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  • Articles  (2,815)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (2,625)
  • Rat  (191)
  • 1980-1984  (2,815)
  • Biology  (2,815)
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • Articles  (2,815)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Corticotropin releasing factor increases the adrenocortical responsiveness to adrenocorticotropin (1984)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1004-1006 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Rat ; adrenocortical responsiveness ; ACTH ; plasma ; corticosterone ; plasma ; corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the course of studying the plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone responses to synthetic corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), we noted some disparity in the responses. A higher dose (20 μg compared with 5 μg per rat i.a.) produced an equal plasma ACTH but greater plasma corticosterone response in adult male rats. Thus, we examined the possibility that CRF increases adrenocortical responsiveness to ACTH. CRF significantly (p〈0.0005) increased the plasma corticosterone response to ACTH in rats pretreated with dexamethasone. Thus, synthetic CRF increases corticosterone secretion in rats not only by stimulating ACTH secretion, but also by increasing the adrenocortical responsiveness to ACTH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01946481
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Do prostaglandins mediate the somatostatin preventive effect on gastric lesion? (1984)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 974-975 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Rat ; prostaglandins ; gastric lesion ; intragastric distension model ; stress model ; indomethacin ; somatostatin preventive effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The inhibition of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin treatment blocks the somatostatin preventive effect on the gastric lesions induced in a stress model and has no preventive effect on an intragastric distension model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01946466
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intracerebroventricular injection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from a patient with congenital indifference to pain induces analgesia in rats (1984)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1365-1366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Rat ; cerebrospinal fluid, human ; analgesia ; naloxone ; pain indifference, congenital ; opiates, endogenous
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary CSF from a patient with congential indifference to pain was found to produce analgesia in the rat following intracerebroventricular injections. The analgesic effect was attenuated by pretreatment with naloxone suggesting the involvement of hyperactive endogenous opiate mechanisms in this patient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01951891
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and hexokinase in spontaneously hypertensive rat kidney (1984)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1368-1369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Rat ; kidney ; hypertensive ; prostaglandin dehydrogenase ; hexokinase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) surged in hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive (WKY) rat kidney at 8 days of age, is greatest in SHR. Hexokinase fell in SHR at 17 days of age, but thereafter was similar to WKY. This suggests multisystem enzymatic abnormalities in SHR kidney during development of hypertension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01951893
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ethanol preference in rats with a prior history of acetaldehyde self-administration (1984)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1008-1010 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Rat ; ethanol preference ; acetaldehyde self-administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Peripherally self-injected acetaldehyde in interaction with environmental and nutritional variables significantly enhances alcohol drinking in rats and suggests an involvement of acetaldehyde in voluntary alcohol intake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01946483
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fine structure of fetal rat calvarium; provisional identification of preosteoclasts (1980)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 31 (1980), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; Calvarium ; Electron microscopy ; Preosteoclasts ; Osteoclasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary This is a study of the fine structure of cells of the 20-day fetal rat calvarium. Special attention is given to identifying and characterizing preosteoclasts. These cells are relatively common and located largely, but not exclusively, at the endocranial bone surface. The preosteoclasts are characterized by abundant mitochondria, an incomplete perinuclear Golgi apparatus, and variable-shaped dense granules. The dense granules are unique in appearance in that they contain an internal dense matrix surrounded by a clear halo. Most granules are circular in shape but some are elongate or tubular in form. Granules with identical appearance are observed in osteoclasts. The preosteoclasts are mononucleate, or occasionally binucleate. It is suggested that because preosteoclasts are morphologically distinctive and relatively abundant, it should be feasible to separate these cells from a heterogeneous cell isolate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407163
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation of45Ca incorporation with maturation ameloblast morphology in the rat incisor (1982)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 211-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; incisor ; ameloblasts ; enamel ; 45Ca autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Rats were injected with45Ca and horseradish peroxidase to determine the patterns of45Ca incorporation into incisor enamel and the morphological types of the overlying maturation ameloblasts.45Ca autoradiography showed no differences in the patterns of incorporation into enamel between routinely embedded and freeze-dried specimens. Enamel overlaid by ruffle-ended ameloblasts was much more heavily labeled while that overlaid by smooth-ended ameloblasts showed only moderate labeling. The observations lend further support to the hypothesis that the ruffle-ended cells are very active in mineralizing enamel and that the smooth-ended cells are in a passive, restorative phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02411236
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of vitamin D deficiency on urinary excretion of connective tissue derivatives (hydroxyproline and glycosaminoglycans) in rats (1981)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 177-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Connective Tissue ; Vitamin D deficiency ; Hydroxyproline excretion ; Glycosaminoglycan excretion ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The urinary excretion of two connective tissue metabolites was studied in both control and vitamin D deficient rats. Hydroxyproline (HyPRO) excretion was determined after 2, 13 and 22 months (experiment I). It decreased with aging in animals receiving the control diet. On the contrary, this excretion increased as a function of age in vitamin D deficient animals. At the age of 22 months, HyPRO excretion was respectively 31 and 1708 µg a day in control and deficient animals. HyPRO and glycosaminoglycans (GAG) excretion was measured on a group of both control and vitamin D deficient rats at the age of 21 months (experiment II). These results confirm the high excretion of HyPRO in deficient animals. On the contrary, the GAG excretion was higher in control animals than in deficient ones, the mean excretion being respectively 412 and 234 µg a day.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02409432
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An automatic microspectrophotometric scanning method for the measurement of bone formation rates in vivo (1980)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 32 (1980), S. 63-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; Bone formation ; Fluorochrome ; Microphotometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A method for quantitative studies of the formation rate of bone has been developed. After vital staining with calcein, the fluorescence of a bone section was measured with a microphotometer controlled by a mini computer. After staining the bone structure with alizarin red S in a second step, the section was measured in transmitted light. The two data sets were combined and the shortest distances between the bone surface and the fluorescence lines were computed. With this information the distance distribution and the bone area between the label and the surface could be calculated in two different ways: with the single labeling and the continuous labeling techniques. The advantages and disadvantages of the two methods are discussed and compared with those of other techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02408522
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A quantitative histologic analysis of the growing long bone metaphysis (1980)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 32 (1980), S. 113-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; Bone ; Metaphysis ; Quantitative ; Aging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this work was to analyze the proximal tibial metaphysis of the 170 g rat in a quantitative histologic fashion which would allow some relation to tissue age to be established. Stained 3 µm thick tissue sections were analyzed with the aid of a Merz grid on an eyepiece reticule and a light microscope. Tissue mass and cell distribution were studied in all areas. The rate of change in tissue mass during aging of the metaphysis was calculated. Two regions of the metaphysis were identified. One, corresponding to the primary spongiosa, less than 4.45 days of age, is a region of high turnover of hard tissue and high numbers of osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells. The other, corresponding to the secondary spongiosa, is a region of relatively low net tissue turnover and low numbers of osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells. Osteoclasts were found relatively more uniformly distributed through the metaphysis than were osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells. The rate of bone formation in the primary spongiosa is 50 times that found in the Haversian bone of the rib of 5-year-old humans and about 500 times that found at the cortical-endosteal surface of ribs of 5-year-old humans. It is argued that both cell distribution and tissue distribution in the metaphysis support the concept that osteoblasts and osteoclasts, rather than osteocytes, are responsible for the maturation of the metaphysis. The inhomogeneous distribution of both cells and tissue in the metaphysis has definite meaning for the interpretation of findings concerning the incorporation of radionuclides into the skeleton.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02408530
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of growth hormone in experimental phosphorus deprivation in the rat (1980)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 32 (1980), S. 105-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; Hypophysectomy ; Dietary phosphorus deprivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The demands of growth are known to exacerbate the effect of phosphorus deprivation (PD). We examined whether changes associated with PD could be prevented in young rats in which growth and growth hormone (GH) were eliminated by hypophysectomy (HPX) and whether PD in normal intact rats (INT) was associated with increased secretion of GH. INT or thyroxine- and ACTH-replaced HPX rats were fed one of the three diets: 0.31% P (NP); 0.027% P (LP), and 0.31% P, pair-fed with LP-mates (NP-PF). The results indicate that HPX did not qualitatively alter several physiologic responses to PD: (a) serum and urinary phosphorus (P) decreased and urinary calcium (Ca) increased; (b) net intestinal Ca retention fell and duodenal sac uptake of45Ca rose; and (c) external P balance was restored and duodenal sac uptake of32P-phosphate increased. Only the hypercalcemia seen in INT, LP rats was prevented by HPX. In INT rats serum immunoassayable GH levels, measured in single samples, were not different between different dietary groups while pituitary bioassayable GH was reduced in both LP and NP-PF rats when compared to the NP rats. Thus, except for hypercalcemia, the physiologic responses associated with PD are not prevented by the elimination of growth and GH, and the development of these responses in INT rats was not associated with a consistent or specific alteration in GH secretion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02408529
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of chronic protein deficiency on skeletal development of young rats (1981)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 223-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Protein deficiency ; Bone formation ; Skeletal development ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Protein deficiency was produced by freely feeding young rats a 1% lactalbumin diet for 12 weeks in order to study the effects of protein-calorie malnutrition on skeletal development. During the experiment the food and caloric intake and weight of the experimental animals decreased, while those parameters of the control animals progressively increased. However, when gross caloric intake was expressed as a function of the metabolic size of the animal, the caloric consumption was similar for both groups of animals. The protein-deficient animals exhibited micro-radiographic and histological features of an abnormal pattern of endochondral bone formation. Appositional bone growth, as determined by the daily appositional rate and the percentage of endosteal surfaces undergoing active bone formation, was significantly decreased in these animals, as was the percentage of periosteal surfaces exhibiting resorption. Both chemical analyses of the whole bone and electron probe microanalysis in the specific area of actively calcifying bone revealed no significant differences between the mineral content of control and protein-deficient animals. This study distinguishes the effects of protein deficiency from that of combined protein-calorie deprivation and demonstrates that the abnormal skeletal development observed was the result of a decrease in the quantity of bone formed rather than an altered mineral content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02409441
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytochemical studies on the ferritin-containing vesicles of the rat incisor ameloblasts with special reference to the acid phosphatase activity (1981)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 51-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; Incisor ; Amelogenesis ; Acid phosphatase ; Ferritin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Acid phosphatase was localized in rat incisor ameloblasts without prior decalcification. Whenβ-glycerophosphate was used as the substrate, an intense reaction was observed in the supranuclear region of the secretory ameloblasts. But the reaction was dramatically reduced at the transitional stage and was very weak in the maturation ameloblasts. Whenp-nitrophenylphosphate was the substrate, the reaction product was consistently seen in the Golgi cisternae and the vesicular components of the ameloblasts at all stages of enamel development. These observations suggest that there are two acid phosphatases in ameloblasts. One is in the secretory ameloblasts and the other in the transition and maturation ameloblasts. X-ray micro-analyses for Fe and Pb showed that Fe and acid phosphatase were in the ferritin-containing vesicles at the later stage of enamel maturation. This evidence suggests that ferritin is digested in these vesicles for the release of the Fe pigment to the enamel. An increase in the number of intercellular bridges between ameloblasts was correlated with the dramatic decrease in height of ameloblasts at the pigment release stage. The ameloblast membranes were acid phosphatase positive at the intercellular bridges whenp-nitrophenylphosphate was the substrate. This activity may be involved in the reduction in the surface area of the ameloblast membranes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02409412
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Occurrence of actin-like protein in extracellular matrix vesicles (1982)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 376-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Matrix vesicles ; Bone ; Actin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Preliminary indications of the occurrence of actin and myosin in crude matrix vesicle preparations have been reported previously. In the present study extracellular matrix vesicles from rat alveolar bone were isolated. They were further purified by a sucrose density gradient. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified vesicles revealed the presence of a polypeptide with a molecular weight of 43 K daltons and with electrophoretic mobility identical to that of blood platelet actin. The limited proteolysis of both 43 K dalton vesicular polypeptide and actin byStaphylococcus aureus-V8-protease revealed three fragments with identical electrophoretic mobility. In addition, the vesicular preparations inhibited the activity of DNase I, a property typical of actin monomers. Filamentous material extracted from matrix vesicles showed ultrastructural features of F-actin. Reaction of this material with heavy meromyosin resulted in arrowhead formation, which is characteristic of acto-heavy meromyosin. The occurrence of actin in extracellular matrix vesicles may account for their budding from the osteoblastic plasma membrane, their possible motility in the matrix, and maintenance of the spherical shape.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02411271
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oral 1,25(OH)2D3: An effective prophylactic treatment for glucocorticoid osteopenia in rats (1983)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 35 (1983), S. 107-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Glucocorticoid ; Vitamin D ; Osteoporosis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Eighty-eight adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were given a diet with either (a) 0.5% Ca and 0.6% P or (b) 0.01% Ca and 0.6% P. Osteopenia was created by adding prednisolone to the diet. The prophylactic effect of oral 1,25(OH)2D3 on the osteopenia was studied. It was found that prednisolone osteopenia in the rat was associated with defective Ca absorption. By giving an oral dose of 1,25(OH)2D3, it was possible to maintain normal Ca absorption during prednisolone treatment and to prevent the bone loss. No significant hypercalcemia or any kidney calcifications were seen. These results are in contrast to earlier findings, in which subcutaneous administration of 1,25(OH)2D3 failed to prevent prednisolone osteopenia because of its tendency to increase bone resorption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02405014
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lectin-binding properties of the Merkel cell and other root sheath cells in perinatal rat vibrissae (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 373-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Merkel cell surface ; Quinacrine fluorescence ; Lectins ; Vibrissae ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Surface carbohydrates on the Merkel cell of the outer root sheath (ORS) were investigated in 1to 4-day-old rat vibrissae by use of rhodamine isothiocyanate (RITC)-conjugated lectins. The red fluorescence of RITC provided a convenient assay for lectin binding to the Merkel cell, which is itself identified by its green fluorescence following selective uptake of the dye quinacrine. In monolayers or suspensions of freshly dissociated ORS cells, the Merkel cell showed high affinity for the α-fucose-specific lectin, Ulex europeus agglutinin I (UEA-I), thus revealing a novel feature for a basally located cell. Other high-affinity lectins included concanavalin A (Con A), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), soybean agglutinin (SBA), and Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA-I). In contrast, Dolichos biflorus (DBA), Bandeiraea simplicifolia I and II (BS-I and BS-II), and peanut agglutinin (PNA) virtually excluded the Merkel cell, though PNA-binding sites were unmasked after neuraminidase treatment. Other dispersed ORS cells had varying lectin affinities, and generally binding was inhibited by a competing haptenic sugar. The pattern of lectin binding seen in cryostat and paraffin sections of the vibrissa suggested that the Merkel cells share surface properties with their neighboring basal and/or spinous cells; however, unshared properties are likely to exist since ingrowing mechanosensory nerves recognize the Merkel cells, and not other epidermal cells, as their targets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214241
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  • 17
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    Administration of caerulein to rats promotes antral epithelial cell renewal (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 711-715 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastric antral mucosa ; Caerulein ; Gastrointestinal hormones ; Cholecystokinin ; Trophic effect ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The growth-promoting effect of caerulein on antral gastric mucosa was explored using Wistar rats. Implanted osmotic minipumps were used to administer submaximal doses of either caerulein or saline to normal rats for up to 4 days. In one group, reflux of bile and pancreatic juice into the stomach was avoided by previous surgical diversion of the distal common bile duct to the jejunum. DNA synthetic and mitotic activity in the antrum epithelium were estimated by 3H-thymidine pulse labelling and autoradiography during the administration of the peptide. The rate of cell migration was determined in animals killed 1, 2 and 3 days after the 3H-thymidine pulse. Administration of caerulein to normal rats provoked significant increases in both labelling and mitotic indices, and a significant acceleration of the upward cell migration in the glandular tubes. In the animals with distal diversion of bile and pancreatic secretions both labelling and mitotic indices were also increased over control values under the effect of the peptide. These data indicate that administration of caerulein stimulates cell proliferation in the antral gastric mucosa. This effect cannot be explained through increased reflux of pancreaticobiliary secretions in the stomach.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217242
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  • 18
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    Morphometric studies on lipid inclusions in Sertoli cells during the spermatogenic cycle in the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 699-709 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis ; Spermatogenic cycle ; Sertoli cell ; Lipid ; Morphometry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The volume and surface area of lipid inclusions often present in the cytoplasm of rat Sertoli cells was measured directly from semi-thin sections of perfusion-fixed testicular tissues using an image analyser linked to a light microscope. Sertoli cell nuclei were used as a reference for comparing any variations in the measured parameters of lipid inclusions during the rat spermatogenic cycle. Volume density of Sertoli cell lipid inclusions was assessed by morphometric analysis of Sertoli cells photographically reconstructed from electron micrographs. Maximum lipid content in Sertoli cells occurred during stages IX–XIV of the spermatogenic cycle, then declined at stages I–III and remained low from stages IV–VIII. The persistence and increase in number of many large Sertoli cell lipid inclusions beyond the stage where spermatid residual bodies are phagocytosed within the Sertoli cells (stage IX) suggests that the synthesis and lipolysis of Sertoli cell lipid inclusions represents an intrinsic functional cycle of the Sertoli cells. Stage-dependent variations in the lipid content of rat Sertoli cells offers morphological evidence that the metabolic duties of the Sertoli cells are synchronised with the spermatogenic cycle to provide local coordination of the proliferation and maturation of the germ cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217241
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  • 19
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    The ovarian follicle as a model for the cell-mediated control of tissue growth (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 717-724 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovary ; Ovarian follicle ; Atresia ; Immunoregulation ; Immune tolerance ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thy-1+ cells, producing Thy-1+ material, have been demonstrated by the indirect immunoperoxidase technique in the theca of growing ovarian follicles of the rat. OX-2 antigen, known as the minor glycoprotein of rat thymocytes, was detected in granulosa cells of non-growing follicles. Ia+ cells of dendritic type and/or activated macrophages were identified in the granulosa of advanced degenerating follicles, and remnants of the zona pellucida exhibited immunoglobulins. In some ovaries immunoglobulins were also bound to the zona pellucida of oocytes of early degenerating antral follicles. Medium-sized antral follicles with degenerating granulosa were occasionally invaded by cells carrying antigens of cytotoxic T lymphocytes or other T lymphocyte subsets, while degenerating large antral follicles were sometimes invaded by cells exhibiting antigen of cells with natural killer function (but not antigens of T lymphocytes). Granulosa cells of some degenerating antral follicles exhibited class-I antigens derived from the major histocompatibility complex. We suggest that cell-mediated control mechanisms of antigen expression and metabolism of tissue cells during their differentiation and degeneration should be considered in addition to the well-documented hormonal dependence of some tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217243
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  • 20
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    Glial cells in the pineal gland of mice and rats (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 245-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Interstitial cells ; Astrocytes ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antigenic markers characteristic of astrocytes and their differentiative states (i.e., glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, and M1 and C1 antigens) were investigated in the pineal gland of mouse and rat using double immunolabeling techniques. In both species the socalled interstitial cells as characterized by TEM were shown to be astrocytes, since they expressed vimentin, but neither fibronectin (a marker for fibroblasts and endothelial cells) nor the neuron-specific L1 antigen or tetanus toxin receptors. Subpopulations of vimentin-positive pineal astrocytes were also GFAP- and C1- antigen-positive. M1- antigenpositive cells were not detected. It is concluded that a considerable proportion of interstitial cells in the pineal gland of rat and mouse are immature astrocytes which, in contrast to other parts of the central nervous system, persist into adulthood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217142
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  • 21
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    Evidence for a role of the cytoskeleton in the in vitro folliculogenesis of the thyroid gland of the fetal rat (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 499-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thyroid gland, fetal ; Cytoskeleton ; Cytocha lasin B ; Vinblastine ; Colchicine ; Follicular development (thyroid) ; Tissue culture ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thyrotropic hormone (TSH) or cAMP accelerate the formation of follicular cavities in the explanted thyroid gland of the 15-day-old rat fetus. Cytochalasin B or vinblastine and nocodazole or colchicine, which disorganize microfilamental and microtubular structures respectively, inhibit or completely block in vitro-induced folliculogenesis. Exposure of the thyroid tissue to lumicolchicine, a structural isomer of colchicine deprived of antimicrotubular activity, does not inhibit the activation of folliculogenesis induced by TSH. These results are strong evidence for the supposition that microfilaments and microtubules are involved in the TSH-stimulated mechanisms resulting in thyroid folliculogenesis. Folliculogenesis requires the integrity of both microfilaments and microtubules.
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    Immunohistochemical study on the development of CRF-containing neurons in the hypothalamus of the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 539-544 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: CRF-neurons ; Hypothalamus ; Development, ontogenetic ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Appearance of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-containing neurons was studied in developing hypothalamus of the rat by use of antisera against rat- and ovine CRF. These neurons were first recognized in the lateral and paraventricular nuclei on days 15.5 and 16.5 of gestation, respectively, when antiserum against rat CRF was employed. Antiserum against ovine CRF revealed the cells two days later exclusively in the latter nucleus. In both nuclei, the neurons increased in number with development. The neurons in the paraventricular nucleus appeared to project their immunoreactive processes to the median eminence via the periventricular and lateral pathways. In the median eminence, the immunoreaction with antiserum to rat CRF was first recognized in its anterior portion in the form of dots on day 16.5 of gestation but as beaded fibers in the external layer on day 17.5; these structures increased in amount with development in rostro-caudal direction. Although antiserum to ovine CRF was less potent in immunostainability than antiserum to rat CRF, it also revealed the beaded fibers in the median eminence on day 17.5 of gestation. Since evidence is available that the paraventricular nucleus is involved in corticotropin release, it is concluded that, in rats, the hypothalamic regulatory mechanism controlling the release of corticotropin initially appears on days 16.5–17.5 of gestation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219870
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    Changes in oxytocin content in the magnocellular neurons of the rat hypothalamus following water deprivation or estrogen treatment (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 47-55 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oxytocin ; Paraventricular nucleus ; Supraoptic nucleus ; Anterior commissural nucleus ; Immunohistology ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of water deprivation or estrogen treatment on the oxytocin content of rat hypothalamic cells was examined using a quantitative immunohistological technique. Oxytocin-containing cells were visualized using the immunoperoxidase technique of Sternberger and a primary antiserum directed against oxytocin. The optical density of the darkest 3.2 μm diameter spot in the cytoplasm of a cell was used as a measure of the oxytocin content of that cell. Water deprivation produced a significant decrease in anti-oxytocin staining in the anterior commissural nucleus of males and females. There was a similar decrease in the paraventricular nucleus of males, but not in the paraventricular nucleus of females or the supraoptic nucleus of either males or females. Estrogen treatment of ovariectomized female rats produced a fall in anti-oxytocin staining in the anterior commissural, but not paraventricular or supraoptic nuclei.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234544
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    Vasopressin- and oxytocin-containing fibres in the pineal gland and subcommissural organ of the rat (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 11-17 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Subcommissural organ ; Vasopressin ; Oxytocin ; Vasotocin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vasopressin and oxytocin were specifically demonstrated in the rat brain using the unlabelled antibody-enzyme method and purification of the first antiserum. Vasopressin and oxytocin fibres extend via the subcommissural organ or habenular commissure into the pineal stalk and terminate in the anterior part of the pineal organ. In addition, immediately adjacent to the subsommissural organ many vasopressin-containing fibres run caudally toward the central grey. These results are discussed in relation to the proposed presence of vasotocin in the pineal gland.
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    VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide)-immunoreactive neurons in the retina of the rat (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 167-170 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptides ; VIP-immunoreactive neurons ; Retina ; Amacrine cells ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was detected in a population of amacrine cells in the retina of the rat. Processes of these cells reach both the inner and outer half of the inner plexiform layer where they form sublayers. The VIP neurons are different from previously known amacrine cell types.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232152
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    Simultaneous monoamine histofluorescence and neuropeptide immunocytochemistry (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 181-189 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Catecholamines ; Neurophysin ; Simultaneous demonstration ; Functional interaction ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A method was developed that allows the analysis of neuropeptides and monoamines in a single tissue section by the application of the unlabeled antibody method for peptide staining to tissue sections freeze-dried for formaldehyde-induced monoamine histofluorescence. The hypothalamic magnocellular system of male albino rats served as a model for this study; neurons were stained with anti-neurophysin sera, which mark the vasopressin- and oxytocin-associated proteins. Neurophysin-containing perikarya appeared to be surrounded by catecholamine-containing varicosities. This phenomenon was seen to varying degrees within the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. The juxtaposition of varicosities and peptidergic neurons suggests an afferent fiber-target neuron relationship that might favor a functional interaction between monoamines and neuropeptides.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237608
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    Ultrastructural alterations associated with the initiation of follicular atresia (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 105-115 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rat ; Preovulatory follicle ; Ultrastructure ; Degeneration ; Atresia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To identify and describe ovarian follicles committed to undergo follicular degeneration (atresia), immature rats were primed with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG). After PMSG treatment, preovulatory follicles develop but subsequently degenerate. Prior to the appearance of pyknotic nuclei (Stage I of atresia), degenerative changes were observed in focal areas of the granulosa cell layer. These changes include “blebbing” of the cytoplasm and alterations in the shape of the granulosa cells. The appearance of these degenerative changes coincides with a decrease in ovarian concentrations of estradiol and testosterone. Since estrogens and androgens maintain the follicle, the decline in estradiol and testosterone could be responsible for the further degenerative alterations that lead to complete deterioration of the preovulatory follicle. In Stage I atretic follicles, lysosome-derived autophagic vacuoles develop and macrophages invade both the thecal and granulosa cell layers. The combined actions of the autophagic vacuoles and macrophages could destroy both the granulosa-cell and thecal layers and thereby transform the preovulatory follicle into an ovarian cyst.
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    Depletion of macrophages and disappearance of postcapillary high endothelial venules in lymph nodes deprived of afferent lymphatic vessels (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 375-389 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lymph node ; Macrophages ; Postcapillary high endothelial venules ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The afferent lymphatic vessels of rat popliteal lymph nodes were interrupted, and the histological alterations in the lymph nodes occurring 1 to 14 weeks after operation were studied. One week after operation the number of macrophages was considerably reduced and continued to decrease during the subsequent time periods studied. A 6 weeks most macrophages had disappeared. Simultaneously the immunological activity diminished and had completely disappeared 8 weeks after operation. Three weeks after operation the endothelial cells of the postcapillary high endothelial venules had flattened, and the number of immigrating lymphocytes was greatly reduced. Subsequently the lymph nodes became depleted of both macrophages and lymphocytes, leaving only the reticuloendothelial framework.
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    Morphometric investigations into the mechanism of the compensatory hypertrophy of the rat adrenal zona fasciculata after unilateral adrenalectomy (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 234 (1983), S. 573-578 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenalectomy ; Hypophysectomy ; Compensatory adrenal growth ; Rat ; Stereology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining gland in unilaterally adrenalectomized rats was investigated by morphometric techniques. It was observed that compensatory adrenal growth occurred in both dexamethasone-treated and hypophysectomized rats, receiving maintenance doses of ACTH. However, it was only half that found in intact animals. These results support the view that activation of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis is not the unique mechanism underlying adrenal compensatory hypertrophy in the rat.
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    Immunocytochemical demonstration of caldesmon (a calmodulin-binding, F-actin-interacting protein) in smooth muscle fibers and absorptive epithelial cells in the small intestine of the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 207-209 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Caldesmon ; Actin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Small intestine ; Smooth muscle ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of caldesmon (a calmodulin-binding, F-actin-interacting protein) (Sobue et al. 1982) and of actin was studied in the rat's small intestine by means of light-microscopic immunocytochemistry. Positive immunostaining for caldesmon was seen in smooth muscle cells of the intestinal wall, and of blood vessels, and in the apical portion of the absorptive epithelial cells. The immunoreactivity in goblet cells was difficult to recognize. The positive reaction to immunostaining for actin showed almost the same pattern as that for caldesmon. These results suggest that this calmodulin-binding protein may play an important role in the control of actin-myosin interaction in smooth muscle cells and in non-muscle cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213742
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    Internalization of ferritin-concanavalin A by the lactating mammary cell in vivo (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 433-438 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mammary gland ; Ferritin-concanavalin A ; Concanavalin A ; Endocytosis ; Membrane reuse ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ferritin-concanavalin A (Fer-Con A) was used to label the apical plasma membrane of the lactating cell to determine whether membrane internalization takes place. Rat glands were infused in vivo via the teat with 0.2 mg of Fer-Con A in 0.2 ml tris buffer (pH 7.0) containing 0.1% trypan blue, the latter acting as a marker of the infusate. Tissues were obtained from separate animals 5, 10 and 60 min postinfusion. Fer-Con A was seen in alveolar lumina bound to the outer surfaces of apical plasma membrane, microvilli and milk fat globules. It was observed within lactating cells on the inner membrane surfaces of endocytotic vesicles, Golgi cisternae, and secretory vesicles containing casein micelles, and in multivesicular bodies and lysosomes. Internalization of the ferritin-lectin conjugate into casein-containing secretory vesicles was detectable in the 5-min postinfusion tissue. Lysosomes were the only structures in control tissue that contained particles bearing some resemblance to Fer-Con A. The data provide evidence that apical plasma membrane is internalized and distributed to a number of intracellular compartments.
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    Suprachiasmatic nucleus: Numbers of synaptic appositions and various types of synapses (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 449-452 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Suprachiasmatic nucleus ; Morphometry ; Synapses ; Sexual dimorphism ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of male rats was estimated to contain 16×106 synaptic appositions (unilaterally) or 250×106 appositions in 1 mm3 tissue of the nucleus with an average of 1404 appositions per neuron. There are significantly fewer synaptic appositions in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of female rats (15×106 per SCN or 236×106 in 1 mm3 tissue of SCN with 1264 appositions per neuron on an average). Additionally, numbers of various types of synapses (axo-somatic, invaginated, dendrodendritic and optic) are estimated.
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    Regional effect of monosodium-L-glutamate on the superficial layers of superior colliculus in rat (1984)
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    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 453-457 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Monosodium-1-glutamate ; Neuropathology ; Rat ; Superior colliculus ; Toxicology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Systemic administration of monosodium-1-gluta-mate by single injections of 4 mg/g body weight in infant rats (2–10 days of age) results in acute swelling of cytoplasm and nuclear pyknosis of neurons in the stratum zonale and stratum griseum superficiale of the superior colliculus. Multiple daily doses of 4 mg/g body weight monosodium-1-glutamate result in an almost complete loss of neurons in these two superficial layers. The deeper layers appear not to be affected. No pathological effects were observed in the lateral geniculate body or pretectal complex. Light-and electron-microscopic studies reveal that the optic nerves are remarkably shrunken and many myelinated as well as unmyelinated axons are lost. Injection of 3Hproline into the vitreous body of one eye results in limited transport to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, lateral geniculate body and to lateral portions of the superior colliculus. The small percentage of intact axons in the optic nerve, as well as the limited proline transport from the eye, suggest that administration of monosodium-1-glutamate leaves intact some optic fibers, a portion of which belongs to the retinohypothalamic tract.
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    Electron-microscopic demonstration of the distribution of calcium deposits in the exocrine pancreas of the rat after application of carbachol, atropine, cholecystokinin, and procaine (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 683-690 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Exocrine pancreas ; Calcium pool ; Calcium release ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In an attempt to identify a cellular Ca2+-pool, from which calcium is released when secretagogues are applied, tissue fragments of the rat exocrine pancreas were incubated and fixed with glutaraldehyde in the presence of calcium. By means of this procedure electron-dense deposits were found on plasma membranes. X-ray microanalysis showed that these deposits contain calcium. Stimulation of tissue fragments with the use of the secretagogues carbachol or cholecystokinin reduced the number of deposits by about 80%. When the antagonist atropine was applied after carbachol stimulation, deposits reappeared on cell membranes, which then disappeared again after a second stimulation with cholecystokinin. In the presence of procaine, carbachol was inhibited and only slightly reduced the Ca2+-deposits on the plasma membranes. These results suggest that a calcium pool, from which calcium is released to induce enzyme secretion on stimulation, is located in the cell membrane
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    Ontogenetic appearance of somatostatin-containing nerve terminals in the median eminence of rats (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 47-51 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin ; Ontogenesis ; Electron-microscopic immunohistochemistry ; Median eminence ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of immunoreactive (ir) somatostatin-containing nerve terminals in the rat median eminence (ME) has been examined electron-microscopically. Nerve fibers containing ir particles scattered throughout the axoplasm are first seen in the external layer of the ME on day 18.5 of gestation, and, on day 21.5 appear to terminate on the basement membrane of the perivascular space of the portal vessels. After birth, the fiber terminals contain several membrane-limited granules, which are labeled with ir PAP particles. Ultrathin, Epon-embedded sections of ME, treated by the protein A gold-labeling method for somatostatin, demonstrate positively labeled granules in the nerve fibers in the postnatal ME, but in the prenatal tissue, no specific gold-labeling is found. These findings show that, in the external layer of the ME, somatostatin storing occurs in the granules in the axonal terminals after birth.
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    Identification of pericytes in the central nervous system by silver staining of the basal lamina (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 491-493 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brain vessels ; Basal lamina ; Pericytes ; Endothelial cells ; Glial cells ; Argyrophilic staining ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vibratome sections obtained from perfusion-fixed rat brains were stained by means of silver impregnation and physical development according to Gailyas (1970). Small pieces of the cerebral cortex were postfixed with buffered osmium tetroxide solution and processed for electron microscopy to examine the localization of the silver deposit at the cellular level. The cell surfaces of pericytes and smooth muscle cells were completely outlined by silver grains. Endothelial cells and perivascular astrocytes, however, showed an asymmetric distribution of the silver deposit, i.e., the deposit was restricted to the abluminal endothelial surface and to the astrocytic membrane adjacent to the vessel wall, respectively. The method allowed a clear-cut distinction between perikarya of endothelial cells and pericytes as well as glial cells in perivascular position, even at the light-microscopic level.
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    Electron-microscopic study of silver staining of nucleoli in growing oocytes of rat ovaries (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 249-255 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oocyte ; Nucleolus ; Silver staining ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The nucleoli of dictyate-stage growing oocytes in rat ovaries were examined both with routine electron microscopy and electron microscopy after silver nitrate and ammoniacal silver nitrate (Ag-AS) staining. The nucleoli of the unilaminar follicular oocytes consist of twisted strands of dense fibrillar components, aggregates of granular components, and small fibrillar centers. After Ag-AS staining, silver grains are numerous on the dense fibrillar strands, fewer on the fibrillar centers, and very sporadic on the granular aggregates. The same stainability of three nucleolar components with the Ag-AS method was also confirmed in the nucleoli segregated by actinomycin D. During the transition of growing oocytes from bilaminar to plurilaminar follicle stage, the nucleolar dense fibrillar strands gradually conglomerate and are transformed into large and compact spherules. The stainability of dense fibrillar components with the Ag-AS method was lost along with this nucleolar transformation. These results may provide some new clues on the functional significance of AgAS-positive proteins in the nucleoli.
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    Independent development of presynaptic specializations in olfactory cortex of the fetal rat (1984)
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    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 103-109 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Synaptogenesis ; Development fetal ; Olfactory cortex ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy was used to study synaptogenesis in prepyriform cortex of fetal rat pups during early stages of synapse formation. Of special interest is the frequent occurrence of unapposed, developing synaptic specializations in axon and growth cone profiles. The location and morphology of the unapposed specializations suggests that thay are presynaptic in nature. These presumably immature presynaptic specializations are found in the lateral olfactory tract and subjacent cortex. Intermediate forms between uncontacted presynaptic specializations and definitive synapses suggest a synaptogenic sequence in which initial development of an immature presynaptic specialization begins without apposition of a postsynaptic element at that location. This implies that initiation of presynaptic development is not dependent upon postsynaptic contact and also raises the question of whether synaptic contacts could be established via presynaptic induction of postsynaptic formation.
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    Connexon rearrangement in cardiac gap junctions: Evidence for cytoskeletal control? (1984)
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    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 185-186 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gap junction ; Cytoskeleton ; Heart ; Ultrarapid freezing ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using ultrarapid-freezing techniques and freezefracture electron microscopy, we report here a close association between cardiac gap junctions and specialized membrane domains containing regularly-spaced furrows. These specialized furrowed domains are observed only during periods of gap junction re-organisation (i.e., connexon redistribution) and may reflect the presence of underlying cytoskeletal elements controlling the position of connexons in the membrane.
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    Transendothelial channels in fenestrated endometrial blood capillaries of rats (1984)
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    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 371-373 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endothelium ; Transport, intracellular ; Transport vesicles, channels ; Micropinocytosis ; Capillaries ; Endometrium ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three types of transendothelial channels are described in the endothelium of blood capillaries in the endometrium of the rat. It is postulated that they may function as pores draining interstitial fluid to the venous blood.
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    Immunocytochemical demonstration of caldesmon and actin in thyroid glands of rats (1984)
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    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 375-377 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thyroid ; Immunocytochemistry ; Caldesmon ; Actin ; Endocytosis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of caldesmon (a calmodulin-binding, F-actin interacting protein; Sobue et al. 1982) and actin was studied in the rat thyroid gland by means of light-microscopic immunocytochemistry, and the fine-structural distribution of actin filaments was examined by use of heavy meromyosin (HMM). Caldesmon and actin were demonstrated in the apical cytoplasm of almost all the follicle epithelial cells in normal as well as TSH-treated animals. Immunoreactivities for both caldesmon and actin showed almost the same pattern in localization. The smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels were also positive for caldesmon and actin. By electron microscopy, numerous actin filaments decorated by HMM and running perpendicularly or randomly to the apical surface were recognized in the apical cytoplasm of the follicle epithelial cell. These results suggest that caldesmon and actin, in conjugation with calmodulin, play a role in the regulation of cellular activity such as exocytosis and endocytosis in the apical portion of the follicle epithelial cell.
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    A scanning electron microscope study of myoepithelial cells in exocrine glands (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 1-10 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myoepithelial cell ; Exocrine gland ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By removing connective tissue components with enzymatic digestion followed by HCl-hydrolysis, myoepithelial cells (MECs) of the terminal portion in a variety of exocrine glands of the rat were examined with the scanning electron microscope. The profile of MECs varied considerably from gland to gland; MECs in the lactating mammary gland have a few long cytoplasmic processes in close contact with those of adjacent cells forming a continuous network around the terminal portion. Those of the exorbital lacrimal gland are stellate with many thin radiating processes with tapered ends that terminate freely. MECs in the sublingual gland are characterized by a number of broad and extensive cellular processes. MECs in the submandibular gland are similar in appearance to those of the exorbital lacrimal gland, but with more extensive cellular processes that form a more or less continuous network with those of the adjacent cells. No MECs were observed on the terminal portion of the parotid gland where the cells appear to be lodged on the intercalated duct. The relative surface area covered by MECs per terminal portion was also found to vary significantly, being 24% in the lactating mammary, 17% in the exorbital lacrimal, 48% in the sublingual, and 25% in the submandibular glands. The findings are discussed in relation to the physical properties of secretions in different glands.
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    Nongranular vasopressin synthesis and transport in early stages of rehydration (1980)
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    Cell & tissue research 207 (1980), S. 89-107 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rehydration ; Nongranular vasopressin ; Intercellular clefts ; Axoplasmic reticulum ; Ultrastructural immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The vasopressin system of the rat was examined in the course of the first 12 h of rehydration after prolonged thirst at light and electron microscopic levels and by use of the peroxidase anti-peroxidase (PAP) method. Light microscopically, the median eminence was the only part of the system that not only displayed distinct differences between animals of different rehydration times but also showed a characteristic pattern of immunohistochemical reactivity in its rostro-caudal distribution. Ultrastructurally, in the perikarya a maximal labeling of the rough endoplasmic reticulum was observed after 2 h of rehydration, whereas an extensive labeling of the enlarged Golgi zones was attained after 4 h of resupplying water. A labeling of the intercellular clefts in the basal glial labyrinth of the supraoptic nucleus (and to a lesser degree in the subependymal neuropil adjacent to the paraventricular nucleus) was increased 30 min after the onset of drinking, as compared with water-deprived animals; it decreased slightly after 12 h of rehydration. The filling of the swollen fibers by increasing amounts of labeled axoplasmic reticulum, evident in the nuclear areas already after 30 min of water supply, begins in the median eminence after 2 h of rehydration and is fully developed after 4 and 8 h. Corresponding results hold true for the neural lobe but are somewhat delayed in comparison to the findings in the median eminence. The discussion considers (i) synthesis and transport of nongranular vasopressin within the axoplasmic reticulum, and (ii) release not only from the neural lobe but also from the nuclear areas and from the fibers of the median eminence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239332
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    Distribution and morphological characteristics of the pit cells in the liver of the rat (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 233 (1983), S. 485-505 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Pit cell ; Cytoplasmic granules ; Vesicles ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pit cells, on which almost no further contributions have been presented since the first report by Wisse et al. (1976), are described in detail in the rat liver. These cells show several characteristic features: 1) “rod-cored vesicles”, a new type of vesicular inclusion observed first in our study; 2) electron-dense granules, which we consider to arise from multivesicular bodies by the accumulation of dense material; and 3) well-developed pseudopodia. Although these features clearly differentiate pit cells from conventional lymphocytes, these two cell types display similarities (i) in a number of ultrastructural features, (ii) in the pattern of their intralobular distribution, and (iii) in their presence in the spleen and peripheral blood.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212219
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    Bone morphology of weanling rats from dams subjected to fluoride (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 233 (1983), S. 689-691 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fluoride ; Progeny ; Bone ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Femurs of weanling rats from third-pregnancy litters of dams given 150 ppm fluoride in the drinking water were examined by light- and scanning-electron microscopy. Under the conditions of the experimental procedure, no pathological changes were seen in the femurs as a result of maternal ingestion of fluoride. These results indicate that the amount of fluoride crossing the placenta and mammary gland was insufficient to produce significant morphological changes in the bones of 3-week-old rats.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212235
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    Ultrastructural characteristics of vasopressin-containing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 234 (1983), S. 125-134 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vasopressin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vasopressin-containing neurons, identified by immunocytochemistry, are located predominantly in the posterior magnocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus of the rat hypothalamus. By electron microscopy, the immunoreaction product is seen within the cell bodies and neuronal processes. In the perikarya and dendritic processes, the immunoreactive material is associated primarily with neurosecretory granules. Axonal processes, identified by their content of microtubules and accumulation of neurosecretory granules, show the immunoreaction product in association with both of these organelles. Afferent axo-dendritic, axo-somatic and putative axo-axonic synapses with immunostained vasopressinergic neurons can be identified. The presynaptic profiles do not contain immunoreactive material. This study contributes to the ultrastructural characterization of vasopressinergic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus and of their afferent synaptic input.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217406
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    Light- and electron-microscopic study on the maturation of the primary portal plexus during the perinatal period in rats (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 234 (1983), S. 179-191 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamo-hypophysial system ; Capillaries ; Ontogenesis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The maturation of the capillaries of the primary portal plexus in rats during the perinatal period has been studied lightand electronmicroscopically. The number of capillaries covering the median eminence and of those invading the nervous tissue (capillary loops) increases significantly with age. Capillary loops were observed as early as the 18th fetal day. The mitotic divisions of the endothelial cells within the preexisting capillaries seem to be the main reason for the vascular growth. Immature capillaries with a characteristic narrow lumen are surrounded by a fuzzy basal lamina; their wall is formed by a generally expanded endothelium with rather sparse organelles and inclusions, and by minute flattened areas. The maturation of the capillary results in a progressive spread of flattened endothelium followed by an enlargment of the capillary lumen. Moreover, a rising concentration of organelles and inclusions, relatively numerous luminal microvilli, and a dense and uniform basal lamina become noticeable as capillary differentiation proceeds. These data are thought to reflect the progressive increase in the metabolic activity of the endothelium as well as the establishment of capillary patency during the perinatal period of rats.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217411
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    Effect of monensin on the Golgi apparatus of absorptive cells in the small intestine of the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 187-194 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Golgi apparatus ; Monensin ; Small intestine ; Cytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of short-time treatment with the ionophore monensin, administered intraluminally at concentrations of 5 and 10 μM, was studied on the Golgi apparatus of absorptive cells in the small intestine of the rat. At 2–3 min after treatment most of the Golgi stacks exhibited dilated cisternae. At 4–5 min stacked cisternae were absent; they were replaced by groups of smooth-surfaced vacuoles. Dilatation and vacuolization occurred in the entire stacks without preferential effect on any particular Golgi subcompartment. Monensin did not influence the cytochemical Golgi reaction of thiamine pyrophosphatase and acid phosphatase. The characteristic staining pattern of these two enzymes in all Golgi cisternae of absorptive cells in the proximal small intestine, and the reactivity restricted to trans cisternae in distal segments of the small intestine, were unchanged after treatment with monensin. In the distal small intestine, the cytochemical pattern allowed the monensin-induced vacuoles to be attributed to the former cisor trans-Golgi face. Further, the cytochemical results demonstrate that vacuolization is not restricted to the stacked cisternae, but includes the trans-most cisterna. The latter, usually located at some distance from the Golgi stacks, has been defined as belonging to the GERL system in several types of cells. The clear response to monensin, an agent that selectively affects the Golgi apparatus, indicates common properties between trans-most and stacked Golgi cisternae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213739
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    Alteration by estrogen of the nucleoli in nerve cells of the rat hypothalamus (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 485-489 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ventromedial nucleus ; Hypothalamus ; Ultra-structure ; Nucleoli ; Estrogen effects ; Chromatin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Estrogen is accumulated from the blood by nerve cells in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus and can facilitate female reproductive behavior by acting on this region of the brain. This cell group was examined in ovariectomized female rats, given estrogen or control treatment, by use of light and electron microscopy. A significantly greater portion of the nerve cells in the estrogen-treated animals had protuberances on their nucleolar surfaces, apparent under the light microscope. The fine structure of such protuberances included dense, aggregated material, which is shown to contain DNA by the sodium tungstate staining technique. Because increased numbers of such protuberances were found in nuclei of cells of the experimental group where previous studies demonstrated a significant increase in ultrastructural signs of biosynthetic activity, they may be associated with increased RNA synthesis. Thus, they could indicate, ultrastructurally, increased synthetic rates for RNA in nerve cells through which estrogen promotes reproductive behavior.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226943
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    Karyometry of nuclei in liver cells (1984)
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    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 669-673 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver-cell heterogeneity ; Hepatic venous branches ; Karyometry ; Binucleate cells ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In untreated adult male albino rats nuclear volume and the percentage of binucleate cells were determined in the first layer of hepatocytes adjacent to hepatic venous branches of varying diameters (〈40 μm, 40 μm–80 μm, 80 μm–120μm, 120 μm–160 μm, 〉160 μm), and in the third and fourth layer of hepatocytes in the remainder of the perivenous parenchyma. In the first layer of hepatocytes adjacent to the vascular structures means of nuclear volume are significantly lower and percentage of binucleate cells significantly higher than in the cells of the remainder of the perivenous parenchyma. Within each area measured distribution curves of nuclear volume classes were homogeneous but showed heterogeneity in comparison with each other. The morphometric data presented in this study strongly support the opinion of the heterogeneity of liver cells in the perivenous zone, as previously postulated on the basis of histochemical investigations.
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    A morphometric study of the variations in subcellular structures of rat hepatocytes during 24 hours (1984)
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    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 305-315 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hepatocytes ; Rat ; Liver ; Circadian rhythm ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Subcellular structures of hepatocytes in periportal and perivenous zones were examined during 24 h. The volume, surface and numerical profile densities of cytoplasmic organelles were analysed morphometrically. Most subcellular structures in periportal and perivenous hepatocytes were subject to strong circadian variations. In hepatocytes from both zones, the volume densities of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER), mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, polysomes and lipid droplets demonstrated peak values at 16.00 h, 20.00 h or 00.00 h; trough values were at 04.00 h, 08.00 h, or 12.00 h, except for peroxisomes (16.00 h). However, the volume densities of glycogen granules and rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) in periportal and perivenous hepatocytes exhibited maximal values at 04.00 h, 08.00 h or 12.00 h and minimal values at 20.00 h. The surface densities of sER, mitochondria, lysosomes and peroxisomes, and the numerical profile densities of mitochondria, lysosomes and peroxisomes in periportal and perivenous hepatocytes showed similar trends. These events suggest that membranes of the rER show a partial correlation with the sER, mitochondrial and lysosomal membranes during the 24-h span. This may involve the interaction between ribosomes and rER. Almost all cytoplasmic organelles examined displayed significant differences between periportal and perivenous hepatocytes, morphometrically and in fine structure, indicating that the morphofunctional variability of hepatocytes differs depending on the location in the liver acinus.
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    Mitochondrial binding of triiodothyronine (T3) (1984)
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    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 321-325 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Triiodothyronine ; Radioautography ; Mitochondria ; Liver ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To assess the distribution of the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3) within intact living cells, freshly prepared dispersed rat hepatocytes were incubated with [125I]-T3 for periods of 5 min and 30 min. Lightand electron-microscopic (EM) radioautography was carried out to determine the distribution of grains over the isolated cells. Both procedures showed the grains distributed almost entirely over the cytoplasmic matrix rather than the nucleus. Grain counts under the EM were compared with expectation based on established quantitative methods. Only the mitochondria showed obvious and statistically significant grain counts, whereas the nucleus failed to accumulate grains in excess of expectations by chance alone based on area. The findings support the existence of mitochondrial binding of T3, presumably a prerequisite for its action in direct stimulation of the mitochondria.
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    Intercellular junctions between macrophages in the regional lymph node of the rat after injection of large doses of steroids (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 351-355 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lymph node ; Steroids ; Macrophages ; Intercellular junctions ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intercellular junctions were often found between macrophages in sinuses of regional lymph nodes of the rat after injection of large doses of cholesterol, cortisone acetate, and estrone at the footpad. They were identified by subplasmalemmal densities, 20–50 nm in width, beneath the plasma membranes of apposed macrophages. No distinct filamentous structures were visible in those dense regions. Electron-dense amorphous materials are lined up at the center of the intercellular space in the junctional regions. Some macrophages form clusters with intercellular junctions. No significant difference in the effect of cholesterol, cortisone acetate, and estrone on the number of intercellular junctions betwene macrophages was found.
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    Immunocytochemistry and ultrastructure of the neuropil located ventral to the rat supraoptic nucleus (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 171-180 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Supraoptic nucleus ; Neuropil ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neuropil located ventral to the SON was investigated by the use of immunoperoxidase staining for neurophysins, oxytocin and vasopressin, and electron miroscopy. The study was performed in six groups of rats: 1) control; 2) infusion of isotonic saline into the CSF; 3) infusion of hypertonic saline into the CSF; 4) drinking hypertonic saline for 4 days; 5) same as group 4 but injection of colchicine into the CSF on second day of dehydration; 6) salt loading for 3 months. In the control rats the ventral neuropil contained a few immunoreactive processes, the general morphology of which was completely different from that of the neurosecretory axons emerging from the SON at its dorsal aspect. In rats of groups 3 to 6 the ventral processes (VP) became loaded with neurosecretory granules, whereas the perikarya and axons were depleted. Based on their general morphology and reactivity pattern it is suggested that the VP are dendrites. Most of these “dendrites” were embedded in a glial cushion formed by the processes of a particular type of marginal glia. Some of these “dendrites” enveloped an arteriole penetrating the optic tract. All VP were rich in synaptic contacts. The possibility that the VP of neurosecretory cells may be functionally related to the subarachnoid CSF and the arteriolar blood flow is discussed.
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    Control of peptide release from cells of the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary (1984)
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    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 561-566 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland, pars intermedia ; Peptide hormones ; Dopamine ; Corticotropin-releasing hormone ; 6-Hydroxydopamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary When rats were injected with 6-hydroxydopamine the catecholaminergic nerve terminals in their intermediate lobes exhibited distinct signs of degeneration. Morphometric examination of the Golgi apparatus in cells of the intermediate lobe of these rats showed significant enlargement of Golgi cisternae. The release of adrenocorticotropin, β-endorphin/lipotropin and α-melanotropin from intermediate-lobe cells in vitro was measured by radioimmunoassay. The high basal peptide release was inhibited by dopamine and stimulated by methyl-isobutyl-xanthine. In contrast, γ-aminobutyric acid, serotonin, histamine and noradrenaline, or corticotropin-releasing hormone, rat hypothalamic extract and vasopressin had no or only very weak effects. These observations indicate that the synthetic apparatus of intermediate-lobe cells is constantly depressed by dopaminergic nerves. We were not able to stimulate peptide release from intermediate-lobe cells by use of the abovementioned endogenous agents.
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    Effects of prolonged maternal fast on the pancreas of 18–21-day-old foetal rats (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 169-179 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Foetal pancreas ; β Cells ; Insulin ; Fasting mothers ; Morphometry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary After maternal fasting for 72 h the pancreatic β cells of 18-day-old foetal rats show a conspicuous enrichment in secretory material, with an increase of pancreatic insulin concentration and a marked development of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. The morphometric analysis shows that the intracytoplasmic migration of the secretory granules is inhibited, principally inside the cell web. Consequently the number of secretory granules fused with plasma membrane decreases and this is associated with a decreased foetal plasma insulin. The difference in the ultrastructural aspect of the β cells of foetuses from fasting mothers and of foetuses from fed mothers is less conspicuous at 19 days of gestation and progressively disappears at 20 and 21 days. The modifications in ultrastructural aspect and in functional state are discussed.
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    Histological study of ibotenic acid-induced modifications of rat retina and their attenuation by diazepam (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 81-85 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Ibotenic acid ; Toxicity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary After 2 h intraocular injections of 19 and 190 nmoles ibotenic acid in the rat retina produced an intensive vacuolization of the inner plexiform layer and cellular alterations, in the inner nuclear layer and ganglion cell layer. These alterations consisted of either cytoplasmic swelling accompanied by clumping of the nuclear chromatin or darkening of the cytoplasm along with nuclear condensation. A week later the retinas were thinner than the controls due to the disappearance of the affected cells. Pre-treatment with diazepam prevents the morphological alterations induced by 19 nmoles ibotenic acid; mainly the swelling, which was completely prevented, while the darkening was reduced drastically, although some vacuolization of the inner plexiform layer is still present.
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    The effect of an LH pulse on 3H-thymidine incorporation into cultured ovaries of metestrous rats (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 159-163 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovary ; Rat ; Cell division ; Luteinizing hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of an LH pulse on the rate at which 3H-thymidine is incorporated into cultured ovaries of metestrous rats was studied. In comparison to ovaries cultured with tonic LH, an LH pulse (1) “rescued” follicles from atresia, (2) induced thecal cell proliferation, and (3) increased the rate at which granulosa cells enter mitosis. It is concluded that LH pulses increase follicular growth by first triggering thecal cell proliferation and then inducing mitotic divisions within the granulosa cells of both atretic and non-atretic follicles.
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    Electron-microscopic immunohistochemical study of the localization of immunoglobulin G in the choroid plexus of the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 177-182 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Choroid plexus ; Immunoglobulin G ; Permeability ; Anti-HRP-IgG ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localization of autologous antiperoxidase immunoglobulin G (IgG) was studied in the choroid plexus of Lewis rats immunized against horseradish peroxidase (HRP). This experiment was performed to study the permeability of the choroid plexus to intravascular IgG. It was shown that autologous IgG was present in the extravascular spaces. The transendothelial transfer appeared to occur mainly via the fenestrations and some interendothelial junctions. No transfer of IgG at the level of epithelial cells toward the cerebrospinal fluid was demonstrated. Interstitial spaces in contact with the connective-tissue cells of the choroid stroma were strongly labeled. The significance of these spaces remains hypothetical and raises the question of the fate of IgG from the interstitial space.
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    Glial fibrillary acidic protein and differentiation of neonatal rat pituicytes in vitro (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 191-195 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) ; Pituicytes, neonatal ; Development, ontogenetic ; Immunofluorescence ; Organ culture ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The appearance and intracellular localisation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in pituicytes in neural lobe cultures of newborn rats aged 7 to 30 days were investigated by use of the indirect immunofluorescence method. GFAP-immunoreactive cells were observed mostly in the outgrowth zone. GFAP was localised in the perikaryal cytoplasm as well as in pituicyte processes. GFAP-positive pituicytes showed considerable morphological polymorphism. The presence of GFAP — astrocytic marker — in pituicytes in vitro and the evident morphological similarity to cultured astrocytes suggest the astroglial character of these cells.
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    Localization and function of cyclic guanosine monophosphate-phosphodiesterase activity in the retinal rods of the rat by means of a newly developed cytochemical method (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 453-457 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-phosphodiesterase (cGMP-PDEase) ; New cytochemical method ; Retina ; Rods, outer segments ; Light perception ; 5′GMPase ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-phosphodiesterase (cGMP-PDEase) activity was studied histo- and cytochemically in the retinal rods of the rat with the use of a newly developed technique. Intense activity of cGMP-PDEase was evenly distributed over the outer segments of the rods. Reaction product was observed on the plasmalemma and on the disk membranes of the outer segments. A weak reaction product occurred also on the plasmalemma of the inner segments; however, no precipitate was found in the perinuclear and synaptic portions of the rod cells. The enzyme activity was strongly inhibited by 2 mM theophilline and by 2 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). To confirm the specificity of this new cGMP-PDEase method, the localization of 5′nucleotidase (5′GMPase) was also studied. In contrast to the activity of cGMP-PDEase, the activity of 5′GMPase was distributed on the plasma membrane of the photoreceptor cells extending over a wide range from the synaptic endings in the outer plexiform layer to the tip of the outer segments.
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    Immunohistochemical study of S-100 protein in the postnatal development of Müller cells and astrocytes in the rat retina (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 503-508 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: S-100 ; Müller cell ; Astrocyte ; Development ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rat retina was studied by immunohistochemistry with antibody to S-100 protein during the first three postnatal weeks. Immunoreactive astrocytes are first detected subjacent to the inner limiting membrane close to the optic disc. They gradually increase in number and spread toward the ora serrata along the inner surface of the retina as the development proceeds. S-100-immunostained Müller cells are first identified on the 12th postnatal day although their immunoreactivity is much weaker than that of astrocytes at the same stage. This differential intensity of the immunoreactivity of the two cell types facilitates observation of the entire shape of the astrocyte. This characteristic reveals that cellular investments of blood vessels in the inner retina are formed by astrocytic processes whereas those in the outer plexiform layer are derived from processes of Müller cells. The cellular investment becomes complete by the 18th postnatal day.
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    Effects of ovariectomy and estradiol administration on the adrenal macrophage system of the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 559-564 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Macrophages ; Ovariectomy ; Rat ; Estradiol administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Macrophages of the adrenal cortex were studied in normal male and female, ovariectomized and estradiol-injected rats. In normal male rats few macrophages with numerous granules were observed in the zona fasciculatazona reticularis border, and in the zona reticularis. Granules, identified as lysosomes, were limited by a single membrane with a heterogeneous matrix; they exhibited acid phosphatase- and aminotriazole-resistant peroxidatic activities. A larger number of macrophages had identical distributions in normal female rats. In ovariectomized and estradiol-injected rats the number and distribution of adrenal macrophages were similar to those in normal females; however, in spayed animals the number of these cells in the zona reticularis was higher than in the other experimental groups. Lysosomes in macrophages of treated animals were more numerous and their contents more complex than in normal male animals. These results indicate that the adrenal macrophage system is stimulated in experimental conditions involving high levels of circulating estrogens.
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    Correlative ontogenetic development of catecholamine- and LHRH-containing nerve endings in the median eminence of the rat (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 31-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Ontogeny ; LHRH ; Catecholamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ontogenetic development of catecholamine (CA)-and LHRH-containing nerve endings in the median eminence of the rat was investigated by combining fluorescence histochemistry and immunohistochemistry in the same tissue section. LHRH-terminals appeared earlier than CA-terminals and were already detectable in the lateral part of the external layer of the central ME on the first day after birth. CA-nerve endings were first seen in a corresponding region of the ME on the seventh postnatal day. At this stage both types of terminals showed the earliest manifestation of a correlative pattern of their distribution. Subsequently the development of both types of nerve endings proceeded rapidly, and at 14 days their distribution pattern corresponded to that in adult animals. The authors conclude that at this stage the CA-neurons play a constant and significant role in the release of LHRH into the portal capillaries. The correlation between both types of nerve endings and the ontogenetic development of the capillary plexuses of the hypophysial portal system is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234542
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    Functional reinnervation of the neostriatum in the adult rat by use of intraparenchymal grafting of dissociated cell suspensions from the substantia nigra (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 39-45 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuronal grafting ; Dopamine ; Nigrostriatal system ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dissociated cell suspensions were prepared from the substantia nigra of 15–17 day-old rat embryos and grafted via an intraparenchymal injection into the depth of the neostriatum of adult recipient rats. The survival and fibre outgrowth of the dopamine-containing neurones in the implants were studied by fluorescence histochemistry, and the functional capacity of the grafts was monitored by repeated testing of the amphetamine-induced turning behaviour of the implanted rats. Before transplantation the target neostriatum of the recipient rats was denervated of its normal dopaminergic innervation by an injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the ipsilateral nigrostriatal dopamine pathway. The completeness of the denervation was ascertained by measurement of the intensity of the amphetamine-induced turning response. After injection of the dissociated cells large numbers of dopamine-containing neurones were found in clusters at the site of injection as well as scattered in the apparently intact neostriatal tissue up to a distance of about 0.5 mm from the site of injection. Extensive dopamine-containing fibre networks had developed around the implant. These newly formed fibres, which were most abundant around the cell clusters at the injection site, extended in a loose network into large areas of the initially denervated caudate-putamen. In all animals with surviving dopamine neurones the amphetamine-induced turning response was reduced, and in the most extensively reinnervated cases even reversed, within 3–5 weeks after transplantation. This strongly suggests that the implanted dopamine neurones are capable of restoring dopaminergic neurotransmission in the denervated neostriatum, probably via reinnervation of the denervated neostriatal tissue. The use of dissociated brain tissue preparations thus permits reliable intraparenchymal grafting of neurones to plausibly any desired site within the central nervous system, and should open entirely new possibilities for investigation of neuronal growth dynamics and functional reconstruction of damaged brain circuits, perhaps even in brains of larger mammals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234031
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    Effects of norepinephrine and dibutyryl adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate on the ultrastructure of pineal cells in monolayer culture (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 181-191 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Monolayer culture ; N-acetyl transferase ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To determine how neural influences control the function of the pineal gland, morphological and biochemical relationships after pharmacological treatment have been studied in rat pineal cells in monolayer cultures. Norepinephrine (NE) and dibutyryl cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (dBcAMP) treatment of cells that had been in culture for 5 and 21 days produced a stimulation in the enzyme activity of serotonin N-acetyl transferase, an enzyme important in indole synthesis. NE and dBcAMP also produced morphological changes which were dependent on the time of cells in culture. When 5 day-cultures were treated with NE and dBcAMP, light and dark cells were noted and endoplasmic reticulum increased and became more organized. Only dBcAMP treatment at 5 days produced an increase in dense granules and an elongation of cytoplasmic processes. Treatment of 21 day-cultures with dBcAMP also produced an increase in cytoplasmic processes while treatment with NE produced an increase in the synaptic ribbons and clear vesicles within the processes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234553
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    The effect of a liquid elemental diet on cell proliferation in the colon of rats (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 221-225 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Diet ; DNA synthesis ; Cell renewal ; Colon ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A liquid elemental diet (Vivonex) was given to rats for 6 days while control animals received a normal diet. At the end of the experiment each animal received one intraperitoneal injection of tritiated thvmidine at 8a.m. Animals from each group were killed hourly during the first 24h after the injection and the proliferative activity was studied by autoradiography of the mucosa of the colon using the labeled mitoses-wave method. The epithelial cell proliferation was significantly decreased in the colon of the Vivonex-fed animals.
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    Cerebellar intranuclear inclusions in chronically alcoholized rats (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 227-230 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Nuclear inclusions ; Alcohol ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nuclear rods and sheets are described in neurons from the cerebellar cortex of rats alcoholized through ingestion of a 20 % aqueous ethanol solution over a period of 90 and 180 days. An eventual relationship between these nuclear inclusions and alcoholization is advanced.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234558
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    Growth of aortic vascular smooth muscle cells in lowered oxygen tension (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 591-602 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vascular smooth muscle ; Tissue culture ; Hypoxia ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Primary cultures of vascular smooth muscle cells, isolated from rat aorta, were grown under normoxic (20% O2) and mildly hypoxic (5 % O2) conditions. Cells from both conditions were compared for growth characteristics, morphology, protein synthesis, lysosomal enzyme activity, and oxygen consumption. In no case was a consistently significant difference observed. These observations indicate that these cells can adapt or are adapted to mildly hypoxic conditions. Moreover, these results may indicate that the culture of vascular smooth muscle cells in mild hypoxia represents a closer approximation of in vivo growth conditions for these cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238654
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    Role of estrogen and androgen in maintaining the preovulatory follicle (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 615-624 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rat ; Preovulatory follicle ; Ultrastructure ; Estrogen ; Androgen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of Nitromifene citrate (CI 628), an antiestrogen, and Flutamide, an antiandrogen, on the ultrastructure and viability of the preovulatory follicle and granulosa cells were examined both in vivo and in vitro. In vivo administration of either antihormone induced degeneration within the granulosa cells. In some of the affected granulosa cells, the nuclear material was condensed while the cytoplasm and associated organelles were unaltered. In others, the density of the cytoplasm was reduced, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum was dilated but the nucleus remained unaltered. In vitro, either antihormone reduced granulosa-cell viability but the granulosa cells were twenty times more sensitive to CI 628 than to Flutamide. In addition, exposure to CI 628 induced nuclear condensation without affecting the cytoplasm, while Flutamide induced the deterioration of the cytoplasm without altering the nucleus. These observations suggest that: (1) both estrogen and androgens control the viability of the granulosa cells and thereby the follicle, (2) the action of estrogen and androgen is mediated through receptors within the granulosa cells since these antihormones prevent the nuclear uptake of their respective hormone, (3) the granulosa cells of preovulatory follicles appear to be more dependent on estrogen than on androgen, and (4) each steroid appears to have a specific role in maintaining the granulosa cell; estrogens control the integrity of the nucleus while androgens preserve the cytoplasmic organization of the granulosa cell.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238656
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    Catecholamine-storing cells in the adrenal medulla of the pre- and postnatal rat (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 217 (1981), S. 155-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal medulla ; Development ; Acetylcholinesterase ; Small granule cells ; Ultramorphology ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of the rat adrenal medulla was studied at the ultrastructural level with particular emphasis placed on early discrimination of different catecholamine-storing cells. The first granule-containing cells, phaeochromoblasts, were seen at day 15 of gestation migrating into the anlage of the cortex. These cells were characterized by a few small granules (80–120 nm in diameter) and a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio. Presumably due to differentiation into chromaffin cells, they were no longer present after the eighth postnatal day. Maturation of phaeochromoblasts was indicated by an increase in number and size of their storage granules and a decrease in the nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio. Noradrenaline and adrenaline cell types were first clearly discernible at day 21 of gestation. Another cell type, a giant cell, was also recognized at this stage. In the adult animal, noradrenaline, two morphologically different types of adrenaline, and small granule-containing cells were observed. By applying acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, it was found that at day 17 of gestation a small population of granule-storing cells showed strong positive staining in the endoplasmic reticulum. In the adult animal this cell type was further characterized by small-storage granules. Other chromaffin cells began to show weak staining within the endoplasmic reticulum at day 19 of gestation. This staining appeared more frequently within adrenaline than noradrenaline cells. However, even in the adult animal many cells of both types were completely negative. It is concluded that acetylcholinesterase histochemistry is a useful method for early discrimination of small granule-containing cells in the developing rat adrenal medulla.
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    Terminal sprouting in rat sternocostalis muscle following partial denervation (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 217 (1981), S. 189-198 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rat ; Sternocostalis muscle ; Partial denervation ; Motor neuron sprouting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The sternocostalis muscle of the rat was examined at one to five days after partial denervation and levels of terminal sprouting were assessed. The removal of one intercostal nerve caused localised degeneration which did not extend more than a few muscle fibres deep into the field of distribution of the adjacent nerve. Terminal sprouting was clearly seen at 24 h after operation and did not appear to develop further up to five days. There was no difference in the sprouting responses to section of either intercostal nerve 2, 4 or 5. There was, however, a decrease in the response with increasing distance from the cut nerve. No sprouting response was observed in the contralateral muscle. Comparison of sprouting levels of B and C type end plates revealed a greater percentage of C type end plates with sprouts. However, the response of B type end plates, considered in relation to the levels of spontaneous sprouting, was greater than that of C type end plates.
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    Effects of tunicamycin on the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of the rat (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 217 (1981), S. 199-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Neurohypophysis ; Neurophysin ; Secretion ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intracisternal injections of tunicamycin, an inhibitor of glycosylation, decreased the incorporation of [35S]cysteine into the neurophysins in the rat neurohypophysis. Histochemical and immunocytochemical studies showed that there was no concomitant decrease in the amount of secretory product in the perikarya of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial neurones. Indeed there was an increase, although this was not associated with neurosecretory granules as judged electron-microscopically. Tunicamycin led to the formation of socalled “colloid droplets” which were immunopositive and of which the ultrastructural correlates appeared to be product-filled dilatations of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The observations are interpreted to suggest that glycosylation plays a rôle in the packaging of secretory material in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system.
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    Fine structure of the small, granule-containing cells in the superior cervical ganglia of hydrocortisone-treated early postnatal and adult rats (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 297-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sympathetic ganglion ; Development, ontogenetic ; Corticosteroid treatment ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hydrocortisone injections into rats on postnatal days 3–9 caused an increase in the number of small granulecontaining cells in the superior cervical ganglia. These cells, corresponding to the small, intensely fluorescent cells, showed an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, a large Golgi apparatus and a very large number of granular vesicles. In addition to the granular vesicles, 70–160 nm in diameter, in which the dense core filled most of the vesicle, most cells of the hydrocortisone-injected rats contained also larger granular vesicles, up to 350 nm in diameter, in which the dense core was eccentrically located. A minority of the cells contained only granular vesicles 70–100 nm in diameter, which was the only type seen in the saline-treated control rats. Thirty days after discontinuation of the hydrocortisone treatment, most of the cells with large granular vesicles had disappeared, and only two profiles of such cells were seen on day 40. The other small cells contained only granular vesicles 70–160 nm in diameter, and these cells could not be distinguished from the small granule-containing cells of 40-day-old control rats treated early postnatally with saline. Hydrocortisone treatment, first on days 3–9 and subsequently on days 40–46, caused reappearance of the small granule-containing cells with large granular vesicles up to 350 nm in diameter, the dense core of which was eccentrically located. Hydrocortisone treatment on days 40–46 only was not followed by appearance of such cells in rats treated with saline on days 3–9.
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    Compartments and perivascular arrangement of the meninges covering the cerebral cortex of the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 459-474 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Meningeal compartment ; Perivascular space ; Brain intercellular compartment ; Cerebral cortex ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The intercellular clefts of the brain and the leptomeninges, and the perivascular spaces were studied with reference to the results obtained in a previous study (Krisch et al. 1983). The spatial relationships of these compartments were analyzed at the electron-microscopic level. Horse-radish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the brain or into the contralateral ventricle. The pattern of distribution of HRP depends on the boundary situation in the individual compartments. The inner and outer pial layers accompany the vessels intruding into the brain. In the Virchow-Robin space the pial funnel obliterates within a short distance. The inner arachnoid layer is continuous with the outer arachnoid layer when it covers the vessels traversing the meningeal space. The perivascular compartment is not in communication with the arachnoid space; moreover, the pial funnel within the Virchow-Robin space is sealed off against the arachnoid space. Thus, blood vessels traversing the meningeal spaces and subsequently penetrating the brain surface are exposed to the common intercellular compartment represented by the intercellular clefts of the brain and the leptomeninges; this compartment does not communicate with the other compartments. The cerebrospinal fluid located in this intercellular compartment is preferentially drained into the upper cervical lymph nodes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219861
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    Peroxidase-positive endothelial cells in rat liver (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 635-642 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Endothelium ; Kupffer cells ; Peroxidase ; Cytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rat liver fixed by perfusion with low glutaraldehyde concentrations was incubated in diaminobenzidine-containing medium to stain for peroxidase. Endogenous peroxidatic activity was found not only in Kupffer cells but also in the endothelial cells lining the sinusoids and central veins. The reaction product was localized in the nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum. The peroxidatic activity in endothelial cells showed a concentration-dependent sensitivity to glutaraldehyde: in liver samples fixed with 0.25% glutaraldehyde, approx. 23% of the sinusoidal endothelial cells and 65% of central vein endothelium were peroxidase-positive; with 0.5% glutaraldehyde, only approx. 8% of the sinusoidal endothelial cells contained detectable amounts of the reaction product; with 1.5% glutaraldehyde all endothelial cells were consistently peroxidase-negative. No peroxidatic activity could be found in liver endothelial cells following isolation by centrifugal elutriation. Endothelial cell peroxidase may possibly be involved in defense responses of liver and/or, as a part of prostaglandin synthase system, in prostanoid production.
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    A peculiar fibrillar pattern in the myocardial cells of trabeculae carneae in the right ventricle of the rat, mouse, and rabbit (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 208 (1980), S. 165-168 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cardiac muscle cells ; Trabeculae carneae ; Fibrillar pattern ; Mouse ; Rat ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cardiac muscle fibers in the trabeculae carneae of mice, rats, and rabbits show a special arrangement of densely interwoven myofibrils. They cross at various angles; however, a preferred orientation of the fibrils cannot be discerned. It is suggested that due to this arrangement the myocytes of trabeculae are not able to contract to the same extent as ventricular myocytes, but thereby gain a high rigidity during contraction. Hence, they may play a principal role as “guiding ridges” for the flow of blood, thereby improving hemodynamics.
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    The influence of high pressure freezing on mammalian nerve tissue (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 201-216 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: High pressure (2,100 bars) freezing ; Freeze-etching ; Nerve tissue ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vitrification of biological specimens in liquid nitrogen can be achieved under high pressure (2,100 bars). This procedure obviates the use of aldehyde fixation and cryoprotection (glycerol). The present work demonstrates its applicability to the freeze-etching of mammalian brain tissue. Freeze-fracture replicas from rat cerebellar cortex and subfornical organ prepared by this method are compared to conventionally processed material using aldehyde fixation, glycerination and freezing with Freon. The formation of large ice crystals is prevented in tissue blocks up to 0.5 mm thick; deep etching is markedly enhanced. Cytoplasmic microstructures such as mitochondrial cristae, microtubules and microfilaments, are readily observable against a finely granulated cytosol matrix. An additional advantage is the combined application with freeze-substitution.
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    Interrelations between neural elements and tanycytes during the perinatal period of the rat (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 215 (1981), S. 635-641 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamo-hypophysial system ; Rat ; Supraependymal axons ; Ontogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study has utilized a correlative scanning-transmission electron microscopic technique to examine interrelations between neural elements and differentiated tanycytes and to identify supraependymal cells in the ventral region of the 3rd ventricle during the perinatal period in the rat. From the 18th day of fetal life monoaminergic and/or peptidergic axons penetrate into the ventricle between the tanycytes. After birth, they form an extensive network covering the surface of the infundibular recess. The axons possess morphological characteristics suggestive of neurohormone secretion. From the 20th day of prenatal life subependymal axons begin to “innervate” the tanycytes. Supraependymal cells differ in their shape and ultrastructure, but all of them bear resemblance to macrophages, as they contain numerous lysosomes and phagosome-like bodies.
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    Ultrastructural study of electrophysiologically identified neurones in the paraventricular nucleus of the rat (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 503-512 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Paraventricular neurones ; Alcian-blue labelling ; Ultrastructure ; Electrophysiology ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural characterization of electrophysiologically identified neurones of the rat paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus was performed with extracellular labelling technique. The extracellularly recorded neurones are labelled with an electrophoretic deposit of alcian blue contained in the recording micropipette. The neurone thus labelled takes on a dark and shrunken appearance which enables its detection among neighbouring cells without, however, concealing its main morphological characteristics. 1) Spontaneously firing neurones, invaded by an antidromic action potential elicited by electrical stimulation of the neurohypophysis, were identified as magnocellular cells containing dense-cored vesicles of 200–250 nm in diameter. Dense-cored vesicles were not found in the antidromically activated neurones devoid of spontaneous activity. 2) Trans-synaptically activated neurones in the PVN or in its dorso-lateral edge were small cells devoid of dense secretory vesicles. 3) PV neurones in which neurohypophysial stimulation evoked no response, contained small, dense vesicles (100 nm in diameter) comparable with those found in parvocellular peptidergic neurones.
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    The structure of cleft material in spine synapses of rat cerebral and cerebellar cortices (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 477-486 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapse ; Synaptic cleft ; Aldehyde ; PTA technique ; Densitometry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synaptic clefts of rat cerebral and cerebellar axodendritic spine synapses were studied after aldehyde-perfusion and subsequent immersion into osmic acid or after processing by the aldehyde-PTA technique. The threedimensional examination of aldehyde-perfused, osmic acid postfixed synapses revealed a double-layered intracleft lamina comparable in dimensions and position to the cleft density of non-osmicated, PTA-stained synapses. The relationship of this lamina to perisynaptic astroglial processes was pointed out. Densitometric analysis of the cleft area suggested the identity of the intracleft lamina of osmicated synapses with the cleft density of non-osmicated, PTA-stained synapses.
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    Studies on the juxtaglomerular apparatus VI. Sympathetic innervation, catecholamines and the renin-angiotensin-system in rats and tree-shrews (Tupaia belangeri) (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 375-382 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Sympathetic innervation ; Renin-angiotensin system ; Electron microscopy ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Tupaia belangeri ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary It has previously been reported that the primitive primate Tupaia belangeri develops a renal failure when exposed to psychosocial stress. In order to learn if this high susceptibility to stress of the Tupaia kidney can be correlated with morphological and functional parameters of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) and the renin-angiotensin system, comparative experiments were performed on Tupaia and rat. Our results reveal an outstandingly high potency of the JGA and the renin-angiotensin system in Tupaia as evident from the following findings: The Tupaia JGA contains a great number of epithelioid cells abounding in renin granules (electron microscopy). The renin content of the Tupaia kidney is considerably higher than in the rat (radio-immunoassay). The sympathetic innervation of the kidney and especially of the JGA is abundant in Tupaia (fluorescence and electron microscopy). Catecholamine contents of the kidney and other organs are significantly higher in Tupaia than in rats (spectrophotofluorometry). Our results support the previously developed concept of a potent intrarenal neuroendocrine interaction at the JGA level favouring, under certain conditions of social stress, the development of acute renal failure in Tupaia belangeri.
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    Ultrastructural alterations in the initial segments and in the recurrent collateral terminals of Purkinje cells following axotomy (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 415-427 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Purkinje axon ; Ultrastructure ; Axotomy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Transection of Purkinje cell axons in adult male rats made 1.5 mm or further from the cell body does not lead to the death of the neuron and results in compensatory structural alterations of the surviving axonal portions of the nerve cell. Near to, and at the emergence of recurrent collaterals of Purkinje cell axons, huge varicosities filled with filaments, granular material, lysosomes and mitochondria develop. Terminals of recurrent axon collaterals also exhibit different degrees of structural changes. Most striking of the morphological alterations is the regular presence of nematosomes in the hypertrophic axonal branches, especially in synaptic terminals. Since nematosomes were shown to contain RNA in other types of neurons, their presence in recurrent collaterals may indicate an enhanced synthetic activity in Purkinje axonal processes and endings after axotomy.
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    Interlamellar tight junctions of central myelin (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 213 (1980), S. 81-94 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Interlamellar tight junctions ; Central myelin ; Myelogenesis ; Optic nerve ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The process of myelination in the central nervous system (CNS) of the rat (optic nerve) was studied with the freeze-fracturing technique and ultrathin sectioning to obtain information on the developmental mechanisms of interlamellar tight junctions. Using a tilting cartridge for analysis of thin sections, it could be demonstrated that during the initial phase of wrapping a tight junction formation develops between the joining tips of the oligodendrocytic process. In tannic acid-stained samples these junctions appear as typical quintuple-layered membrane fusions, while in potassium permanganate-stained material membrane thickenings between the apposing glial tips are prevalent. The latter configuration represents the characteristic feature of the so-called radial component of central myelin. Using the freeze-fracturing technique, a biphasic mode of the myelinic tight junction assembly was detected. It is suggested that tight junctions represent a prerequisite of the myelination process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236922
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    Morphological studies on neuroglia (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 569-580 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glial response ; Chemical lesion ; Kainic acid ; Hippocampus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cellular response of non-neuronal elements of the pyramidal cell layer of the rat hippocampus, especially the area CA 3, was observed electron microscopically following destruction of this formation by means of intraventricular administration of kainic acid (KA). The neuroglial cell types responding to the KA-induced lesion included astrocytes and the “microglia-like reactive cells”. In addition, numerous brain macrophages appeared in the damaged area CA 3. Oligodendrocytes and pericytes revealed no morphological changes. Swollen astrocytes were seen in the KA-induced lesion during the early stage. Glial filaments gradually developed in the soma and cell processes of these cells. Brain macrophages were seen in the KA-induced lesion during the early stage; they gradually decreased in number with time. Numerous small cells displaying a dark nucleus appeared in the damaged area CA 3 during the first two days after the KA-administration, and gradually increased in number. During the later stage this cell type could hardly be distinguished from the intrinsic microglial cells. It is open to discussion whether this cell type originates from the intrinsic microglial cells or from the hematogenic monocytes; therefore it is designated as “microglia-like reactive cell” in the present study.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238652
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    Structure-activity relationship of stress-inducing odorants in the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1007-1018 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Rat ; Rattus norvegicus sp. ; odorants ; stress ; behavior ; open field ; corticosterone ; fox dropping ; ketone ; sulfur ; compounds ; tans ; mercaptoketones ; repellent ; structure-activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The stress for 12 sulfur-containing synthetized volatiles was evaluated in male Wistar rats and compared to that for fox-dropping extract concentrate. Stress behavior was analyzed by quantifying various stress responses in a standard open field and measuring the increase in plasma corticosterone concentration. Nine compounds induced stress—a dihydrothiazole, two cyclic polysulfides, five mercaptoketones, and a mercaptan. For the mercaptoketones, the following structure-activity relationships were observed. Size can vary considerably; the mercapto group can be either alpha or beta and either secondary or tertiary. The keto group is not essential, since a structurally related mercaptan remains active. The mercapto group is essential for activity in mercaptoketones, since conversion to a methyl sulfide resulted in a neutral response. This type of odorant could function as an allomone and may have potential in rat control as an area repellent.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987509
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    Visceral anatomy of the amphisbaenia (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980), S. 99-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Study of the visceral anatomy of 41 specimens of amphisbaenians representing 13 genera shows that they share a very distinct structure which differs from that found in either snakes or typical lizards. The left lung is large while the right is rudimentary or absent (unique); the kidneys are freely suspended in the coelom by a mesentery (unique); the spleen is usually embedded in the anterior end of the pancreas (as in snakes); the gall bladder lies in a notch in the liver, and the kidneys lie opposite each other (as in lizards). The distinctness of this pattern supports the recognition of the Amphisbaenia as a separate suborder of the Squamata.
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    Cytodifferentiation and vitellogenesis during oogenesis in arachnida: Cytological studies on developing oocytes of a harvestman (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980), S. 175-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Light and electron microscope studies were made on harvestman oocytes during the course of their origin, differentiation, and vitellogenesis. The germ cells appear to originate from the ovarian epithelium. They subsequently migrate to the outer surface of the epithelium, where they remain attached often by means of stalk cells which suspend them in the hemocoel during oogenesis. The “Balbiani bodies,” “yolk nuclei,” or “nuage” constitute a prominent feature of young, previtellogenic oocytes, and take the form of large, but variable sizes of electron-dense cytoplasmic aggregates with small fibrogranular components. The cytoplasmic aggregates fragment and disperse, and cannot be detected in vitellogenic oocytes. The young oocytes become surrounded by a vitelline envelope that appears to represent a secretory product of the oocyte. The previtellogenic oocytes are impermeable to horseradish peroxidase under both in vivo and in vitro conditions. In addition to mitochondria, dictyosomes, and abundant ribosomes, the ooplasm of the previtellogenic oocyte acquires both vesicular and lamellar forms of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. In many areas, a dense homogeneous product appears within the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and represents nascent yolk protein synthesized by the oocyte during early stages of vitellogenesis. Later in vitellogenesis, the oocyte becomes permeable to horseradish peroxidase under both in vivo and in vitro conditions. This change is associated with a massive process of micropinocytosis which is reflected in the presence of large numbers of vesicles of variable form and structure in the cortical ooplasm. Both spherical and tubular vesicles are present, as are coated and uncoated vesicles. Stages in the fusion of the vesicles with each other and with developing yolk platelets are illustrated. In the harvester oocytes, vitellogenesis is a process that involves both autosynthetic and heterosynthetic mechanisms.
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    Ultrastructural study on cocoon formation in the freshwater oligochaete, Tubifex hattai (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 164 (1980), S. 25-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The clitellar epithelium of the freshwater oligochaete, Tubifex hattai, is composed of four types of gland cells (Type I, II, III, and IV), in addition to the cells generally found in the epidermis of this worm. The possible function of these gland cells in cocoon formation was studied with the electron microscope.Type I cells discharge their secretory granules by means of compound exocytosis and provide the materials for the future cocoon membrane. Immediately after completion of the discharge from Type I cells, Type II and III cells simultaneously discharge their secretory granules by means of compound exocytosis. The secretions from Type II cells constitute a colloid in the cocoon lumen and probably cause structural modifications in the future cocoon membrane. The secretory products from Type III cells form the cocoon plug. Although the process of discharge of secretory granules from Type IV cells was not observed, the contribution of these cells to the cocoon formation, producing hoops on the outer surface of the future cocoon membrane and fixing its anterior ends on the clitellum, is inferred from a morphological comparison of the hoop and the structure of the secretory granules.
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    The distribution of monoamine oxidase and biogenic monoamines in the central nervous system of spiders (Arachnida: Araneida) (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 164 (1980), S. 69-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The distribution and activity patterns of monoamine oxidase and monoaminergic (formaldehyde-induced) fluorescence in the central nervous system of web-building and hunting spiders have been studied using histochemical methods. Enzyme activity occurred in the neuronal perikarya and in varying intensity in the structures of the neuropile mass, but only when dopamine, adrenaline, and noradrenaline were used as substrates. The optic centres of the spider brain normally exhibited relatively strong enzyme reactions when compared with the staining intensity of the rest of the nervous system.The neuronal cell bodies contained numerous granules of yellow-green fluorescence. Monoaminergic fluorescence of the neuropile was generally a weak green. The optic mases of the hunting spiders, the anterior bridge, several commissures of the ventral cord, and the neural lamellae showed a slightly higher fluorescence intensity and single fluorescing granules.The results obtained indicate the presence of catecholamines in the spider nervous system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051640106
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    Formation of the pits with taste buds at the lingual root in the striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 164 (1980), S. 107-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The tongue of the striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba, shows a V-shaped row of pits on its posterior dorsum. Their development is described on the basis of macroscopic and light microscopic observations on fetal, young, and adult stages. Four to eight pits occur, most often five in the adult. Anlagen of the pits first protrude as round epithelial thickenings which later increase in diameter and become thin. The circular primordia then sink, and grooves oriented both circularly and radially develop in the walls of the shallow pits thus formed. Pits and grooves deepen with development so that older pits become lined with conical projections. As pits grow further, they become elongated anterolaterally, retaining slit-like openings. Each pit in the adult is 2-8 mm long and about 1 mm wide. The pits are not derived from lingual gland ducts but develop independently. Taste buds resembling those of other mammalian tongues can be found in young dolphins but are few in number and limited to the thin epithelium of the pit projections and to that of the side wall of the pits. They first appear in the late prenatal period but degenerate in the adult. A rich nerve supply is observable in the lamina propria below taste buds in the calf. The pits and their projections in the dolphin correspond to the vallate papillae of other mammals, but whether each projection or a whole pit corresponds to a single vallate papilla is undecided.
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    Fine structure and distribution of epidermal projections associated with taste buds on the oral papillae in some loricariid catfishes (Siluroidei: Loricariidae) (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 164 (1980), S. 139-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two morphologically distinct structures occur on the surfaces of the oral papillae in several loricariid catfish species; namely, (1) typical vertebrate taste buds composed of receptor and sustentacular cells and (2) brushlike projections, termed epidermal brushes, that represent specialized epidermal cells containing keratin. Both of these structures were studied with the combined use of light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The general body surface, fins, and rostral cutaneous processes of some loricariid catfishes are covered with taste or terminal buds but lack the epidermal brushes. It is suggested that the epidermal brushes found on the oral papillae serve as protective devices for the taste buds and as abrasive surfaces for substrate scraping during feeding. The taste buds on the oral papillae may detect any gustatory stimuli from the resulting substrate disturbance. Comparative studies reveal many differences in the number and spatial arrangement of these two structures on the oral papillae among the several species of the Loricariidae examined. These differences may represent functional adaptations to the various modes of life in the Loricariidae.
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    Identification of the Y-organ in the larval stages of the crab, Cancer anthonyi Rathbun (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 164 (1980), S. 83-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Y-organ has been histologically identified in all six larval stages of the crab, Cancer anthonyi. The paired glands are located anterior to the branchial chamber and ventral to the base of the antennules. In the first zoeal stage the gland consists of a cord of 6 to 10 epidermal cells with dark staining nuclei, sparse cytoplasm, and indistinct cell boundaries. As development progresses the glands become more complex through extensive folding and intertwining of the cellular cords. The glands in all larval stages show cyclical activity which corresponds to the molt cycle. Immediately following a molt the gland is dense and compact with little cytoplasm. At approximately day four in the molt cycle, the glands become greatly hyperthropied due to an increase in the number and size of the cytoplasmic vacuoles. These histological changes suggests a cyclical production and presumably the release of some product most likely ecdysone.
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    The morphology of a harpacticoid copepod gut: A review and synthesis (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 164 (1980), S. 89-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The digestive tract of a harpacticoid copepod, Tigriopus californicus (Baker), was studied by using techniques of light and electron microscopy. Four cell types could be distinguished: type 1, an embryonic cell which will replace cells worn away or lost during secretion; type 2, a cell which synthesizes and secretes proteins and also plays a role in lipid absorption; and types 3 and 4, two cell types which absorb lipids. From the abundance of each cell type, the length of microvilli, the development of basal plasma membrane (PM), and luminal projections, the following conclusions were made. (1) The midgut caecum absorbs digested nutrients. (2) The anterior midgut absorbs nutrients and more importantly functions in merocrine and exocrine secretion. The presence of concretions in cell types 2 and 3 in the anterior midgut suggests that these tissues contribute in excretion, and in water and/or ion regulation. (3) The posterior midgut absorbs nutrients and contributes some holocrine secretion.
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    Sense organs on the antennal flagellum of the human louse, Pediculus humanus (Anoplura) (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 164 (1980), S. 161-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Tactile hairs are present on all three subsegments of the antennal flagellum of the human louse. There is, in addition, a single chemoreceptor (tuft organ) on subsegment 2 and 12 or 13 chemoreceptors (one tuft organ, two pore organs and nine or ten pegs) on subsegment 3. The cuticle surrounding the bases of the pegs at the tip of the antenna is unusual in that parts of it are perforated by many fine pores. This cuticle is underlain by a thin layer of dendrites. This region may also have a chemoreceptor function.
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    An electron microscopic study of hemoglobin synthesis in the marine annelid, Amphitrite ornata (Polychaeta: Terebellidae) (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 164 (1980), S. 121-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The heart-body of the marine worm Amphitrite, located within the supraesophageal dorsal vessel, is in the form of a cylinder the thin wall of which is deeply corrugated by luminal projections and folds along its entire length. It is anchored in places to the luminal surface of the dorsal vessel by an extracellular matrix containing collagen fibers. The luminal surfaces of both the heart-body and the dorsal vessel are covered by a basement membrane-like vascular lamina which in turn supports a discontinuous pseudoendothelium of littoral hemocytes.The cells of the heart-body constitute a pseudostratified, high columnar epithelium. They possess extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), a well developed Golgi zone, ferritin particles and granules, and several types of membrane-bound inclusions. Hemoglobin molecules identical to those in the circulation lie within cytoplasmic, membrane-bound vesicles. Analysis of our electron micrographs suggests the following sequence of hemoglobin production and secretion: Large quantities of a moderately dense flocculent material, probably globin, are synthesized in RER and move to the Golgi zone within partly rough- and partly smooth-surfaced transitional cisternae; small transport vesicles, formed from Golgi cisternae that have fused with transitional cisternae, convey the flocculent material from the convex to the concave face of the Golgi complex; a similar flocculent material and an amorphous, highly dense material are processed in the Golgi complex and are transferred to condensing vacuoles in which clearly identifiable hemoglobin molecules are first observed. Mature secretory vesicles containing only hemoglobin migrate to the cell periphery and discharge their contents by exocytosis. Hemoglobin molecules then cross the vascular lamina to reach the circulation.
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    The auditory region of dermoptera: Morphology and function relative to other living mammals (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 164 (1980), S. 167-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The dermopteran basicranium combines a primitively constructed and oriented auditory bulla formed by ectotympanic, rostral entotympanic, and tubal cartilage with derived features of the middle ear transformer and internal carotid circulation. Living dermopterans possess a primitive eutherian auditory region that has been structurally modified to perceive a lower frequency sound spectrum than probably was utilized by ancestral Mesozoic therians. Perception of the low to midfrequency range is enhanced in Dermoptera by reducing stiffness in the mechanical transformer while maintaining low mass of the component parts. Stiffness has been reduced by (1) development of an epitympanic sinus about four times the volume of the middle ear cavity proper, (2) detachment of the anterior process of the malleus from the ectotympanic, and (3) by delicate suspension of the ear ossicles within the middle ear.We apply to dermopterans a measure of hearing efficiency derived from recent functional studies of the mammalian middle ear that regards the middle ear mechanism as an impedance matching transformer. Calculation of the impedance transformer ratio for Dermoptera suggests that these mammals are relatively efficient in comparison to other eutherians in their ability to match the impedance of cochlear fluids to that of air at the eardrum. Dermopterans theoretically are capable of using over 90% of incident sound energy striking the eardrum at the resonant or natural frequency. Mechanical impedance of the middle ear transformer exerts a minimal influence on hearing efficiency due to low mass, little stiffness, and little frictional resistance.Analysis of measurements of the middle ear transformer published by Gerald Fleischer and integration of these data with current theory on the peripheral hearing mechanism in mammals allow us to propose a model that describes the structural and functional evolution of the mammalian middle ear transformer. Structural changes appear to be correlated with alteration in function from primitive small mammals with stiff middle ear transformers and high frequency dominated hearing to mammals with a wider range in body size with more mobile middle ear transformers and a greater range of frequency perception, often including improved sensitivity to lower frequencies.Mammals employ different anatomical strategies in attainment of increased hearing efficiency and sensitivity. Efficiency is improved by adjustment of lever and areal ratios of the middle ear transformer to achieve an optimum impedance match of external air and cochlear fluids. Sensitivity over a broad frequency spectrum is attained by minimizing mass, stiffness, and frictional resistance of the transformer. The morphology of the auditory region of both living and fossil mammals seems explicable in terms of selection pressure directed toward these ends.
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    Announcement (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 164 (1980), S. 311-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051640307
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    Gross structure and function of the quadriceps femoris in Lemur fulvus: An analysis based on telemetered ElectromyographyForce plate data on a wide variety of nonhuman primates (Kimura et al., '79) indicate that, in comparison to other mammalian quadrupeds (e.g., cats), virtually all primates are somewhat hindlimb dominated; i.e., the vertical and propelling peak component of force is consistently larger in the hindlimb than in the forelimb. The forelimbs of those species examined tend to act primarily to brake the body. (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 164 (1980), S. 287-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Analysis based on telemetered electromyography from the quadriceps femoris of Lemur fulvus, a Malagasy prosimian, during walking, galloping, leaping, and a variety of postural behaviors partially confirms and partially contradicts earlier hypothesized functions of this musculoskeletal complex. As predicted on the basis of morphological criteria (large physiological cross-section and long parallel fibers), the vastus lateralis is of special functional significance in leaping. This relatively large muscle consistently initiates the leap and frequently undergoes a very long period of force enhancement via active stretch. By contrast, the vastus intermedius fails to exhibit increased electrical activity and undergoes little or no active stretch during jumps. The myological details of vastus intermedius (short fibers, no fusion with other components), therefore, cannot be accounted for as adaptations to leaping. Rather, a primary postural role is indicated for the vastus intermedius, because in normal resting postures, with the knee quite flexed, it alone is continuously active. The existence of a fibrocartilaginous superior patella in the tendon of vastus intermedius, however, is most plausibly related to the complex tensile and compressive stresses generated in the tendon during the completely hyperflexed phase of leaping.The phasic patterning of the quadriceps femoris of Lemur fulvus does not point to any special role of the vastus lateralis or vastus intermedius during walking and galloping; it does indicate very different patterns of muscle recruitment in comparison to those in nonprimate mammals and some anthropoid primates. The forward cross walk (diagonal sequence, diagonal couplets) of primates versus the backward cross gait (lateral sequence) of most other mammals probably accounts for some of these differences. Lemur fulvus lacks the degree of elastic storage and release of kinetic energy in the quadriceps femoris that characterizes the gallop of dogs, cats, and Erythrocebus patas.
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    Time-lapse cinemicrographic studies of cell motility during morphogenesis of the embryonic yolk sac of Fundulus heteroclitus (Pisces: Teleosti) (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 13-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The active motility of the cells of the yolk sac of the living Fundulus embryo was studied by time-lapse cinemicrography with phase contrast optics. In the teleost, the yolk sac lies peripheral to the body of the embryo proper and consists of a fluid-filled space bounded above by a superficial epithelium, the enveloping layer (EVL), and below by the yolk syncytial layer (YSL). The cell types treated in the present study are the enveloping layer epithelial cell, the stellate cell which lies in a layer flattened on the inner surface of the EVL, the epithelioid deep cell, the yolk sac amoebocyte, the yolk sac endothelial cell and the yolk sac melanoblast. The most actively motile cells examined in the present study are the yolk sac amebocyte and the melanoblast, which emigrates from the embryo proper at stages 19-21. The amoebocytes are compact rounded cells that move very rapidly by the extension of lamellipods with scalloped margins. The amoebocytes wander over the yolk sac in an apparently undirected fashion and invade the embryo proper when they happen to encounter it, moving between cells of the lateral mesoderm. The melanoblasts migrate by the gradual extension of elongated branching processes. Cells are sometimes monopodial, with movement being parallel to the long axis of the cell. Alternatively, movement may be perpendicular to the predominant long axis, with processes being extended alternatively from opposite ends of the cell obliquely forward, so the path described is a zig-zag to either side of the overall direction of movement. Although the melanoblasts show irregularity in their movement, the predominant direction of initial movement is away from the embryo proper. The major yolk sac blood vessels form in situ by the collective activities of presumptive endothelial cells that enclose volumes of the yolk sac space with sheet-like processes from the cell body and from the extensions that connect cells into networks.
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