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  • Articles  (11)
  • Monsoon  (11)
  • 1975-1979  (11)
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  • Articles  (11)
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  • Geosciences  (11)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
  • Physics  (11)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The simulation of the Asian summer monsoon by general circulation models (1977)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 115 (1977), S. 1431-1448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Monsoon ; general circulation models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The monsoon simulations of four general circulation models are illustrated. Additional results from the Meteorological Office model showing factors that are important in determining its simulation are presented. The large-scale flow patterns of all the models reproduce the large-scale flow fairly realistically, but more detailed characteristics and, in particular, the rainfall, are poorly represented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874417
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water vapour transport and vergence patterns over India during two contrasting summer monsoons (1977)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 115 (1977), S. 491-502 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Divergence ; Monsoon ; Tropical meteorology ; Water vapour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Using the daily upper air data of 00 GMT, the values of precipitable water, mean and eddy transport of moisture and the vergence patterns over the Indian sub-continent were evaluated for two contrasting summer monsoon seasons, 1966 and 1967. The precipitable water did not change markedly between the strong and weak monsoons. But there was a marked decrease in the zonal transport, up to 70%, in certain regions in the weak monsoon. In the strong monsoon, the meridional transport increased by a factor of 2 in certain regions and the vergence patterns also strengthened likewise in certain other regions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876116
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerical weather prediction relevant to the monsoon problem (1977)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 115 (1977), S. 1357-1372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Monsoon ; numerical weather prediction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this short paper we have identified some of the modelling groups that have the capability of simulating or carrying out short range numerical weather prediction over the monsoon belt. We have next outlined some of the important and desirable ingredients for a multilevel primitive equation model over the tropics, with most of the emphasis on the present version of Florida State University's Tropical Prediction Model. Finally, we present briefly some important results based on the present version of our prediction models that relate to the NWP efforts over the monsoon belt. Here we have identified the importance of mountains, convection, the radiative heating balance of the earth's surface, and the planetary boundary layer over the Arabian Sea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874413
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Orographic effects on the southwest monsoon: A review (1977)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 115 (1977), S. 1413-1430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Monsoon ; quasi-geostrophic model ; orographic effects on flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An overview of the problem of orographic effects on the southwest monsoon using the contributions of all the available analytical and numerical models is attempted. A quasi-geostrophic model is applied to deduce the effect of the topographic complex on the Indian peninsula. This model suggests that the southward bending of the low-level isobars on the peninsula can be ascribed to the topographically-induced southward velocity. This southward velocity triggers a Rossby wave to the east of the peninsula which is manifested as a trough on the southern Bay of Bengal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874416
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diagnosis of the satellite-observed radiative heating in relation to the summer monsoon (1977)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 115 (1977), S. 1131-1144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Monsoon ; role of radiative heating
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Seasonal and monthly global patterns of outgoing longwave radiation, albedo, absorbed solar radiation, and net radiation have been derived from scanning radiometer observations aboard the NOAA polar orbiting satellites since June 1974. These patterns, along with patterns of interannual differences in seasonal and monthly heating, are examined for the three summers of 1974–76 over the Eastern Hemisphere in relation to the variations in the summer monsoon and the major circulation features. During portions of the summer of 1975 the monsoon was more active than in 1974 and 1976, as evidenced by increased albedo and decreased longwave radiation over large sections of India, the Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia, and the Western Pacific. The roles of clouds, snow cover, and other surface characteristics in modulating the radiation balance and circulation are discussed. The pre-monsoon radiative heating in spring is examined with respect to monsoon onset and intensity in the three years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874403
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synoptic features and structures of some equatorial vortices over the South China Sea in the Malaysian region during the winter monsoon, December 1973 (1977)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 115 (1977), S. 1303-1333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Monsoon ; Synoptic features ; Equatorial vortices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In December 1973, Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak experienced a few periods of heavy rain caused by westward moving equatorial vortices from the South China Sea. In this report, the synoptic characteristies associated with the development and intersification of these vortices are shown. Structure of one of the disturbances was examined. Disturbances in the trades associated with lateral shear were found to be important for the genesis of the equatorial vortices. However, the intensification of these disturbances depended on the interaction with the cold monsoon surge.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874411
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the role of the Asian monsoon in the angular momentum and kinetic energy balances of the tropics (1977)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 115 (1977), S. 1167-1186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Monsoon ; Effect on angular momentum, effect on kinetic energy ; Tropical general circulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The balance conditions of relative angular momentum and time-mean kinetic energy and their annual variations are studied for the Northern Hemisphere tropical belt. The belt is divided into two roughly equal size parts, the monsoon and the extramonsoon regions. The data used consist of all available daily rawinsonde reports from the world areological network for the two 5-year periods 1958–63 and 1968–73. In winter, the trade winds in the monsoon and extramonsoon regions are both sources of westerly relative angular momentum for the middle latitude circulation. However, it is found that the angular momentum gained in the extramonsoon region of the Tropics is mostly destroyed by a net southward flow of mass in that region, and becomes regenerated in the monsoon region by a net northward flow of mass there. This excess of angular momentum together with the angular momentum picked up locally in the monsoon region is almost all exported across its northern boundary. It is further found that in winter the Tropics are also an important source of mean kinetic energy for middle latitudes. Again almost all export of kinetic energy was found to take place across the northern boundary of the monsoon sector. Most of this energy must be generated through the pressure gradient term inside the monsoon region itself, the transformation from transient eddy kinetic energy being very small. The proper evaluation of the pressure gradient appears to be the main stumbling block in the present study, preventing us from estimating the generation and thereby, as a residual, the frictional dissipation in the two regions. In summer, the extramonsoon region remains a source of angular momentum, but the monsoon region with its surface westerlies acts as a sink, leading to a sharp reduction (and even a midsummer reversal) of the export into middle latitudes. Also the export of mean kinetic energy almost vanishes in summer, except for a small southward transfer across the equator. The calculations for two 5-year periods give very similar estimates and thereby show the reliability of the results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874405
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monsoonal quasi-stationary ultralong waves of the tropical troposphere predicted by a real data prediction over a global tropical belt (1977)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 115 (1977), S. 1187-1208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Monsoon ; Tropical ultralong waves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The mechanisms of the maintenance of the tropical upper tropospheric quasi-stationary ultralong waves during the northern hemisphere summer season are briefly reviewed and discussed. Diagnostic and prognostic studies indicate that the waves are maintained by the land-ocean contrast heating. These scales of motion as a whole (sum of the zonal wavenumbers 1, 2 and 3) are considered to supply kinetic energy to all other scales of motion. The ultralong waves predicted in the real data numerical prediction experiment over the global tropics using a multi-level primitive equation model are examined and compared with the observed climatological waves. The predicted waves are found to have several similarities with the observations. Further investigations of the baroclinic nature of the waves indicate that their thermal structure is essential for understanding their dynamics. The vorticity budget computations are performed for the predicted ultralong waves at 200 mb and also compared with the climatological observations. It is found that the advection term is one of the leading terms in the vorticity equation. This study indicates that the tropical quasi-stationary ultralong waves are fully nonlinear, non-geostrophic, three-dimensional waves forced mainly by the convective heating over the monsoon Indian subcontient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874406
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of energetics during an active monsoon over Indian region (1979)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1979), S. 865-873 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Energetics ; Monsoon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The various forms of energy and energy conversions have been computed over a part of the Indian region during an active monsoon period, using the quasigeostrophic baroclinic model. The energetics of the monsoon depression have been discussed on the basis of these results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876070
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spectrum analysis relevant to Indian monsoon (1977)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 115 (1977), S. 1145-1166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Monsoon ; spectrum analysis ; fluctuations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recent investigations on Indian monsoon by the method of spectrum analysis are reviewed from the viewpoint of various aspects of its application. The assessment is also made on their results and discussions. Through these processes, it emerged that there exist at least two kinds of quasi-periodic variations in the summer monsoonal fluctuation over India and adjacent regions. One appears as a spectral peak around the 5-day period and another is around the 15-day period. The former one is conspicuous along the monsoon trough region in northern India. The results of cross-spectrum analysis show that it reflects the passage of westward-moving, synoptic-scale disturbances called monsoon lows. The latter seems to be related to the large-scale variation of monsoon activity itself, though it is also likely to have some associations with the cyclogenesis of monsoon depressions. The recent application of spectral method to this large-scale interrelation is also discussed along with the results of some non-spectral studies and the remaining problems are pointed out.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874404
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Barotropic-Baroclinic instability of mean zonal wind during summer monsoon (1977)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 115 (1977), S. 1449-1461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Monsoon ; Mean zonal wind ; Barotropic-baroclinic instability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Barotropic-Baroclinic instability of horizontally and vertically shearing mean monsoon flow during July is investigated numerically by using a 10-layer quasi-geostrophic model. The most unstable mode has a wavelength of about 3000 km and westward phase speed of about 15 m sec−1. The most dominant energy conversion is from zonal kinetic energy to eddy kinetic energy. The structure of the most unstable mode is such that the maximum amplitude is concentrated at about 150 mb and the amplitude at the lowest layers is negligibly small. Barotropic instability of the zonal flow at 150 mb seems to be the primary excitation mechanism for the most unstable mode which is also similar to the observed westward propagating waves in the upper troposphere during the monsoon season. The results further suggest that Barotropic-Baroclinic instability of the mean monsoon flow cannot explain the occurrence of monsoon depressions which have their maximum amplitude at the lower levels and are rarely detected at 200 mb.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874418
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