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  • Articles  (1,025)
  • Springer  (1,025)
  • American Chemical Society (ACS)
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  • 1980-1984  (1,025)
  • Philosophy  (1,025)
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  • Articles  (1,025)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 19-43 
    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The class Matr(C) of all matrices for a prepositional logic (ℒ, C) is investigated. The paper contains general results with no special reference to particular logics. The main theorem (Th. (5.1)) which gives the algebraic characterization of the class Matr(C) states the following. Assume C to be the consequence operation on a prepositional language induced by a class K of matrices. Let m be a regular cardinal not less than the cardinality of C. Then Matr (C) is the least class of matrices containing K and closed under m-reduced products, submatrices, matrix homomorphisms, and matrix homomorphic counter-images.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 99-99 
    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
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  • 3
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 125-141 
    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In the modal literature various notions of “completeness” have been studied for normal modal logics. Four of these are defined here, viz. (plain) completeness, first-order completeness, canonicity and possession of the finite model property — and their connections are studied. Up to one important exception, all possible inclusion relations are either proved or disproved. Hopefully, this helps to establish some order in the jungle of concepts concerning modal logics. In the course of the exposition, the interesting properties of first-order definability and preservation under ultrafilter extensions are introduced and studied as well.
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  • 4
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 237-243 
    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract G is the result of adjoining the schema □ (□qA→A)→□qA to K; the axioms of G* are the theorems of G and the instances of the schema □qA→A and the sole rule of G* is modus ponens. A sentence is ω-provable if it is provable in P(eano) A(rithmetic) by one application of the ω-rule; equivalently, if its negation is ω-inconsistent in PA. Let ω-Bew(x) be the natural formalization of the notion of ω-provability. For any modal sentence A and function ϕ mapping sentence letters to sentences of PA, inductively define A ωϕ by: p ωϕ = ϕ(p) (p a sentence letter); ⊥ωϕ= ⊥; (A→B)suωϕ}= (A ωϕ→Bωϕ); and (□qA)ωϕ= ω-Bew(⌜A ωϕ⌝)(⌜S⌝) is the numeral for the Gödel number of the sentence S). Then, applying techniques of Solovay (Israel Journal of Mathematics 25, pp. 287–304), we prove that for every modal sentence A,⊢ G A iff for all ϕ, ⊢ PA A ωϕ; and for every modal sentence A, ⊢ G* A iff for all ϕ, A ωϕ is true.
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  • 5
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    Springer
    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 297-310 
    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Model-theoretic methods are used to extend Craig's Interpolation Theorem to the loop-free portion of Pratt's dynamic logic of programs with simple assignments.
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  • 6
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    Springer
    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 375-379 
    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Using ideas from Murskii [3], Tokarz [4] and Wroński [7] we construct some strongly finite consequence operation having 2%0 standard strengthenings. In this way we give the affirmative answer to the following question, stated in Tokarz [4]: are there strongly finite logics with the degree of maximality greater than ℵ0?
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 415-423 
    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract LetN. be the set of all natural numbers (except zero), and letD n * = {k ∈N ∶k|n} ∪ {0} wherek¦n if and only ifn=k.x f or somex∈N. Then, an ordered setD n * = 〈D n * , ⩽ n , wherex⩽ ny iffx¦y for anyx, y∈D n * , can easily be seen to be a pseudo-boolean algebra. In [5], V.A. Jankov has proved that the class of algebras {D n * ∶n∈B}, whereB =,{k ∈N∶ ⌉ $$\mathop \exists \limits_{n \in N} $$ (n 〉 1 ≧n 2 k)is finitely axiomatizable. The present paper aims at showing that the class of all algebras {D n * ∶n∈B} is also finitely axiomatizable. First, we prove that an intermediate logic defined as follows: $$LD = Cn(INT \cup \{ p_3 \vee [p_3 \to (p_1 \to p_2 ) \vee (p_2 \to p_1 )]\} )$$ finitely approximatizable. Then, defining, after Kripke, a model as a non-empty ordered setH = 〈K, ⩽〉, and making use of the set of formulas true in this model, we show that any finite strongly compact pseudo-boolean algebra ℬ is identical with. the set of formulas true in the Kripke modelH B = 〈P(ℬ), ⊂〉 (whereP(ℬ) stands for the family of all prime filters in the algebra ℬ). Furthermore, the concept of a structure of divisors is defined, and the structure is shown to beH D n * = 〈P (D n * ), ⊂〉for anyn∈N. Finally, it is proved that for any strongly compact pseudo-boolean algebraU satisfying the axiomp 3∨ [p 3→(p1→p2)∨(p2→p1)] there is a structure of divisorsD * n such that it is possible to define a strong homomorphism froomiH D n * ontoH D U . Exploiting, among others, this property, it turns out to be relatively easy to show that $$LD = \mathop \cap \limits_{n \in N} E(\mathfrak{D}_n^* )$$ .
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  • 8
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    Springer
    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. 55-66 
    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The intuitionistic consequence operation restricted to the language with ↔ (equivalence) and ∼ (negation) as the only connectives is axiomatized by means of a finite set of sequential rules of inference.
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  • 9
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    Springer
    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. 39-54 
    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Medvedev's intermediate logic (MV) can be defined by means of Kripke semantics as the family of Kripke frames given by finite Boolean algebras without units as partially ordered sets. The aim of this paper is to present a proof of the theorem: For every set of connectivesΦ such that $$\{ \to , \vee , \urcorner \} \not \subseteq \Phi \subseteq \{ \to , \wedge , \urcorner \} $$ theΦ-fragment ofMV equals theΦ fragment of intuitionistic logic. The final part of the paper brings the negative solution to the problem set forth by T. Hosoi and H. Ono, namely: is an intermediate logic based on the axiom (⌝a→b∨c) →(⌉a→b)∨(⌝a → c) separable?
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  • 10
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    Springer
    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. 99-102 
    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Some people approve of certain general rules of behavior, or some concrete cases. The others disapprove of or are indifferent to them. In this paper I suggest an axiom system which formalizes the use of these utterances. It may be considered as a special (“individualistic”) approach to deontic logic.
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