
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  • 97
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    Process and fiber spinning studies for the cellulose/paraformaldehyde/dimethyl sulfoxide system (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 485-494 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A cellulose pulp of about 550 D.P. was readily dissolved in a combination of (CH2O)x/DMSO to afford an initial 6/6/88 cellulose/(CH2O)x/DMSO composition solution. The concentration of formaldehyde was found to be a function of solution heating time and temperature. The solutions were microscopically free of gels and undissolved cellulose fibers. Cellulosic articles such as fibers and films are easily regenerated from these cellulose solutions in the presence of coagulants such as methanol or water. Fibers with high wet modulus, intermediate tenacity, and low elongations were produced from these regenerations systems. Fibers have been spun with conditioned and wet tenacities as high as 2.9 and 2.1 g/d, respectively, with wet modulus (at 5% elongation) as high as 1.3 g/d and solubility in 6.5% NaOH in the low range of 3.0%-15%. In many respects, these fibers are comparable to those produced in the viscose process. However, the low elongations of these fibers probably would not permit normal textile processing. The cellulose/(CH2O)x/DMSO solutions were modified with compounds containing reactive N—H functional groups which are known to react with excess formaldehyde to yield the corresponding N-methylol derivatives. However, the resulting fiber physical properties were not significantly improved compared to those obtained from unmodified cellulose solutions. Addition of acrylic acid derivatives such as methyl acrylate, butyl methacrylate, or acrylonitrile to the cellulose solutions did not result in the formation of the expected 1,4-type adducts.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230218
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    Adhesion of evaporated metallic films onto polyethylene and poly(tetrafluoroethylene): Importance of surface crosslinking (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 495-501 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Ni, Fe, Ti, Al, Au, and Cu were each evaporated and deposited onto both sides of polyethylene and poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) films. Adhesive joint strengths of the different metal-polymer-metal composites were compared and subsequent surface modifications due to metalization were investigated. Studies show no change in wettability of polyethylene or PTFE after a metal layer was deposited onto their surfaces and subsequently removed. There was also no evidence of oxidation or unsaturation of the surface. Gel fractions of polyethylene show a definite correlation between joint strength and crosslink at the surfaces of the different metal-polymer composites. Metals forming the strongest joints with polyethylene yield the greatest amount of crosslinking. Conversely, metals forming the weakest joints result in the least amount of crosslinking.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230219
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  • 99
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    Studies on chitin. VI. Binding of metal cations (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 511-515 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The adsorption abilities of chitin and its congeners with two series of degrees of deacetylation prepared by two different deacetylation procedures were compared. Among the polysaccharides obtained by the heterogeneous method, those with higher amino group content had higher adsorption ability. Plots of collection percentages versus amino group content, however, did not give straight lines. The plot for the chelation on the congeners that were prepared by homogeneous hydrolysis had a maximum at about 50% amino group content, and the value was higher than that for the sample with the highest amino group content, which was prepared by heterogeneous hydrolysis. These results suggest that the polysaccharides with about 50% amino group content obtained by the homogeneous procedure are potentially useful for the removal of metals.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230221
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  • 100
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    Anion exchange resins prepared from polystyrene crosslinked via a Friedel-Crafts reaction (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 24 (1979), S. 2147-2157 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The preparation of anion exchange resins from polystyrene crosslinked via a Friedel-Crafts reaction is investigated. Chloromethylation of a highly swollen styrene-hexahydrotriacrylolyl-s-triazine copolymer with a mixture of chlorosulfonic acid and methylal is accompanied by the crosslinking of the initially flexible copolymer. The crosslinking efficiency is dependent on the conditions (temperature, nature of solvent) of chloromethylation and can be explained by cationic postpolymerization of polystyrene or poly(benzylchloride), which takes place concurrently with the chloromethylation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070241007
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