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  • Articles  (420)
  • Springer  (420)
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  • 1980-1984  (420)
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  • Information Science and Librarianship  (420)
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  • Articles  (420)
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  • Springer  (420)
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  • 1
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    Springer
    Scientometrics 2 (1980), S. 277-301 
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The techniques of co-citation clustering and citation context analysis are combined to concretely define the shared knowledge within a research specialty. The cluster for a large and fast moving biomedical specialty, recombinant-DNA, is presented in terms of the highly cited documents comprising it and their co-citation links. By examining citation contexts in the papers citing the highly cited documents, it is possible to label each of the documents in the cluster with its specific cognitive meaning for the citing authors. Co-citation contexts are used to reveal the relationships among the concepts symbolized by the highly cited documents, providing a cognitive equivalent of the co-citation links. This may open a new way to the investigation of the logic of conceptual change at the specialty level.
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  • 2
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    Scientometrics 2 (1980), S. 327-330 
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 3
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    Scientometrics 2 (1980), S. 347-353 
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Some science indicators can be found inSocial Indicators 1976 as well asScience Indicators-1976, but the coverage of science is limited. Neither volume contains data on cognitive aspects of science and technology or on their social consequences. The authors make suggestions for then-and-there assessments of cognitive advance in science and for prospective and retrospective checks on the validity of these assessments.
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  • 4
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    Scientometrics 2 (1980), S. 375-385 
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews the literature on the economic effects of R&D and then examines the gaps in our knowledge. While most micro-studies show that R&D raises economic growth, existing knowledge of the mechanisms by which R&D affects productivity and output is sparse, and it is unclear whether the micro-studies can be generalized to the national economy. The paper concludes by examining some possible consequences of the reduced R&D effort by the United States.
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  • 5
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    Scientometrics 2 (1980), S. 405-409 
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In this examination of the implications of the decline in the demand for scientists, research on two questions is discussed. The first is the effect of age upon scientific creativity and the second is the relationship between the number of scientists and the growth of scientific knowledge.
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  • 6
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    Scientometrics 2 (1980), S. 423-428 
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract International data show that the scientific development of the United States is neither better nor worse than expected for its size and industry. Its position is, however, deteriorating rapidly. The postwar expansion in federal funding of research seems to be a response to continued exponential growth rather than a cause. The science indicators volumes, all criticism notwithstanding, are rapidly provoking new understanding of these questions of scientific and technological change.
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  • 7
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    Scientometrics 2 (1980), S. 439-448 
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The use of attitude surveys inScience Indicators — 1976 is reviewed and found sufficiently flawed to limit the utility of survey results. The primary confusion throughout is the treatment of science and technology as if they were indistinguishable activities. Suggestions for conceptual improvement are presented both for describing attitudes and for predicting changes in them.
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  • 8
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    Scientometrics 2 (1980), S. 265-275 
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Citation data have been collected for a large number of chemists at American universities. The principal objectives are to examine the use of citations as a tool in the study of sociology of chemical research and to determine the feasibility and accurancy of using automatically generated data. Past results in each of these areas, as well as a projection of future uses of citation data, are presented. First, a pilot study is described and some tentative conclusions discussed. The method used minimizes some of the most commonly-expressed criticism of citation data, such as multiple author, self-citations, etc. An effort has been made to establish the accuracy of automatically generated citation data. This project uses as a base for comparison the complete bibliographies of several thousand chemists. Several different citation indices are compared with other indicators commonly employed in discussions of the characteristics of the field of chemistry. The results generally support the idea that citations are meaningful. However, they also reveal some problems which require that great care be exercised in the use of citation data. The use of citation data to “observe” a chemistry subfield over time also is illustrated.
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  • 9
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    Scientometrics 2 (1980), S. 303-308 
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Primary papers of international relevance do not always get published in media which have good international dissemination. Samples of literature in animal science, judged by scientists active in that subject field, indicate that this discrepancy may be a truly serious one.
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  • 10
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    Scientometrics 4 (1982), S. 317-329 
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In recent literature dealing with the study of science and history of science increasing attention has been given to quantitative research of science as a special social institution. Main objects of these studies are the dynamics of quantity and structure of scientists, as well as change in forms of their professional organization. The understanding of regularities in the development of the scientific community is essential for the formulation of reasonable scientific policies. However, the experience shows that tendencies of this kind cannot be revealed if the study of science is restricted to the last two or three decades. It is necessary to examine sufficiently long periods of history during which several generations of scientists changed, large variations occured both in the internal scientific situation and in the socio-economic and concrete historical conditions of the development of science.
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  • 11
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    Scientometrics 4 (1982), S. 349-360 
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The Consumption Factor has been proposed as a new measure of the significance/quality of scientific journals. The scientometric properties of this measure and its relationship to other commonly used measures of journal significance were examined. The results indicate a high correlation between the two component measures used to construct the Consumption Factor and a weak relationship between the Consumption Factor and other measures traditionally used to assess journal significance. The implications of these results are discussed in the context of the need for multiple measures of the significance of scientific journals.
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  • 12
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    Scientometrics 4 (1982), S. 397-398 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 13
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    Scientometrics 4 (1982), S. 399-403 
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 14
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    Scientometrics 4 (1982), S. 241-273 
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The coincidence method proposed earlier by one of the authors is applied to rank distribution studies of the report literature of the International Nuclear Information System, INIS, and a two-level concept is used to discuss the results of the present and previously reported investigations. Transitions between macrolevel and microlevel of information for constant forms of communication as well as transitions between different forms of communication at constant levels are compared. Escape of the information avalanche for the highly specialized single scientist, greater efficiency of the report literature compared with journal literature in the field of nuclear research, non-compatibility of macrolevel and microlevel of information could be confirmed quantitatively. It is an open question how to transform microlevel distributions into macrolevel distributions.
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  • 16
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    Scientometrics 4 (1982), S. 379-387 
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 17
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    Scientometrics 4 (1982), S. 389-395 
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Conclusion With the research byLong, Allison andMcGinnis, Cole andCole, an-Garfield an initial understanding of the consequences of multiple authorship for empirical studies of science is emerging.9 It is too early to suggest, asLong andMcGinnis do, that indices which disgegard multiple authorship are without serious short-comings. The best advise would be to use measures which take multiple authorship into account, compare them with others that do not, and examine any differences that might emerge. At least for the data will which I have worked, multiple authorship makes a considerable difference. Although little difference is found with the data collected by long and his colleagues when examined within an unclear regression analysis framework, it would seem premature to recommend unadjusted counts. The best advice to the prospective researcher would be to collect complete information on the number of authors for all published work and all citations assuming that difference between adjusted and unadjusted counts will emerge and be comfortable with the knowledge that if it does, the measures used can properly treat the data. The major point I made earlier, that the failure to adjust for multiple authorship is the most serious error in empirical judgment made in the sociology of science, emerges more forcefully. The error will require substantial redevelopment of previous empirical literature constructed with these faulty measures. Finally, the point should not be lost that the most serious problem remains and that is the validity of the “paper model” of science with examines article and citation counts to understand this complex dynamic project of human inquiry.10
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  • 18
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    Scientometrics 4 (1982), S. 457-462 
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 19
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    Scientometrics 3 (1981), S. 3-4 
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 20
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    Scientometrics 3 (1981), S. 115-126 
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Atribution theory as a new perspective for studying the psychology of science and scientists is introdced through use of a case study of college students' attributions for success and failure in science. The atributional perspective incorporates views of one's own competence as well as beliefs bout the importance of effort for success in science. It also provides a framework for analyzing differences in attitudes about various fields of science. Sex differences in science participation are a further area which can be analyzed from an atributional perspective. Results from the college student study are discussed along with suggestions for future research.
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  • 21
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    Scientometrics 3 (1981), S. 85-106 
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Applying various quantitative techniques, this paper attempts to describe and analyze the scientific output of a cooperative industrial research institute (Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada, PAPRICAN) by comparing its impact on the employment patterns of McGill graduate students who have done their thesis research under the auspices of the industrial laboratory with graduate students from the same departments who have not worked at PAPRICAN; and a comparison of the publication practices of three groups: PAPRICAN staff not associated with the university (McGill), the PAPRICAN staff who also hold academic appointments at McGill, and the faculty of the Chemistry Department at McGill who do not hold staff positions at PAPRICAN. It is found that the academic association with PAPRICAN during graduate research has a significant impact on the number of students who go on to careers in industry. However, close examination of those who remain in Canada indicates that the impact is increasingly felt in only the Pulp and Paper industry. Different “macro” standards are applied to this “micro” example, and policy implications are discussed. The publication record is again compared to various “macro” standards so as to judge various qualities of the scientific output of the different groups. The PAPRICAN staff performs as would be expected of industrial researchers and the McGill faculty show normal characteristics for an academic group. However, those who hold positions in both the industrial institute and the academic sector, reveal the special role they play in linking the “science” of the second with the “technology” of the first.
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  • 22
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    Scientometrics 3 (1981), S. 127-134 
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A scientometric analysis of the publications and of the information flow on all phosphides shows that: the bulk of the publications on semiconducting phosphides relates to gallium phosphide. For non-semiconducting phosphides, most of the articles are connected with phosphides of transition metals. The bulk of the studies feature crystal structure, phase equilibria, diagrams of state and electrophysical and magnetic properties. Most of the articles on phosphides are published in English (53,4%) and in Russian (24.4%). There is a tendency for research to be carried out by groups of researchers of two, three, four or more persons. The present sceintometric analysis helps establish the trend of investigations on phosphides.
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  • 23
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    Scientometrics 3 (1981), S. 191-202 
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract If f(r) is the number of contributions of an author or rank r, then it is shown that f(r) is proportional to r−β, where β〉0. The model is dependent on the definitions of “a contribution” and “rank” of an author. Three estimation procedures are illustrated and four other scientific productivity studies and two data sets on Canadian Mathematicians are shown to adequately fit this rank-frequency relationship.
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  • 24
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    Scientometrics 3 (1981), S. 203-221 
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract An intellectual account of of the physics of superconductivity was compared with citation and co-citation data during two historical periods that coincided with the introduction of its central explanatory theory (BCS). Factor analysis is used to investigate the co-citation data. The results give preliminary support to a hypothesis that distinguishes impact phases in the effect of the theory on the cognitive organization of the specialty. It is also observed that citation and co-citation data are separate types of information which, under some historical conditions, give differing results.
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  • 25
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    Scientometrics 3 (1981), S. 251-252 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Following the methodology established byPrice, this paper analyzes the empirical evidence of citation matrices. Using the data cleaned and tabulated by Computer Horizons, Inc. from the Science Citation Index data banks, it is shown that the non-diagonal elements of the square citation matrices can be accounted for very satisfactorily by assigning each nation a characteristic output and input coefficient in each field measured; the ratio of these coefficients provides a measure of quality. Deviations from this simple model give measures of particular linkage strengths between nations showing some evidence of preferences and avoidances that exist for reason of language, social structure, etc. It is also shown that the diagonal data can be accounted for by the measurable phenomenon that each nation seems to publish partly for the international knowledge system and party for its own domestic purposes. Thus, three parameters and a cluster map can parsimoniously describe the citation data within the limits of random error.
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  • 27
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    Scientometrics 3 (1981), S. 379-388 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A sample comprising the three years publication output (1976–1978) of 85 Hungarian research institutes was subjected to scientometric analysis. Values of and correlations between some measures of publishing performance, scientific manpower, and citation impact were compared across the following research fields: mathematical and physical sciences, chemical sciences, biological and medical sciences, agricultural sciences, and engineering. A new quality measure of publishing performance, thetotal impact of the journal papers of individual institutes has been suggested.
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  • 28
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    Scientometrics 3 (1981), S. 389-396 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This note focuses on a possible limitation of international publication data as a measure of research activity. It is argued that differences in the ‘pressure’ and/or ‘capacity’ to publish may exist between countries which would necessitate the standardization of publication data on a country basis. The argument is supported by statistical tests performed on data recently utilized to measure agricultural scientific research activity.
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  • 29
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    Scientometrics 3 (1981), S. 401-402 
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  • 30
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    Scientometrics 3 (1981), S. 413-414 
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  • 31
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    Scientometrics 3 (1981), S. 403-410 
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    Notes: Abstract This section of Scientometrics will carry fresh and reliable news of people, progress, recent and forthcoming meetings and publications etc. Its effectiveness depends greatly on your assistance. Items for inclusion should be submitted to the Coordinating Editor, Dr. J.Farkas.
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  • 32
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    Scientometrics 3 (1981), S. 397-400 
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    Notes: Abstract Beside the continuous growth of the number of references per biochemical article from 1962 to 1977, an equalization tendency can be observed in the R/A values of the five leading biochemical journals investigated. While from 1962 to 1969 the number of more recent references (0–5 year old) had a higher growth rate than that of the older ones (6+year old), from 1969 to 1977 the situation turned to the opposite. The number of very recent (0–1 year old) references reached a saturation near the end of the sixties.
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    Scientometrics 3 (1981), S. 437-455 
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    Notes: Abstract The outbreak of war is generally thought to shift the fields in which research is conducted. As a result, military conflict has historically been credited with being the catalyst which has caused decisive technological advances. It is also generally suggested that warfare has a systematic impact on the intensity of inventive activity. Most scholars have claimed that wars increase inventiveness, although a few argue that conflict is a hinderance to research. This question has not received extensive empirical examination. Using United States data, we show that a basic pattern is repeatedly observed. Immediately after the outbreak of a war, there is a significant decline in inventiveness, which is followed by a marked surge. The average net result is a virtual negation of the two trends.
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    Scientometrics 5 (1983), S. 189-194 
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  • 35
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    Notes: Abstract Technological resources are shown to be more concentrated to a few firms than economic wealth. To explain such concentrations, the self-multiplication process with cycle between the innovative and stagnant ages is modeled in terms of the stochastic process. This yields a family of new distributions which is named the ultra-Yule distribution. This new distribution which is quite skew is show to fit the real distributions of patents and of R & D expenditure in the Japanese industry better than the Yule distribution. The properties of this new distribution is discussed.
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    Scientometrics 5 (1983), S. 273-276 
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    Notes: Abstract This section ofScientometrics will carry fresh and reliable news of people, programs, recent and forthcoming meetings and publications etc. Its effectiveness depends greatly on your assistance. Items for inclusion should be submitted to the Coordinating Editor, Dr. J.Farkas.
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    Scientometrics 5 (1983), S. 313-327 
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    Notes: Abstract The sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) provides an example of a scientific revolution something like that proposed by Thomas Kuhn. In the early 70s a variety of theories within the paradigm that SIDS affects “normal” children were superseded by the sleep apnea hypothesis, which is the main theory associated with the new paradigm, that some infants have respiratory abnormalities which put them at risk of “near misses” of SIDS. Quantitative and qualitative studies of the literature and citations of the work of the scientists considered to be responsible for the new paradigm are used to describe the revolution.
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    Scientometrics 5 (1983), S. 343-359 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper an attempt has been made to analyse the science & technology (simply S & T) manpower employment in relation to economic development based on quantitative analysis. The results derived from various analyses have shown the existence of correlation between S & T employment generation and economic development. A number of multiple regression analyses have indicated in quantitative terms the extent of growth expected in the Gross National Product (GNP), industrial output and R & D expenditure to absorb the available supply of S & T personnel.
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    Scientometrics 5 (1983), S. 405-407 
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    Scientometrics 5 (1983), S. 195-203 
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    Scientometrics 5 (1983), S. 245-255 
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    Notes: Abstract A cross-sectional examination of the fisheries literature for 1978 was made to see how language use patterns were related to communicating research information. An analysis of 884 articles indicated that despite the dominance of English as an international communicative medium, there was a strong national language usage pattern. National language usage was not confined to local fisheries problems, but cut across issues of international importance. For most of the articles the language of publication was directly predictable from the first author's country of residence. However the mismatch between these variables for about six percent of the sample suggested the need for a detailed study of individual cases.
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    Scientometrics 5 (1983), S. 277-289 
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    Notes: Abstract Cocitations of the work of 42 prominent macroeconomists (past and present) were examined, using multidimensional scaling and clustering techniques. Author clusters, corresponding primarily to current schools of thought in macroeconomics, are arranged along two dimensions of scholarly style; 1) a relative orientation toward quantitative or mathematical models and issues and 2) a continuum of active concern with older scholarship in the field. Social relationships demonstrated by these techniques include joint journal editorship, mentor-student links and institutional affiliation. New to this study is evidence of the cocitation of prominent authors as ‘concept symbols’.
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    Scientometrics 5 (1983), S. 329-331 
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    Scientometrics 6 (1984), S. 139-146 
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    Notes: Abstract This section ofScientometrics will carry fresh and reliable news of people, programs, recent and forthcoming meetings and publications etc. Its effectiveness depends greatly on your assistance. Items for inclusion should be submitted to the Coordinating Editor, Dr. J.Farkas.
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    Scientometrics 6 (1984), S. 223-232 
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    Notes: Abstract The paper examines a not too comprehensive set of quantitative aspects of technology. It concentrates mainly on the quantification of management tools.
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    Scientometrics 6 (1984), S. 3-3 
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    Scientometrics 6 (1984), S. 369-370 
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    Scientometrics 6 (1984), S. 67-69 
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    Scientometrics 6 (1984), S. 97-101 
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    Scientometrics 2 (1980), S. 53-63 
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    Notes: Abstract A country by subject count of the serial periodical collection at the British Library Lending Division (BLLD) in 1973 is reported and compared to previous counts. Approximately 25 000 periodicals have titles indicating that they are scientific journals in nine fields of the physical and biological sciences, engineering, and mathematics. The overall subject distribution of the journals appears to be remarkably stable when compared to a similar count byHulme 60 years ago, although the number of journals appears to have doubled in the last 60 years. A major shift was found in the national origin of the journals, when compared withHulme's counts, with a notable rise in the number and percent of U.S. journals, and a sharp decline in the percentage of French and German journals.
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    Scientometrics 2 (1980), S. 133-145 
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    Notes: Abstract Quantitative indicators of scientific and technological activity are often of questionable validity and reliability. This is particularly true in lesser developed countries, where the lack of data gathering skills may frequently result in the development of misleading indicators. A number of manpower, education, expenditure, and publication indicators are examined for thirteen Middle Eastern countries. Reliability and validity problems are discussed for each indicator. The indicators are found to correlate with each other in reasonable ways, suggesting that despite their possible flaws, they nonetheless appear to measure scientific activity with some consistency.
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    Notes: Abstract The changing levels of activities in a physical science profession are modelled as a network of relations between different career stages. This cybernetic theory predicts that the dominance of elites undergoes 300 year cycles of sharp alternations whereas the challenge of embryonic elites fluctuates in 100 year cycles. These results seem confirmed by a survey of chemical histories: the birthrate of outstanding chemists oscillates in 300 year cycles and of lesser chemists in 100 year cycles, both with the waveprofile specified by the model. These fluctuations seem to correspond toKuhn's periods of revolutionary and normal science.
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    Scientometrics 2 (1980), S. 203-214 
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    Notes: Abstract On the basis of a previously proposed method using meta-informations accumulating during SDI from an international system of the INIS-type, it is investigated, how the scientific journal rank distribution of a research institution, for which the Bradford law is valid, is composed of the single scientists' journal distributions. In this transition from a macroscopic into a microscopic field of scientific communication evidence was found for the invalidity of the Bradford law for the journal rank distribution of a single scientist. This effect seems to confirm a fundamental qualitative difference of both fields of scientific communication.
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    Scientometrics 2 (1980), S. 239-242 
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    Scientometrics 2 (1980), S. 251-255 
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    Notes: Abstract Previous research may have failed to find a general relationship between war and techno-scientific activity due to the failure (a) to treat the various types of war separately and (b) to use yearly rather than generational time series. Hence, the present study examined 404 consecutive years in European civilization from 1500 to 1903. Measures of four distinct kinds of war were defined and a log-transformed measure of techno-scientific activity was derived from a factor analysis of six histories and chronologies. The techno-science measure was regressed on the war measures plus a set of control variables. Techno-scientific activity was found to be a negative function of balance-of-power and defensive wars fought within Europe. In contrast, imperial and civil wars exerted no influence.
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    Scientometrics 2 (1980), S. 215-226 
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    Notes: Abstract An International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Conference series on neutron activation analysis (NAA) in life sciences has been compared to another IAEA conference series and to two other conference series. No great differences in multiple attendees, speakers, chairmen, or diversity of session subjects was seen. The NAA meetings do appear to be less formalized than the others.
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    Scientometrics 2 (1980), S. 243-249 
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    Notes: Abstract This section ofScientometrics will carry fresh and reliable news of people, programs, recent and forthcoming meetings and publications etc. Its effectiveness depends greatly on your assistance. Items for inclusion should be submitted to the Co-ordinating Editor, Dr.J. Farkas.
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  • 58
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    Notes: Abstract While co-citation analysis nas proved a powerful tool in the study of changes in intellectual foci in science, the technique has never been used to study very rapid changes in the theoretical structure of a scientific field. In this paper we present month-by-month co-citation analyses of key phases in the weak-electromagnetic unification research program within particle physics and show that these analyses capture and illuminate very rapid intellectual changes. These data provide yet another illustration of the utility of co-citation analysis for understanding the history of science.
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    Scientometrics 2 (1980), S. 331-337 
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    Notes: Abstract The relation of science indicators to science policy raises several questions. First is the definition of the system, whether just academic science or the entire system of technical innovation from research through manufacturing and marketing or government policy and operations. Second is society's expectations whose realization depends more on political social factors than on science itself. Third is how the output of research can be compared with the imputs into it if there is no norm other than comparative international performance.
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    Scientometrics 2 (1980), S. 355-367 
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    Notes: Abstract Because the basic determinants of innovative success are poorly understood, the data in SI-76 cannot support an unambiguous summary assessment of U. S. science. While some nations now rival the U. S. in relative expenditure for R&D, U. S. absolute expenditure still dwarfs that of any nation except the U. S. S. R., and the U. S. remains preeminent by most measures of technological capacity. However, the technology gap continues to narrow, bringing both costs and benefits to the U. S. Advances abroad threaten the U. S. position in some markets and exacerbate the nation's trade adjustment problems. But the nation may also benefit substantially from new opportunities to import as well as export advanced technology.
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    Scientometrics 2 (1980), S. 387-393 
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    Notes: Abstract These comments assert that the relationships between R&D expenditures and productivity growth are far more complex than they are ordinarily made out to be. R&D expenditures include several very different components, and only a rather small percentage of the total consists of expenditures upon basic science. One should not expect a very close association over time, or among countries, between spending upon R&D and the observed growth in economic productivity.
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    Scientometrics 2 (1980), S. 449-450 
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    Scientometrics 2 (1980), S. 451-461 
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    Scientometrics 4 (1982), S. 3-3 
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    Scientometrics 4 (1982), S. 57-68 
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    Notes: Abstract Significant correlations were found between the number of science journal editors from different countries, on the one hand, and the number of scientists, the number of science journals and the number of science papers produced by these countries on the other. We argue for using the extent of participation in the editorial board of international science journals as a new science indicator. The deviations from the regression lines between the new indicator and other publication indicators allow one to assess the “open” or “closed” character of the scientific life of a given country.
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    Scientometrics 4 (1982), S. 77-81 
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    Scientometrics 4 (1982), S. 105-117 
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    Notes: Abstract Concentration of resources continues to be an important issue in the formulation of policy for the support of university research. In this paper, techniques for quantitatively assessing two dimensions of this issue, ‘between’ and ‘within’ committee concentrations, are developed. These techniques are applied in an analysis of the peer-adjudicated grants of the National Research Council of Canada for the years 1964–1974 inclusive. Results indicate that although ‘between’ committee concentrations have responded to changing priorities for university research, ‘within’ committee concentrations have remained remarkably stable over this decade. This is seen as having important implications for recent attempts at re-orienting university research in Canada.
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    Scientometrics 4 (1982), S. 5-25 
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    Notes: Abstract Stationary distributions, i.e. distributions involving no time dependence, are analysed. The rank and frequency forms of statistical distributions are considered. On the basis of this consideration the approximations of stationary scientometric distributions are reviewed.
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    Scientometrics 4 (1982), S. 45-56 
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    Notes: Abstract Peer review plays an important role in maintaining the quality of science. Selection of peers is at the heart of the process by which science advances. Editors and others responsible for selecting a group of peers often rely on their position in a network by which experts in a field are linked to one another by bonds of common interest and recognized expertise. In this paper, we report one aspect of a study aimed at characterizing the structure of this network: the asymmetry of the fraction of experts receiving varying numbers of nominations as experts by peers. The distribution of such nominations is very skew, and we have found that a law of cumulative advantage provides the best theoretical approximation for the distribution of nominations, expecially when the overall pool of data is broken down into well-defined specialties.
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    Notes: Abstract Several studies have demonstrated that such factors as area of specialization, and the age, rank, years of experience and prestige background of authors affect the publication of scientific research. This study examines the impact of these variables on the probability that published articles will receive critical comment. The data for the study are based on information gathered on the authors of 477 articles and comments published in theAmerican Sociological Review over a 33 year period (1947–1979). Results show that area of specialization is a major factor influencing the probability of an article being commented on. Articles written in the areas of theory/history of social thought and quantitative methods receive a disproportionately higher percentage of comments; while articles in such areas as community, social psychology and marriage and family receive far fewer comments. None of the five demographic and prestige characteristics of article authors was found to significantly discriminate between those articles that either had or had not been commented on. And finally, journal article comments are shown to either enhance or diminish an article's likelihood of later being cited, depending upon the speciality area in which that article is written.
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    Scientometrics 4 (1982), S. 463-467 
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    Notes: Abstract This section ofScientometrics will carry fresh and reliable news of people, programs, recent and forthcoming meetings and publications etc. Its effectiveness depends greatly on your assistance. Items for inclusion should be submitted to the Coordinating Editor, Dr. J.Farkas.
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    Scientometrics 3 (1981), S. 13-25 
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    Notes: Abstract The method of co-citation analysis is used to build citation networks in information science. As data base the first 13 volumes (1961–1973) of the leading Soviet journal in the field (Nauchno-tekhnicheskaya Informatsiya) were used. The results reveal the topical structure of information science, the communities of authors and the names of single leading scientists. The evaluation of scientists' work is based on two measures: productivity (with or without co-authorship) and popularity (popularity of authors and popularity of papers).
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    Scientometrics 3 (1981), S. 27-45 
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    Notes: Abstract A group of academic scientists and a group of industrial scientists in the field of solid state physics are compared with regard to their view of ‘the physicist’ in general. In the same way two groups of students in different phases of their training are interviewed in order to get insight into social conflicts present in the educational system. Differences between the groups are found in the importance they attach to the social aspect of the research and in the degree to which they feel ‘the physicist’ to be a normative concept.
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    Scientometrics 3 (1981), S. 157-158 
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    Scientometrics 3 (1981), S. 235-249 
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    Notes: Abstract Informal and formal communication processes are documented in the primary journal literature. Both processes impose structures on the authors who publish their research, and the formal process imposes a structure on the journals which publish scientific papers. In this paper, it is shown that information theory can be applied to these structures for the purpose of evaluating the contribution that authors and journals make to the communication of scientific information. Experimental results identify the most communicative authors and journals in an area of active research.
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    Scientometrics 3 (1981), S. 223-233 
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    Notes: Abstract The application of methods of quantitative analysis makes it possible to evaluate the impact of scientific journals on one another. These methods are used to determine the significance of similar scientific journals by their cross-citations, taking into account data from theJournal Citation Reports (JCR). They also help to improve theJournal Citation Reports structure and widen its uses for the evaluation of scientific journals. The above methods are applied to analyse critically the principles of ranking journals in package 1 and the tabular contents ofJCR's packages 2 and 3, as well as to study frequency distributions of the journals both in time and space.
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    Scientometrics 3 (1981), S. 253-259 
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    Notes: Abstract This section ofScientometrics will carry fresh and reliable news of people, programs, recent and forthcoming meetings and publications etc. Its effectiveness depends greatly on your assistance. Items for inclusion should be submitted to the Coordinating Editor, Dr. J.Farkas.
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    Scientometrics 3 (1981), S. 263-264 
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    Scientometrics 3 (1981), S. 265-273 
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    Notes: Abstract A mathematical model for the growth of two coupled mathematical specialties, differential geometry and topology, is analyzed. The key variable is the number of theorems in use in each specialty. Obsolescences of theorems-in-use due to replacement by more general theorems introduces non-linear terms of the differential equations. The stability of stationary solutions is investigated. The phase portrait shows that the number of theorems in low-dimensional topology relative to those in differential geometry is increasing. The model is qualitatively consistent with the growth of publications in these two specialties, but does not give quantitative predictions, partly because we do not use an explicit solutions as a function of time and partly because only two specialties are used. The methods of analysis and some of the concepts can be extended to the development of more general and realistic models for the growth of specialties.
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    Scientometrics 3 (1981), S. 305-315 
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    Notes: Abstract In the Netherlands the research worker in the universities on an average publishes in scientific journals three times as much as the scientist in industry. However, the universities differ considerably regarding their publications score per scientists; although this difference is diminishing. Furthermore this study shows per discipline the level of co-operation between Dutch and foreign research establishments. In general the level of co-operation with other research institutes has no positive effect on output. The analysis does show that the institutions with the largest financial support from the Research Council (an organization with the task of improving the output of research by means of fostering co-operation between research workers) are also the most productive ones.
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    Scientometrics 3 (1981), S. 317-324 
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    Notes: Abstract The scientific productivity of six old Universities in Nigeria has been computed over the period 1970–79. The order of contribution is by University of Ibadan, Ahmadu Bello University, Universities of Ife, Nigeria, Lagos and Benin. While there is a real growth in Scientific research in Nigeria as a whole, some of the Universities have problems which have put their research efforts on a downward trend. A new order of Scientific contributions by the Universities appears to be emerging. Constant Scientific growth analysis will help the new bodies involved in formulating and coordinating Science policy in Nigeria.
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    Notes: Abstract One hundred and sixty-nine universities, comprising three separate samples from Britain, Canada, and the United States were evaluated in terms of their productivity across all disciplines. The 1977Arts and Humanities, Social Science, andScience Citation Indices were used as the basis for counting the total number of publications from each of the universities. The 10 overall most productive universities were Harvard University; the University of Texas; the University of California, Los Angeles; the University of London, England; the University of Wisconsin; the University of Illinois; the University of Minnesota; the University of California, Berkeley; Stanford University; and the University of Washington, Seattle. Fifteen of the most productive 100 universities were from the United Kingdom while eleven were from Canada. Additional data were collected including: the revenue of the university, the year the university was founded, the number of subscriptions to current periodicals, the number of bound volumes in the library, the aptitude scores and number of both graduate and undergraduate students, the total number of faculty members, and the number of publications of, reputational rating, and citations to, the faculty members in the psychology departments. A powerful general factor was found to permeate the more than 30 disparate measures, i.e., those universities that were high on one measure were high on others. This general factor could be labelled a dimension of wealth, quality, or size.
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    Scientometrics 3 (1981), S. 335-337 
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    Scientometrics 5 (1983), S. 59-73 
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    Notes: Abstract A method for estimating the standard error of mean citation rates per publication is proposed and examplified on journal impact factors. The use of the standard error values in statistical tests is also illustrated.
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    Scientometrics 5 (1983), S. 85-92 
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    Notes: Abstract A complex structure measure for social groups was applied to the structure of citations in a journal. The citation structure reflected LOTKA's law on the various levels of group structure measure. On the first structure level the reciprocal effect of social and cognitive factors became discernible. The different hierarchical levels of the structure measure were a reflection of the logarithm of number of publications per author obtained in a group of authors with a definite number of publications.
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    Scientometrics 5 (1983), S. 117-124 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper is an attempt to improve on the approximation. First author citations (Cf)≈Total citations (Ct) of an author's publications without the work of making the complete citation count under the author and all co-author names. Using the bibliographies of all faculty from each of four large departments: Physics, Chemistry, Materials Sciences, and Biosciences, in the same university, both first author and complete citation counts were made, care being taken to avoid the most common errors in such counts. It is shown that the function Cf·T/F (where T and F are the total number of papers and F those with subject author's name first) correlates strongly (〉90%) with Ct. We find also that Ct correlates strongly with T. The data also may be used as one more line of evidence to obtain normalizing ratios for possible comparisons of productivityacross different disciplinary universes. A very tentative ratio from different studies would be 8 (Chem.)=4 (Physics)=2.5 (Mat. Sci.)=2 (Mathematics)=4.5 (Biophysics-Biochemistry).
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    Scientometrics 5 (1983), S. 163-175 
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    Notes: Abstract The place of production of ‘mainstream’ scientific authors in Subsaharan Africa is examined in terms of institutional sectors for the period 1970 through 1979. Patterns of production of ‘mainstream’ scientific literature and the citation visibility of this literature are also examined, for a shorter period of time, in terms of institutional sectors. It is shown that the university and public sectors predominate in the production of ‘mainstream’ authors. These same sectors also assure more consistent intra-African visibility of research results than do other sectors. However, the growth of the university and public sectors appears to have slowed considerably since the mid-1970s. Research conducted within regional and subregional cooperative organizations declined dramatically during the decade. A growing emphasis on external interventions under multilateral (rather than bilateral) auspices is noted.
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    Scientometrics 5 (1983), S. 205-209 
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    Notes: Abstract This section ofScientometrics will carry fresh and reliable news of people, programs, recent and forthcoming meetings and publications etc. Its effectiveness depends greatly on your assistance. Items for inclusion should be submitted to the Co-ordinating Editor, Dr. J.Farkas.
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    Scientometrics 5 (1983), S. 257-267 
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    Notes: Abstract “Field switchers” are an interesting group of people to study if one wants to find out to what extent and the ways in which the various scientific disciplines influence each other. In this paper we present and discuss the results of an inquiry that was conducted at Dutch universities among one particular type of field switchers, namely migrated physicists. By migrated physicists we mean physicists working in universities but not in physics departments. Although migrated physicists form a very heterogenous group one can draw some general conclusions about their attitudes, characteristics and capacities. Migrated physicists apparently continue to feel themselves to be physicists, and they think that physics or natural sciences should play a greater role in their “adopted” fields. At least in the case of physicsts, field-mobility seems to be linked with general mobility Migrant parform a useful and important sevice.
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    Scientometrics 5 (1983), S. 291-301 
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    Notes: Abstract On the basis of a citation/reference criterion, 20 core journals are selected in the field of condensed matter physics. Citation data and indicators from 1980Journal Citation Reports reveal their different characteristic features such as applied orientation, communication function and longevity. The manually obtained data for the core journals are written into a matrix in order to determine an appropriate ranking parameter. The method ofPrice is used first to reduce the diagonal elements and then, following the method ofGeller, influence weights are calculated for the core journals. Influence weights are determined also for non-core journals using only the references received from the core.
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    Scientometrics 5 (1983), S. 143-154 
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    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the professional profile of participants in the “ACAST Colloquium”, one of the preliminary conferences leading to the United Nations Advisory Committee on Application of Science and Technology to Development (UNCSTD) meeting in Vienna in August of 1979, in order to study the different profile parameters of developing and “developed” country participants. We found that the developing countries seem to have a higher proportion of women and younger people than the “developed” countries. Participants on the whole tended to be older than a cross-section of the scientific and technological community. Approximately three-quarters considered themselves to be scientists rather than technologists. The scientists tended to be involved in some way with R & D, scientific or technological education, as well as management and administration. On the whole, the distribution of various parameters investigated was quite similar for developing and “developed” countries. Some interpretations of these results are offered.
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    Scientometrics 6 (1984), S. 33-53 
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    Notes: Abstract Twenty-one authors were selected from NicholasMullins' 1972 lists of leaders in two emergent sociological theory groups, new causal theory and ethnomethodology. Data on cocitation of their works for the periods 1972–1976 and 1977–1981 were extracted from theSocial Scisearch database and subjected to factor analysis and multidimensional scaling programs. Interpretation of the results, based on examination of a sample of the cited literature, confirmed Mullins' division of these authors into two distinct groups. The evidence indicates that ethnomethodology is neither dying out nor becoming more alienated from mainstream sociology.
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    Scientometrics 6 (1984), S. 55-59 
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    Scientometrics 6 (1984), S. 63-66 
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    Notes: Abstract This section of Scientometrics will carry fresh and reliable news of people, programs, recent and forthcoming meetings and publications etc. Its effectiveness depends greatly on your assistance. Items for inclusion should be submitted to the Section Editor, Dr. J. Farkas.
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    Scientometrics 6 (1984), S. 87-92 
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    Notes: Conclusions Reflecting onMoravcsik's paper and his assertion that a damaging dominant one-dimensionalism prevails within the science of science, one can draw the following conclusions. Firstly, the one-dimensionalism described byMoravcsik is a misrepresentation of a great deal of useful and valid “scientometric” research. This work is not so methodologically or theoretically naive asMoravcsik seeks to suggest, nor is it so uniform. Secondly,Moravcsik's assertion that there is little multidimensional work being carried out overlooks the considerable body of such research being published in the sociology of science. Thirdly, the sociology of science is but one sub-field of the science of science, and each such sub-field is characterized by its own sets of objectives and resource constraints. The nature of these objectives and constraints determines the relative suitability of particular methodologies and the optimal mix of methodologies. This in turn influences the relative frequency of adoption of those approaches which can be described as either “one-” or multidimensional. The result is that contrary to Moravcsik's assertions, a methodological pluralism already exists; a methodological pluralism which should be recognised as a natural consequence of the diversity of research objectives and constraints which characterize the science of science, as well as the wide range of disciplinary backgrounds of those who work within it. As the science of science has itself shown, discussion of cognitive content should not be totally divorced from consideration of social context.
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    Scientometrics 6 (1984), S. 103-104 
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    Scientometrics 5 (1983), S. 361-374 
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    Notes: Abstract In this study, half-life, citation degree, form dispersion and title dispersion of physic journals were investigated, and they were compaired in each subfield with those in other subfields. The results from this study were that, on the whole, in physics the most preferred medium for physicists is the “journal”; however, in the subfields in which large experimental or observational devices are used, the use of “reports” and “letter journals” is going to increase.
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    Scientometrics 6 (1984), S. 267-278 
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    Notes: Abstract This section ofScientometrics will carry fresh and reliable news of people, programs, recent and forthcoming meetings and publications etc. Its effectiveness depends greatly on your assistance. Items for inclusion should be submitted to the Coordinating Editor, Dr. J.Farkas.
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    Scientometrics 6 (1984), S. 359-367 
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    Scientometrics 6 (1984), S. 445-448 
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