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  • Articles  (4,237)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (4,173)
  • 42.55  (64)
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • 1975-1979  (4,237)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (4,237)
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  • Articles  (4,237)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Models of DNA-dye-complexes: Energy transfer and molecular structures as evaluated by laser excitation (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 18 (1979), S. 333-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 87 ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Energy transfer in DNA-dye-complexes after excitation in the UV down to 220 nm by means of a tunable laser was investigated. DNA of different base composition and polynucleotides were compared. The dyes proflavine, acridine orange and ethidium bromide were used. The energy transfer from DNA-bases to dye molecules was measured in dependence of the excitation wavelength and the base composition of the DNA. Models of the energy transfer from DNA to dye and of the molecular structures of the DNA-dye-complex (intercalation) could be deduced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00899685
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Free-electron lasers and masers on curved paths (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 19 (1979), S. 47-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The possibility of building free-electron lasers and masers with quasi-circular undulators is considered. The two-mirror cavity is replaced by a suitable waveguide. The magnetic field along the orbit has a continuous component superimposed on the alternating one. Besides allowing large freedom for electron guiding and focusing, the structure allows effective negative mass conditions, which may enhance the electron beam modulation when space charge effect are important. Furthermore the radiation frequency can be higher than that in a linear undulator with the same electron energy, and long interaction times are possible in a compact structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00900537
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser properties of praseodymium pentaphosphate single crystals (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 19 (1979), S. 345-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.55 ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract PrP5O14, PrxLa1−xP5O14, and PrxY1−xP5O14 (0≦x≦1) single crystals of laser quality were synthesized and their crystallographic and optical parameters measured. Laser emissions in the visible (λ=637.4 nm) with no mirrors in place (superradiance) and also in various optical resonators have been observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00900479
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polarization spectroscopy with ultrashort light pulses (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 18 (1979), S. 257-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32 ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have demonstrated the feasibility of Doppler-free polarization spectroscopy with a train of ultrashort pulses from a synchronously pumped mode-locked dye laser. The sensitivity of the method is compared with saturation spectroscopy with a single-mode laser.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00885511
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The external-resonator cw spin-flip Raman laser; output characteristics and spectroscopic applications (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 19 (1979), S. 205-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 33 ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The characteristics of a stable, external-resonator spin-flip Raman laser (SFRL), pumped by a cw carbon monoxide laser of controlled mode quality and spectral content, are determined using a combination of molecular spectroscopy, Raman amplifier and confocal Fabry-Perot interferometer measurements, and heterodyne detection. Single-frequency output of a free-running external-resonator is demonstrated with an inherent linewidth of 〈10 kHz and a short-term frequency jitter of ≃100 kHz. With the resonator length actively controlled to lock an axial mode frequency to the peak of the spontaneous gain, the linewidth of the SFRL output was maintained below 2 MHz. In this mode of operation, small variations in the output tuning rate, corresponding to the magnetic field dependence of the conduction-electrong-factor, were calibrated. Molecular absorption spectra obtained using gas cells both inside and outside the resonator have been used to illustrate the high resolution, wide-range tuning capability and sensitivity of the system. Lambda-doubling of the $$^2 \pi _{3/2} $$ of the Q-branch head of nitric oxide was measured for values ofJ down to 13/2, below which the splitting is less than the Doppler width. The splittings agreed with predictions using parameters obtained by conventional spectra for higherJ-values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00932399
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New FIR laser lines from optically pumped methanol analogues (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 19 (1979), S. 241-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 33 ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Several new laser lines using optically pumped deuterated methanol molecules have been discovered. These not only increase the spectral coverage of pumped methanol isotopes but may assist in the assignment of a molecular structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00932405
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficient single-mode operation of a standing-wave dye laser (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 19 (1979), S. 399-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The selection of a single longitudinal mode of a dye laser can be achieved with double or triple Michelson reflectors instead of Fabry-Perot etalons inside the laser cavity. These systems can be adapted to commercial multimode dye lasers. They provide a high efficiency and a good geometrical quality of the output beam. With a 7 watt pump power (λ=514.5 nm line of the Ar+ laser), a tunable output power of 1 watt was obtained at the peak of R6G, in the main output beam; the total single-mode power, including the auxiliary output beams, exceeded 1.4 watt. These results correspond to efficiencies of 14% and 20%, respectively (24% and 30% slope efficiencies). We discuss in the text why these efficiencies are comparable to those of ring lasers. In the infrared, with a 4.5 watt pump power (red lines of a Kr+ laser), 250 mW of single-mode output power in the main output beam was obtained at 780 nm with Oxazine 750.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00930103
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spectral coincidences between CO-Laser and nitric-oxide. A reinvestigation (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 19 (1979), S. 427-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 33 ; 35 ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Spectral coincidences between CO-laser lines and NO fundamental absorption lines were reinvestigated in order to resolve discrepancies between recently published papers. The absorption of CO laser radiation by NO and NO/Ar mixtures was measured and fitted by calculations using a Voigt profile for the NO line shapes. A new coincidence with a frequency offset of less than the NO Doppler width was found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00930107
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extended spectral distribution of lasing transitions in a liquid-nitrogen cooled CO-laser (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 19 (1979), S. 439-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 07 ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A liquid-nitrogen cooled12C16O laser was operated both Q-switched and cw. A total of 276 lasing transitions were observed in cw using an intracavity grating for line selection. In the Q-switch mode, 230 lines occurred without dispersive element in the cavity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00930109
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A broadly tunable IR waveguide Raman laser pumped by a dye laser (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 18 (1979), S. 235-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65C ; 42.55 ; 33.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Design and performance characteristics of a tunable ir waveguide Raman laser pumped by a high power dye laser are described. Using SRS up to third Stokes order in compressed H2, the wavelength range from 0.7 to 7 μm has been covered without gaps. Taking advantage of a waveguide structure in the scattering chamber, energy conversion efficiencies better than 1% with power levels in excess of 80 kW for the third Stokes component have been achieved. The experimental results support the theoretical predictions that a 4-wave parametric process is responsible for the production of the third Stokes component.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00885508
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A free-electron laser in a uniform magnetic field (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 20 (1979), S. 41-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 41 ; 42.55 ; 95
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The interaction of free electrons and free electromagnetic radiation, in the presence of a uniform magnetic field, can result in stimulated emission or absorption. We analyze the dynamics of single electrons by solving the classical, relativistic Lorentz force equations of motion in these combined fields. An electron may gain energy from, or lose energy to, the radiation field, depending crucially on the phase and oscillation frequency of the electron's helical motion within the superposed, circularly polarized light wave. To first order in the radiation field strength, electrons in a monoenergetic, uniformly distributed beam become spatially bunched, but there is no net energy change. To second order, however, the beam may experience a gain or loss of energy, corresponding to attenuation or amplification of radiation. We compare the bunching of this laser process to the bunching processes involved in 1) the Stanford free-electron laser and 2) the cyclotron maser, and find significant differences in each case. Our analytic results provide a clear, simple picture of the interaction process, and can be useful in exploring light amplification in astrophysical magnetic fields, the magnetosphere, or in laboratory devices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00901785
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A laser accelerator (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 20 (1979), S. 61-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We show that a laser can efficiently accelerate charged particles if a magnetic field is introduced to improve the coupling between the particle and the wave. Solving the relativistic equations of motion for an electron in a uniform magnetic field and superposed, circularly polarized electromagnetic wave, we find that in energy-position phase space an electron traces out a curtate cycloid: it alternately gains and loses energy. If, however, the parameters are chosen so that the electron's oscillations in the two fields are resonant, it will continually accelerate or decelerate depending on its initial position within a wavelength of light. A laboratory accelerator operating under these resonant conditions appears attractive: in a magnetic field of 105 Gauss, and the fields of a 5×1012 W, 10 μm wavelength laser, an optimally positioned electron would accelerate to 700 MeV in only 10m.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00901788
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A double-wavelength nitrogen-laser-pumped dye laser (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 20 (1979), S. 97-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A narrow-band tunable double-wavelength dye laser with a bandwidth of 0.1 cm−1 is described. The output at one of the wavelengths is found to be completely linearly polarized in the plane of incidence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00901793
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intrapulse thermally induced wavelength shift in a distributed feedback dye laser (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 19 (1979), S. 39-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that when a distributed feedback dye laser is used to generate a train of picosecond pulses, the narrow lines observed in the spectrum are not longitudinal modes, but are due to the intrapulse refractive index changes caused by the heating effect of the pumping pulse.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00900535
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser-fluctuation measurements in a bath of strong Gaussian noise (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 18 (1979), S. 415-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Remarkable intensity fluctuations were observed in the LiNdP4O12 (LNP) laser by placing a moving ground-glass plate across the ouput beam. Resonance-like behaviors were also observed by tuning the moving velocity of the ground-glass plate, with respect to relaxation oscillations. Classical rate equations including the modulation term were given to explain the observed phenomena. Similar intensity fluctuations corresponding to relaxation oscillations were observed when the LNP laser light beam was coupled to an optical fiber.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00899696
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficient dye lasers pumped by a XeCl excimer laser (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 19 (1979), S. 35-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Results of an investigation of 19 organic dyes pumped by a 1.7 MW discharge-pumped XeCl excimer laser are reported. The dye-laser emission covered a wide wavelength range from 340 nm to 710 nm.P-terphenyl shows efficient laser action. The highest energy conversion efficiency exceeds 40% in visible region. In comparison with 250 kW nitrogen laser pumping, higher efficiencies are obtained for most of these dyes in the same dye-laser configuration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00900534
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the interaction of stimulated spin-flip raman scattering and stimulated recombination radiation in InSb (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 19 (1979), S. 185-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have studied the interaction of stimulated spin-flip Raman scattering and stimulated recombination radiation in n-InSb using a CW CO pump laser. A change in linewidth and output power of second Stokes spin-flip radiation is observed when the tuning curve of the first Stokes stimulated spin-flip radiation and the stimulated recombination radiation cross. The observations are explained using a simple rate equation model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00932395
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NdP5O14 and NdAl3(BO3)4 lasers at 1.3 μm (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 18 (1979), S. 77-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 78.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report, for the first time, on room temperature cw laser action of NdP5O14 and NdAl3(BO3)4 at 1.3 μm wavelength. The emission cross sections of the transition4 F 3/2→4 I 13/2 are 0.24·10−19 cm2 and 1.74·10−19 cm2, respectively. The lowest observed threshold was 45 mW and the slope efficiency was nearly 10%. The minimum threshold is expected to be about 5 mW of absorbed pump light for both materials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00935906
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Collisional effects upon optical coherences: Experimental study in a xenon three-level system (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 20 (1979), S. 83-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32 ; 34 ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Laser induced nonlinear absorption profiles in a three-level system have been recorded to study the effect of elastic collisions upon optical coherences. In our particular system, the signal is due to a pure double-quantum term, where we have separated the effect of phase-interrupting collisions from the effect of velocity-changing collisions. Experimental results show that the effect of velocity-changing collisions is very small, and that broadening of the signal is due to phase-interrupting collisions mainly. We are able to determine the increase of the decay rate of the coherent superposition (the “coherence”) of two levels of same parity [Dγ 13/dp=(6.5±1) MHz/Torr] and an upper limit for the mean velocity change (ũ≲5m/s).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00901791
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dye lasers and intermolecular and intramolecular energy transfer processes (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 19 (1979), S. 165-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 33 ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Computer calculations of ETDL performance indicate that dye laser output can be manipulated by an appropriate choice of a donor (absorber)-acceptor (dye) couple. Studies of relevant laser induced inter- and intramolecular energy transfer processes are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00932391
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Small-scale instability of a pulse front traversing a resonant saturable absorber (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 19 (1979), S. 221-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.10 ; 42.55 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Wave front of a light pulse is shown to be unstable as it propagates through a resonant saturable absorber, if its frequency is higher than the resonance frequency of the absorber. When ΔωT 2∼1, a small-scale transverse instability with the dimension of (λl abs)1/2 grows rapidly. Its growth-rate is of the order of the small-signal-absorption length of the medium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00932401
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A simple transition-locked and polarization-forced multi-line oscillator for high-power CO2-laser systems (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 19 (1979), S. 257-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Employing injection-locking techniques an oscillator configuration was found comprising in a simple way all the features required for fusion directed high-power CO2 laser systems. The oscillator provides emission in single axial modes on rotational transitions which can be freely selected by feeding fluencies of a few mW/cm2 at the particular transition into the oscillator cavity. In the same way simultaneous emission on selectable lines can be achieved. By the same principle the oscillator can be forced to emit in any orientation of polarization. The set up is relatively simple, the alignment rather uncritical, and the operation reliable. Gaussian-shaped nanosecond pulses with low forepulse power are produced with the help of a pulse cutter and saturable multiline absorber. The set up is described and its features are demonstrated by measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00900468
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cw oscillation at 1.05 and 1.32 μm of LiNd(PO3)4 lasers in external resonator and in resonator with directly applied mirrors (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 20 (1979), S. 329-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The room temperature cw oscillation at 1.05 and 1.32 μm of lithium neodymium tetraphosphate [LiNd(PO3)4, LNP] lasers in an external resonator and, for the first time, also in a Fabry-Perot resonator with directly applied mirrors is reported. The growth and fluorescence properties of the LNP crystals are briefly described. Laser parameters such as threshold pump power, output power, differential efficiency, optical gain, emission cross section and laser modes are both measured and calculated. Laser experiments show the threshold pump power to be lower for 1.05 μm than for 1.32 μm emission because of the smaller emission cross section; the pump power density is lower for the external resonator than for the Fabry-Perot resonator because of its higher mode losses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00895005
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tunable simultaneous double-wavelength operation of a cw CO2 laser (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 19 (1979), S. 243-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Stable step-tunable simultaneous double-wavelength emission from any branch combination of the 9.6 and 10.6 μm bands of a cw CO2 laser is reported in which the relative strengths of the two signals may be controlled.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00932406
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tunable coherent radiation source covering a spectral range from 185 to 880 nm (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 18 (1979), S. 177-181 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.65 ; 33
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have studied experimentally stimulated Raman scattering and 4-wave-interaction processes occuring in hydrogen gas, which is excited by a Nd:YAG-pumped dye laser. The tuning ranges of the various Stokes and anti-Stokes lines, which are generated with high efficiency, cover the spectrum from 185 to 880 nm without a gap.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00934413
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of collisional coupling on the energy extraction from theB, C, andD state in KrF (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 20 (1979), S. 129-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 33 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Collisional coupling between theB, C, andD states of KrF is measured in a discharge pumped KrF laser. Detection of the time resolved populations in the three states via measurement of the side fluorescence in theB→X, C→A, andD→X bands is used to record the collisional relaxation from theC andD state to theB state during laser emission. The experimentally determined limits for the collisional coupling times are τB-C≦1 ns and τB-D,τC-D〈20 ns at total pressures of 2 bar. Investigation of theB→X fluorescence band shows that the vibrational manifold of theB state is not thermalized during laser emission. TheV-V,T coupling time is estimated to be τV-V,T=4±2 ns. The influence of collisional coupling on energy extraction in the KrF laser is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00885933
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    Influence of the inversion depletion in the active medium on the evolution of ultrashort pulses in passively mode-locked solid-state lasers (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 20 (1979), S. 237-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An analytical treatment of the ultrashort-pulse generation in a solid-state laser is given taking into account gain saturation. The probability for the breakdown of the picosecond-pulse evolution caused by the amplification depletion is calculated. The influence of the active medium saturation on the satellite-pulse probability is investigated. Both probabilities characterize the mode-locking behaviour of the laser system and are calculated for various laser parameters to find an optimum laser regime.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00886024
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    Coherent γ-emission by stimulated annihilation of electron-positron pairs (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 19 (1979), S. 127-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The possibility of using stimulated emission from the recombination of electron-positron pairs for obtaining coherent γ-rays is considered. The critical number of pairs needed for the process is calculated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00900548
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  • 29
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    Electronic Resource
    CW HCN laser gain in a hollow dielectric rectangular cross-section discharge tube (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 19 (1979), S. 359-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a 1 m-long CW HCN discharge laser with a hollow dielectric rectangular discharge tube of 5×20 cm2 cross-section. For optimum working conditions, the characteristics of the amplifying medium have been made constant over the cross-section, by using an additional magnetic field. Then, the unsaturated gain for the 337 μm line is 6.8% m−1. It is shown to be dependent on the smaller dimension of the cross-section rather than on the other dimension. By using the tube as a waveguide, laser output power of 1 Watt might be obtained with a discharge length of 4 m, instead of the 12m-long discharge required to get the same output power from a cylindrical waveguide laser.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00900481
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    Selective laser excitation of bases in nucleic acids (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 20 (1979), S. 257-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 87 ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Selective electronic excitation of single kinds of DNA bases were performed with dye lasers. Different DNA-dye-complexes were used and the selective excitation could be proved by the varying strength of the interaction between the bases and the dye molecules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00886028
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    Powerful laser systems with phase conjugation by SMBS mirror (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 20 (1979), S. 261-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The method of Stimulated Mandelshtam-Brillouin Scattering (SMBS) is utilized in a powerful laser to obtain better transverse beam quality by phase conjugation. The principle is explained, and the conclusions are substantiated by experimental results.
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  • 32
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    Polymerization of vinyl chloride in presence of substituted olefins: Effects on molecular weight and melt rheology (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 867-876 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Vinyl chloride (VCM) was polymerized by free-radical suspension procedures in presence of methyl-substituted olefins such as propylene, isobutylene, cis-2-butene, trimethylethylene, and tetramethylethylene. Dilute solution viscosities of polymer formed in the presence of these olefins were measured and compared to that of trichloroethylene, a chlorinated chain-transfer agent. A pseudo-chain-transfer coefficient for these olefins was calculated based on solution viscosity determinations and found to be exponentially proportional to the number of allylic hydrogens. The effects on melt flow of the olefin distribution in the polymer chain were examined. Olefins at the ends of polymer chains were found to have no effect on melt rheology, whereas those in internal portions of chains were found to significantly increase melt flow.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230321
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    Styrene divinyl benzene copolymers. I. Texture of macroporous copolymers with ethyl-2-hexanoic acid in diluent (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 927-939 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The texture and the pore size distribution of a set of styrene divinylbenzene copolymers, prepared by suspension polymerization with various compositions and various amounts of ethyl-2-hexanoic acid as diluent, have been studied using nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, mercury porosimetry, and scanning-electron microscopy. It appears that pore volume and surface area may be well predicted in a large range of conditions (divinylbenzene contents between 20 and 60%, ethyl-2-hexanoic acid contents between 35% and 60%). In this range of conditions there are three structures: the elementary nuclei are spherical particles of about 100-200 Å in diameter. They are organized in microspheres of about 500-1000 Å, and the microspheres form aggregates (2500-5000 Å) more or less separated by large holes. The smaller pores (〈40 Å) are in the microspheres, between the nuclei; they are present only if the amount of divinylbenzene is high enough. Intermediate pores (40-500 Å) are, in the aggregates, between the microspheres, although the larger pores between the aggregates range from about 500 Å to more than 10,000 Å, depending on the amount of diluent.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    Irregularities in steady flow for non-newtonian fluids between cone and plate (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 953-965 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Flow irregularities have been visually observed in solutions of polyacrylamide of high molecular weight on shear in a cone-and-plate rheometry (gap angle 2.3°). This anomalous flow was found to depend on molecular weight, concentration, and solvent. The onset of flow irregularities were generally at shear rates 〈 5 sec-1. A dimensional analysis shows that the elastic component of the fluid is responsible for the anomalous flow. The onset of flow irregularities has been predicted from measurements of recoverable strain as a function of shear stress.
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    Basic study of extrusion of polyethylene and polystyrene foams (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1013-1026 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A fundamental study of bubble morphology development and apparent rheological properties in foam extrusion is reported. The influence of melt temperature, die length/diameter ratio, and blowing agent level on the morphology are considered. Measurements of the influence of blowing agent on viscosity, extrudate swell, and end-pressure losses are described. The viscosity is reduced, but extrudate swell is increased. End-pressure losses were found to become very large relative to the die wall shear stress at low extrusion rates. These results were interpreted in terms of bubble development. The filling of molds by foaming melts was observed and is described.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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    Study of elastic and thermoelastic properties of ethylene-propylene and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers. I. Elastic properties (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 985-993 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The elastic properties of ethylene-propylene and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers crosslinked to different degrees were studied. A correction of the front factor with respect to temperature has been proposed for calculation of the concentration of network chains from shear modulus G. Deviations from the Gaussian approximation of the dependence of force on deformation were evaluated.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230403
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    Study of elastic and thermoelastic properties of ethylene-propylene and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers. II. Thermoelastic properties (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 995-1002 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermoelastic properties of ethylene-propylene and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers crosslinked to different degrees were studied. An equation was proposed for calculating the relative contribution of the internal energy, fU/f, from the temperature dependence of shear modulus G. Analysis of a relation for calculating fU/f derived on the basis of the Mooney-Rivlin equation was made.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Plasma polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene. I. Inductive radio frequency discharge (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1003-1011 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The plasma polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene in an inductively coupled radio frequency glow discharge, using a flow system, was studied. A simple long tube reactor, with the coupling coil placed at the middle of the tube and gas entrance and exit at the respective ends, was used. Deposition rates and the chemical nature of the polymer (as revealed by ESCA spectra and surface energy studies) are obtained as a function of location in the reactor tube with respect to the coupling coil and of applied energy per unit mass of tetrafluoroethylene (W/FM). It was found that a fluorinepoor polymer, containing considerable carbon-oxygen bonds (after contact with air), is obtained at all locations at high W/FM. When a low W/FM is utilized, such a fluorine-poor polymer is also obtained at locations downstream from the coupling coil (the location of the highest energy density) in the reactor. In the latter case a fluorine-rich polymer containing very little oxygen is formed upstream from the coil. The polymer deposition rate distribution is also considerably broader in a high W/FM plasma than when low W/FM is used. These results are in agreement with earlier studies indicating that fluorine abstraction and decomposition due to fluorine etching occur when the energy density, as expressed by W/FM, is high.
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    Determination of terminal OH groups in butadiene telechelics by calorimetry and by inverse gas chromatography (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1043-1049 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Direct injection enthalpimetry (DIE) with improved sensitivity constitutes a reproducible method for terminal OH group determination in telechelic oligomers. However, it requires calibration for each individual type of telechelic. Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) can also be applied to determine endgroups of butadiene oligomers using polar probe molecules which do not interact with the polymer backbone.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Copolyester studies. I. Preparation and characterization of tetramethylene terephthalate-tetramethylene sebacate copolymers (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1063-1075 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Tetramethylene terephthalate-tetramethylene sebacate copolymers containing up to 20 mol % sebacate have been prepared and characterized. Molecular weights and distributions have been evaluated using viscometry and gel-permeation chromatography. Compositions have been established by NMR spectroscopy. Thermal properties have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical methods. Melting and glass-transition temperatures and moduli are discussed in terms of the structural differences, particularly the effect of composition on chain flexibility. Density and thermal methods of crystallinity determination are critically discussed for these systems.
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    Copolyester studies. III. Melt-spinning, drawing, and mechanical properties of tetramethylene terephthalate-tetramethylene sebacate copolymer fibers (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1095-1104 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Fibers have been prepared from tetramethylene terephthalate-tetramethylene sebacate copolymers, containing up to 20 mol % of the latter, using a conventional melt-spinning technique. The mechanical properties of these undrawn fibers and of highly oriented fibers prepared from them have been evaluated. The changes in mechanical properties brought about by the introduction of sebacate groups in poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) have been related to the glass-transition temperatures of the copolymers and to the flexible nature of the sebacate unit. The formation of voids during a continuous drawing process and during mechanical testing is discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Flocculation of dispersions by preferential adsorption of solvents from polymer solution (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1693-1697 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An attempt was made to account for the adverse effect of the preferential adsorption of solvents onto particles from polymer solution (negative adsorption of polymer) on the stability of a dispersion in terms of osmotic attraction. The change in the energy of osmotic attraction on collision of solvated particles in a solution of macromolecules was calculated as a function of an osmotic pressure of the media, the thickness of the solvation layers, and the size of solute molecules, based on the assumption that the adsorption is irreversible and the adsorbed layers are impenetrable. The result showed that the energy of osmotic attraction is of the same order of magnitude as that of the electrostatic repulsion, indicating that the flocculation caused by the negative adsorption of polymers is mainly due to the osmotic attraction.
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    Polyblends based on vinyl chloride/propylene copolymer (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1733-1746 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends of vinyl chloride/propylene copolymer (VCM-P) with aromatic polycarbonate (PC) and with ABS terpolymer were studied. Particular emphasis was on characteristics of deflection temperature under load (DTUL), simply referred to as heat deflection temperature (HDT). In a binary system which contained PC and VCM-P, the HDT-composition plot exhibited an S-shaped curve, suggesting incompatibility. In contrast, a straight-line correlation, indicating compatibility, was found for VCM-P/ABS blends. These observations are consistent with dynamic measurements by viscoelastometer (Vibron Model DDV-II). Compatibility of the VCM-P/PC system was improved through incorporation of ABS copolymer, as indicated by the broadening of tan δ peak. Electron photomicrographs revealed that, in a 50% VCM-P binary blend, polycarbonate existed in a string-like morphology which differed from the compatible ABS system where the ABS copolymer was dispersed in a form of discrete particles.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    Mechanochemistry and permeability of polyelectrolyte complex membranes composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) derivatives (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1759-1767 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Two polyanions and two polycations were prepared by the esterification of poly(vinyl alcohol). Properties of their neutral polyelectrolyte complex membranes were compared with those of polyelectrolyte membranes. The charged state on the membranes was related closely to the mechanochemical reaction, the salt rejection, and the solution permeability. Both the salt rejection and the water flux of neutral polyelectrolyte complex memberanes were lower than those of the corresponding acidic or basic complex membranes.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Diffusivity and solubility of organic vapors in modified polyethylene films. I. Technique and analysis of results (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1819-1831 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new method of analyzing unsteady-state sorption data was developed to determine the diffusivity and solubility of vapors in polymer films. The equilibrium weight increase yields the solubility directly. Analysis of the unsteady-state data gives the diffusion coefficient and its concentration dependence. A complete method for the analysis of either absorption or desorption results is presented for any type of concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient. In this paper the method is applied to the Fujita free volume theory. The apparatus and the experimental procedures are discussed in detail.
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    Adhesion of elastomers to rigid substrates - three substrates with unexpectedly high adhesion (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1863-1866 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230625
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    Modification of a model relating rheological behavior of polymer melts to the molecular weight distribution (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1867-1869 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Peak distortion in gel permeation chromatography at high sample concentration (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1879-1881 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230629
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    Heat curing of radiation-induced crosslinked syndiotactic 1,2-polybutadiene (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1893-1896 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230632
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    Solvent barrier property for fluorinated polyethylene (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1907-1913 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Solvent barrier studies for fluorinated polyethylene have shown that the fluorinated surfaces reduce the rate of permeation for many solvents. The barrier property has been related to physical and chemical properties of the solvent. For instance, solvents having a dielectric constant between 7 and 10 were not retained as well as solvents with a dielectric constant less than 7.
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    Fine structure investigation of Sansevieria roxburghi fiber by small-angle x-ray methods (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1671-1677 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Small-angle x-ray methods were used to evaluate macromolecular parameters such as specific inner surface of the dispersed phase; transversal lengths such as length of inhomogeneity and length of coherence; and the air fraction of the scattering particles in Sansevieria roxburghi; these parameters were found to be 12.76 × 10-6 Å-1, 549.9 Å, 15.21 Å, and 0.17%, respectively. A small-angle Kratky camera was used for the experimental measurements, and the theories of Kratky and Kratky and Porod were utilized to evaluate these parameters. The sample under investigation is treated as a densely packed colloidal system belonging to general micelle systems.
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    The determination of particle size distribution by hydrodynamic chromatography. An analysis of dispersion and methods for improved signal resolution (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1699-1721 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Various methods are described and compared for the determination of particle size distributions (PSD) in the submicron range by a technique known as hydrodynamic chromatography (HDC). Data are presented for a series of monodisperse latexes to establish the validity of the Mie theory of light scattering in describing the detector optical density signal. Analyses for the PSD involve corrections to the experimental HDC chromatograms for the effects of dispersion and are broadly classified as integral and numerical methods. Comparisons of calculations are made to chromatograms for polydisperse latexes as well as synthetic, discontinuous distributions and show the critical role of the optical density-particle size relationship in determining resolution and calculation stability. An integral method involving a non-Gaussian form for the dispersion function and a polynomial expansion for the chromatogram and an iterative numerical method involving modifications of a previously published technique are shown to give the best results for the PSD. The discussion includes an analysis of the possibility of improved signal resolution using turbidity in the absorption wavelength region and refractive index measurements. The conclusion is reached that increased resolution with turbidity is preferable to refractive index measurement since lower particle concentrations can be used.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230612
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    The characterization of nylon 6 filaments by x-ray diffraction (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1747-1757 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method is described for calculating crystallinity indices and crystalline orientation functions for the α and γ components of the crystalline phase of nylon 6 filaments using wide-angle x-ray diffraction (WAXS) analysis. The method is shown to be applicable to a wide range of filament samples (“conventional” as-spun, fast spun, drawn, and annealed) even when only a single broad diffraction maximum is observable from the WAXS photograph. The component indices can be used to illustrate differences present in the filament microstructure which would be unobservable if a total crystallinity index, such as that determined by density, were determined alone. For example, the initially mixed α-γ structure is retained in low-temperature drawing (75-150°C) of nylon 6 fiber, but the predominantly α form is produced at higher draw temperatures.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230615
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    Durable flame resistance via reaction of cotton cellulose bearing aromatic amino groups with tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1803-1810 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Chemically modified cotton fabric samples having different amounts of aromatic amino groups were prepared. These modified samples were reacted with tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC) under a variety of conditions using the pad-dry-thermofixation technique. The extent of the reaction (expressed as %P) was dependent of the degree of chemical modification of cotton, temperature and time of heating, and pH of the treating bath as well as incorporation of Lyofix CHN (N-methylol finishing agent), MgCl2·6H2O (catalyst), and urea at various concentrations. THPC did react with the modified cotton having a nitrogen content over a range of 0.4%-1.3% even in the absence of catalyst at a temperature as low as 30°C for 10 min to impart durable flame resistance to cotton. Increasing the temperature up to 80°C enhanced considerably the extent of reaction; he latter remained practically constant upon further increase in temperature. The reaction was favored in acidic media (pH 4-6), whereas alkaline media (pH 9-11) inhibited it. Incorporation of Lyofix CHN (9%), MgCl26H2O (1%), and urea (5%) along with THPC (25%) in the treating bath required a curing temperature of 120°C and a curing time of 5 min to achieve a fabric containing as much as 2.7% phosphorus with excellent durable flame resistance. A tentative mechanism of the reaction between THPC and the modified cotton was also elicited.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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    PVC powder extrusion. Melting properties and particle morphology (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1781-1794 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The extrusion of unplasticized PVC powder has been studied. Powder blends with low amounts of lubricants have been used in order to observe differences between structurally different PVC powders. Experiments with varying screw speeds indicate that resins consisting of agglomerated, small, globular primary particles are more sensitive to shear and deformation in the extruder channel than more compact particles. Frictional heat seems to be dissipated inside loosely agglomerated resin particles, possibly because of a larger internal surface. This additional heat, which depends on the shear rate, influences the melting behavior considerably. Scanning electron microscopy shows that PVC particles seem to melt without first breaking into smaller particles. A comparison between bulk-polymerized and suspension-polymerized PVC with nearly the same particle structure reveals a close similrity in melting properties. The results obtained in this work indicate that structural differences may explain the differences in melting behavior often observed when rigid PVC blends are extruded.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230618
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    Measurements of vapor sorption/desorption properties of ultrathin polymeric filmsPresented at Division of Polymer Chemistry, American Chemical Society Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, March 1977. (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1795-1802 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: After a brief review of various standard methods of diffusion measurements of vapors into and out of polymeric solids, a direct gravimetric method for studying the sorption/desorption process in thin polymer films is discussed. The apparatus used consisted of a sensitive electrical balance housed in a vacuum pump. The sorption and desorption characteristics of thick polystyrene films were studied for comparison with literature values. The system polystyrene/methylene chloride was chosen to calibrate the system because of its known data. Experiments were carried out using the polystyrenes PS-5 and Dow Trycite 1000 at 35 and 50 mm Hg. Results agreed well with those reported in the literature. The apparatus was also suitable for measuring the very initial uptake of vapor. This information is important in the study of very thin films where the amount of vapor absorbed is minimum and the initial rate of uptake is almost instantaneous.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Gel permeation chromatography in the study of the molecular weight distribution vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer. III. Influence of the incompatibility of polymers and some problems of interpretation of experimental data (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1811-1817 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The influence of incompatibility in the ternary systems gel-polymer-solvent and polymer-polymer-solvent on the results of gel permeation chromatography of the copolymer vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate was investigated. The measurements were performed on styrene-divinylbenzene gels and on porous silica gels. Detection in GPC was made using a differential refractometer together with a UV detector, which permitted evaluation of the extent of interactions of the polymer components in the mixture. Some aspects of the GPC data are discussed for the application of universal calibration, the validity of which for the copolymer vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate has been proved.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230621
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    NMR study of water absorbed by epoxy resinSupported in part by NASA Grant No. NGS1423. (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1871-1874 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230627
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    The alkali-catalyzed depolymerization of amyloses in relation to iodine-complexing propertiesA preliminary report was presented to the 43rd Annual Meeting, Israel Chemical Society, Beersheba, Oct. 1975, Proceedings, p. 130. (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1883-1887 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230630
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    Stress yield value in closely packed gel suspensions (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1897-1900 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230633
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    Partially dehydrochlorinated PVC. II. Reactions with dienophiles and hydroxylating agents (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2005-2017 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Samples of poly(vinylchloride) containing polyene sequences were made by partial dehydrochlorination by alkali in tetrahydrofuran solution, by alkali in dioxane, and thermally in dimethyl-formamide. The reactions of polyene PVC were followed by UV spectrophotometry. Dienophiles were found to have relative reactivities similar to those found in reactions with low molecular-weight dienes. The reaction with maleic anhydride yielded polymers which after hydrolysis contained carboxyl groups. Hydroxylation was made with osmium tetraoxide and performic acid. With the latter reagent the reaction proceeded to complete disappearance of the UV-absorption peaks from trienes and higher polyenes: Gel permeation chromatography analysis showed that hydroxylation could be made with only minor changes in molecular-weight distribution. The formation of gel upon thermal dehydrochlorination in DMF was shown to be due to physical cross linking probably arising by crystallization of polyene segments. The adhesion of the hydroxylated and carboxylated polymers to glass and stainless-steel surfaces was investigated. Films adhered stronger as the degree of dehydrochlorination of the polyene PVC used to make the derivative increased. Samples with long sequences adhered much stronger than those containing short sequences of corresponding degrees of total substitution.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Size distribution of suspension-polymerized unsaturated polyester beads (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2043-2048 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermosetting polyester beads in the size range of 200 to 2000 μm were prepared in a PVAl stabilized suspension polymerization system from a commercial unsaturated polyester resin. Bead size distribution curves were determined and the average surface mean diameter Dm was calculated. Agitation speed, resin volume fraction in the reaction medium and PVAl concentration were varied and their effect on Dm was studied.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230714
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    Deformational, swelling, and potentiometric behavior of ionized gels of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid copolymers (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2073-2082 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The deformational, swelling, and potentiometric behavior of ionized water-swollen gels of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)-methacrylic acid (MA) copolymers used in biomedical and separation applications was investigated. With increasing degrees of neutralization α, the swelling degree strongly increases and the modulus Gs decreases. For the copolymers with MA content ≥ 30 mole-%, the dependence of Gs on α passes through a minimum. Comparison of the results with the modified theory of rubber elasticity shows that the decrease in Gs at low concentrations of charges on the chain is controlled mainly by the degree of swelling. At higher α, both the finite extensibility of network chains, caused by a high degree of swelling, and electrostatic interactions contribute to Gs. The dependence of the interaction parameter χ on the volume fraction of polymer in the gel, v2, is independent of α and closely resembles the dependence obtained for other hydrophilic polymers.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230717
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    Comparisons of the cure of phenol-formaldehyde novolac and resol systems by differential scanning calorimetry (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1973-1985 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Comparisons were made of differential scanning-calorimetric (DSC) thermograms of both liquid and powdered commercial phenol-formaldehyde resins. By a combination of the results from analyses under a variety of conditions, such as ambient pressure, high pressure, using freeze-dried samples, and also by direct observation of the resin-curing process in wood-veneer assemblies, the curing reactions of phenol-formaldehyde resins were found to differ for resol and novolac systems. At a heating rate of 10°C/min, the resol resin showed endothermic curing reactions at temperatures of about 150°C, while the novolac-type resin showed an exothermic peak maximum at about 160°C. Results are presented to show how DSC can be used to differentiate between a resol and novolac system.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230708
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    Grafting onto polyester fibers. II. Kinetics of grafting of acrylic acid, acrylonitrile, and vinyl acetate onto polyester fibers (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2133-2138 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of grafting of acrylonitrile, acrylic acid, and vinyl acetate onto polyester fiber by catalytic initiation and radiation were studied. The energy of activation determined for acrylic acid grafting by the catalytic method was 10.7 kcal/mole and that for vinyl acetate grafting by the radiation method, 11.7 kcal/mole. In the case of acrylonitrile grafting by the catalytic method, the rate of grafting decreased with increase in temperature of grafting, showing the differential behavior of the precipitating type of polymer from that of homogeneous polymerization.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230723
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    Solution and rheological properties of poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide) in dimethylacetamide/LiCl (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2155-2168 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An experimental study of the solution properties of poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide) (MPD-I) in dimethylacetamide (DMA)/LiCl solutions is presented. Differential refractometry, light scattering photometry, dilute and concentrated solution viscometry, and normal stress experiments are reported and interpreted. This polymer in the concentration range investigated does not exhibit mesophase behavior in contrast to its para-linked analog. Generally, it behaves as a flexible polymer molecule; however, its capacity to become a polyelectrolyte strongly influences its behavior in the presence of LiCl. MPD-I is self-associated when dissolved in pure DMA but dissociates in DMA/LiCl solvent systems. The Zimm plots of MPD-I in DMA/LiCl solutions show distortion, probably due to polymer-salt interactions.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230726
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    Permeability of oxygen through polymers. I. A novel spectrophotochemical method (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2365-2371 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A novel method for the measurement of oxygen permeability through polymer membranes is described. It is based on monitoring the sensitized photo-oxygenation of a singlet oxygen acceptor in a detector layer sandwiched between a support and the polymer layer under test. The detector layer contains a sensitizer which on irradiation produces singlet excited oxygen from the ground-state oxygen available. The singlet oxygen reacts with an oxygen acceptor, the disappearance of which can be followed by spectrophotometry. In the photostationary state, changes in the acceptor absorbance are directly related to the overall flux of oxygen through the polymer membrane. It can be shown that the permeation coefficient P of oxygen is proportional to the rate of change in acceptor absorbance and to the inverse of the oxygen concentration in the surrounding atmosphere. It is given by the expression \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ P = \frac{1}{{10^3 \varepsilon {\rm }\Delta C}} \cdot \frac{{\Delta D{\rm }l}}{{\Delta t}} $$\end{document} where ∊ is the molar extinction coefficient, ΔC is the difference in the oxygen concentration on the two sides of the polymer membrane, ΔD is the change in optical density during the time interval Δt, and l is the thickness of the polymer membrane. The method is comparatively simple and rapid and provides data for polymers that are difficult to study by more conventional methods. Oxygen permeabilities were measured for a group of water-soluble polymers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230814
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    Thermal degradation of polymers. XXII. Vacuum pyrolysis of poly(m-N,N-dimethylaminostyrene); the residue and the fraction volatile at pyrolysis temperature, involatile at room temperature (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2855-2869 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The effect of extent of degradation of poly(m-N,N-dimethylaminostyrene) on the quantity and molecular weight of the residue is described. Comparative studies on polystyrene and poly(m-N,N-dimethylaminostyrene) have indicated significant differences between the two polymers. Torsional braid analysis has shown the crosslinked residue from poly(m-N,N-dimethylaminostyrene), produced at temperatures greater than 150°C, to be obtained on the heating cycle rather than the cooling cycle, and mechanisms to account for this phenomenon are discussed. The physical form of the residue has been found to be molecular weight dependent, and this has been discussed in terms of the differences in “melt temperature” relative to the “onset temperature” for crosslinking. The quantity and composition of the fraction volatile at pyrolysis temperature, involatile at ambient temperature are discussed. The components of this fraction were identified by GPC and mass spectrometry and include oligomers containing the secondary amino function. Mechanisms involving N-alkyl and N-aryl scission are proposed to account for the observed products.
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    Use of sorbyl chloride-osmium staining for fibrillar measurements in cotton fibers (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2929-2931 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The technique for staining unsaturated additives within cotton fibers reacts osmium tetroxide with a sorbyl moiety which has been attached to the cellulose chain. Resulting electron micrographs indicate that contrast is considerably enhanced. Measurements of fibrillar size averaged 0.30 nm, closely approximating the values in the literature.
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    Hydroquinone, polyvinyl alcohol, formaldehyde, and acrylonitrile (HPFA)-based weak acid electron exchangers (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2945-2950 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A standard weak acid electron exchanger based on hydroquinone phenol formaldehyde (HPF) has been prepared by standard procedure [L. K. Edward and P. W. Richard, Chem. Abstr., 49, 7780b (1955)]. Similarly, three new electron exchangers based on hydroquinone, polyvinyl alcohol, formaldehyde, and acrylonitrile (HPFA) have been synthesized and compared with the standard HPF electron exchanger.
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    Interfacial properties of polyelectrolyte-cellulose systems. III. Theoretical model for the electrokinetic behavior of cellulose fibers with adsorbed monolayers of cationic polyelectrolyte (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2999-3016 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A theoretical model is proposed to account for the experimental results in part II. The basic assumption is that the total surface charge of the monolayer-formed DP fibers stems from (i) fixed ionized groups on the surface and (ii) adsorbed ions on the surface from surrounding solutions. The fixed ionized groups are the carboxyl groups of the fibers and quaternary ammonium groups of the polymer. The proposed model correlates the amount of adsorbed polymer with the zeta potential of the monolayer-formed DP fibers. Calculations made on the proposed model using the experimental data in part II suggest that a comparison of the charge calculated from zeta potential with that from the amount of adsorbed polymer yields ca. 0.04% of the fixed ionizable groups as effective charged sites, i.e., electrokinetically detectable. This finding is due to the binding of counterions to the fixed ionized sites on the surface. Zeta potentials of the DP with adsorbed monolayers largely stem from the fixed ionized groups with only a minor contribution from the adsorbed ions. The zeta potentials are nearly proportional to the difference between the number of cationic and anionic groups on the surface.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    The effect of casting solvent on the sorption and diffusion of water vapor in poly(γ-methyl L-glutamate) (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2729-2737 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Water vapor permeability of poly(γ-methyl L-glutamate) (PMLG) membranes prepared by using dichloroethane, trifluoroacetic acid, and formic acid as solvents was studied. The membranes prepared by casting dichloroethane and trifluoroacetic acid solutions of the polymer, designated as PMLG-DCE and PMLG-TFA, respectivley, had α-helical structures according to infrared absorption spectra, while the membranes prepared by allowing the PMLG-TFA membranes to swell in formic acid, designated as PMLG-FA, had mainly a β-sheet structure. The amounts of water sorbed by PMLG-DCE, PMLG-TFA, and PMLG-FA increased in that order. The isotherms of PMLG-TFA and PMLG-FA were sigmoidal-shaped isotherms, and the heat of sorption for PMLG-TFA and PMLG-FA was larger than that for PMLG-DCE, which suggested the presence of the sorption sites. The diffusion coefficients of water for PMLG-DCE increased and then decreased with increasing concentration. On the other hand, the diffusion coefficients for PMLG-TFA and PMLG-FA increased with concentration. The activation energies of diffusion for PMLG-DCE, PMLG-TFA, and PMLG-FA increased in that order. These results were discussed in connection with the molecular conformations of poly(γ-methyl L-glutamate) in the membranes. From these results, it is assumed that the molecular chains in the PMLG-TFA membranes are mainly in α-helical and partly random-coil conformations.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230918
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    On the thermoelastic effect and configurational entropy in rubber-like solids (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2803-2806 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230924
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    Diffusion coefficient in polymer solutions (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3021-3025 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Molecular diffusivity of a solute in a solvent may be determined by measuring the extent of dispersion of solute in solvent flowing in a straight circular tube under the conditions of laminar flow. This simple and rapid method for determination of molecular diffusivity in aquous polymer solutions is discussed. Experimental results show a substantial reduction in the solute diffusivity with increase in polymer concentration.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    Identification of the active species in the suppression of postirradiation conductivity in polystyrene films for dosimeter applicationExcerpted from reports ORNL-4842 (Oak Ridge National Laboratory) and MRC-DA-323 (Monsanto Research Corp.). Available from National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Virginia 22151. A portion of this material was presented at the Second Cairo Solid State Conference, Recent Advances in the Science and Technology of Materials, Vol. 2, A. Bishay, Ed., Plenum, New York, 1974, p. 29. (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3033-3039 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The resistivity of insulating materials for electrostatic, ion chamber dosimeters must be very high and must remain so after exposure to ionizing radiation. Low dielectric polarization and good fabrication characteristics make hydrocarbon polymers most suitable, but both the conductivity during irradiation and its decay afterward vary greatly even for the same type of polymer, probably depending on impurities. Amorphous, styrene-based polymers and copolymers polymerized in aqueous emulsion and initiated with K2S2O8 were found to have much more rapid decay of conductivity after irradiation than pure polystyrene or other nonpolar polymers. The synthesis method incorporates sulfate groups on the polymer chain ends and leaves emulsifier residues distributed throughout the polymer as was demonstrated by various analytical procedures. To identify the trapping species a synthesis program was carried out varying selected ingredients in the polymerization recipe. It was found that the postirradiation conductivity was not dependent on the chemical nature of the emulsifier residues. On the other hand, the decay time of conductivity after irradiation did depend on the polar groups incorporated in the polymer chain. It was concluded that effective charge carrier traps were constituted of a polar second phase highly dispersed through the polymer by association with polar groups incorporated on the polymer chain.
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    Melt spinning of fibers: Effect of air drag (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3105-3122 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Experimental measurements of the magnitude of air drag on the filament and the air velocity profile around the filament in the spinning and drawing down of a fiber filament in the surrounding of stagnant air are reported. The results are examined in comparison with the existing theoretical correlations that have been used in the studies of the spinning processes. The experimental values of the air drag are found to be larger than the values based on the existing correlations to such an extent that, in some cases of past studies, the air drag effect on the filament tension may have been underestimated.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Flocculation of dispersions by preferential adsorption of solvents from polymer solution (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3143-3143 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070231032
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    Polymer systems in geothermal applications (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3179-3191 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The feasibility of using a copolymer composed of styrene, acrylonitrile, and acrylamide or methacrylamide in the formation of a high-strength thermally and chemically stable polymer concrete for use in geothermal environments has been demonstrated. Specimens produced with the copolymer in conjunction with an aggregate containing sand and portland cement had compressive strengths in the range of 25,000 to 30,000 psi at 20°C and were thermally stable up to ∼240°C. A study of the effect of monomer concentration on the properties of the polymer concrete indicated that the optimum concentration is in the range of 12 to 13 wt. %. Increased monomer concentrations lead to a nonuniform polymer distribution within the composite, resulting in a deterioration of the properties. The optimum properties are obtained when the monomer is used in conjunction with an aggregate containing 70 to 80 wt. % silica sand and 20 to 30 wt. % portland cement. The results from laboratory and field evaluations in progress indicate that the materials can be used for pipe or as protective liners on pipe and vessels in electric generating and direct utilization geothermal processes.
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    Elastomeric electron beam-cured coatings: Structure-property relationships. I. Oligomer structure (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3227-3242 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Mechanical properties of electron beam-cured films were studied as a function of oligomer structure and monomer diluent. In films cast from polyester acrylourethane oligomers, increasing the chain length between the two acrylate groups on each end resulted in a decrease in breaking strength from 7000 psi to 1000 psi in Young's modulus from 200,000 psi to 700 psi, and in glass transition temperature from 50 to -25°C, while the ultimate elongation increased from 20% to 210%. These properties were virtually independent of dose above 1 Mrad. The elongations were compared with literature values at equivalent degrees of crosslinking and found to fall within the range, but on the low elongation side of the distribution. It was speculated that the crosslinks' functionality would equal the average degree of polymerization of the double bond at each end of the oligomer, resulting in multirayed, star-shaped crosslinks with less flexibility than those with the usual functionality of 3 or 4, and methods for reducing this functionality were investigated. Addition of active monomers effected only minor change, but diethylaminoethyl acrylate was found to be very helpful in increasing the extensibility of these films considerably. This behavior can be explained by assuming that this monomer has a significant chain transfer constant, which should reduce the degree of polymerization of acrylic endgroups, producing a looser structure.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    Dyeing properties of poly(methyl vinyl pyridine)-poly(ethylene terephthalate) graft copolymers (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3051-3059 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Grafting of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers (PET) with 2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine (MVP) was carried out using γ rays and benzoyl peroxide independently for the initiation of grafting. The poly(MVP)-PET graft copolymers were analyzed for density, moisture regain, and dyeability. Radiation-induced grafting yielded copolymers with densities and moisture regain appreciably higher than those produced by benzoyl peroxide. The same results occurred when acid dyes were used. The behavior of (MVP)-PET graft copolymers towards some reactive dyes was also studied. The extent and rate of dyeing were dependent of pH of the dye bath, nature of the dye and the magnitude of grafting. Dyeing occurs through formation of salt linkages between the pyridine moieties and the solubilizing groups (usually sulfonate groups) in the dye molecule.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Low peclet number heat transfer for power law non-newtonian fluid with heat generation (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3077-3103 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Heat transfer for power law non-Newtonian fluid with heat generation and axial conduction is analyzed. Radial and axial temperature distribution and the Nusselt number inside a tube are obtained in terms of nonorthogonal series expansion. Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions are given for different values of various parameters. The effects of Peclet number, power law model index, viscous dissipation, and heat generation on the temperature distribution and Nusselt number are discussed. Comparison of the present results for extreme cases with those obtained by previous workers shows good agreement.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Elastic moduli of glassy polymers at low strains (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3129-3138 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The short time moduli of polystyrene, poly(methyl methyacrylate), and polycarbonate have been measured in the glassy state. The main methods used were as follows: (1) The Young's modulus of a strip was derived by extrapolating to infinite length. (2) A bidirectional strain gauge was used for Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. (3) A unidirectional bulk modulus was measured by the method of Warfield. The results obtained made it possible to determine all the isotropic moduli including the bulk modulus, and these are compared with those reported in the literature. Poisson's ratio (v) was found to increase with temperature in all cases. For poly(methyl methacrylate), where results reported in the literature vary widely, our values agreed with the lower reported figures (v 〈 0.36). The Young's modulus of poly(methyl methacrylate) is found to be more dependent on temperature and frequency than with the other two polymers.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Quantitative analysis of copolyamides and copolyesters by gas chromatography (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3167-3177 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Procedures were developed for the analysis of copolyesters and copolyamides by saponification or hydrolysis of the copolymers to their component dicarboxylic acids, glycols, amino acids, or diamines and quantitatively identifying these by gas chromatography. The alcohols, amines and acids were converted to volatile trimethylsilyl derivatives for the analysis, and linear correlations were observed between carbon atom contents of these derivatives and retention times in the chromatograph.
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    Effects of alkalinity on endwise depolymerization of hydrocellulose (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3219-3225 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The role of hydroxyl ion concentration in the endwise depolymerization of hydrocellulose has been investigated in sodium hydroxide solution (0.05-18.6N) at 120°C, by determining the amount of degradation and the changes of carboxyl content and degree of polymerization in the solid phase. The extent of degradation increases with the base concentration up to about 6N and then sharply decreases thereafter. These data are discussed in terms of altering the accessibility and the relative rates of peeling and stopping reactions in varying concentrations of alkali.
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    Lignocellulose-polymer composite. I (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3263-3269 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Bagasse grinded to different mesh sizes was used for the production of lignocellulose polymer composites. Samples of different polymer loads were prepared from crude-grafted bagasse with polymethyl methacrylate. A sodium bisulfite-soda lime glass system was used as an initiator for the grafting reaction. The properties of the resulting composites have been found to be affected by both the polymer load and the mesh size of the ground bagase. Grafting in the absence of soda lime glass from the initiator system was successful, and the properties of the composite produced from the prepared samples differed greatly from those containing glass. Other oxides, namely, copper (cupric) oxide and iron (ferric) oxide, were used in replacing glass in the initiator system. Some of the properties of the composite containing the latter were deteriorated. A composite from the true-grafted sample (homopolymer free) showed improvement in some of the properties, while the others deteriorated. Composites prepared from impregnated bagasse with polymer or homopolymer behaved differently in their properties and from those from crude-grafted samples, depending on the mesh size of the ground bagasse they are made from.
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    Influence of shearing history on the rheological properties and processability of branched polymers. III. An amorphous long-chain branched polymer (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3295-3300 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Viscoelastic properties of branched polymers vary with their shearing history; notwithstanding, their primary molecular parameters do not change. According to a recent study, such viscoelastic variation was believed to be observed only with crystalline long-chain branched polymers such as low-density polyethylene or polyacetal. That is, the origin of the viscoelastic variation was attributed to the presence of specific entanglements at the branching points, which was formed during the crystallization process. However, the viscoelastic variation of the long-chain branched polymers is the phenomenon at temperatures well above their melting points, namely, it is considered that whether the long-chain branched polymers are crystalline or not is not essential for the occurrence of the viscoelastic variation. Thus, the influence of the shearing history on the rheological properties of an amorphous long-chain branched polymer was investigated in this paper, and it was found that, irrespective of their crystallinity, the viscoelastic properties of long-chain branched polymers vary according to their shearing history.
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    Estimation of transfer constants in the aqueous solution polymerization of acrylamide with potassium persulfate initiator (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3341-3354 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: An experimental investigation on the aqueous polymerization of acrylamide with potassium persulfate initiator is reported. Molecular weight averages were measured by viscometry. Non-Newtonian effects were accounted for by extrapolation to high shear rates where the polymer solutions approximated Newtonian behavior. Values for the transfer constants to the acrylamide monomer and to the persulfate initiator were estimated at 25 and 40°C and compared to literature values.
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    Polymérisation des méthacrylates d'ethers glycériques par le peroxyde de benzoyle: Accélération de la polymérisation par les sulfinates d'amines tertiaries (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 11-23 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The kinetic study of the radical polymerization of phenyl glyceric ether methacrylate, taken as model of the corresponding derivative of bisphenol A, initiated by the system benzoyl peroxide/dimethyl p-toluidine p-toluene sulfinic acid salt, was performed. The effect of hydroxylic groups of the monomer on the polymerizability was established. The system used as initiator allows rapid polymerization of the monomer in presence of stabilizers.
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    Mechanism of action of PVC thermal stabilizers (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 39-54 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Based on experimental data, changes of properties of plasticized PVC containing stearates of Ca, Zn, Cd, and Pb stabilizers during thermal degradation are discussed. The mechanism of action of these stabilizers is described in kinetic form.
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    Radical formation and graft copolymerization on photo-irradiated aldehyde cellulose (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1-9 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The relationship between the activity to initiate graft copolymerization under photo-irradiation and the photo-induced radicals of periodic acid-oxidized cellulose (aldehyde cellulose) was investigated. Aldehyde cellulose proved to have a high activity to initiate graft copolymerization under photo-irradiation, and the effect was profound, especially for hydrophilic vinyl monomers such as acrylic acid and acrylamide. By studying the ESR spectrum of photo-irradiated aldehyde cellulose, the formation of a radical giving a singlet spectrum with linewidth of 14-15 G and a g value of 2.001 was observed. This was assigned to an acyl radical orginating in the aldehyde group of the sample. Employing low molecular weight aldehydes, it was confirmed that an acyl radical formed on aldehyde compounds by photo-irradiation has a function sufficient to initiate the graft copolymerization of vinyl monomers. It was concluded that the high activity needed to induce the graft copolymerization of aldehyde cellulose under photo-irradiation was based on an acyl radical which originated in the aldehyde group of the sample.
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    Correlating and predicting polymer thermal conductivities (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 55-58 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: General correlations were developed to estimte polymer thermal conductivities for four cases - amorphous polymers above the glass temperature; amorphous polymers below the glass temperature; semicrystalline polymers above the melting temperature, and semicrystalline polymers below the melting temperature. The correlations based on readily available parameters (mer weights, densities at 25°C, specific heats) yielded calculated thermal conductivities that deviated by only 1%-2% from experimental values.
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    Physicochemical properties of kevlar 49 fiber (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 59-73 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The high-strength, high-modulus Kevlar 49 fiber is widely used today because of its superior properties. In this paper, we discuss the fundamental physicochemical nature of the commercial fiber. It is an extended chain polymer, poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide), which is highly crystalline. Extensive analysis shows that the material composition is quite consistent from lot to lot and is low in impurities. The fiber absorbs water reversibly; the extent of absorption is related to the ash content. The well-known interaction of the fiber with ultraviolet light is illustrated with spectra, and the thermal stability of the fiber is demonstrated with various thermal analysis techniques.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230106
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  • 93
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    Organic polymeric coatings for silica fibers. I. UV-curing epoxy acrylate (V1F) (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 75-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Coated optical fibers (∼100 μm) were prepared exhibiting fracture strengths in excess of 750 ksi (5.3 GN/m2) for lengths up to 100 meters. To achieve this we have developed a novel coating and coating application process. The coating is an epoxy acrylate, cured by UV irradiation, which may contain a multifunctional silane coupling agent. The coating liquid was applied to the fiber prior to solidification by an applicator, which facilitates centering of the fiber in the coating. Our coating system offers advantages in that there is no solvent to remove, thereby avoiding possible surface “corrosion” of the glass fiber. The reasonably low viscosity of the coating formulation allows for the extensive wetting of the fiber surface irregularities prior to solidification.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230107
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  • 94
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    Water-soluble photocurable elastomer (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 115-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A low molecular weight copolymer of vinylbenzyl chloride and butadiene was quaternized with N-dimethylaminoethylmethacrylamide. The resin was coated from water solution to give a photorelief plate which could be developed with water. A photocured protective coating on steel showed good toughness.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230110
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  • 95
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    Polyester-polycarbonate blends. II. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 85-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Melt blends of polycarbonate and poly(ethylene terephthalate) were prepared and examined for their transitional behavior by thermal analysis and dynamic mechanical testing. A single Tg was observed for compositions containing more than 60%-70% PET by weight while compositions below this range showed two glass transitions. From this it is concluded that PC and PET are completely miscible in the amorphous phase for PET-rich compositions, whereas PC-rich blends separate into two amorphous phases which apparently contain both components. Melting point and crystallization behavior are conssistent with these conclusions and suggest that very little if any interchange reactions occur between the ester and carbonate groups during melt mixing.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230108
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  • 96
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    Mechanism and evaluation in electroinitiated copolymerization coatings of acrylonitrile and acrylic acid (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 101-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Adherent films of copolymers on different metal surfaces were formed by an electrolytically initiated polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) and acrylic acid (AA) in 0.05N H2SO4 aqueous solution. The electrolysis was carried out under a constant current. Hydrogen overvoltages for five different metals used as the cathode were measured in order to interpret the nature and quality of the coating. Solutions containing varying volume fractions of AN and containing different electrolytes gave rise to coatings of varying film thickness. Based on the analyses of copolymer compositions, it is believed that the polymer was formed at the cathode by a free-radical propagation mechanism. The film hardness and the adhesion between the polymer and the metal surface were measured with an Arco microknife. Furthermore, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to examine the structure of the film surface and cross section. The corrosion rates of the coated and uncoated metals in substitute ocean water were also measured for purposes of evaluation of the coatings.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230109
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  • 97
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    Studies in chemically modified celluloses. XI. Hypochlorite oxidation of cellulose in the presence of chromium oxide (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 123-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In the dyeing of mineral Khaki on cotton fabrics, which are mainly used for military uniforms in India, a mixture of Fe2O3 and Cr2O3 is deposited in the fabric. When these garments are laundered using bleaching powder solution, the chromium oxide is likely to accelerate the oxidation of cotton cellulose. This aspect has been studied by oxidizing cotton yarn with sodium hypochlorite solution in the presence of chromium oxide, varying the chromium content, the pH of the oxidizing medium, and the concentration of the oxidizing agent. The properties of these chemically modified celluloses indicate that chromium oxide does accelerate the hypochlorite oxidation of cellulose and that the maximum extent of acceleration takes place when the oxidation is carried out at pH 7. The oxidized products were further modified separately by treatment with chlorous acid and sodium borohydride, and the effects of these agents on the properties of the oxidized products were studied.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230111
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  • 98
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    Crystalline transitions and the solid-state extrusion of polymers (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 133-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Extrusion experiments on eight polymers in our laboratory and eight additional polymers in other laboratories reveal that solid-state extrusion and malleability occur in semicrystalline polymers that have a reversible crystalline transition, Tc, and do not occur in crystalline polymers devoid of Tc, The solid-state extrusion takes place only in the temperature range of Tc ≪ T 〈 Tm. The transparency of the solid-state extrudates was shown to be largely due to void disappearance and may be due in part to the diminution in size of the scattering species. Increases in Tm were shown not to be correlatable with lamellar thickening or chain extension.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230112
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  • 99
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    Emulsion of polyurethane having thermosetting properties. I. Preparation (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 141-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method of preparation of an urethane emulsion which provides thermosetting film is described here. By reacting a urethane prepolymer containing terminal isocyanate groups with diethylenetriamine in the presence of ketones, poly(urethane-urea-amine) was prepared. In other organic solvents, however, gelation occurred immediately and preparation of polyurethane-urea-amine was not successful. The function of ketone was ascribed to the tentative formation of a Schiff base between the primary amino group of diethylenetriamine and ketone in situ, and the reaction of primary amine with isocyanate was partly masked to prevent gelation. Then the free amino group is generated when the polymer is treated with epichlorohydrin and the reaction occurs between them. After the solution was neutralized with an aqueous acid, the solvent was removed in vacuo to give a stable self-emulsifiable thermosetting urethane emulsion. Typical mechanical properties of film from this urethane emulsion are also given here.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230113
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  • 100
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    2,2′,6,6′-Tetrabromo-3,3′,5,5′-tetramethyl-4,4′-biphenol (TTB)-flame retardant copolycarbonates and copolyestersPresented in part at the ACS 7th Central Regional Meeting, Morgantown, West Virginia, May 28-30, 1975. (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 155-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: 2,2′,6,6′-Tetrabromo-3,3′,5,5′-tetramethyl-4,4′-biphenol (TTB) is a new flame retardant monomer possessing a high degree of chemical and thermal stability. This brominated biphenol can be directly incorporated as a comonomer in condensation polymerizations. An example is the preparation of copolycarbonates of TTB and 2,2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane (BPA) via the aqueous caustic phosgenation method. The reaction of TTB with either ethylene oxide or ethylene chlorohydrin affords 4,4′-bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2,2′,6,6′-tetrabromo-3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbiphenyl (TTB-Diol). This diol is melt polymerized into a series of terephthalate copolymers with 1,4 butanediol. The above copolymers possess flame retardancy, thermal stability, and good mechanical properties. These high-bromine-content copolymers are blended with nonhalogen-containing polymers to afford blends with specific degrees of flame resistance.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230114
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