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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (16,437)
  • Fisheries
  • ddc:330
  • 1985-1989  (16,440)
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Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulated flushing in a gravel-bed river for channel habitat maintenance: A Trinity River fisheries case study (1987)
    Springer
    Environmental management 11 (1987), S. 479-493 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Flushing ; Scouring ; Channel Maintenance ; Fisheries ; Trinity River
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The operation of Trinity and Lewiston Dams on the Trinity River in northern California in the United States, combined with severe watershed erosion, has jeopardized the existence of prime salmonid fisheries. Extreme streamflow depletion and stream sedimentation below Lewiston have resulted in heavy accumulation of coarse sediment on riffle gravel and filling of streambed pools, causing the destruction of spawning, nursery, and overwintering habitat for prized chinook salmon (Salmo gairdnerii) and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha). Proposals to restore and maintain the degraded habitat include controlled one-time remedial peak flows or annual maintenance peak flows designed to flush the spawning gravel and scour the banks, deltas, and pools. The criteria for effective channel restoration or maintenance by streambed flushing and scouring are examined here, as well as the mechanics involved. The liabilities of releasing mammoth scouring-flushing flows approximating the magnitude that preceded reservoir construction make this option unviable. The resulting damage to fish habitat established under the postproject streamflow regime, as well as damage to human settlements in the floodplain, would be unacceptable, as would the opportunity costs to hydroelectric and irrigation water users. The technical feasibility of annual maintenance flushing flows depends upon associated mechanical and structural measures, particularly instream maintenance dredging of deep pools and construction of a sediment control dam on a tributary where watershed erosion is extreme. The cost effectiveness of a sediment dam with a limited useful economic life, combined with perpetual maintenance dredging, is questionable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867656
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Age, growth and reproductive biology of the silky shark, Carcharhinus falciformis, and the scalloped hammerhead, Sphyrna lewini, from the northwestern Gulf of Mexico (1987)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 19 (1987), S. 161-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Chondrichthyes ; Elasmobranchs ; Fisheries ; Ageing methods ; Growth rates ; Gestation periods ; Maturity ; Vertebral bands ; Weight-length relationships ; Life histories
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The silky shark, Carcharhinus falciformis, and scalloped hammerhead, Sphyrna lewini, represent 〉80% of the shark by-catch of the winter swordfish/tuna longline fishery of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. This catch represents a potential supplemental fishery, yet little is known of the life histories of the two species. This report relates reproductive biology data to age and growth estimates for 135 C. falciformis and 78 S. lewini. Unlike other regional populations, C. falciformis in the Gulf of Mexico may have a seasonal 12 month gestation period. Males mature at 210–220 cm TL (6–7 yr); females at 〉225 cm TL (7–9 yr). Application of age at length data for combined sexes produced von Bertalanffy growth model parameter estimates of L∞ = 291 cm TL, K = 0.153, t0 = −2.2 yr. Adult male S. lewini outnumbered adult females in catches because of differences in the distributions of the sexually segregated population. Males mature at 180 cm TL (10 yr); females at 250 cm TL (15 yr). von Bertalanffy parameter estimates for combined sexes of this species were L∞ = 329 cm TL, K = 0.073, to = −2.2 yr.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00005346
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The need for conservation and management of Philippine coral reefs (1988)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 23 (1988), S. 141-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Cyanide ; Diversity ; Development ; Ecology ; Environment ; Fisheries ; Pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The biological diversity and productivity of Philippine coral reefs are threatened by siltation, destructive fishing methods, coral and shell collecting and overfishing. Destructive fishing includes: the widespread, illegal use of explosives; poisons such as sodium cyanide; muro-ami and kayakas fishing; and trawling. The recent decline in catch rates threatens the livelihood of 700 000 near-shore subsistence fishermen who catch 55% of the total landings. The new government under Corazon Aquino wishes to protect the marine environment through the creation of a viable marine conservation management plan, enforcement of existing laws and through cooperation between government, non-government and international agencies to provide education and research. The Department of Agriculture, which has the authority for fisheries, has designated the International Marinelife Alliance as the lead non-government agency involved with fund raising, net-training and finding alternatives to destructive fishing methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000745
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene surface slid against steel (1987)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 150 (1987), S. 189-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A morphological study was made to examine the friction and wear mechanisms of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene in air and water by means of transmission electron microscopy of a carbon replica film of a very thin layer of the polymer surface slid against a steel ball. Electron diffractions revealed that a molecular orientation with a typical fiber pattern was formed in the friction in air, while thin ribbon-like crystals with particular crystal orientations were formed in water in a way that the sliding took place on the crystallographic a - c plane, giving rise to a low friction coefficient of the polymer.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1987.051500116
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation of polypropylene: Effect of stabilizers (1987)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 150 (1987), S. 137-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurde der relative Wirkungsgrad von fünf handelsüblichen Stabilisatoren bei Photooxidation und thermischer Alterung von Polypropylen (PP) anhand der Änderungen der mechanischen Eigenschaften untersucht. Es wurden Polypropylenproben mit unterschiedlichem Anteil an Cyasorb UV-531 hergestellt (bezeichnet als PC0.5-31, PC1-31, PC1.5-31 und PC2-31). Der Einfluß der Photooxidation auf das thermische Verhalten ist mit Hilfe der Differentialscanningkalorimetrie und durch thermogravimetrische Analysen untersucht worden. 2-Hydroxy-4-n-octyloxybenzophenon (2 Gew.-%) war am wirksamsten, Polypropylen, gegen Verfärbung und Brüchigkeit zu stabilisieren. Bei einer Probe mit 1% Stabilisatorzusatz fanden sich nach 32 h Bestrahlung noch 81% des ursprünglichen Wertes der Streckgrenze gegenüber 18% bei unstabilisiertem PP.
    Notes: The relative effectiveness of five commercially available stabilizers on the photooxidation and thermal ageing of polypropylene (PP) was investigated by following changes in mechanical properties. Samples of PP containing different percentages of Cyasorb UV-531 were prepared (designated as PC0.5-31, PC1-31, PC1.5-31, and PC2-31, respectively). The effect of photooxidation on thermal behaviour was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. 2-Hydroxy-4-n-octyloxy benzophenone (2% w/w) was most effective in stabilizing PP towards discolouration and brittleness. After 32 h irradiation, 81% retention in yield strength was observed in case of PC1-31 against 18% in case of PP.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1987.051500111
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A contribution to the UV degradation of polyurethanesPaper presented at the 18th Colloquium of Danubian Countries for “Natural and artificial ageing of plastics” in Villach June 24-26, 1987. (Austria) (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 158 (1988), S. 247-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effects of the nature of the polyols used in polyurethane (PUR) synthesis on the structural transformations after ageing by UV irradiation has been studied. The investigations were performed on PUR prepared from polyester and polyether diol oligomers.The characterization of the samples before and after ageing in view of the structural changes, which influence the course of the photooxidative degradation and photocrosslinking as well as in view of changes of mechanical properties has been done. Comparative investigations were performed by spectroscopic and viscometric measurements.The results show pronounced heterogeneity of the degradative reactions, including the existence of crosslinking processes and producing thus very inhomogeneous polymeric material. The course and the intensity of photooxidative degradation of PUR differ together with changes of mechanical properties depending whether polyester or polyether polyol have been used. The processes of photooxidative degradation is less expressed in polyesterurethane then in polyurethane based on polyether, under the same conditions of experiments. Different structures of polyester diols caused the various ageing behaviour of PUR too.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1988.051580114
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Beurteilung von hals-verbindungenVortrag anlä-sslich des 18. Donäulandergesprächs über “Natürliche und künstliche Alterung von Kunststoffen” in Villach (Österreich), vom 24. bis 26. Juni 1987. (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 158 (1988), S. 283-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: QUALIFICATION OF HALS COMPOUNDSA complex method of examination has been developed suitable for the qualification of light stabilizers; by this method, according to experience, the efficacy of HALS compounds can be extensively and expediently characterized.Several light stabilizers of the HALS-type were examined and qualified, used alone or together with a UV-absorber.It has been found that, when selecting the appropriate structure for a given polymer, the weatherability of polyolefine foils is effectively increase to six-eightfold; the increase is even tenfold when the stabilizer is combined with a benzophenone-type compound.As a utilization of these experiences, a contract with the industry, led to the production of an LDPE based agricultural foil with a life-time of several years.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1988.051580116
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simulation des natürlichen hagelschlags an transparenten kunststoffplattenVortrag anläßlich des 18. Donäulandergesprächs über “Nattürliche und künstliche Alterung von Kunststoffen” in Villach (Österreich) vom 24. bis 26. Juni 1987. (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 158 (1988), S. 301-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Natural hail impact tests are scarcely available because hailstorms are limited to a small area and cannot be predicted regarding time, place and intensity. Therefore we relied on laboratory tests simulating natural hailstones by polyamide balls (5-50 mm dia.) whose final velocity could be varied according to meteorological data. So the influence of diameter (weight) and velocity of the artificial hailstones could be taken into consideration independently.The energy of damage or equivalent natural hailstone diameter were determined for 16 mm double skin sheet from PMMA as 0.2 J (14 mm dia.) for star shaped cracks and 2 J (26 mm dia.) for holes. These values do not significantly decrease after 10 years weathering. 10 mm double skin sheets from PC show an extremly high energy of damage of abt. 10 J (38 mm dia.) which decreases to a medium level of 2 J (26 mm dia.) after several years weathering. This decrease is remarkably reduced by weather resistant protective coating.As hailstorms consist to more than 80% of hailstones below 10 mm dia. (0.04 J) the mentioned sheet materials are quite hail resistant also after long weathering periods, but they cannot withstand an extreme hail catastrophe as in Munich July 12, 1984.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1988.051580117
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Specimen temperature as a constant marginal condition and as a variable test parameter during accelerated weatheringVortrag anläßlich des 18. Donauländergesprächs über “Natürliche und künstliche Alterung von Kunststoffen” in Villach (Österreich) vom 24.-26. Juni 1987. (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 158 (1988), S. 313-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The influence of the specimen temperature on many ageing processes is well known. Two aspects is dealt with: -Measurements of the specimen temperature on several positions of a specimen in commercial weathering devices at different exposure conditions. Technical measures to achieve to uniform ageing at all positions of a planar and homogeneous specimen. Examples from practical use.-Changing specimen temperatures (+60°C to -20°C) during the course of accelerated weathering, i.e. a combination of conventional accelerated weathering with a temperature cycle test.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1988.051580118
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some special aspects of thermal ageing of isotactic polypropylene (measuring method: Isothermal long-term DTA)Vortrag anläßlich des 18. Donauländergesprächs über “Natürliche und künstliche Alterung von Kunststoffen” in Villach (Österreich) vom 24.-26. Juni 1987. (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 158 (1988), S. 321-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: An Folien (Dicke 100 pm) aus isotaktischem Polypropylen mit verschiedenen Antioxidansgehalten (0,0% bis 0,1%) wird die thermooxidative Alterunq mit der isothermen Langzeit-Differential-Thermo-Analyse (ILDTA) bis zu Temperaturen weit unter dem Kristallitschmelzbereich verfolqt und die Messwerte mit Ergebnissen aus dem Zeitstand-Zugversuch korreliert. Dabei zeigt sich, daß aus Messunqen mit der ILDTA bereits vor Einsetzen der autokatalytischen Zersetzunq sreaktion Ruckschlüsse auf die thermische Vorqeschichte der Proben und Aussagen auf das rnit einem Abfall der mechanischen Eigenschaften verbundene Ende der thermo-oxidativen Stabilität des Polymeren getroffen werden können.Weiters bietet die ILDTA die Moglichkeit, durch den direkten Zusamenhang zwischen Oxidationszeit und Antioxidansögehalt die örtliche Stabilisatorverteilung in Platten und in Folien zu bestimmen und damit Diffusionsvorqange zu verfolgen.
    Notes: Thermo-oxidative ageing processes were investigated in films (100 μm thick) made from isotactic polypropylene with different antioxidant concentrations between 0% and 0.1% using isothermal long-term differential thermal analysis (ILDTA). The end of the oven life of polypropylene coincided with the loss of mechanical properties which was confirmed by tensile tests at temperatures far below the crystallite melting range. Already prior to the beginning of autocatalytic decomposition, ILDTA experiments permits conclusions to be drawn on the thermal history of the specimens and statements made regarding the end of thermo-oxidative stability of the polymer, which is accompanied by a deterioration in the mechanical properties.In consequence of the correlation between oxidation time and antioxidant concentration the local antioxidant concentration in sheets or films can be measured by ILDTA. Thus, investigating the diffusion of an antioxidant in polypropylene using ILDTA is possible.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1988.051580119
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