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  • Organic Chemistry  (11,760)
  • Chemical Engineering  (5,556)
  • 1980-1984  (6,002)
  • 1970-1974  (5,209)
  • 1960-1964  (4,471)
  • 1925-1929  (1,634)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 2-2 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 14-20 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A description is given of the procedure and equipment used for the purpose of studying the effect of hydrostatic pressure upon the capillary flow properties of polymer melts. Flow properties are reported for a low density polyethylene over a wide range of temperatures, die sizes, different pressures and hydrostatic pressures.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 3-8 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study was designed to show the nature of weathering of an elastomer poly( ester-urethane), and to indicate methods of overcoining the deficiency. Unprotected polymer, when exposed to UV radiation in a Weatherometer, showed deterioration which is characterized by loss of tensile strength, some increase in modulus, and a decreased extensibility of surface skin.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 9-13 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Translated from: Vysokomolekuliarnye Soedineniia 2, 778-84 (May 1960). A thermomechanical study was made of the softening of crystalline polymers during uniform, uniaxial stretch and also of the effect of the rate of heating upon the softening or amorphous polymers. The effect of the tensile force on the thermo-mechanical behavior of various polymers was measured over the range 20 to 100 kg/cm2 and within wide temperature limits (-150° to 250°C). Ribbons 50 mm long, 2-4 mm wide and 0.05 to 0.5 mm thick served as specimens.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 26-30 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effectiveness of ultraviolet stabilizers of various types of polyolefin, cellulose ester, and poly (vinyl chloride) plastics was investigated. Most of these stabilizers were of the ultraviolet-absorbing type but two were of the nonabsorbing type. Exposures were made both outdoors and indoors in a Twin-Arc Weatherometer. The latter was modified by the addition of ten 20-watt fluorescent sun lamps to remedy the short-ultraviolet deficiency of the enclosed carbon arcs.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 21-25 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The degradation of plastics by ultraviolet energy and the use of protective ultraviolet absorbers to improve stability necessitate studies along several lines. These include (a) the measurement of the ultraviolet spectral energy distribution of sunlight and of the indoor accelerated test sources, (b) the measurement of the extent of degradation as a function of the wavelength of the incident radiation, (c) an estimate of the absorbing effectiveness of the added protective agents, and (d) the stability of the protective ultraviolet absorbers themselves.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 40-46 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The non-Newtonian flow behavior of polyethylene has been investigated with respect to the effects of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. Effects of die geometry on melt fracture as well as preliminary extrudate orientation studies are discussed.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 31-39 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study was designed to show the nature of weathering of an elastomer poly(ester-urethane), and to indicate methods of overcoming the deficiency. Unprotected polymer, when exposed to UV radiation in a Weatherometer, showed deterioration which is characterized by loss of tensile strength, some increase in modulus, and a decreased extensibility of surface skin.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 52-52 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 47-51 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new curing system which yields room temperature curing epoxy adhesives with high bond strength and softening point has been developed for service in contact with high explosives. Bisphenol A type resins cured with hydroxyl alkyl phosphate acid esters are used. Short pot life and relatively low alkali resistance are drawbacks of the system.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 54-55 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 56-56 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 73-79 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This article includes a comparison of the adhesive properties of bisphenol-A expoxides at 300°K and 76°K with respect to the molecular weight of the uncured resins. Joints of 2024 aluminum were tested at 300°K and 76°K in tensile-shear and in impact-shear, and total linear thermal contraction of the cured resins was measured between the two temperatures. Results are discussed with respect to residual joint stresses and adsorptive properties of the resins.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 63-67 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new method for measuring heat stability and temperature of degradation of thermosetting plastics is described, as well as an improved method for the determination of transition temperature into glassy or viscous state for thermosetting resins. Magnitude of elastic deformation is tied in with length of polymer chain and lattice density.
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  • 17
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 68-72 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: During the last thrity years, dielectric measurements have been employed extensively to provide a better understanding of the interactions between polymer and plasticizer in various thermoplastic formulations. Recently, a series of melamine resins, plasticized to the extent that shrinkage and internal stress were modified, became available. Since there is little information in the literature concerning the dielectric properties of such thermosetting resins, a study was made of the variation of dielectric constant and loss as a function of frequency and temperature.
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  • 18
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 57-62 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Derivatives of 2-hydroxybenzophenone are well-known stabilizers for such polymers as cellulose acetate butyrate and polyesters. Their stabilization effectiveness is commonly associated with their ability to screen a polymer from the harmful ultraviolet radiation found in sunlight. They also satisfy other requirements for effective stabilizers, namely, compatibility with many polymers and an inherent stability to ultraviolet light. Several other functions of 2 hydroxybenzophenones in stabilizing a polymer to ultraviolet light have been postulated, but little experimental data related to them are available. This paper deals with some of the additional functions of 2-hydroxybenzophenones in weathering stabilization as investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR).
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  • 19
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 80-85 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The magnitude and temperature dependence of the electrical resistivities of a number of thermoplastic and thermosetting high polymers have been determined. Activation energies for the electrical conduction process Ee have been calculated and found to vary from 12 to 60 Kcal/mole depending upon the structure of the polymer. Results are interpreted in terms of an ionic diffusion process and discussed in terms of the structure of the polymers.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 20
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 102-103 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 21
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 22
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 86-92 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: For broad ranges of operating conditions and a wide variety of high pressure polyethylenes, the flow data obtained from a high shear viscometer and a commercial extruder are identical. Discrepancies between flow data can result from non steady state viscosities in the high shear viscometer, or from cooled screw extruder operation. In the broad regions in which the flow data concur, the readily obtained viscometer data are suitable for predictions of extruder performance. The principle is illustrated by the good correlation of a viscometer flow curve parameter and the screw power consumption in the extruder. Principles outlined for flow data identity and extruder performance prediction are believed to be general, but the quantitative limits defined are specific to the extrusion devices involved.
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  • 23
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 93-100 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Recent technology has evolved a number of dissimilar thermoplastics which under conditions of ambient temperature and impact loading show both the high modulus, which is mainly a property of brittle polymers in the glassy state, and also the impact resistance, such as may be expected of polymers in the rubbery state. Several of these special plastics were examined by electronmicroscopy and also with respect to several aspects of their mechanical behavior to establish by direct observation and inference whether or not different types of plastics exhibit some common features of structure which promote impact resistance. These observations suggest the hypothesis that special circumstances of domain heterogeneity can override many other variables of composition or molecular structures in controlling the fracture mechanism.
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  • 24
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 104-104 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 25
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 105-108 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: For resins of room temperature density 0.91 to 0.96 g/cc, enthaply and internal energy diagrams have been developed from 0 to 200°C and up to 1000 atmospheres. These diagrams can be used for estimating properties for which data are not available, and provide unified view of many properties of polyethylene under conditions of fabrication and use. Extent of crystallinity estimates can be made from enthalpy, internal energy, specific volume, compressibility and melting point data provided for hypothetical amorphous, crystalline and actual resins.
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  • 26
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 109-112 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The Griffith theory for brittle fracture predicts that the tensile strength should be inversely proportional to the square root of the size of a defect or flaw in the sample tested. The validity of this relation has been investigated for the glassy polymers, poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystrene. The results indicate that the strength of the polymers depends on two factors: (1) the surface energy, and (2) the inherent flaw size. The surface energy is primarily that dissipated in a viscous flow process and the inherent flaw size is related to the tendency of the polymer to craze under stress.
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  • 27
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 121-132 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mechanism of formation of tubular polythene film is a complicated process, and extensive studies have shown that the properties of the film made are influenced profoundly and in a complex way both by the processing conditions used by certain design features of the equipment. Studies of the effect of the extrusion variables on the more important film properties, both optical and mechanical, are reviewed in this paper. The results are discussed in terms of the fundamental nature of polythene film, its surface, its crystalline structure and its orientation.
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  • 28
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 113-120 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Flow patterns in the channel of a screw extruder have been investigated in a study utilizing a model extruder with stationary screw and a rotating, transparent barrel. Photographs of flow streamlines at conditions over the full range of output restriction are presented for a non-Newtonian fluid. A technique employing photographs of particle tracers was used with the same apparatus to permit quantitative measurement of velocity profiles with both a Newtonian and a non-Newtonian fluid.
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  • 29
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 139-142 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new series of inorganic-organic high polymers have been synthesized namely; the metaloxene polymers of phenolaldehyde. Titanium (IV), Zirconium (IV) and Hafnium (IV) phenolaldehyde have been prepared and other metals especially the refractory type metals may merit further development as calorobic plastic materials. The hafnium resin has been compression molded into a rocket-nozzle insert shape with satisfactory rocket-firing results.
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  • 30
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 147-148 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 31
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 143-146 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This article describes preparation of resins as described in the title above, and the effect of concentration of the diepoxide, dimer acid, and initiator (stannous octoate). Proportion of dimer acid and diepoxide has a marked influence on hardness and tensile properties of resins. Change in tensile properties upon aging correlates very well with change in hardness. Higher proportions of dimer acid produce softer, more flexible resins. The resins have unique electrical properties at temperature up to 175°C, apparently because of the high proportion of hydrocarbon in the resin.
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  • 32
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 33
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 133-138 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Twelve plastics representing various chemical structures were studied as part of a program to determine the utility of plastics as packaging materials in the high radiation presentation of food. The plastics were exposed to selected dosages of Cobalt-60 gamma radiation in vacuum and in air. Gas evolution and changes in infrared spectra as a result of irradiation were used to hypothesize the relative stability of these plastics to irradiation. Based on these facts it was found that plastics containing conjugated ring systems, ionic linkages, and chlorine in side groups were the most stable.
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  • 34
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 150-151 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 35
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 152-152 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 36
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 153-163 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Permeability properties depend on the size, shape and polarity of the permeating molecule. Permeability of organic liquids, polar or non-polar, can be quite accurately predicted if the chemical composition of the permeant is known. By the choice of an arbitrary value (unity) as an indicator for the carbon atom, numbers specific to each structural element of the permeating molecule can be computed from previous experimental data. These numbers, herein called “Permachor” values (π), then combine by simple addition to relate the logarithm of a liquid's permeation in polyethylene.
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  • 37
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 169-176 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Mobile ions can be introduced thereby increasing the conductivity, with a limiting operating temperature range of 200°-250°C. Conductivity can be increased with the formation of conjugatd double bonds. Polymeric compounds may be synthesized with metallocyclic groups, where an atom of metal is bound to nitrogen atoms in a heterocyclic system in the basic chain of conjugation of the macromolecule. Here phtalocyanimes possess the greatest thermal stability. Lastly there are semiconducting polymers with conjugated double bonds containing hetero-atoms in the principle chain, having unpaired electrons of oxygen and nitrogen.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: If temperature variations of forces in both directions are observed simultaneously at constant simple dimensions, internal energy and entropy changes on elongation in those directions may be calculated at constant volume and in the more common experimental condition of constant pressure. Thermodynamic derivatives at constant volume are important for fundamental molecular interpretation being related to configuration change. Constant pressure quantities were therefore changed into constant volume ones by the use of an evaluated correction term, involving average Young Moduli and thermal expansion coefficient.
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  • 39
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 177-179 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Equipment is described for measurement of Young's and shear modulus on the same identical polymer sample, by a free-vibration method. Strain gauges are used as sensors in an automatic recorder. Young's modulus and damping, shear modulus and damping and Poisson's ratio are reported over a range of temperature for polypropylene, Nylon 66 and poly (methylmethacrylate). It is found that Poisson's ratio shows a dip in the glass transition region and that values greater than the infinitesimal strain limit of 0.5 are obtained in the rubbery region.
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  • 40
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 180-180 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 41
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 181-190 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Adsorption studies on powdered and planar surfaces yield significant information regarding the rate and degree of interaction between the substrate and the organic adsorbate. Investigative tools include contact angle measurement, radiotracer methods, ellipsometry, x-ray diffraction, electron diffraction, elegant infrared techniques, dynamic desorption techniques, and film balance applications.
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  • 42
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 214-223 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A solution of substituted alkyl alkoxy silanes was applied to E-glass filament strands before forming glass-resin composite hoops, which were tested to relate changes in hoop physical properties to the nature of the coupling agent-size application. Continuously heat cleaning E-glass in oxygen-enriched air gives a strand that, when properly coated with size and laminated, makes a hoop with superior strength and modulus properties.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 224-233 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Theoretically a monolayer or insignificant weight per cent of coupling agent should give optimum properties for fiber glass-resin composites, contrary to commercial practice. Studies of variation of chemical bonding between the coupling agent and the resin and the study of the degree of bonding of the coupling agents to the glass by extraction techniques have not explained this effect. However, new techniques of electron microscopy have revealed details of loading distribution and agglomeration on the glass fiber which tend to explain this effect.
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  • 44
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 199-213 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The chromium complex is chemically bonded by ion exchange with alkali cations to strongly acidic sites in the glass surface. These sites are formed by the isomorphous replacement of silicon by boron and aluminum in the network structure. Polymerized complexes are better bonding agents than monomeric ones. Specific interactions between organic groups on the chrome complex and the bonding resins also determine laminate strength and water resistance.
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  • 45
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 191-198 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Interfacial reactions between organosilane-treated fiberglass and styrene, and bond conditions in these and in polymerized ethylene oxide and epichlorhydrin-E-glass systems were investigated. The vinyl functionality of some alkenylsilanes showed little effect on the polymerization of styrene on E-glass. The polymerization of this aromatic monomer on vinyltrichlorosilane-reacted fiberglass did not result in interfacial bond formation. Sorption of water on organosilane-coated glass at different temperatures suggested that permeation of the adsorbate into the bulk of the substrate was determined by diffusive transfer of water molecules.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 47
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 234-244 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Evidence indicates that there is a chemical bond between the coupling agent of either silane or chrome complex type and the glass substrate, but that this chemical bond may be strong or weak, depending on the elements making up the bond and the other elements in the immediate area surrounding the bond. These elements can exert either a beneficial or detrimental effect on the strength of that bond. Other evidence is given to show that a vapor phase treatment that applies silane coupling agents like A-1100 to “E” glass gives the highest known strength retention values. A mechanism is advanced to explain the bridging of unreactive sites on glass surfaces by silane coupling agents applied from solution.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 2-4 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 49
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    Notes: By following the changes in torsional modulus as a function of time, the kinetics of crystallization of three copolymers of vinylidene chloride containing 10% mole % alkyl acrylate were investigated and the geometrical growth and nucleation constant of the Avrami equation was determined. Isotherms were superimposable within certain temperature ranges while the nucleation constant decreased with a decrease in temperature. Rate of crystallization increased with increase of the alkyl side chain length.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 5-6 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 51
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    Notes: This paper compares results of four accelerated oxidation tests: the hot milling test, reaction with fuming nitric acid, absorption of oxygen gas at elevated temperature and the redox system - polyethylene - lead peroxide ignition test. The length of the induction period, is a product of antioxidant concentration but not of the inherent oxidizability of the resin. Discrepancies between induction periods as measured by oxygen absorption and hot milling differ because in the former the volume of pure oxygen absorbed is measured and in the latter the electrical consequences of air oxidation. In addition other polymeric degradation occur in milling. Nitric Acid treatment measures the effect of nitric acid upon the specific viscosity and is useful for chain scission comparisons. The ignition tests reflect both inherent oxidizability and presence of antioxidant. All four tests reflect oxidation parameters.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 21-24 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The effects of moisture and rather large doses of reactor radiation (∼4 × 1011 ergs/gm) on the dynamic properties of polymerized epoxy resins have been investigated over the temperature range of 80°-450°K and at frequencies from 200 to 1400 cps. Data are presented for both unfilled and aluminum-filled systems of a bisphenol A based epoxy, (Epon 828) cured with metaphenylenediamine. Moisture absorption (0.88%) causes a shift of the main glass transition near 440°K to lower temperatures (∼25 degrees for unfilled epoxy). This is similar to the plasticizing action of small molecules absorbed in other polymers such as nylon 6-6. Irradiation to a dose of 4 × 1011 ergs/gm (4 × 109 rads) causes a shift to lower temperatures (∼50 degrees) of the onset of the main transition, and, in addition, results in both a shift to lower temperatures and a decrease in maximum height of the damping peak near 250°K. Chain scission, in a loosening of the structure and the breaking up of the partially flexible connecting groups, may be responsible for these radiation effects.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 25-27 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: One of the reasons for purification of low-pressure polymerization products is the assumed degradation effects of retained catalysts. Degree of degradation was determined from the change in viscosity number. Effects of catalysts on active sights and deactivation were noted along with degradation in the presence of air and oxygen in addition to determining, the effect of antioxidants. Individual components of the catalyst may have the ability to intensify the effect of any antioxidant and affect the rate of degradation where catalyst influence was better defined in the presence of oxygen.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 55-56 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 32-54 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A bibliography of references from 1957 through 1960 was prepared containing the following sub-headings: Protective Ultraviolet Absorbers, Light Sources, Light Fastness Evaluation, Plastics Degradation and Stabilization Polyesters, Polystyrene, Polyvinylchloride, Polyethylene, Polyacrylo and Methacrylonitrile, Polymethyl Methacrylate, Cellulose Acetate and Nitrate, Polyvinyl alcohol, Polyamides, Wool, Rubber, Silicone Resin, Wood, Dyes and Paint Films, Epoxy, Melamine and Urea Formaldehyde, Oil Films, General Mechanical Degradation, Free Radicals and ESR, Photochemistry, Photochemistry and Spectroscopy at Low Temperatures, Antioxidants and Free Radical Scavengers, Flash Photolysis, Energy Transfer, Phosphorence and the Triplet State, Fluorescence.
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  • 56
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 65-73 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The experimental techniques used to measure the dynamic shear behaviour of polymers at low frequencies, that is below 10 sec-1, are discussed with particular reference to the torsion pendulum. The various types of relaxations which can occur in amorphous and semicrystalline polymers are considered. Polymethyl methacrylate, polyethyl methacrylate, and polystyrene are examples of amorphous polymers. The effects of crosslinking, intermolecular forces, steric effects, and plasticizers on the main glass transition of other amorphous polymers are also described. Polytetrafluorethylene is an example of a linear, semi-crystalline polymer. The effect of introducing trifluoromethyl groups along the chain in copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene is described. Results obtained with polypropylene are also discussed.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 57-64 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A brief description is given of the use of a resonant-bar type apparatus for measurement of the dynamic elastic modulus and the associated damping or internal friction of a solid polymer. Each different type of polymer is found to exhibit a characteristic internal friction spectrum when explored over the temperature range from liquid nitrogen temperatures to the melting point. These spectra are characterized by the occurrence of one or more peaks in the mechanical loss data centered about certain temperatures, accompanied by an associated drop in dynamic modulus. By variation of polymer composition and of polymer structure, by addition of low molecular weight compounds, and by subjection of samples to irradiation, considerable additional information can be gained that would be helpful in determining the nature of the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for the observed transitions. Dynamic mechanical data are presented and discussed for a series of poly(alpha olefins) with methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl and isobutyl side chains to depict the effects of crystallinity, side chain length and side chain structure on the observed transitions.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 28-31 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A series of thirty-three phosphites of varied structural variations were tested at 177°C in a vinyl compound utilizing co-precipitated barium cadmium laurate or a combination of barium nonylphenate and cadmium 2-ethylhexoate as the primary stabilizer. Best activity was found with mixed alky-aryl phosphites.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 74-81 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: For polymers the isothermal creep compliance shows a major dispersion region from the glassy compliance Jg to the quasi-equilibrium compliance Je. Further increases in compliance are associated with viscous flow. There is no detailed molecular mechanism to explain these phenomena although the modified Rouse theory and the postulated entanglement coupling present a reasonable physical concept. To empirically describe the creep curves of polycrystalline metals, a power law (\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \dot \varepsilon $\end{document} = mt-n) has frequently been used, where \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \dot \varepsilon $\end{document} is the creep rate, t is the time and m and n are constants with O≤n≤. In particular, n equal to 2/3 leads to Andrade creep, a relationship which is applicable to both polymers and metals. A comparison of the creep behavior of polymers and polycrystalline metals shows many points of similarity.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 82-85 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Dielectric measurements were used to study dielectric constant and loss index of poly(p-chlorostyrene) and poly(m-chlorostyrene) over a temperature and frequency range. Relaxation processes are observed and mechanisms are proposed for crystalline structures. Axial rotation discussed here has been used to explain NMR data.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 94-96 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Notes: The principles of nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR, are briefly reviewed and the use of proton resonance for the study of segmental motion in solid high polymers is outlined. Studies of the temperature dependence of NMR spectra have shown that both completely amorphous and partially crystalline polymers exhibit NMR line narrowing processes at temperatures near the respective glass transition temperature due to increased segmental motion. The presence of small molecules, such as H2O or D2O in the polyamides, or a change of tacticity to a greater isotatic content, such as for poly(methyl methacrylate), is found to lower this line narrowing process on the temperature scale. Heating of polyethylene single crystal aggregates at temperatures somewhat below the melting point also leads to a decrease in temperature for this line narrowing process, presumeably due to the introduction of defects in the polymer crystals. In the ≤ 77°K to 200°K region numerous polymers having methyl and methyl group containing side chains are found to exhibit line width and second moment dispersions, attributed to methyl group rotation. If the methyl group is attached to a phenyl or ester side chain, methyl rotation takes place at 77° K and below.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 97-98 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 99-99 
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    Notes: New methods, new structures leading to novel properties are presented in a collection of summaries. Areas discussed were: thiosemicarbazides, organometallic initiation of allene polymerization, poly(1,1,4,4,-tetramethyl-1,3-butadiene), emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate with protein detergent solubilizing agents, alkali metal organic catalysts for stereospecific polymerization, anionic polymerization of dienes, rate constants in anionic polymerization, a series on polymerization by oxidative coupling with amine copper salt catalysts, block polymerization by vapor phase swelling, intra-intermolecular propagation in the solid-state and radiation induced polymerization.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 101-102 
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 102-103 
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 104-105 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 105-106 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 106-107 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 108-109 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 109-110 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 110-111 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 107-107 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 112-113 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 114-115 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 116-117 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 117-118 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 119-121 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: α-Chloronaphthalene plus 30 weight percent of dimethylphthalate was the solvent with 0.5% ethyl cellulose as stabilizer. A polymer concentration of 0.0025% gave optimum results. A parameter S which is defined as the difference in temperature between 20% and 50% of the total reduction in phototube output is related linearly to a parameter of the Wesslau distribution.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 122-125 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Tris-hydroxymethylphosphine oxide (THPO) derived from commercially available tetrakishydroxy-methylphosphonium chloride (THPC), was studied for its flame retardant properties in reactions with carboxylic acids, anhydrides, diisocyanates, urea, phenol, acyl and aroyl halides. Then the monobenzylated derivative of THPO referred to as BHPO was studied, which is more stable and more reactive with difunctional molecules.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 126-134 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Failing stresses of glass-reinforced plastics and of polystyrene were determined at room temperature. It was found that if an initial load of 40% of the short-term tensile strength of the material is imposed, good agreement exists between the results of accelerated tests and long-term, fixed load measurements for periods of 10,000 hours for the reinforced plastics.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 139-139 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 135-138 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Silicas have been synthesized of which the OH groups have been substituted for organic radicals with double bonds. The methanol, benzene and heptane sorption isotherms of the olefin-substituted silica specimens have been determined. It has been shown that the sorption of the vapors decreases with increasing substitution of the OH group by the organic radicals. The organosubstituted silicas were used as fillers of polymethylmethacrylate.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 326-330 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The adsorption of triethoxysilylpropylamine and its polymer onto 325 mesh E-glass from both aqueous and non-aqueous systems has been investigated. The amount adsorbed from an aqueous solution onto an E-glass surface corresponds to that obtained by others workers using different techniques. Solid preformed A-1100 polymer (II) was found to be unstable. Upon prolonged standing a basic gas, identified as ammonia, was liberated. Experimental results indicate that the amount adsorbed is related to the number of ethoxy groups on the molecule. However, the mechanism of silane attachment is still not completely understood.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 332-336 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The technique of testing resin/glass laminates has been extended to include three alkali-containing glasses. NOL rings have been made by a direct filament drawing technique using an epoxide resin system. In each case the strength developed is less than with “E” glass.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 353-353 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 339-353 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The assertion was checked that alkali containing glass fibers, which evolve caustic bases when attacked by water, are, by this fact, responsible for the mechanical deterioration of reinforced plastics. Glass fibers of different chemical composition, when extracted with water, showed no correlation between amount of alkali in the glass and alkali leached out. Tensile strength of glass fibers is not a function of alkali content. Subjected to water, all types of glass fibers keep their strength except when boiled. This applies to fibers coated with coupling agent or in the native state. Deterioration of laminates under the influence of water seems to be primarily a function of the interface.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 67-70 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Methacryloyl chloride was polymerized in a number of solvents, and the polyacid chloride was converted into the methyl ester. The yield and viscometric molecular weight are given for each sample, whereas the osmometric molecular weight is given for selected samples. The choice of solvent controls the degree of polymerization between the limits of 500 and 8,800. Polymer yields were about 20% and the degree of polymerization was 1500 when dioxane was used as a solvent, whereas the yield increased to 45% and the DP was very high when such solvents as cyclohexane and n-hexane were used. Polymerization in solvent mixtures gave intermediate molecular weight values. Infrared analysis showed the presence of anhydride.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 71-71 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A water immiscible liquid is encapsulated in a thin skin of an insoluble copolymer by dissolving a difunctional acid chloride in said liquid and spraying the solution in fine droplets into a dilute aqueous solution of excess glycol or diamine. The polymer, which is not hygroscopic, forms as an insoluble film on the periphery of each drop. The microcapsules may be separated from the aqueous phase and dried without coalescing. Dyes, pigments, stabilizers, and other materials may be incorporated within the capsules.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 1-3 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An empirical equation is presented which describes polymer solution viscosity, η, over the entire concentration range from a knowledge of intrinsic viscosity, [η], Huggins constant, k′, and bulk flow viscosity of polymer, η0. The equation is: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{{\eta _{sp}}}{{C[\eta]}} = \exp \left\{{\frac{{{\rm k'[}\eta {\rm]C}}}{{1 - bC}}} \right\} $\end{document} where solution viscosity, η, is contained in ηsp. No arbitrary parameters are invoked since b can be evaluated at bulk polymer (C = polymer density) where everything else is known. The equation accurately portrays the viscosity of polypropylene oxide (PPG 2025) from infinite dilution to bulk polymer in a very good solvent (benzene) and in a somewhat poorer (∼ θ) solvent (methylcyclohexane). The hydrodynamic consequences of the thermodynamic interactions between polymer and solvent are reflected in the constants. This equation should be applicable to other polymer/solvent systems, and thus be immediately useful to those working with concentrated polymer solutions.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 24-31 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Flow at the entrance of a tube or channel is of interest in many polymer processes. Except for mathematical treatments at high Reynolds numbers and in creeping Newtonian flow, one must turn to empirical correlating equations and qualitative observations. These are discussed in two parts, one on pressure drop and the other on flow patterns. The discussion of pressure drop is largely a review, dealing with inertial, viscous, and elastic contributions to the pressure drop in tapered and sharp-edged entrances; also presented are new data for a viscoelastic polymer solution in tapered cone entrances. In the section on flow patterns, stress birefringent data for a very elastic solution flowing into a channel entrance show an unusual effect: stress discontinuities, not unlike “shock waves,” upstream and downstream of the entrances. This is in contrast to Newtonian and less elastic materials in which the stress patterns change gradually between the developed flow region and the entrance region.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 48-53 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An approximate theoretical treatment is given for small compressions of bonded rubber blocks. The component of the compressive force arising from the bonded condition at the loaded surfaces is obtained from a pressure distribution within the block, given by the solution of the corresponding torsion problem. The bending of blocks is treated in a similar way, the pressure distribution in this case being derived from the corresponding bending stress function. The apparent shear of relatively thick blocks is then treated as a combination of shear and bending displacements. The location of an internal rupture and the deformation at which it occurs are also derived from a critical (negative) value of the pressure developed within the block, at which a small cavity increases indefinitely in size. The corresponding critical deformations are calculated for extension and bending displacements. The shear stresses developed at the bonded surfaces under extension, compression or bending displacements are also evaluated.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 79-85 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The structure of isotactic polypropylene, obtained by means of Ziegler-Natta catalysis, can be characterized only by molecular weight distribution. The mechanism of stereospecific catalysis eliminates other variables, i.e., short and long branching. In this case it is possible to develop a rheological study dependent only by polydispersity. The spectrum of relaxation times of five samples of polypropylene have been calculated from swelling measurement in the molten state and from flow master curves. The molecular weight distribution of the samples has been calculated by means of the relaxation spectrum, as suggested by Ferry. This information has been compared with that obtained by a fractionation method. There is a good agreement between the calculated and measured polydispersity curves.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 102-107 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A description of tensile failure of polymeric materials under multiaxial loading has been formulated, based on a combination of ideas and implications derived from Smith's work on uniaxial tensile failure envelopes and the author's earlier theoretical work. Some simplification of the formal expressions was achieved by imposing restrictions that would assure that the uniaxial failure envelope is recovered under uniaxial tensile stress conditions and that the progression toward failure is monotonically increasing under monotonically increasing loads. The final result emerges as an extension of the uniaxial failure envelope applied to failure under multiaxial loads. Subsequently, the result is capable of describing rate effects to the same extent as can be described by the uniaxial failure envelope. This is an added capability over many of the existing multiaxial failure descriptions. Unfortunately, the result applied at best, only to those materials for which the uniaxial failure envelope applies; thus the generality is restricted. Some preliminary verification is presented for LX-04-1, a high-explosive material composed of 85% HMX and 15% Viton by weight, using Peterman's results from 68°F biaxial tests. Further experimental work is underway.
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    Notes: When plastics are used for outdoor applications, they often deteriorate fairly rapidly. Theoretical explanation is based upon absorption of ultraviolet energy, raising some bonds to an energy level which exceeds their stability, and thus initiating their breakdown, usually involving atmospheric oxidation and sometimes hydrolysis as well. This theory is satisfactory for many polymers, but does not explain the instability of some polymers which are transparent to ultraviolet, nor the stability of some polymers which contain ultraviolet-absorbing and/or unstable groups. Plastics are often stabiliized by addition of ultraviolet reflectors, absorbers, or deactivators, increasing stability sufficiently for outdoor use; theoretical explanation of their protective action is satisfactory when they work, but does not explain their specificity or their failures.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 279-288 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The residence time distribution (RTD) functions were derived for screw extruders, based on the “parallel plate” and curved channel flow models. The results indicate a relatively narrow distribution, and they explain several characteristics of screw extruders. The strain distribution in the fluid across the channel was also derived. With the aid of these two functions an average strain of the fluid leaving the extruder was defined. The resulting weighted-average total strain (WATS) provides a quantitative criterion to the “goodness of mixing” in extruders.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 159-162 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermal instability of polybutadiene-based rubber used to improve the impact strength of vinyl-type polymers often presents processing problems. Rubber manufacturers have attempted to alleviate this situation by incorporating various types of stabilizers. However, this is not always successful. One of the consequences of using a rubber that is not sufficiently stable in the production of modified vinyl-type polymers is the formation of insoluble gel particles during processing. In an attempt to prevent this from occurring, a test was developed that can differentiate between rubbers of acceptable and non-acceptable thermal stability. In principle, the test consists of exposing the rubber in question to a controlled thermal abuse of such intensity and duration as to approximate the thermal abuse to which the rubber will be subjected in a normal processing sequence. (The extent of abuse will vary for different processes and must be empirically established for each system.) Following this controlled exposure, the rubber is tested for gel-particle content by filtration of a specific solution, much the same way that the rubber manufacturer tests for initial gel-particle content. Sufficient data have been compiled to statistically describe the validity of the test.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 185-192 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The recent history of planar reinforced plastic resins, including glass flake, high modulus ceramic flake, and continuous vapor coated film composites, is reviewed. The theoretical mechanics of both continuous (film) and discontinuous (flake and ribbon) reinforcements are summarized in simple form. A novel set of design curves is presented from which the lower bound requirements for the flake composite constitutents may be read directly. At the same time, the dependence of the composite ultimate strength on the shear strength of the plastic resin matrix is demonstrated.The mechanical properties of experimental film and flake composites representative of recent work are reported and compared with the theoretical predictions. In conclusion, the potential of planar reinforced plastic resin composites is discussed and found to be significant for applications where low weight and high isotropic stiffness are required, for example in aero-structural, airfoil, or blade components.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 215-221 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new method of treating torque rheometer test data has been developed. First, it involves converting the torque values measured over a range of temperatures to torques corresponding to a constant reference temperature. Then the log of the calculated torques is plotted against time. The method has been applied to several polypropylene grades, and the effects of numerous test variables have been explored. Correlations have been developed between torque rheometer data and fundamental polymer properties of viscosity and molecular weight. The method should also be applicable to polymers other than polypropylene.
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