ALBERT

Description: Dieser Band enthält 72 Beiträge zu Themengebieten der Physik der festen Erde, des magnetischen und elektrischen Felds der Erde, der Physik der Atmosphäre sowie der Angewandten Geophysik, veröffentlicht durch die Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft in den Jahren 1928.

Description: 〈html〉 〈body〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0004.pdf"〉Titelseite〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0005.pdf"〉Gezeitenerscheinungen in der Atmosphäre〈/a〉〈br〉(Bartels, J.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0006.pdf"〉Erdmagnetische Säkularvariation und die Orientation alter Kultbauwerke〈/a〉〈br〉(Wehner, H.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0007.pdf"〉Über die Tiefenwirkung bei geoelektrischen Potentiallinienmethoden〈/a〉〈br〉(Hummel, J. N.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0008.pdf"〉Überblick über den Gang der magnetischen Vermessung der Ostsee〈/a〉〈br〉(v. Gernet, A.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0009.pdf"〉Die Wirkung der Kontinente und Ozeane auf die Differenz 〈i〉B – A〈/i〉 der Hauptträgheitsmomente der Erde im Äquator〈/a〉〈br〉(Gutenberg, B.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0011.pdf"〉Bemerkungen zu H. v. Iherings Kritik der Theorien der Kontinentverschiebungen und der Polwanderungen〈/a〉〈br〉(Wegener, A.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0012.pdf"〉Berichtigung〈/a〉〈br〉(Jung, K.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0013.pdf"〉Illustration〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0014.pdf"〉Über die Polhöhenschwankungen infolge der Lorentz-Kontraktion der Erde〈/a〉〈br〉(Courvoisier, L.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0015.pdf"〉Zum Uhrvergleich auf drahtlosem Wege nach der Koinzidenzhörmethode〈/a〉〈br〉(Martin, H.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0016.pdf"〉Physikalische Grundlagen einer neuen geoelektrischen Aufschlußmethode〈/a〉〈br〉(Hummel, J. N.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0017.pdf"〉Untersuchung der Potentialverteilung für einen speziellen Fall im Hinblick auf geoelektrische Potentiallinienverfahren〈/a〉〈br〉(Hummel, J. N.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0018.pdf"〉Mächtigkeitsbestimmung von Deckschichten über Spalten durch Radioaktivitätsmessungen〈/a〉〈br〉(Koenigsberger, J.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0019.pdf"〉Zur Frage der regionalen, magnetischen Anomalien Deutschlands, insbesondere derjenigen Norddeutschlands〈/a〉〈br〉(Reich, H.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0021.pdf"〉Untersuchungen über die seismische Bodenunruhe kurzer Periode〈/a〉〈br〉(Schneider, W.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0022.pdf"〉Zur Theorie elektrischer Bodenforschung〈/a〉〈br〉(Heine, W.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0023.pdf"〉Emil Wiechert †〈/a〉〈br〉(Angenheister, G.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0024.pdf"〉Die topographische Reduktion bei Drehwagenbeobachtungen〈/a〉〈br〉(Numerov, B.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0025.pdf"〉Angewandte Seismik (Zusammenfassender Bericht über Arbeiten von 1921 bis 1928)〈/a〉〈br〉(v. Schmidt, O.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0027.pdf"〉Le problème des microséismes à groupes〈/a〉〈br〉(Gherzi, E.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0028.pdf"〉Zur Empfindlichkeitsbestimmung von magnetischen Variometern und zur Eichung der magnetischen Felder von Spulen〈/a〉〈br〉(Koenigsberger, J.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0029.pdf"〉Die Schrumpfungsgeschwindigkeit des Erdradius aus astronomischen Beobachtungen〈/a〉〈br〉(Meyermann, B.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0030.pdf"〉Über eine Verbindung zwischen den mondentägigen und den sonnentägigen Variationen der magnetischen Deklination〈/a〉〈br〉(Egedal, J.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0031.pdf"〉Die Zone der anormalen Hörbarkeit im kleinen〈/a〉〈br〉(Hiller, W.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0032.pdf"〉Mitteilungen〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0033.pdf"〉Ein graphisches Verfahren für Drehwagenmessungen zur Berechnung der Geländewirkung und der Wirkung beliebig gestalteter Massenkörper〈/a〉〈br〉(Haalck, H.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0035.pdf"〉Beiträge zur geoelektrischen Methode〈/a〉〈br〉(Hummel, J. N.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0036.pdf"〉Zum Uhrvergleich auf drahtlosem Wege nach der Koinzidenzhörmethode〈/a〉〈br〉(Mahnkopf, H.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0037.pdf"〉Berichtigung〈/a〉〈br〉(Meyermann, B.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0038.pdf"〉Zur Frage nach der Ursache von lokalen gravimetrischen und erdmagnetischen Störungen und ihre wechselseitigen Beziehungen〈/a〉〈br〉(Haalck, H.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0040.pdf"〉Gemeinschaftliche Arbeit zwischen Seismologen und Baufachmann zur Verringerung von Erdbebenschäden〈/a〉〈br〉(Briske, R.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0042.pdf"〉Feldapparatur zur Registrierung von Zeitzeichen〈/a〉〈br〉(Köhler, R.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0043.pdf"〉Über die Schmidtsche Methode der Bestimmung der Parameter von Stabmagneten〈/a〉〈br〉(Bock, R.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0046.pdf"〉Referate der Vorträge auf der Tagung der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft in Hamburg vom 19. bis 21. September 1928〈/a〉〈br〉(Koenigsberger, J.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0048.pdf"〉Die Seismizität der Ozeane und Kontinente〈/a〉〈br〉(Tams, E.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0049.pdf"〉Bodenunruhe durch Brandung und durch Frost〈/a〉〈br〉(Gutenberg, B.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0050.pdf"〉Beitrag zur Schallausbreitung in der Atmospähre〈/a〉〈br〉(Kölzer, J.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0051.pdf"〉Das Magnetfeld einer elektrischen Strömung im anisotropen leitenden Halbraum〈/a〉〈br〉(Müller, M.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0052.pdf"〉Die geführten elastischen Zweimittel-Wellen〈/a〉〈br〉(Uller, K.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0053.pdf"〉Vom Jahre 1922 an im südlichen Norwegen aufgenommene Nordlichtphotogramme〈/a〉〈br〉(Störmer, C.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0055.pdf"〉Zur Frage nach der Ursache von lokalen gravimetrischen und erdmagnetischen Störungen und ihre wechselseitigen Beziehungen〈/a〉〈br〉(Haalck, H.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0057.pdf"〉Vorträge, gehalten auf der Tagung der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft vom 19. bis 21. September 1928〈/a〉〈br〉(Seilkopf, H.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0060.pdf"〉Statistische Mechanik der Atmosphäre〈/a〉〈br〉(Baur, F.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0061.pdf"〉Das Schwadorfer Beben vom 8. Oktober 1927〈/a〉〈br〉(Conrad, V.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0062.pdf"〉Das Periodogramm der internationalen erdmagnetischen Charakterzahlen〈/a〉〈br〉(Wenzel Pollak, L.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0064.pdf"〉Der Stand der erdmagnetischen Forschung〈/a〉〈br〉(Schmidt, A.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0065.pdf"〉Magnetische Anomalien im westlichen Mecklenburg〈/a〉〈br〉(Schuh, F.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0066.pdf"〉Bemerkungen zur numerischen und graphischen Behandlung der Krümmungsgröße〈/a〉〈br〉(Jung, K.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0067.pdf"〉Der Wasserhaushalt der Antarktis in der Eiszeit〈/a〉〈br〉(Meinardus, W.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0068.pdf"〉Übersicht über Neuerscheinungen〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0069.pdf"〉Vortrage, gehalten auf der Tagung der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft vom 19. bis 21. September 1928〈/a〉〈br〉(Tams, E.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0071.pdf"〉Über kartographische Darstellung der Seismizität〈/a〉〈br〉(Renquist, H.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0072.pdf"〉Ergebnisse von Pilotaufstiegen im Gebiete von Island〈/a〉〈br〉(Georgi, J.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0073.pdf"〉Referat über die Polarfront- und Äquatorialfronttheorien〈/a〉〈br〉(Stüve, G.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0074.pdf"〉Die Messung der Horizontal- und der Vertikalintensität mit dem Magnetron〈/a〉〈br〉(Rössiger, M.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0075.pdf"〉Untersuchungen über die lokalen Schwankungen des Erdpotentials〈/a〉〈br〉(Stoppel, R.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0076.pdf"〉Klima und Klimatafel von Hamburg〈/a〉〈br〉(Perlewitz, P.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0077.pdf"〉Neue Ergebnisse über die Struktur des Windes (Vorläufige Mitteilung)〈/a〉〈br〉(Schmidt, W.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0079.pdf"〉Lokale und regionale magnetische Anomalien in Schleswig-Holstein〈/a〉〈br〉(Reich, H.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0080.pdf"〉Die optische Station in Simferopol〈/a〉〈br〉(Tichanowsky, J.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0081.pdf"〉Das Strömungssystem der Luft über dem tropischen Atlantischen Ozean nach den Höhenwindmessungen der Meteor-Expedition〈/a〉〈br〉(Kuhlbrodt, E.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0082.pdf"〉Ergebnisse und Aufgaben der meteorologischen Strahlungsmessungen〈/a〉〈br〉(Süring, R.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0083.pdf"〉Ergebnisse von Drehwaagemessungen in Schlewig-Holstein〈/a〉〈br〉(Jung, K.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0085.pdf"〉Aufsätze〈/a〉〈br〉(Lotze, F., Brockamp, B., Haalck, H., Myrbach, O., Whipple, Cabannes, J., Dufay, J., Gherzi, E., Pochettino, A., Rostagni, A.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0096.pdf"〉Mitteilungen〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0097.pdf"〉Autorenverzeichnis〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0098.pdf"〉Sachverzeichnis〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0099.pdf"〉Literaturverzeichnis〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0100.pdf"〉Geophysikalische Berichte〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0004/LOG_0101.pdf"〉Register der Goephysikalische Berichte〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈/body〉 〈/html〉

Description: research

Description: DGG, DFG, SUB Göttingen

Description: Rekonstruktion der Klimadaten anhand historischer Aufzeichnungen über phänologische Daten (Tagebücher), Zehntzahlungen und Lohnzahlungne an Tagelöhner von landwirtschaftlichen Erträgen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:

Description: Der Autor nennt die in diesem Jahre auffällig gewordenen Pflanzenkrankheiten bzw. -schädlinge (z.B. Weißährigkeit, Gelbrost, Streifenkrankheit) an verschiedenen Kulturpflanzen (hauptsächlich im Ackerbau) und bringt diese mit klimatischen und nicht-klimatischen Faktoren in Zusammenhang. Vor allem wird die ausserordentliche Feuchte des ersten Halbjahres als Ursache genannt. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:

Description: Zusammenhang zwischen Klima, Klimaschwankung und Auswirkung des Wetters auf die jährliche Entwicklung der Vegetation im Norden Europas, Auswertung von phänologischen Daten langer Zeitreihen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:

Description: Der Autor beschreibt den Fortschritt eigener Laborversuche zum Einfluß der Luftfeuchtigkeit auf die Perithecienbildung des Mehltaupilzes Erysiphe cichoraceum D.C. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: hohe Luftfeuchtigkeit begünstigt die Keimung der Konidien und den Befall; Trockenes Wetter begünstigt die weitere Entwicklung des Mehltaus KATASTER-DETAIL:

Description: Aufarbeitung des Verlaufs der Temperatur und des Wachstums von verschiedenen wilden und kultivierten Bäumen und anderen Pflanzen an wilden, abgelegenen Orten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:

Description: Untersuchung zur Beziehung zwischen Witterungsfaktoren und Ernteerträgen in verschiedenen Untersuchungsgebieten mittels Rangordnungsdifferenzen. Betrachtet wurden die Erträge von Roggen, Winterweizen, Sommergerste, Hafer, Sommerweizen, Zuckerrübe, Kartoffel und Erbse KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Niederschlag, Temperatur, Sonnenschein) auf die Erträge KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied (Oktober bis März) -, dann Erträge (Roggen) +; Delta Nied (Januar) -, dann Erträge (Roggen) ++; Delta Nied (Februar) +, dann Erträge (Roggen) +; Delta Nied (Mai) +, dann Erträge (Roggen) +; Delta Nied (Mai) 〉 1,5x Mittel, dann Erträge -; Delta Sonn (Mai, im Bezirk Köthen) +, dann Erträge (Roggen) -; Delta Nied (Januar, März, April) -, dann Erträge (Sommergerste) +; Delta Nied (Februar, Mai bis Ernte) +, dann Erträge (Sommergerste) +; Delta Nied (Mai) +, dann Erträge (Sommergerste) ++; Köthen (Nied 15-30mm im März), (Delta T- im April/Juni, besonders im Mai), dann Winterweizenertrag++ (weitere Informationen zu den weiteren landwirtschaftlicher Kulturpflanzen und Regionen: siehe Artikel)

Description: Einfluss der Temperatur auf die Flora und ihre Verteilung in Deutschland KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:

Description: Zusammenhang Klima, Witterung und Ertrag von Gräsern und Klee KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:

Description: Einfluss von Temperatur und Niederschlag auf die Vegetation KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:

Description: Der Autor äußert die Vermutung, daß strenge Winter den Rostbefall vermindern und erwähnt das starke Befallsjahr 1926. Er klagt über ein noch zu geringes Wissen über die beeinflussenden Klimafaktoren. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:

Description: Diskussion über die Geschichte, Entwicklung und Anwendbarkeit von phänologischen Studien, Zusammenfassung, teilweise Details über den Einfluss der Sorte, der Düngung, des Bodens, Klimas, Längengrades, Krankheiten und anderer Faktoren auf die Erträge von Winterroggen in Bayern KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:

Description: Beobachtungen zum Auftreten der gelben Halmfliege in Schleswig-Holstein und deren Auswirkungen auf bestimmte Getreidearten (Sommerweizen und Sommergerste) KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung auf das Auftreten der Fliege KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied +, dann Sommerflug -

Description: Schilderung des Rostbefalls (insbesondere Gelbrost)in der Region Kassel im Jahre 1926. Der Autor beklagt das bisher fehlende Wissen der Wissenschaftler und präsentiert eine Umfrage unter Landwirten zu den Einflußfaktoren (u.a. klimatische) auf den Rostbefall. Zudem werden Vorbeugungsmaßnahmen vorgestellt. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:

Description: Beobachtungen zu den Auswirkungen der Witterung im Jahr 1926 auf Getreide, Futterpflanzen und Kartoffeln sowie ihrer Schädigungen durch verschiedene Schaderreger, wie z.B. Roste, Fusarien, Phytophthora, etc. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur, Niederschlag, Sonnenschein) auf den Ertrag KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Februar) +, dann Auswinterungsschäden +; Delta T (März, April) + und Delta Nied (März) +, dann Entwicklung + (früher); Delta T (Mai, Juni) -: T 〈 0 °C (Frost), dann Kälteschäden +; Delta Sonn (Juni, Juli) -, dann Entwicklung -; Delta T (Frühjahr) +, dann Ertrag (Wintergetreide - außer Winterroggen) +; Delta T (Mai) - : T 〈 0 °C, dann Wachstum (Winterweizen) - und Auftreten von Gelbrost +, dadurch Ertrag (Winterweizen) -; Delta T(Frühjahr) +, dann Saat + (früher) und Entwicklung +, dadurch Ertrag (Sommergetreide) +; Delta Nied (Sommer) +, dann Entwicklung (Rüben) +; Delta Nied (Sommer) + und Delta T (Sommer) -, dann Entwicklung (Pferdebohnen) -; Delta Nied (Sommer) + und Delta T (Sommer) -, dann Entwicklung (Kartoffeln) -;

Description: Beschreibung der Niederschläge von 66 Stationen während der Vegetationszeit (April-September), Bestimmung der Dürremonate im Rahmen der vom Deutschen Ausschuß für Kulturbauwesen in Auftrag gegebene Untersuchungen auch für alle anderen Regionen Deutschlands KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Wahrscheinlichste Häufigkeit von nassen Monaten an der Küste und im Südwesten Preußens am geringsten, größte Häufikeit von hintereinanderfolgenden Dürremonaten im Küstenland mit Niederschlägen 〈 50mm pro Monat KATASTER-DETAIL:

Description: Zusammenhang zwischen Weizenqualität und den klimatischen Verhältnissen, Schwerpunkt auf die Physiologie des Samens und Qualität (Backfähigkeit) KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:

Description: Beziehung zwischen Witterung (unterteilt in einzelne Monate) und Ertragshöhe mithilfe der Rangordnungs- und der Korrelationsmethode KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur, Niederschlag, Sonnenscheindauer) auf den Ertrag von Winterweizen, Sommerweizen, Sommergerste, Wintergerste, Hafer und Runkelrüben auf dem Versuchsfeld (wasserundurchlässiger Boden) KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Sonn (Oktober bis November)+, dann Erträge (Winterweizen) +; Delta Sonn (Dezember bis März)+, dann Erträge (Winterweizen) -; Delta Sonn (April) -, dann Erträge (Winterweizen) +; Delta Nied (April) +, dann Erträge (Winterweizen) +; Delta Nied (Mai, Juni und Juli) -, dann Erträge (Winterweizen) +; Delta Nied (August bis Oktober) +, dann Erträge (Winterweizen) +; Delta T (April) -, dann Erträge (Winterweizen) +; (Details sowie Informationen für Sommerweizen, Sommergerste, Wintergerste, Hafer und Runkelrüben siehe Artikel)

Description: Angabe von Niederschlagsmengen und Durchschnittstemperaturen für das ökologische Optimum bestimmter Sorten, kritische Zeiten (vor und nach der Blüte) sind hierfür entscheidend KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss von Wasser und Wärme, bzw. Niederschlag und Temperatur auf den Ertrag KATASTER-DETAIL: Roggen, Weizen: Delta Nied (Beginn Blütezeit)-, dann Ertrag +; Hafer, Gerste, Kartoffel: Delta T (Beginn der Blüte) -, dann Ertrag +; Bohne: Delta T (gesamte Wachstumszeit)+ und Delta Nied (gesamte Wachstumszeit) +, dann Ertrag +

Description: Beschreibung der Schäden und Erscheinungsformen des Weizenhalmtöters und der Weizenhalmfliege im Jahre 1926 in Sachsen. Nur bedingte Verknüpfung mit klimatischen Parametern. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:

Description: Beobachtungen zum Gelbrostbefall von Weizen, Roggen und Gerste KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: - KATASTER-DETAIL: -

Description: Beziehung zwischen Klima, Boden und Ertragsfähigkeit allgemein KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:

Description: The terrain analysis software package was restructured and documentation was added. A program was written to test Johnson Space Center's four band scatterometer data for spurious signals data. A catalog of terrain roughness statistics and calibrated four frequency multipolarization scatterometer data is being published to support the maintenance of Death Valley as a radar backscatter calibration test site for all future airborne and spacecraft missions. Test pits were dug through sand covered terrains in the Eastern Sahara to define the depth and character of subsurface interfaces responsible for either backscatter or specular response in SIR-A imagery. Blocky sandstone bedrock surfaces at about 1 m depth were responsible for the brightest SIR-A returns. Irregular very dense CaCO3 cemented sand interfaces were responsible for intermediate grey tones. Ancient river valleys had the weakest response. Reexamination of SEASAT l-band imagery of U.S. deserts continues.

Description: The new NASA Deep Space Network (DSN) 34-m-diameter azimuth-elevation (Az-El) antenna structure is an example of an essentially computer-automated design. In addition to pivotal comptuer Lagrange multiplier design optimization software, much of the associated pre- and post-processing was also performed by computer. The construction of one of these antennas at Goldstone, California, is well advanced and will be completed this summer. A second installation is in progress in Australia. Both atennas will be used primarily for spacecraft tracking and will operate in the 8.5-GHz, 3.5-cm (1.4-in.) wavelength microwave frequency.

Description: The physical characteristics of speech, the methods of speech masking measurement, and the effects of noise on speech communication are investigated. Topics include the speech signal and intelligibility, the effects of noise on intelligibility, the articulation index, and various devices for evaluating speech systems.

Description: To establish confidence in its overall performance, credible information on the synthetic aperture radar antenna's mechanical properties in orbit must be obtained. However, the antenna's size, design, and operating environment make it difficult to simulate operating conditions under 1-g Earth conditions. The Space Technology Experiments Platform (STEP) offers a timely opportunity to mechanically qualify and characterize the antenna design in a representative environment. The proposed experimental configuration would employ a half-system of the full-scale RADARSAT antenna which would be mounted on the STEP platform in the orbiter cargo bay such that it could be deployed and retracted in orbit (as shown in this figure). The antenna would be subjected to typical environmental exposures while an array of targets and sensors on the antenna support structure and reflecting surface are observed and monitored. In particular, the typical environments would include deployment and retraction, dynamic response to vehicle thruster or base exciter inputs, and thermal soak and transient effects upon entering or exiting Earth eclipse. The proposed experiment would also provide generic information on the properties of large space structures in space and on techniques to obtain the desired information.

Description: The internal response (electromagnetic fields and cable responses) of tactical shelters is addressed. Tactical shelters are usually well-shielded systems. Apart from penetrations by signal and power lines, the main leakage paths to the interior are via seams and the environment control unit (ECU) honeycomb filter. The time domain in three-dimensional finite-difference technique is employed to determine the external and internal coupling to a shelter excited by nuclear electromagnetic pulses (NEMP) and attached lightning. The responses of interest are the internal electromagnetic fields and the voltage, current, power, and energy coupled to internal cables. Leakage through the seams and ECU filter is accomplished by their transfer impedances which relate internal electric fields to external current densities. Transfer impedances which were experimentally measured are used in the analysis. The internal numerical results are favorably compared to actual shelter test data under simulated NEMP illumination.

Description: An approach to predict the susceptibility of digital systems to signal disturbances is described. Electrical disturbances on a digital system's input and output lines can be induced by activities and conditions including static electricity, lightning discharge, electromagnetic interference (EMI), and electromagnetic pulsation (EMP). The electrical signal disturbances employed for the susceptibility study were limited to nondestructive levels, i.e., the system does not sustain partial or total physical damage and reset and/or reload brings the system to an operational status. The front-end transition from the electrical disturbances to the equivalent digital signals was accomplished by computer-aided circuit analysis. The super-sceptre (system for circuit evaluation of transient radiation effects) programs was used. Gate models were developed according to manufacturers' performance specifications and parameters resulting from construction processes characteristic of the technology. Digital simulation at the gate and functional level was employed to determine the impact of the abnormal signals on system performance and to study the propagation characteristics of these signals through the system architecture. Example results are included for an Intel 8080 processor configuration.

Description: A numerical modeling technique is utilized to investigate the response of a UH-60A helicopter to both lightning and nuclear electromagnetic pulses (NEMP). The analytical approach involves the three-dimensional time domain finite-difference solutions of Maxwell's equations. Both the external currents and charges as well as the internal electromagnetic fields and cable responses are computed. Results of the analysis indicate that, in general, the short circuit current on internal cables is larger for lightning, whereas the open-circuit voltages are slightly higher for NEMP. The lightning response is highly dependent upon the rise time of the injected current as was expected. The analysis shows that a coupling levels to cables in a helicopter are 20 to 30 dB larger than those observed in fixed-wing aircraft.

Description: Advanced composite aircraft designs include fault-tolerant computer-based digital control systems with thigh reliability requirements for adverse as well as optimum operating environments. Since aircraft penetrate intense electromagnetic fields during thunderstorms, onboard computer systems maya be subjected to field-induced transient voltages and currents resulting in functional error modes which are collectively referred to as digital system upset. A methodology was developed for assessing the upset susceptibility of a computer system onboard an aircraft flying through a lightning environment. Upset error modes in a general-purpose microprocessor were studied via tests which involved the random input of analog transients which model lightning-induced signals onto interface lines of an 8080-based microcomputer from which upset error data were recorded. The application of Markov modeling to upset susceptibility estimation is discussed and a stochastic model development.

Description: Prediction methods and related propagation results for the evaluation of Earth-space communication paths operating above 10 GHz are presented. Gaseous attenuation, rain, cloud, fog, sand, and dust attenuation, path diversity, signal fluctuations and low angle fading, depolarization effects, bandwidth coherence, and sky noise are considered.

Description: The description and measurement of the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of rain and rain systems are discussed. The statistical relationships of these characteristics and their effect on polarization and attenuation are considered. Macroscopic characteristics include the size, distribution, and movements of rain cells, the height of melting layers, and the presence of ice crystals. Microscopic characteristics include the size distribution, density, and oblateness of rain drops and ice crystals. The estimation of a major propagation effect, specific attenuation, is described.

Description: Existing data bases accumulated as the result of experiments to gather propagation data on millimeter wave Earth-space links are described. The satellites used are described and results of the significant experiments conducted in the United States are summarized. The data bases consist primarily of cumulative attenuation statistics, though some depolarization measurements are included. Additional summaries of propagation data are cited.

Description: In the Solar Power Satellite system, the antenna's misalignment will produce well defined grating lobes. These gratings lobe peaks occur every 440 km and are potentially hazardous to the environment. One way to suppress these peaks is to phase control every power module. The cost due to the increase in receiving electronics and processors, however, could prove to be prohibitive. A new design of the antenna involving the addition of two broad gaps, one along the x axis and another along the y axis is proposed. The gap distance is exactly one half of the distance between the center of two neighboring subarrays. Calculation of far field radiation patterns shows that the design reduces grating lobe peaks without sacrificing power in the main lobe.

Description: The key features of the Rice-Holmberg, Dutton-Dougherty, Global, Lin, and Piecewise Uniform Rain Rate models for estimation of cumulative attenuation statistics on Earth-space millimeter paths are summarized. The models provide either rain rate statistics or attenuation statistics, which can be related by use of the specific attenuation and the effective path length relation. The effective path length is defined. The advantages and disadvantages of each model for specific applications are discussed. The Global model is recommended as the design tool for predicting propagation effects in Earth-space communication systems.

Description: The corresponding between a given propagation phenomenon and system performance is considered. Propagation data are related to system performance parameters, allowing the systems engineer to perform the analyses determining how well requirements are met by a given system design, and enabling the systems engineer to modify that design if necessary. The various ways of specifying performance criteria for different kinds of systems are discussed, and a general procedure for system design is presented and demonstrated.

Description: Sources of depolarization effects on the propagation paths of orthogonally-polarized information channels are considered. The main sources of depolarization at millimeter wave frequencies are hydrometeor absorption and scattering in the troposphere. Terms are defined. Mathematical formulations for the effects of the propagation medium characteristics and antenna performance on signals in dual polarization Earth-space links are presented. Techniques for modeling rain and ice depolarization are discussed.

Description: Real-time acousto-optic SAR processors are described and experimentally demonstrated. SAR imaging is performed in one of the architectures by applying the signal to an acousto-optic device and correlating it with chirp signals recorded on an optical transparency by time integration on a CCD detector. In a different implementation, the imaging is preformed by interfering the light beams diffracted from two separate acousto-optic devices, one modulated the radar signal and the second by the reference chirp waveform.

Description: An antenna with rigid panels which can be measured under ground conditions, carried to space in a packaged condition, deployed into a form similar to the Earth-measured one, measured under space conditions, restowed, and brought back to Earth so that the original measurements can be verified is the type being proposed for this experiment. The antenna chosen will be measured under ground conditions, carried aloft, deployed into its antenna shape, lifted by the remote manipulator system to a position where it can be sighted by two astronauts at the two theodolites, and held there until the surface characterization can be completed. An alternate method would be to use photogrammetry and take pictures of the surface from the payload handling station. After the surface characterization is completed, the antenna will be folded and restowed into the Shuttle bay for return to Earth. The surface characterization will be repeated on Earth after its return for verification both of the original measurement taken on Earth and the measurement taken in space.

Description: As an interim step in going to the 100-meter reflector that was evaluated, a 5-meter reflector is proposed to test the electrostatic concept under space conditions. Some of the issues which require the space environment for evaluation are the following questions: Can deployment of a box ring structure with a thin film reflector attached be manually deployed? In the absence of humidity, can a 0.3-mil aluminized Kapton film reflector be formed by the electrostatic process suitable for antenna applications? Can the photogrammetric process be used to evaluate the reflector surface with pictures taken from the payload handling station? Can the space charging effect be evaluated with the 5-meter reflector attached to the Shuttle? Does the outgassing of moisture from 0.3-mil Kapton film affect its reflector capability? A box ring truss support structure and an automatic sequence deployment system are discussed.

Description: Kapton polyimide film was selected as the baseline material for the Grumman spce based radar (SBR) concept. To gain the requisite confidence for long-term service durability, it is desirable to subject material specimens as well as a portion of the SBR antenna directly to the combined space environment and compare property degradation to that caused by laboratory simulation. The overall objective of this program is to evauate the effect of the space environment on polymeric materials currently being considered for the Grumman SBR Phased-Array Antenna. Degradation mechanisms caused by thermal cycling, ultraviolet and charged-particle irradiation, applied load, and high-voltage plasma interaction will be evaluated. The experiment occupies a 6-in.-deep end corner tray located on the space end of the Long Duration Exposure Facility and consists of both passive and active parts. The passive part addresses the effect of environment and stress on the dimensional stability spliced and continuous Kapton, both plain and reinforced. The active part will study the interaction of high voltage and low-Earth-orbit plasma.

Description: A new tropospheric mapping function is derived which is more accurate than previous mapping functions above elevations of 4 deg. The error due to the given analytic aproximation is estimated to be less than 0.2 percent for elevation angles larger than 6 deg (less than 0.4 cm at 6 deg). The mathematical expansion used in the derivation is valid for any laterally homogeneous atmospheric model of refractivity. The new mapping function, computer-generated ray tracing tables, and other mapping functions are compared.

Description: Link margin estimates are calculated for 30/20 GHz satellite communication systems employing closely-spaced (4 to 100 km) 'dual diversity' switched ground sites. The link margin estimates are based on a new analysis in which the bivariate rain attenuation density function for two correlated ground sites is modelled by an exponential density function. The results of the exponential density function analysis enable derivation of a direct relation between rain margin estimates and probability of exceedance (link availability). Margins typically in the range 2 to 12 dB are calculated for various ground site separations and summarized for seven city locations and five satellite orbit positions over the U.S. The results can be easily extended to other EHF satellite frequencies and other locations.

Description: It is shown that, for convolutionally coded transmission over bandwidth-constrained channels, a mere reversal of the switching direction at the encoder output produces a change in the system bit error probability performance. This change is significant when the Viterbi demodulator/decoder is matched to the total channel memory and is more significant for linear channels than for nonlinear ones. The reversal of switching direction is a simple demonstration of the fact that the well-known optimum codes for the linear AGWN channel are no longer necessarily optimum for a bandwidth-constrained channel with or without the addition of channel nonlinearity. It is concluded that potentially significant performance improvement can be obtained by matching the encoder (through the appropriate choice of tap weights and modulo-2 summers) to the channel in addition to matching the demodulator/decoder to the channel for a given encoder.

Description: Minimum shift keying with Gaussian shaped transmit pulses is a strong candidate for a modulation technique that satisfies the stringent out-of-band radiated power requirements of the mobil radio application. Numerous studies and field experiments have been conducted by the Japanese on urban and suburban mobile radio channels with systems employing Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK) transmission and differentially coherent reception. A comprehensive analytical treatment is presented of the performance of such systems emphasizing the important trade-offs among the various system design parameters such as transmit and receiver filter bandwidths and detection threshold level. It is shown that two-bit differential detection of GMSK is capable of offering far superior performance to the more conventional one-bit detection method both in the presence of an additive Gaussian noise background and Rician fading.

Description: The paper computes direct detection laser communications receiver performance when using avalanche photodiode (APD) detectors. The performances are compared in terms of bit error probability vs average signal required per bit when the transmitter uses either on-off keying (OOK) or low-order PPM formats. It is shown that QPPM requires 3 dB less signal than OOK, while BPPM requires the same or slightly more than OOK for the same performance. Optimum APD gain values range from 200 to 400. When using QPPM, k(eff) = 0.006, and optimum gain, 60 signal counts/bit are required at 500 Mbits/s for a 0.000001 bit error probability. It is concluded that QPPM may be an attractive signaling format for some fiber or free space laser communication applications.

Description: Current development activities at JPL for ground mobile vehicle antennas to be used with the Land Mobile Satellite Service (LMSS) system are described. Both low gain and electronically steerable high gain type antennas are discussed in terms of their design concept and RF performance. For the low gain type, three classes of antennas are under various stages of development. These are the crossed-drooping dipole, quadrifilar helix, and microstrip patch designs. The antennas are intended to provide circularly-polarized radiation with a minimum of 3-dB gain in the angular region from 19 degrees to 60 deg from the horizon in elevation plane and with an omnidirectional pattern in azimuthal plane. For the electronically steerable high gain type, circularly-polarized microstrip patch phased arrays formed on a planar surface and on the surface of a truncated cone are under study. The arrays are intended to provide a minimum of 12 dB gain in the same angular region in elevation plane at all azimuthal angles. This coverage is accomplished by scanning the high gain pencil beam in both elevation and azimuthal directions. Both types of antennas are to transmit at 821-831 MHz band and to receive at 866-876 MHz band. They must be of low cost design and reasonably conformal to the vehicle.

Description: The advanced communications technology satellite (ACTS) program of NASA is aimed at the development of high risk technologies that will enable exploiting higher frequency bands and techniques for improving frequency reuse. The technologies under development include multiple beam spacecraft antennas, on-board switching and processing, RF devices and components and advanced earth stations. The program focus is on the Ka-band (30/20 GHz) as the implementing frequency since it has five times the bandwidth of either the C- or Ku-bands. However, the technology being developed is applicable to other frequency bands as well and will support a wide range of future communications systems required by NASA, other Government agencies and the commercial sector. An overview is presented of an operational 30/20 GHz satellite system that may evolve. How the system addresses service requirements is discussed, and the technology required and being developed is considered. Previously announced in STAR as N83-11210

Description: A solution is presented for the backscatter (monostatic) radar cross section of dielectric disks of arbitrary shape, thickness, and dielectric constant. The result is obtained by employing a Kirchhoff-type approximation to obtain the fields inside the disk. The internal fields induce polarization and conduction currents from which the scattered fields and the radar cross section can be computed. The solution for the radar cross section obtained in this manner will be shown to agree with known results in the special cases of normal incidence, thin disks, and perfect conductivity. It will also be shown that the solution can be written as a product of the reflection coefficient of an identically oriented slab times the physical optics solution for the backscatter cross section of a perfectly conducting disk of the same shape. This result follows directly from the Kirchhoff-type approximation without additional assumptions.

Description: A conceptual design for a Land Mobile Satellite System (LMSS) for the 1990s is presented. LMSS involves small tranceivers accessing satellites directly, with ground reception through small car-top antennas. The satellite would have a large antenna and blanket coverage areas in the UHF. The call may originate from a home, be carried by wire to a gateway, transmitted to satellite on the S-band, converted to UHF on the satellite, and transmitted to the vehicle. The system design is constrained by the number of users in an area during the busiest hours, Shuttle storage, controllability factors, and the total area served. A 55-m antenna has been selected, with 87 spot beams and two 10 MHz UHF bands in the 806-890 MHz band. A 17 dB interbeam isolation level is required, implying that sufficient sub-bands can be generated to assure 8265 total channels. The mobile satellite (MSAT) would have an 83 m mast lower segment, a 34 m upper segment, and a second, 10 m antenna made of a deployable mesh. Various antenna function modes are considered.

Description: The error probability performance of differential detection of narrow-band FM is determined and compared with the analogous results for limiter-discriminator detection of the same modulation. It is shown that over a large class of benign and hostile environments, e.g., Gaussian IF filter, AWGN, partial-band noise jamming, the differential detector offers no theoretical performance advantage over the limiter-discriminator receiver with integrate-and-dump postdetection filtering.

Description: The technique outlined in this paper is intended to eliminate the problems of cochannel interference and uniform geographic distribution of user channels which arise in conventional designs for a multiple spot beam communication satellite to serve mobile telephony users across the CONUS. By time multiplexing FM/FDMA signal ensembles so that only those beams operating on distinct frequency subbands are allowed to transmit concurrently, cochannel interference arising from simultaneous frequency subband reuse is precluded. Thus, time disjoint frequency reuse is accomplished over a repetitive sequence of fixed time slots. By assigning different size subbands to each time slot, a market of nonuniform users can be accommodated. The technique results in a greatly simplified antenna feed system design for the satellite, at a cost of imposing the need for time slot synchronization on the mobile FM receivers whose ability for rejecting adjacent channel interference is somewhat diminished.

Description: Binary cyclic redundancy codes for feedback communication over noisy digital links are considered. The standard 16 bit American Data and Computer Communication Protocol (ADCCP) polynomial is designed for digital links which already have a low input bit error probability. For file transfer between personal computers over telephone circuits, the quality of resulting digital circuit may be much lower. The 3 byte (24 bit) and 4 byte (32 bit) polynomials are considered. Generator polynomials of a certain class have minimum weight and yet achieve the bound on minimum distance for arbitrary codes. Particular choices for 24 bit and 32 bit redundancies are exhibited: of weight and distance 6 in the 24-bit case; and weight 10 and distance 8 in the 32-bit case.

Description: This paper describes an Adaptive Mobile Access Protocol (AMAP) for the message service of MSAT-X., a proposed experimental mobile satellite communication network. Message lengths generated by the mobiles are assumed to be uniformly distributed. The mobiles are dispersed over a wide geographical area and the channel data rate is limited. AMAP is a reservation based multiple access scheme. The available bandwidth is divided into subchannels, which are divided into reservation and message channels. The ALOHA multiple access scheme is employed in the reservation channels, while the message channels are demand assigned. AMAP adaptively reallocates the reservation and message channels to optimize the total average message delay.

Description: An analytical study is performed of the satellite requirements for a land mobile satellite system (LMSS). The spacecraft (MSAT-X) would be in GEO and would be compatible with multiple access by mobile radios and antennas and fixed stations. The FCC has received a petition from NASA to reserve the 821-825 and 866-870 MHz frequencies for the LMSS, while communications with fixed earth stations would be in the Ku band. MSAT-X transponders would alter the frequencies of signal and do no processing in the original configuration considered. Channel use would be governed by an integrated demand-assigned, multiple access protocol, which would divide channels into reservation and information channels, governed by a network management center. Further analyses will cover tradeoffs between data and voice users, probability of blocking, and the performance impacts of on-board switching and variable bandwidth assignment. Initial calculations indicate that a large traffic volume can be handled with acceptable delays and voice blocking probabilities.

Description: A mathematical model of Viterbi decoder burst error performance is presented. This model allows for computer generation of Viterbi-like error sequences quickly and inexpensively for applications where large amounts of data are required. The model is corroborated through comparisons with actual software decoder simulations.

Description: An efficient computational technique is developed to evaluate the performance of coherent receivers with noisy carrier reference and multiple antennas. The received signal is assumed to be uncoded residual carrier BPSK (binary phase shift keying), with a PLL (phase locked loop) used for extracting the carrier. Explicit relationships between the error probabilities and the various system parameters are given. Specific results are given for the performance gain of combined carrier referencing over baseband only combining when the channel alignment process is ideal. A simple asymptotic expression for the performance gain is determined when the number of antennas used is increased without bound. An example using a Block 3 Deep Space Network PLL illustrates the performance of each arraying structure. The technique used is applicable to the performance evaluation for other receivers having similar decision statistics.

Description: The DSN VLBI System was established as a network system in 1978. The evolution of the VLBI System from Mark 1-79 to Mark 4-85 is described, and the system functional requirements for Mark 4-85 are discussed.

Description: Modification of the currently operational DSN Command System MK 3-80 consisted of improvement of the uplink carrier frequency tuning capability to satisfy Voyager 2 requirements. Upgrading of Command System monitoring functions in the Network Operations Control Center is discussed. The DSN Command System requirements and functional design are described for the Mark 4 Network.

Description: The proposed design for the microwave subsystem of Project ORION is presented. Performance characteristics and subsystem capabilities are discussed. Functional requirements and key performance parameters are stated for the subsystem as well as a proposed schedule of events.

Description: A single frequency communication system is considered consisting of K possibly moving users distributed in space simultaneously communicating with a central station equipped with a computationally adapted array of n = or K antennas. Such a configuration could result if K spacecraft were to be simultaneously tracked by a single DSN complex consisting of an n antennas array. The array employs K sets of n weights to segregate the signals received from the K users. The weights are determined by direct computation based on known position information of the K users. Currently known techniques require (for n = K) about (4/3)K to the 4th power computer operations (multiply and add) to perform such computations. A technique that accomplishes this same goal in 8 K to the 3rd power operations, yielding a reduction by a factor K/6, was developed.

Description: Radiometric microwave noise temperature measurements were used to estimate atmospheric transmission loss. The following lumped element model expression is used for the noise temperature contribution, T double prime = T sub p (1 - 1/L). This relationship is used to estimate the transmission loss L in terms of T double prime and the atmosphere effective physical temperature T sub p. This report evaluates T sub p in terms of assumed distributed loss and temperature models. Simplified expressions are presented for low loss applications. For these applications L was determined directly and accurately without integration or iteration.

Description: When high precision is required for range measurement on Earth space paths, it is necessary to correct as accurately as possible for excess range delays due to the dry air, water vapor, and liquid water content of the atmosphere. Calculations based on representative values of atmospheric parameters are useful for illustrating the order of magnitude of the expected delays. Range delay, time delay, and phase delay are simply and directly related. Doppler frequency variations or noise are proportional to the time rate of change of excess range delay. Tropospheric effects were examined as part of an overall consideration of the capability of precision two way ranging and Doppler systems.

Description: The extension of the 26 meter antenna to 34 meter diameter decreased the F/D ratio. This F/D change resulted in unacceptable gain losses due to the hyperboloid's lateral deflections. A three direction translating mounting device was added to the hyperboloid. This device was controlled by a microprocessor to minimize the offsets of the phase centers in the cassegrain RF system and also compensated for boresight directions. The use of the radiation program to predict the gain losses from displacements computed by a structural computing program using an analytical model of the 34 meter reflector structure is discussed. Field test results showed accurate predictions for the Y and Z hyperboloid translations. In the X direction, the prediction value was low. However, the computed gain losses vs primary foci offsets by the radiation program were verified by field tests.

Description: The interim frequency standards test facility tests all frequency standards used in the DSN. It is also the central testing facility for testing all ultrastable hydrogen maser frequency standards. This proposed data acquisition/processing system was designed to support the IFSTF by acquiring and processing the large amounts of data generated there.

Description: Methods and instrumentation are being developed to determine the frequency stability of Deep Space Stations. The efforts are presently focused on the verification of the stability of the X-band uplink and other RF and microwave subsystems which contribute to the overall stability of the system. The measurement methodology is presented as well as frequency stability data generated with the development measurement system. The system characteristics are highlighted and the potential areas where improvements could be made are discussed.

Description: The potential false-lock problem associated with the sampled data type of Costas loop implementation is addressed in this paper. The term 'alias lock' is used here to differentiate this type of false lock behavior from the data sideband false lock behavior of analog Costas loops. It is shown that the sampled-data version of the conventional Costas loop, sampled at a rate 1/T(s), can alias lock at frequencies that are multiples of 1/2T(s) away from the carrier frequency. It is also shown that the alias lock problem of the sampled data version of the Costas loop with hard-limited in-phase channel is further compounded by the potential occurrence of false lock frequencies at rational multiples of 1/2T(s) away from the carrier. The false lock S-curves of I-Q loops and decision-directed I-Q loops are investigated in detail, with and without additive noise. Close agreement between theory and earlier experimental results is also demonstrated.

Description: For a constant added noise density at high signal-to-noise ratios and for the same error rate, three-phase PSK requires about 0.75 dB less energy per bit than two-phase or four-phase PSK. However, at very low signal-to-noise ratios, three-phase PSK requires about 0.74 dB more energy per bit of channel capacity than two-phase or four-phase PSK.

Description: A general approach to the optimal control of large space antennas based on their RF/structural characteristics is described. The approach consists of defining a cost functional based on the degradation of the RF performance of the antenna and using the structural model as the dynamic system. The method is applied to the design of an optimal controller for a 55-m, wrap-rib offset-fed antenna. The controller's goal is to minimize the variations of the peak electric field of the antenna due to feed displacements.

Description: The telecommunications system interfaces between the spacecraft and the space shuttle, and between the spacecraft and the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) are discussed. The payload/shuttle/ground communications network, principle end-to-end link configurations, and requirements for attached and detached payloads are addressed.

Description: The computer software used for telecommunications performance analysis and monitoring is discussed. The utilization of the TPAP analysis program for the Viking 1975 project and the Voyager 1977 project is described. The functional and design requirements for the successor system, TPAS, are also given.

Description: The bands available for deep-space communications, and the choice of particular mission frequencies are discussed. The more general susceptibility of deep-space Earth stations to various kinds of interference is then presented. An associated topic is the development of protection criteria that specify maximum allowable levels of interference. Next, the prediction of interference from near-Earth satellites is described, with particular emphasis on the problems and uncertainties of such predictions. Finally, a brief description of other activities aimed at the prevention or avoidance of interference to deep-space radio communications is given.

Description: A tutorial description is given for spacecraft antennas used for deep-space-to-Earth communication. Radiation pattern parameters, pointing errors, pointing and polarization loss, and noise characteristics are discussed.

Description: The historical background for the development of the planetary (RFS) is reviewed, and the performance capabilities of the various functional subassemblies are described. The flight radio frequency subsystem is a valid component for the three spacecraft telecommunications functions of tracking, command, and telemetry. It is the radio and the signal processing equipment residing in the spacecraft that interfaces with the control & data subsystem and performs two-way communications with the Earth-based Deep Space Network. The RFS consists of all the elements for RF reception, demodulation, modulation, and transmission, including those for command detection and telemetry modulation.

Description: The Multimission Command (MMC) System is described. The major components within the MMC System are discussed, with the emphasis on the telecommunication-related implementations. Two versions of the spacecraft command detection system (the Viking heritage command detector and the NASA standard command detector) are discussed in detail. The former prevails in the existing flight projects and the latter will likely be adopted by the missions of the near future. The preparation of design control tables for the control of command link performance between deep space stations and the spacecraft is also discussed.

Description: The basic design, principles of operation, and characteristics of deep space communications receivers are examined. In particular, the basic fundamentals of phase-locked loop and Costas loop receivers used for synchronization, tracking, and demodulation of phase-coherent signals in residual carrier and suppressed carrier systems are addressed.

Description: The importance of the bandwidth required for transmitting the chosen signaling or modulation technique in evaluating efficiency of a communication system is noted. The direct relation between bandwidth and the power spectral density (PSD) of the signaling scheme makes efficient analytical methods for calculating the PSD essential to specifying the spectral occupancy of the transmission channel. Several techniques for calculating the PSD of synchronous data pulse streams are reviewed.

Description: The general configuration of deep space telecommunication systems is reviewed with regard to the design criteria necessary to insure the integrity of the system's telemetry, command, and tracking functions. The signal to noise spectral density ratios that characterize telecommunications performance are defined in terms of the link parameters. For design control, a statistical approach to predict link performance and to assess its uncertainty is described.

Description: A functional description of the GCF and its relationships with other elements of the DSN and NASCOM is presented together with development objectives and goals and comments on implementation activites in support of flight projects.

Description: The operational mobile VLBI data acquisition system (MV-3) requires that a voice link be established between the mobile data system and a fixed site. A communications subsystem was incorporated in the MV-3 design which consists of HF radio, VHF mobile radio telephone and conventional land line telephone. The HF antenna design was optimized for short and long range transmission using both inverted V and yagi antennas mounted on a self-supporting telescoping mast.

Description: Measurements of the S-band performance of the DSS 13 26-meter antenna, equipped with the second generation S-X common aperture feed, are reported. Aperture efficiency and overall antenna gain results are compared with predicted values. The elevation dependence of the aperture efficiency is reported.

Description: Antenna arraying is a crucial Deep Space Network technique in maximizing the science return of planetary and comet encounters. The equations which describe the total figure of merit for a multiple system of arrayed antennas are developed. An example is given for three Canberra DSN antennas and the Parkes 64-m antenna to be arrayed for the Voyager 2 Uranus flyby.

Description: A need for an accurate but inexpensive method for measuring and evaluating time delays of large ground antennas for VLBI applications motivated the development of the collimation tower technique. Supporting analytical work which was performed primarily to verify time delay measurement results obtained for a large antenna when the transmitter was at a collimation distance of 1/25 of the usual far field criterion is discussed. Comparisons of theoretical and experimental results are also given.

Description: A class of receivers called conditionally nulling receivers is defined for quantum noise limited optical communications. These receivers have the ability to decide at each moment in time whether or not to coherently combine a predetermined local oscillator field with the received optical field, prior to performing an energy measurement (photodetection) on the combined field. Conditionally nulling receivers are applicable to pulse position modulation and related modulation schemes, which have the property that, at each moment in time, the transmitted signal is in one of only two states, on or off. The local oscillator field which may or may not be added by the receiver is an exact replica of the negative of the received on field; hence, the receiver can exactly null the on signal if the on signal is present and the receiver chooses to use the local field. An ideal conditionally nulling receiver achieves very nearly the same error probability (within a multiplicative factor varying froom 1 to 2.15) as the optimum quantum measurement for quantum noise limited detection of M-ary PPM signals. In contrast, other known receiving methods, such as direct, heterodyne, and homodyne detection, are exponentially suboptimum.

Description: A closed-form expression for the steady-state output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of an n-element adaptive array excited by one desired narrow-band signal and K - 1 narrow-band jammers is obtained. This is facilitated by representing each excitation by a complex n-dimensional vector - the excitation vector. It is shown that the important system parameters are functions of scalar products of pairs of these excitation vectors. In particular, the normalized output SNR of the array is shown to be the ratio of determinants whose elements involve these scaler products. Such determinants are also shown to be involved in the expressions for the optimal array weights.

Description: The paper examines the multiple scattering of microwaves due to rain and the resulting incoherent intensity for a plane wave incident on a plane-parallel rain region. General formulations of the transfer equation using Stokes parameters are presented, and an extinction matrix which takes into account depolarization effects and nonspherical droplet shape is introduced. Scattering characteristics are calculated for spherical droplets using the Mie solution and the Laws-Parsons distributions. The ratios of incoherent to coherent received powers are calculated at 30 GHz for rain rates of 12.5, 50, 100, and 150 mm/h, rain thicknesses of 3 km and 10 km, and fields of view of 1.5, 5, and 15 deg.

Description: Propagation phenomena affect the design of radio frequency (RF) transmission systems. Propagation phenomena limit the suitability of portions of the frequency band for some applications, limit the reliability of RF transmission systems, and provide a means of coupling unwanted signals from one system to another with the potential of producing interference. The possibility of interference is the fundamental limitation to the unrestricted use of the frequency band. Phenomena affecting suitability, reliability, and the potential for interference are considered for frequencies in the 1- to 300-GHz range.

Description: An introduction to the phase four receiver subsystem to be implemented into the DSN for VLBI applications is presented. The key design areas are discussed along with the design approach. Preliminary evaluation data indicate a feasible, straightforward design may be obtained.

Description: The capacity is derived under both peak and average signal power constraints and without a signal bandwidth constraint. A random telegraph wave type signalling scheme of Kabanov is known to achieve capacity provided enough signalling bandwidth is available. In the absence of received background noise, an optimally coded PPM system is shown to achieve capacity with greatly reduced bandwidth as compared to Kabanov signals.

Description: Baseband combining with and without combined carrier referencing for antenna arrays are compared under two scenarios for the Voyager 2 Uranus encounter. The combined carrier reference scheme is estimated to outperform the baseband only scheme by less than 0.3 dB E (sub b)/N (sub 0) at a bit error probability of 0.005. These results were attained both with mathematical modeling and software Viterbi decoder simulations.

Description: The ground and spacecraft hardware research, design, and implementation lead to an end to end in flight technology demonstration on the International Solar Polar Mission spacecraft. An introduction to the overall effort is given and the flight experiment objectives are established. The expected improvements in the telecommunications performance are summarized. Also presented is a conceptual mission operations plant.

Description: Rectenna deviations are described which produce errors in the since of reduced efficiency and/or scattering. Three classes of deviations are emphasized: random construction variations; systematic variations; and atmospheric induced randomness.

Description: The radiation patterns characteristic of an indefinite planar array of isotropic antennas was investigated. Particular emphasis was given to the grating lobe scatter from the rectenna. It is shown that an idealy arrayed rectenna of indefinite extent would produce grating lobes which are impulsive. It is further shown that a shift to finite extent or introduction of typical variations in element placement should generate more typical patterns.

Description: A model is presented which quantifies the electromagnetic modes (field configurations) in the immediate vicinity of the rectenna element. Specifically, the waveguide model characterizes the electromagnetic modes generated by planar waves normal to the array. The model applies only to incidence normal to the array.

Description: The conditions required for a large rectenna array (i.e., reference design) to absorb nearly 100% of transmitted energy were studied. Design parameters including element spacing, and the manner in which these affect scatter were formulated. Amplitudes and directions of scatter and development of strategies for mitigation were also investigated. The effects on rectenna behavior of external factors such as weather and aircraft overflights were determined.

Description: A new model is presented for the prediction of attenuation by rain on either terrestrial or slant earth-to-space propagation paths. The model was developed using geophysical observations of the statistics of point rain rate, of the horizontal structure of rainfall, and of the vertical temperature structure of the atmosphere. The model was tested by comparison with attenuation distribution observations. The results show excellent agreement; the observations differ from model predictions by less than the rms deviations predicted by the model.

Description: Tropospheric water vapor causes a refractive path length effect which is typically 5-10% of the 'dry' tropospheric effect and as large as several meters at elevation angles below 5 deg. The vertical water vapor profile is quite variable, and measurements of intensive atmospheric parameters such as temperature and humidity limited to the surface do not adequately predict the refractive effect. It is suggested that a water vapor refraction model that is a function of the amount of precipitable water alone can be successful at low elevation angles. From an extensive study of numerical ray tracings through radiosonde balloon data, such a model has been constructed. The model predicts the effect at all latitudes and elevation angles between 2 and 10 deg to an accuracy of better than 4% (11 cm at 3 deg elevation angle).

Description: The selection of preferred frequency bands for deep space telecommunications in the 20 to 120 GHz range is discussed. The performance of links between Earth stations and stations in deep space is affected by the atmosphere of the Earth. Attenuation and emission by the atmosphere generally limits deep space telecommunications to frequencies below 20 GHz. There are, however, certain frequency bands in the 20 to 120 GHz range where atmospheric attenuation is low enough to permit links between Earth stations and deep space stations. Additionally there are certain other bands in the 20 to 120 GHz range that would be particularly suitable for links between an Earth orbiting relay station and deep space stations.

Description: Structural deformations primarily occur as functions of antenna elevation angle due to gravity loading. For a Cassegrain antenna, one of the major effects of structural deformation on measured VLBI time delays are those delay changes associated with axial subreflector displacement from its nominal position. Two types of time delay changes that occur when the subreflector is axially defocused are: a change which is a linear function of subreflector defocus position; and a cyclical change caused by multipath. Test results show that for the 64-m DSN antenna, the linear change is 1.8 times the subreflector defocus position, while the peak-to-peak change in cyclical variation is about + or - 3 cm when a spanned bandwidth of 38 MHz at 2290 MHz is used.