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  • Articles  (17)
  • Risk assessment  (7)
  • fusion-fission hybrids  (6)
  • Amazon  (4)
  • 1980-1984  (17)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1940-1944
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (17)
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  • Articles  (17)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fusion-fission hybrids: Environmental aspects and their role in hybrid rationale (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 1 (1981), S. 197-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: fusion-fission hybrids ; fusion reactor safety ; weapons proliferation ; radioactive wastes ; activation products ; fission product transmutation ; uranium-233
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The rationale for developing hybrids depends on real or perceived liabilities of relying on pure fission to do the same job. Quite possibly the main constraint on expanded use of fission will be neither lack of fuel nor high costs, but perceived environmental liabilities—radioactive wastes, reactor safety, and links to nuclear weaponry. The environmental characteristics of hybrid systems and pure-fission systems are compared here in detail. The findings are that significant environmental advantages for hybrids cannot now be demonstrated and may not exist. Therefore, if environmental drawbacks constrain the application of pure fission, hybrids probably also will be thus constrained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050662
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A cost/benefit analysis of commercial fusion-fission hybrid reactor development (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 3 (1983), S. 81-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: cost/benefit ; fusion-fission hybrids ; present worth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A simple algorithm was developed that allows rapid computation of the ratio,R, of present worth of benefits to present worth of hybrid R&D program costs as a function of potential hybrid unit electricity cost savings, discount rate, electricity demand growth rate, total hybrid R&D program cost, and time to complete a demonstration reactor. In the sensitivity study, these variables were assigned nominal values (unit electricity cost savings of 4 mills/kW-hr, discount rate of 4%/year, growth rate of 2.25%/year, total R&D program cost of $20 billion, and time to complete a demonstration reactor of 30 years), and the variable of interest was varied about its nominal value. Results show thatR increases with decreasing discount rate and increasing unit electricity savings and ranges from 4 to 94 as discount rate ranges from 5 to 3%/year and unit electricity savings range from 2 to 6 mills/kW-hr.R increases with increasing growth rate and ranges from 3 to 187 as growth rate ranges from 1 to 3.5%/year and unit electricity cost savings range from 2 to 6 mills/kW-hr.R attains a maximum value when plotted against time to complete a demonstration reactor. The location of this maximum value occurs at shorter completion times as discount rate increases, and this optimal completion time ranges from 20 years for a discount rate of 4%/year to 45 years for a discount rate of 3%/year.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01052645
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in the Fort Edward, New York, water system (1980)
    Springer
    Environmental management 4 (1980), S. 511-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Polychlorinated biphenyl ; Water pollution ; Risk assessment ; Hudson River Valley ; New York state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been determined in the water, in the soils and sediments, and in the biota of a small upstate New York public water supply system, which is near the heavily polluted section of the Hudson River and a disposal site for PCB-containing waste. The impounded water exhibits a significant and relatively uniform level of Aroclor 1016, whereas the ground and surface waters supplying the reservoir do not. Rainfall, which exhibits a high level of Aroclor 1016, constitutes a small but significant source of PCB input. Soil and sediment samples exhibit significant median levels of both Aroclor 1016 and Aroclor 1254, but the local concentrations vary widely. The biota exhibit much higher PCB levels than the water or sediments, and show a strong preference for Aroclor 1254. The PCB levels in the macroinvertebrates are particularly high, suggesting that these organisms may provide a useful indicator for monitoring PCB contamination in aquatic systems. Risk assessment indicates that the lifetime incremental risk of cancer associated with the drinking water is below 10−6. Management of such low levels of PCB contamination is best achieved by reducing the input of PCBs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01876888
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental resource management on the Munduruku savanna (1984)
    Springer
    Environmental management 8 (1984), S. 215-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Munduruku ; Slash-and-burn ; Rubber tapping ; Gold mining ; Amazon ; Resource management ; Rain forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract For 13 years, the Munduruku were observed living in the savanna region located in South America in the Brazilian state of Pará. The area is near the point where the states of Pará, Amazonas, and Mato Grosso join their borders, and is utilized by about 200–300 Munduruku Amerindians. Their subsistence staple is manioc (a cassava), with fruits and meat included in the diet. Gold mining by Brazilians is a disruptive element in the resource management of the savanna habitat on the rim of the Amazon Basin. Direct and indirect results of mining interference are described. A study of the manner in which the Munduruku on the Cururu River (a tributary of the Tapajós) have handled the potentially disruptive rubber tapping suggests possible ways of reversing the interference. Several courses of action are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866963
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Consumer product safety: Risk assessment of exposure to asbestos emissions from hand-held hair dryers (1981)
    Springer
    Environmental management 5 (1981), S. 23-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Risk assessment ; Asbestos ; Hair dryers ; Product safety
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) is concerned that consumer exposure to asbestos from consumer products may present an unreasonable risk of injury. Recently, CPSC has obtained agreement by industry to cease production and distribution of hair dryers containing asbestos heat insulation. CPSC intends to broaden its investigation by selecting consumer products containing asbestos for “priority attention.” The Commission does not intend to make quantitative estimates of cancer risks posed by exposure to asbestos fibers in making regulatory decisions. This position may lead to a serious waste of resources for the Commission, industry, and society. The Commission should focus its initial attention on those products for which the release of asbestos is significant enough to cause an unreasonable health risk. To make a risk assessment for a particular use of asbestos, CPSC must acquire or request data on asbestos emissions and define “unreasonable risk to health.” In an attempt to give some meaning to the phrase “risk assessment,” the primary goal of this paper is to present a detailed risk assessment of exposure to asbestos from hand-held hair dryers. Several scenarios of use are presented using various assumptions regarding time of operation, mixing of fibers in a small room, rate of fiber emission, and time of exposure. The worst case analysis of the health risk of exposure to hair dryer emissions is based on several conservative assumptions and shows that the increased number of deaths per year due to respiratory cancer is 4 for the entire United States population. A more representative case analysis shows the increased number of deaths to be on the order of 0.15 per year.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866607
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Public reaction to the risks of energy technology (1981)
    Springer
    Environmental management 5 (1981), S. 329-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Cost-benefit analysis ; Decision making ; Risk assessment ; Risk perception
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Implicit in every government decision on energy technology is a trade-off of a certain amount of risk in return for societal benefits. As a result of growing public concern over such risks, environmental analysts are increasingly being requested not only to describe potential adverse consequences but also to quantify their probability. However, this task is frustrated not only by inadequate experience with, and incomplete knowledge of, the causality of environmental impacts, but also by a disparity between individual and societal views of risk. While the societal view is based on objective risk functions andnet societal benefit, individuals tend to rely on subjective judgment, and consider the distribution as well as the amount of benefit. Thus, environmental “risk assessments,” produced by analysts on behalf of society as a whole, are likely to be quite speculative, and are unlikely to be reliable indicators of the acceptability of risk to the public.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867346
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cadmium: Simulation of environmental control strategies to reduce exposure (1981)
    Springer
    Environmental management 5 (1981), S. 341-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Environmental management ; Systems analysis ; Risk assessment ; Exposure analysis ; Cadmium ; Environmental modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The effects of selected environmental control strategies on human dietary and respiratory exposure to environmental cadmium (Cd) have been simulated. For each control strategy, mean Cd dietary and respiratory exposures are presented for a twenty-year simulation period. Human exposures related to cadmium are associated with both process waste disposal and product disposal. Dietary exposure is by far the dominant mechanism for Cd intake. Dietary exposure related to aqueous discharges is primarily a result of municipal sludge landspreading, whereas that associated with emissions to the atmosphere derives mainly from the deposition on cropland of airborne particulates from product incineration. Only relatively small dietary exposure reductions are possible through restrictions on anysingle Cd use. Combinations of waste management and environmental control measures promise greater reductions in dietary and respiratory exposure than those achievable through use restrictions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867348
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CRITIQUE—Consumer product safety: Risk assessment of exposure to asbestos emissions from hand-held hair dryers (1981)
    Springer
    Environmental management 5 (1981), S. 15-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Asbestos ; Risk assessment ; Carcinogens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The paper by Dr. William Hallenbeck of the University of Illinois on pp. 23–32 of this issue ofEnvironmental Management contains an estimate of the risk of respiratory cancer resulting from exposure to asbestos fibers emitted from asbestos-containing hairdryers. The study, which is described as a worst case analysis, concludes that the use of these hairdryers would result in a maximum of 0.15 deaths from respiratory cancer per year in the United States, based on a median case estimate of asbestos fiber emission from hair-dryers. This estimate of risk was developed using data from one epidemiologic study. In this critique, we suggest that the use of other epidemiologic studies and the inclusion of other minor, reasonable changes to the basic assumptions made by Hallenbeck could significantly change the estimate in the direction of greater risk. Indeed, the use of other epidemiologic studies in the risk estimate results in an increase in the predicted risk of up to 3 orders of magnitude. Inclusion of changes both in the epidemiologic study used and in certain model assumptions results in an increased risk prediction of over 4 orders of magnitude in the extreme. Since there is no definitive basis on which to include or exclude certain assumptions or relevant studies, the risk estimate at best must be represented as a range of values. Such a range demonstrates the inherent uncertainties associated with estimating the risk to humans from known carcinogens. The size of the range developed in this analysis may actually be underestimated since no attempt has been made to evaluate the uncertainty associated with the choice of the dose-response model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866605
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is “No-Threshold” a “Non-Concept”? (1981)
    Springer
    Environmental management 5 (1981), S. 475-481 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Linear dose-response model ; Risk assessment ; Carcinogens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A controversy prominent in scientific literature that has carried over to newspapers, magazines, and popular books is having serious social and political expressions today: “Is there, or is there not, a threshold below which exposure to a carcinogen will not induce cancer?” The distinction between establishing the existence of this threshold (which is a theoretical question) and its value (which is an experimental one) gets lost in the scientific arguments. Establishing the existence of this threshold has now become a philosophical question (and an emotional one). In this paper I qualitatively outline theoretical reasons why a threshold must exist, discuss experiments which measure thresholds on two chemicals, and describe and apply a statistical method for estimating the threshold value from exposure-response data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866720
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Threshold estimation from the linear dose-response model: Method and radiation data (1981)
    Springer
    Environmental management 5 (1981), S. 515-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Linear dose-response model ; Risk assessment ; Carcinogens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The linear dose-response model is considered a conservative, nonthreshold relationship. This is based on a confusion between the sufficient condition (that is, zero slope at zero dose) and the necessary condition (that is, response distinguishable from zero). Once the threshold is properly defined, it is shown that the linear model predicts thresholds for radiation data in good agreement with experimental results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866724
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas-cooled fusion-fission hybrid reactor systems (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 1 (1981), S. 163-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: fusion ; fusion-fission hybrids ; hybrids ; gas-cooling ; helium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the concept of the fusion-fission hybrid reactor is reviewed, and a system of classification for hybrid blanket designs is suggested. The advantages and disadvantages of gas cooling for hybrid reactor systems are discussed and the design implications of using gas cooling in a hybrid blanket are presented. Five of the more complete gas-cooled hybrid reactor conceptual design studies are discussed, and the fission-suppressed hybrid blanket concept is identified as offering potentially significant advantages in terms of inherent safety features and reduced technology development requirements compared to higher power fission blankets. It is concluded that helium is attractive as the coolant for hybrid reactor systems, and that technically viable reactor designs have been developed using helium cooling. The helium-cooled fission-suppressed hybrid blanket, based on thorium fuel for production of233U, is identified as being a particularly attractive candidate for further hybrid reactor development work.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050660
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A summary of EPRI's fusion-fission hybrid evaluation activities (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 2 (1982), S. 369-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: Fusion ; fusion-fission hybrids ; advanced nuclear systems ; uranium supply
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A summary is given of recently completed and planned fusion-fission hybrid projects. Electricity supply/demand projections and estimates of future uranium requirements for several different combinations of nuclear systems, including hybrids, are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01063687
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reaction balance and efficiency analysis of a D-D fusion/fission hybrid with satellite D-3He reactors (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 2 (1982), S. 181-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: fusion-fission hybrids ; deuterium fueled fusion reactors ; D-D reactions ; D-3He fusion reactions ; thermonuclear fusion ; parent-satellite nuclear energy systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Selected reactor physics and isotope balance characteristics of a fusion hybrid supported D-3He satellite nuclear energy system are formulated and investigated. The system consists of two types of reactors: a parent D-fueled fusion device and a number of smaller reactors optimized for D-3He fusion. The parent hybrid station breeds the helium-3 for the satellites and also breeds fissile fuel for an existing fission reactor economy. Various hybrid operational regimes are examined in order to determine favorable reactorQ values and effective fusion and fission efficiencies. A number of analytical correlations between power output, plasma energetics, blanket neutronics, breeding capacity, and energy conversion cycles are established and evaluated. Numerical examples of performance parameters such as fission-to-fusion power, overall conversion efficiency, and the ratio of satellite to parent fusion power are presented. The range of reactor efficiencies is elucidated as affected by the internal plasma power balances. As an upper bound based on optimistic injection and direct conversion efficiencies, we find the D-3He satellite system power output attaining at best 1/3 of the parent fusion power.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050930
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The case for the fusion hybrid (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 1 (1981), S. 185-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: nuclear fusion ; fissile fuel production ; nuclear fuel production ; fusion-fission hybrids ; future nuclear fuel resources
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The use of nuclear fusion to produce fuel for nuclear fission power stations is discussed in the context of a crucial need for future energy options. The fusion hybrid is first considered as an element in the future of nuclear fission power to provide long term assurance of adequate fuel supplies for both breeder and convertor reactors. Generic differences in neutronic characteristics lead to a fuel production potential of fusion-fission hybrid systems which is significantly greater than that obtainable with fission systems alone. Furthermore, cost benefit studies show a variety of scenarios in which the hybrid offers sufficient potential to justify development costs ranging in the tens of billions of dollars. The hybrid is then considered as an element in the ultimate development of fusion electric power. The hybrid offers a near term application of fusion where experience with the requisite technologies can be derived as a vital step in mapping a credible route to eventual commercial feasibility of “pure” fusion systems. Finally, the criteria for assessment of future energy options are discussed with prime emphasis on the need for rational comparison of alternatives. This approach is contrasted with the dual standard too often used in judging the risks and benefits of nuclear power where, for example, rather minor radiological effects are highlighted while much larger exposures to radiation from medical x-rays, airplane travel, color television sets, etc., are ignored. It is concluded that the fusion hybrid deserves a prominent place among new energy resources but that early attention to insure an adequately informed public is a vital ingredient in assuring reasonable prospects of success.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050661
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Women as hunters among the matses of the Peruvian Amazon (1983)
    Springer
    Human ecology 11 (1983), S. 339-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: Matses ; women ; hunting ; Amazon ; Peru
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Matses women of the Peruvian Amazon rain forest hunt with men, and couples bring back more meat than men alone. This results from the association of women with capture of collared peccary, a large catch. Typical Amazonian beliefs about women persist, but some new features (like day care) are pertinent to Matses hunting adaptation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00891379
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tropical forest mimicry in Swiddens: A reassessment of Geertz's Model with Amazonian data (1983)
    Springer
    Human ecology 11 (1983), S. 35-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: Shifting cultivation ; tropical forest ecology ; Amazon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Geertz's famous hypothesis that horticulturalists practicing shifting cultivation intercrop their plots to mimic the protective structure of the tropical forest is evaluated in view of data on the structural ecology of the tropical forest and swidden plots in Amazonian Ecuador. The cultivation practices of the Siona-Secoya Indians reveal a three-fold typology of cropping patterns (high-diversity intercropping, low-diversity intercropping, and monocropping), with variation among the types in terms of plot size and distribution, cultigen inventory, structural complexity, and function. These gardens and the tropical forest are compared and analyzed in terms of morphology, ecological characteristics, and human manipulation and utilization. Gardens with high-diversity intercropping show certain similarities to the tropical forest, as Geertz's model predicts, but their highly transient structure does not function as a mature ecosystem. Furthermore, plots with low-diversity intercropping and monocropping show few similarities to the forest. Garden structure is best understood in terms of the economic utilization of tropical cultigens displaying specific habits, rather than by analogy to tropical forest physiognomy and function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00891229
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Roads, speculators, and colonization in the Ecuadorian Amazon (1983)
    Springer
    Human ecology 11 (1983), S. 385-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: Amazon ; colonization ; roads ; policy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract In view of the generally disappointing performance of colonization projects in the Amazon basin, unusual projects merit close scrutiny because they may suggest a more effective organizational form for the colonization of humid lowlands. With this end in mind, this article examines those aspects of the Upano-Palora project in southeastern Ecuador that are attributable to the project's unusual plan of establishing settlements first and building the roads afterwards. It concludes that the “settlements first, roads second” developmental sequence reduced the costs of the project, produced an egalitarian pattern of landownership, and contributed to a pattern of land use that had potentially damaging ecological effects. These findings suggest that variations in the timing of road building have an important impact on outcomes in new land settlement schemes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00892246
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