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1

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Analysis of the midwinter temperature regime and snow occurence in Germany (1978)

Bilello, Michael A. [VerfasserIn] ; Appel, G. Cameron [VerfasserIn]

Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory

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Signatur: ZSP-201-78/21

In: CRREL Report, 78-21

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This study investigates the possibility of providing estimates of the time of occurrence and length of the freezing season for any location in East and West Germany by using the average Januavy air temperature (AJ AT) as an index. The results indicate that reliable values of the mean freezing index can be obtained from the AJAT relationships which are developed for Germany. This association is further verified using data from the northeastern part of the U.S., and the AJ AT is then used to determine the average starting and ending dates (and hence the probable length) of the freezing season for stations in Germany. The AJ AT and the average dates of snowfall occurrence for numerous locations in the U.S. and Germany are also correlated. Interrelationships between these parameters and the average number of days with snow on the ground for stations up to 3000 m in elevation in Germany are examined. A detailed AJ AT map for East and West Germany, in which data from 134 stations, latitude, altitude and regional influences are considered, is developed in order to make the relationships usable. A historical review of the literature on snow studies in Germany and a brief discussion of snow-cover interpretation by satellite photography are included

Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar

Seiten: v, 48 Seiten , Illustrationen , 1 Karte

Serie: CRREL Report 78-21

URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9384

Sprache: Englisch

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Historical literature review Relationships between midwinter temperature and freezing season Mean freezing index 4 Average January air temperature U.S. comparative study Correlation of AJAT and duration of freezing season Relationships between average January air temperature and snow conditions U.S. relationships German relationships Mapping of average January air temperatures Analysis of observed AJ AT data Development of detailed maps Application and discussion Examples Influence of vegetation Literature cited Appendix A. interpretation of snow cover by satellite Appendix B. Contour, station elevation and Aj AT maps for East and West Germany

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2

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The compression of wet snow (1978)

Colbeck, Samuel C. [VerfasserIn] ; Shaw, K. A. [VerfasserIn] ; Lemieux, G. [VerfasserIn]

Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory

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Signatur: ZSP-201-78/10

In: CRREL Report, 78-10

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The compressibility of wet snow is described in terms of pressure melting and nonlinear viscous deformation at grain contacts. The results of experiments with different salinities and liquid water contents are compared with computed densities. The decreasing compressibility of wet snow with increasing salinity and decreasing liquid content is quantified and explained. Simultaneous particle growth and the doubly charged layer at phase boundaries are included in the model. The results show that the density of wet snow increases approximately as a power of time but is highly dependent on the stress, initial particle size, liquid water content, and ionic impurity content of the snow.

Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar

Seiten: vi, 23 Seiten , Illustrationen

Serie: CRREL Report 78-10

URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9405

Sprache: Englisch

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental procedure Grain growth Stressed particle contacts Fluid pressure Packing geometry Temperature distribution and heat flow Fluid and impurity flows Results The liquid film Conclusions Literature cited

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3

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A hydraulic model investigation of drifting snow (1978)

Wuebben, James L. [VerfasserIn]

Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory

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Signatur: ZSP-201-78/16

In: CRREL Report, 78-16

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: A model investigation of drifting snow conditions was conducted in a hydraulic flume using a sand-water analog. Model results were evaluated to define modeling parameters that would allow quantitative correlation between measured prototype drift conditions and the model. The modeled structure was the standard plan snow fence designed by the Wyoming Highway Department and installed along Interstate Highway 80 in 1971. The performance of this system was documented by the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station of the U.S. Forest Service. Models of the fence were constructed for three heights and two geometric scales. Geometric scaling was based on terrain roughness and boundary layer thickness considerations, while velocity scaling was based on particle fall velocity and threshold of motion characteristics. Simulation of the atmospheric boundary layer was found to be of primary importance. Velocity scaling analysis suggested the use of a 'significant wind' concept based on a combination of velocity magnitude and frequency. Similarity of precipitation rate was not essential, and could be altered within limits to adjust the time scale. The response of the model to the shape of model elements was significant. Although the model is distorted and inexact similarity is achieved, it appears useful on a practical basis.

Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar

Seiten: vi, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen

Serie: CRREL Report 78-16

URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9400

Sprache: Englisch

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Experimental design Similitude considerations The model Model operation Results Velocity Fence height Porosity Model correlation Summary and conclusions Recommeqdations for future work Literature cited Appendix A

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4

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On the determination of horizontal forces a floating ice plate exerts on a structure (1978)

Kerr, Arnold D. [VerfasserIn]

Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory

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Signatur: ZSP-201-78/15

In: CRREL Report, 78-15

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This report first discusses the general approach for calculating the horizontal forces an ice cover exerts on a structure. Ice force determination consists of two parts: (1) the analysis of the in-plane forces assuming that the ice cover remains intact and (2) the use of a failure criterion, since an ice force cannot be larger than the force capable of breaking up the ice cover. For an estimate of the largest ice force, an elastic plate analysis and a failure criterion are often sufficient. A review of the literature revealed that, in the majority of the analyses, it is assumed that the failure load is directly related to a 'crushing strength' of the ice cover. However, observations in the field and tests in the laboratory show that in some instances the ice cover fails by buckling. This report reviews the ice force analyses based on the buckling failure mechanism and points out their shortcomings. The report then presents a new method of analysis which is based on the buckling mechanism

Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar

Seiten: iv, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen

Serie: CRREL Report 78-15

URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9275

Sprache: Englisch

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction and statement of problem Review of relevant analyses and tests Determination of the largest ice force on an isolated structure Preliminary remarks The buckling analysis of a floating wedge Proposed method to determine Literature cited

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5

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The buckling pressure of an elastic plate floating on water and stressed uniformly along the periphery of an internal hole (1978)

Takagi, Shunsuke [VerfasserIn]

Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory

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Signatur: ZSP-201-78/14

In: CRREL Report, 78-14

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The analytical solution and the numerical study of the eigenvalue problem for determining the buckling pressure of an infinite elastic plate floating on water and stressed uniformly along the periphery of an internal hole is presented. The boundary conditions considered are the clamped-, simple-, and free-edge conditions. Small buckling pressure occurs only for the free-edge condition. The shape of the deflection for the free-edge condition suggests that buckling is an important mechanism of failure.

Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar

Seiten: v, 55 Seiten , Illustrationen

Serie: CRREL Report 78-14

URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9401

Sprache: Englisch

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction 1. The problem 2. Abstract of the result Part I. Fundamental solutions 3. Fuchsian type solutions 4. Contour integral solution 5. Integration of the integral solution 6. Fundamental solutions for α = 1 7. Fundamental solutions for α = 0 8. Eigenvalues for α = 0 9. Fundamental solutions for α 〉 1 Part II. Asymptotic expansions 10. Asymptotic expansion for 0 〈 α ⩽1 11. Asymptotic expansion for 1 ≦ α ≦ 2 12. Asymptotic expansion for 2 ≦ α ≦ ∞ Part III. Eigenvalues 13. Range of eigenvalues 14. Eigenvalues for the free-edge condition 15. Eigenvalues for the clamped-edge and simple-edge conditions 16. Deflection Acknowledgement Literature cited Appendix A. Analytical continuation at the singular point Appendix B. Tensorial transformations Appendix C. Comparison of the semi-infinite plate buckling with the asymptotic buckling

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6

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Repetitive loading tests on membrane-enveloped road sections during freeze-thaw cycles (1978)

Smith, North [VerfasserIn] ; Eaton, R. A. [VerfasserIn] ; Stubstad, John M. [VerfasserIn]

Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory

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Signatur: ZSP-201-78/12

In: CRREL Report, 78-12

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Road test sections of membrane-enveloped silt and clay soils overlain with asphalt cement concrete were subjected to repetitive dynamic plate-bearing loadings to determine their strength variations during freeze-thaw cycles. The recoverable surface deformations in the load deflection bowl were continuously measured during the loading cycles and analyzed using the Chevron layered elastic computer program to obtain the in situ resilient deformation modulus of the various section layers at different stages of the freeze-thaw cycles. The resilient stiffness of the pavement system (the total load per unit of resilient load plate deflection) was also calculated for the various freeze-thaw conditions. The modulus values of the asphalt cement concrete varied inversely with its temperature by an order of magnetide (90,000 psi to 1,300,000 psi). The resilient stiffness of the pavement system varied in the same manner by nearly a factor of eight (228.4 kips/in. to 1740.2 kips/in.). Despite the wide strength variations of the sections during freeze-thaw cycles, membrane-enveloped fine-grained soils can be utilized instead of granular materials as base and subbase layers in flexible pavements in cold regions where moisture migration is a major concern. Moisture migration did not occur at saturation levels up to 75%, thus there was no strength loss during thawing.

Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar

Seiten: v, 24 Seiten , Illustrationen

Serie: CRREL Report 78-12

URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9404

Sprache: Englisch

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S.customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Freeze-thaw system Construction materials Controlled environment test section Outdoor sections Temperature monitoring instrumentation Repetitive plate bearing test apparatus Test results and analyses Conclusions Literature cited

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7

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Preferred crystal orientations in the fast ice along the margins of the Arctic Ocean (1978)

Weeks, W. F. [VerfasserIn] ; Gow, Anthony J. [VerfasserIn]

Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory

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Signatur: ZSP-201-78/13

In: CRREL Report, 78-13

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Field observations of the growth fabrics of the fast and near-fast ice along the coasts of the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas show that, at depths of more than 60 cm below the upper ice surface, the sea ice crystals show striking alignments within the horizontal plane. At one site this alignment was well developed at a depth of 15 cm and in all cases the degree of preferred orientation increased with depth, with the strongest orientations occurring at the bottom of the ice sheet. In general the c-axes of the crystals were aligned roughly E-W parallel to the coast. In the vicinity of islands the alignment roughly paralleled the outlines of the islands and in narrow passes between islands the alignment paralleled the channel. Our observations, as well as similar observations made in the Kara Sea by Cherepanov, can be explained if it is assumed that the c-axes of the crystals are aligned parallel to the 'long-term' current direction at the sea ice/sea water interface. The alignments are believed to be the result of geometric selection among the growing crystals, with the most favored orientation being that in which the current flows normal to the (0001) plates of ice that make up the dendritic ice/water interface characteristics of sea ice. It is hypothesized that current flow in this direction reduces the thickness of the solute boundary layer as well as the salinity in the liquid at the interface. This lowered salinity allows crystals in the favored orientation to extend farther into the melt than neighboring crystals with less favored orientations. In addition the current tends to induce a continuous flux of supercooled seawater against the sides of the crystals that extend ahead of the interface.

Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar

Seiten: v, 29 Seiten , Illustrationen

Serie: CRREL Report 78-13

URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9402

Sprache: Englisch

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Locale and techniques Observations Vertical variations in crystal orientation Regional variations in crystal orientation Summary of observations Causes Initial ice skim Earth’s magnetic field Currents Conclusions and consequences Literature cited

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8

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Tundra disturbances and recovery following the 1949 exploratory drilling, Fish Creek, northern Alaska (1978)

Lawson, Daniel E. [VerfasserIn] ; Brown, Jerry [VerfasserIn] ; Everett, Kaye R. [VerfasserIn] ; [weitere]

Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory

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Signatur: ZSP-201-78/28

In: CRREL Report, 78-28

Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar

Seiten: x, 112 Seiten , Illustrationen

Serie: CRREL Report 78-28

URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9460

Sprache: Englisch

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Descriptions of road test sections Test equipment and procedures Field repetitive plate bearing tests Data analysis General Layered-elastic analysis of the pavement systems Statistical analysis Flexural analysis Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Resilient surface deflections for the test points

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9

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Undersea pipelines and cables in polar waters (1978)

Mellor, Malcolm [VerfasserIn]

Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory

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Signatur: ZSP-201-78/22

In: CRREL Report, 78-22

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Special environmental factors that influence the design, laying and maintenance of undersea pipelines and cables in polar waters are described. Various approaches to the protection of submarine pipes and cables are considered, and prime emphasis is given to burial techniques for shallow water. A wide range of methods for trenching and burying are discussed, and technical data are given.

Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar

Seiten: v, 36 Seiten , Illustrationen

Serie: CRREL Report 78-22

URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9387

Sprache: Englisch

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Types of pipelines and cables Potential hazards to pipelines and cables Areas of concern Waterdepth Sea ice Icebergs and ice islands Submarine permafrost Ice gouging Seabed erosion by water jets Protection methods Protection of unburied pipes and cables Protection by burial Backhoe digging Wireline equipment Plowing and ripping from the surface Plowing and ripping by self-propelled seabed vehicles Bucket ladder dredges Suction dredging Conventional cutterhead dredges Low pressure water jetting Bottom-traveling cutterhead dredges Explosive methods Novel methods Disc saws, wheel ditchers and milling drums Ladder trenchers and chain saws Repetitive impulse devices High pressure water jets Flame jets and plasma torches Electrical discharge and electromagnetic radiation Chemical methods Conclusions Literature cited

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10

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Observations of the ultraviolet spectral reflectance of snow (1977)

O'Brien, Harold W. [VerfasserIn]

Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory

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Signatur: ZSP-201-77/27

In: CRREL Report, 77-27

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The spectral reflectance of natural snow in the range of 0.20- to about 0.40-micrometers wavelengths was studied in the laboratory using both continuous spectral scanning and fixed bandpass measurements. White barium sulfate pressed powder was used as a standard for comparison. The reflectance of fresh snow was found to be very high (usually nearly 100%) and only weakly wavelength dependent from 0.24 micrometers to the visible range. In the 0.20- to 0.24-micrometers portion of the spectrum, the reflectance was found to be quite erratic. Possible reasons for the irregularities in reflectance measurements are discussed.

Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar

Seiten: v, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen

Serie: CRREL Report 77-27

URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9499

Sprache: Englisch

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Experimental procedure Snow collection Spectrophotometric methods Data analysis Potential sources of error Presentation of results Continuous-scan measurements Comparison of sequential bandpass and continuous-scan measurements Theoretical calculations Discussion of results Differences in amplitude of reflectance measurements Irregularities in the shape of spectral reflectance curves The true spectral reflectance of snow in the ultraviolet region Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Absolute reflectance values of pressed BaSO4 powder

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