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  • Chemical Engineering  (3,542)
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (3,082)
  • Engineering General  (2,473)
  • 1985-1989  (9,097)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Voyager's Last Encounter (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This video describes Voyager 2's encounter with Neptune. Computer animation and actual data convey Voyager's discoveries such as turbulent storms and dark spots in Neptune's atmosphere, six new moons, Neptune's three rings, and the presence of frozen methane on Triton, as researchers at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory describe Voyager's achievements.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: ASR-251 , NASA-TM-109361 , NONP-NASA-VT-94-198208
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  • 2
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    Voyager Encounters Uranus (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Early results from Voyager's pass of Uranus and its moon, Miranda, are shown.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: ASR-240 , NASA-TM-109619 , NONP-NASA-VT-93-190417
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  • 3
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    Lunar Base Concepts (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This videotape discusses NASA's plans for a lunar base. Additionally, the videotape features interviews with George Keyworth, James Beggs, and Harrison Schmidt.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: ASR-236 , NASA-TM-109607 , NONP-NASA-VT-93-190405
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  • 4
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    NASA's plans for manned missions to the moon and Mars (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Issues, problems, and potential solutions of the lunar and Mars missions which will be undertaken in the first decade of the next century are discussed. Arguments are made for the feasibility and usefulness of a lunar base, and an evolutionary approach to a manned Mars mission involving a preliminary mission to Phobos is outlined. The Shuttle Z concept for both moon and Mars missions which involves a dual use of a spacecraft transfer stage operating also as a booster third stage is defined.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Spaceflight (ISSN 0038-6340); 31; 297-302
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  • 5
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    Planetary cartography in the next decade: Digital cartography and emerging opportunities (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Planetary maps being produced today will represent views of the solar system for many decades to come. The primary objective of the planetary cartography program is to produce the most complete and accurate maps from hundreds of thousands of planetary images in support of scientific studies and future missions. Here, the utilization of digital techniques and digital bases in response to recent advances in computer technology are emphasized.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-4092 , NAS 1.15:4092
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  • 6
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    Advances in Planetary Geology (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The surface of Mars displays a broad range of channel and valley features. There is as great a range in morphology as in scale. Some of the features of Martian geography are examined. Geomorphic mapping, crater counts on selected surfaces, and a detailed study of drainage basins are used to trace the geologic evolution of the Margaritifer Sinus Quandrangle. The layered deposits in the Valles Marineris are described in detail and the geologic processes that could have led to their formation are analyzed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-89871 , NAS 1.15:89871
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  • 7
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    Cratering history of Miranda (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The surface of the southern hemisphere of Miranda imaged by Voyager 2 is divisible into two general types of terrain: cratered terrain, characterized by numerous craters and undulating intercrater plains; and basins, circular to rectangular areas of complex morphology having large-scale albedo markings. To determine the relative ages of the terrains and the length of geological activity, crater-frequency data were compiled for various parts of the cratered terrain and basins. Crater-frequency data indicate that the cratered terrain is the oldest terrain on Miranda and that it was locally resurfaced.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Reports of Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program, 1986; p 9-11
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  • 8
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    Planetary Geology: Goals, Future Directions, and Recommendations (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Planetary exploration has provided a torrent of discoveries and a recognition that planets are not inert objects. This expanded view has led to the notion of comparative planetology, in which the differences and similarities among planetary objects are assessed. Solar system exploration is undergoing a change from an era of reconnaissance to one of intensive exploration and focused study. Analyses of planetary surfaces are playing a key role in this transition, especially as attention is focused on such exploration goals as returned samples from Mars. To assess how the science of planetary geology can best contribute to the goals of solar system exploration, a workshop was held at Arizona State University in January 1987. The participants discussed previous accomplishments of the planetary geology program, assessed the current studies in planetary geology, and considered the requirements to meet near-term and long-term exploration goals.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CP-3005 , NAS 1.55:3005
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  • 9
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    Reflectance spectroscopy in planetary science: Review and strategy for the future (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Reflectance spectroscopy is a remote sensing technique used to study the surfaces and atmospheres of solar system bodies. It provides first-order information on the presence and amounts of certain ions, molecules, and minerals on a surface or in an atmosphere. Reflectance spectroscopy has become one of the most important investigations conducted on most current and planned NASA Solar System Exploration Program space missions. This book reviews the field of reflectance spectroscopy, including information on the scientific technique, contributions, present conditions, and future directions and needs.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-SP-493 , NAS 1.21:493 , LC-87-28154
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  • 10
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    Solar system exploration (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Two fundamental goals lie at the heart of U.S. solar system exploration efforts: first, to characterize the evolution of the solar system; second, to understand the processes which produced life. Progress in planetary science is traced from Newton's definition of the principles of gravitation through a variety of NASA planetary probes in orbit, on other planets and traveling beyond the solar system. It is noted that most of the planetary data collected by space probes are always eventually applied to improving the understanding of the earth, moon, Venus and Mars, the planets of greatest interest to humans. Significant data gathered by the Mariner, Viking, Apollo, Pioneer, and Voyager spacecraft are summarized, along with the required mission support capabilities and mission profiles. Proposed and planned future missions to Jupiter, Saturn, Titan, the asteroids and for a comet rendzvous are described.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 11
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    The planetary exploration program - A preview of plans for the 21st century (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Interplanetary missions which may be pursued in the late 20th and early 21st centuries are discussed, with emphasis on possible roles for the Space Station in the IOC and in growth configurations. The Station could serve as an assembly, fueling and tracking base for interplanetary missions, first unmanned and then manned.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: AAS PAPER 85-477
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  • 12
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    Geology and cratering history of Ariel (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The surface of Ariel imaged by Voyager 2 can be divided into several types of terrain on the basis of morphology: cratered terrain, subdued terrain, ridged terrain, and plains. Crater statistics were compiled for each of the terrain types. Despite differing morphology, the various terrains on Ariel do not exhibit large variations in crater frequency. None of the observed surfaces on Ariel record the period of accretion. It seems that conditions appropriate for resurfacing could have occurred during the early history of Ariel.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Reports of Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program, 1986; p 19-21
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  • 13
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    Striated spectral activity in Jovian and Saturnian radio emission (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Examination of high time resolution frequency-time spectrograms of radio emission measured near the Voyager 1 and 2 encounters with Jupiter reveals occasional striation patterns within the normally diffuse hectometric radiation. The patterns are characterized by distinctive banded structures of enhanced intensity meandering in frequency over time scales of minutes to tens of minutes. This banded form of striated spectral activity (SSA) has an occurrence probability of the order of 5 percent during the three weeks before and after Jupiter encounters. Plots of single 6-s frequency sweeps often exhibit a slow rise in intensity followed by a sharp drop-off in each band as frequency decreases. Banded SSA is often preceded or followed by chaotic SSA in which banding of the emission becomes discontinuous or unrecognizable, although the intensity modulation is still evident. Although SSA normally occurs in the frequency range of roughly 0.2-1.0 MHz, similar but longer-lasting patterns have been found occasionally in decametric emission above 10 MHz. Analogous modulation has also been observed in the Saturnian radio emission, suggesting that SSA may be a common feature intrinsic to the radio emission at both planets.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 93; 9597-960
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  • 14
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    Part 1: The geomorphic evolution of Eastern Margaritifer Sinus, Mars (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Geomorphic mapping, crater counts on selected surfaces, and a detailed study of drainage basins, were used to trace the geologic evolution of Margaritifer Sinus Quandrangle. The oldest dated surface covering these basins evolved during the period of intense bombardment. Since that time four resurfacing events have occurred. The first three were all of regional extent, while the fourth, occurred locally, filling basins. Valley networks, incised in the third event unit, are always buried by the fourth event unit when present. A peak in geomorphic activity occurred from 10,000 to 5000. Events during this period included the formation of Uzboi/Ladon Valles with deposition in Ladon Basin, and the formation of Samara and Parana/Loire Valles in MC19SE. Flow out of Ladon Basin and to a lesser extent Samara and Parana/Loire Valles created etched terrain at their confluence that was synchronous with initiation of Margaritifer and Iani Chaos. The range of dates for the chaos may be due to periodic collapse. The extensive, well integrted nature of Samara and Parana/Loire Valles requires the existence of a long period of favorable climatic conditions to allow their formation. Development of these two systems was probably through sapping processes.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Advances in Planetary Geology 2; 259 p
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  • 15
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    Subcentimeter-size particle distribution functions in planetary rings from Voyager radio and photopolarimeter occultation data (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Analysis of measurements of the scattered and direct components of Voyager 1 radio occultation signals at 3.5 and 13 cm wavelengths yield estimates of the distribution functions of supracentimeter-size particles and thickness of relatively broad regions in Saturn's rings. If mearurements of signal amplitude at a shorter wavelength are combined with the previously analyzed data, the shape of the distribution functions characterizing the smaller particles can be constrained. If size distributions of arbitrary form were considered, many solutions are found that are consistent with the three available observations of signal amplitude. The best-fit power law was calculated to the three observations at three wavelengths for several of the embedded Saturn ringlets. Mie scattering theory predicts that the measured phase of the radio occultation signal is highly sensitive to particles ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 wavelengths in size, thus additional constraints on the subcentimeter-size distribution functions for both the Saturn and Uranus rings can in principle be derived from radio phase measurements.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA, Washington, Reports of Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program, 1986; p 55-56
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  • 16
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    Status and future of lunar geoscience (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The Moon is of special interest among the many and diverse bodies of the solar system because it serves as a scientific baseline for understanding the terrestrial planets, its origin is closely tied to the early history of the Earth, and its proximity permits a variety of space applications such as mining and establishment of bases and colonies. Data acquisition and analysis have enabled advances to be made and the remaining questions in many fields of lunar geoscience to be identified. The status and unresolved problems of lunar science are discussed. Immediate needs, new unmanned missions, and a return to the Moon (a lunar base) are examined.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-SP-484 , NAS 1.21:484
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  • 17
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    Evaluation of the mechanical properties of Phobos' regolith (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Slopes and heights in craters and grooves which appear to be overlain with regoliths make it possible to set lower limits for regolith strength. The mechanical properties for this material are set at c = 0.001-0.07 N/ sq cm, phi = 5-30 deg.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-88496 , NAS 1.15:88496
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  • 18
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    Part 2: Sedimentary geology of the Valles, Marineris, Mars and Antarctic dry valley lakes (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Detailed mapping of the layered deposits in the Valles Marineris, Mars from high-resolution Viking orbiter images revealed that they from plateaus of rhythmically layered material whose bases are in the lowest elevations of the canyon floors, and whose tops are within a few hundred meters in elevation of the surrounding plateaus. Four hypotheses for the origin of the layered deposits were considered: that they are eolian deposits; that they are remnants of the same material as the canyon walls; that they are explosive volcanic deposits; or that they were deposited in standing bodies of water. There are serious morphologic objections to each of the first three. The deposition of the layered deposits in standing bodies of water best explains their lateral continuity, horizontality, great thickness, rhythmic nature, and stratigraphic relationships with other units within the canyons. The Martian climatic history indicated that any ancient lakes were ice covered. Two methods for transporting sediment through a cover of ice on a martian lake appear to be feasible. Based on the presently available data, along with the theoretical calculations presented, it appears most likely that the layered deposits in the Valles Marineris were laid down in standing bodies of water.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Advances in Planetary Geology 1; 175 p
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  • 19
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    Reports of Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program, 1986 (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Abstracts compiled from reports from Principal Investigators of the NASA Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program, Office of Space Science and Applications are presented. The purpose is to document in summary form work conducted in this program during 1986. Each report reflects significant accomplishments within the area of the author's funded grant or contract.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-89810 , NAS 1.15:89810
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  • 20
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    The planets of the Solar System (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This book is intended both for the lay person and the would-be scientist. The planets are discussed with a comparision of their basic natural features: mechanical characteristics and parameters of movement, surfaces, inner structure, physical properties of the atmosphere and meteorology. Also general problems of planetary cosmogony, thermal history and climatic evolution are considered briefly. The book is based on Soviet and foreign material, data from spacecraft, Earth optical and radio astronomical measurements and also data obtained from theoretical models.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-88015 , NAS 1.15:88015
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  • 21
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    Parquet: Regions of areal plastic dislocations (on Venus) (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The extensive flat elevations of the Northern Hemisphere of Venus are covered with frequently intersecting lines of dislocations, resembling the outline of a giant parquet. In the internal sections of these regions we find grabens and regions of extension, and on the periphery lobe-shaped flow structures. The parquet was formed after the beginning of the formation of the lava plains, but covered by the youngest lava. These structures apparently arose partly because of the dragging of blocks of crust by the asthenospheric flows, and partly in the gravitational sliding of such heated blocks in the partial melting of their base. It is possible that these elevations occupy on Venus the place of the Earth's rift systems.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-88510 , NAS 1.15:88510 , (ISSN 0016-853X)
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  • 22
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    Stress on the surface of Venus: Analysis of data provided by Venera-15 and Venera-16 (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: There are no large-scale sedimentation and erosion processes on Venus, therefore the observed deformation must be formed on the surface or close to it, and in the ellipsoids of stresses one of the main axes must be perpendicular to the surface. According to the deformation visible on photography from Venera-15, 16, the orientations of the ellipsoids of stresses are established in the different sections of the Montes Maxwell and the northern parquet. A geological model is established, according to which the Montes Maxwell is an arched vault and the region to the south a conjugate bend, separated by a shift zone.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-88509 , NAS 1.15:88509 , (ISSN 0016-853X)
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  • 23
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    The structure of the Ishtar Terra central and eastern parts and some tectonic problems of Venus (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Moving from the Maxwell Montes to the eastern edge of Ishtar Terra there is a gradual shift in submeridional meandering folded ranges in the western section of the area to straight intersecting disjunctive systems of connected faults and sublatitudinal shifts. These disjunctive systems evidently transform older structures; the major axis of the stresses created by them is primarily oriented sublatitudinally. Relative to younger structures, in the western they occupy a higher hypsometric position. The reason for the formation of this entire system may be a large astenospheric flow wihch rise in the region of Lakashmi Planum and Maxwell Montes and which spreads and plunges in an easterly direction, taking with it deformed blocks of the lithosphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-88508 , NAS 1.15:88508
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  • 24
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    The Lakshmi Plateau structure as an indicator of asthenosphere horizontal flows on Venus (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The structure of Lakshmi Planum in the western part of Ishtar Terra in a fold-fault setting which conforms to the basic massif of the plateau with eruptive centers is constructed concentrically and is interpreted from the point of view of the subsurface flow of materials in the form of horizontally diverging asthenospheric flows and gravitational creep. The surrounding structures are formed by the deformation of the more rigid lithosphere as it breaks away from the asthenospheric flow.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-88507 , NAS 1.15:88507
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  • 25
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    Structural ensembles of the north belt of Venus deformations and possible mechanisms of their formation (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The author discusses structural formations in the northern deformation belt of Venus, studied according to the data of the radar pictures obtained with the Venera 15 and 16 probes. He shows that it consists of regions of compression with submeridional orientation, regions of displacement, extending in the sublatitudinal direction and individual slightly deformed blocks. He puts forward the hypothesis that the formation of these structures is related with horizontal movements in the mantle in the sublatitudinal direction.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-88511 , NAS 1.15:88511 , (ISSN 0016-853X)
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  • 26
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    Phobos and Deimos: Satellites of Mars (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The physical characteristics of Phobos and Deimos, satellites of Mars, are discussed. Phobos and Deimos are used as an example to discuss the probable internal structure of objects of this type and the structural formations on their surfaces. The history of astronomical observations of Mars is also described.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-88016 , NAS 1.15:88016
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  • 27
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    Geological-morphological description of the Ishtar Terra (photomap of the Venusian surface sheet B-5) (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The main part of the Ishtar Terra east of the Maxwell Montes is covered with systems of areal dislocations of several directions, which are called Parquet. According to the structural patterns these may be divided into: (1) the central stable block; (2) the lesser peripheral blocks separated from the central one by gaps and grabens; (3) the zones of mobilized parquet, whose substance flowed downward at an incline in the directions away from the central block in the form of plastic flows; and (4) the partially parqueted lava sheets. The Maxwell Montes were formed as a result of the collision between the central parquet block and the Lakshmi Planum.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-88497 , NAS 1.15:88497
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  • 28
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    Geometric principles for constructing radar panoramas of the surface of Venus: Hypsometric features of the Moon and terrestrial planets (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The physographic curves of the moon and terrestrial planets, drawn both for the entire surface as a whole and for individual hemispheres, were compared to discover the common consistencies and individual features in the distribution of hypsometric levels. In 1983 to 1984 the automated interplanetary stations (AMS) Venera 15 and 16 made radar maps of the planet Venus. The synthesized images are the basic initial material for photogrammetric and catrographic processing to create maps of the Venus surface. These principles are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-88532 , NAS 1.15:88532
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  • 29
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    Geological-morphological description of the Sedna and Guinevre planitiae on Venus (photomap sheets B-11, B-20, B-21) (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Presented are descriptions and maps of the region of Sedna and Guinevra Planitiae--representatives of the largest geological providense on Venus comprised of volcanic rock. Units of different age are isolated and their relations are given, as well as interpretations of proposed mechanisms of formation.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-88494 , NAS 1.15:88494
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  • 30
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    Planetary exploration through year 2000, a core program: Mission operations (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: In 1980 the NASA Advisory Council created the Solar System Exploratory Committee (SSEC) to formulate a long-range program of planetary missions that was consistent with likely fiscal constraints on total program cost. The SSEC had as its primary goal the establishment of a scientifically valid, affordable program that would preserve the nation's leading role in solar system exploration, capitalize on two decades of investment, and be consistent with the coordinated set of scientific stategies developed earlier by the Committe on Planetary and Lunar Exploration (COMPLEX). The result of the SSEC effort was the design of a Core Program of planetary missions to be launched by the year 2000, together with a realistic and responsible funding plan. The Core Program Missions, subcommittee activities, science issues, transition period assumptions, and recommendations are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-89275 , NAS 1.15:89275
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  • 31
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    Voyager 2 radio observations of Uranus (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Voyager 2 detected continuous radio signals in the 40-100 kHz interval starting from 5 days before passage of Uranus. The radio signals reached 800 kHz within 4 days of closest approach and continued throughout the outward bound phase of flight. The signals were modulated with a period close to 17.24 days, the same period calculated for the rotation of the Uranus magnetosphere with other spacecraft data. The planet was also found to have an off-center magnetic field, and radio signals were strongest when the dipole center was on the nightside of Uranus. Dynamic spectral and burst events which were recorded indicated that Uranus, like the earth, has a strongly defined plasmasphere. It moves under the control of magnetic force tubes that interact with the magnetosphere boundary, producing a variety of MHD phenomena.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 233; 102-106
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    Energetic charged particles in the Uranian magnetosphere (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The cosmic ray instrument on Voyager 2 obtained detailed charged particle data on the path the spacecraft followed through the newly-discovered Uranian magnetosphere. Notably, the electron counts did not rise above background until the spacecraft was deep in the magnetosphere. The data further indicated that the satellites Miranda, Ubriel and Ariel impose a sweep effect on MeV electrons, which move radially inward from some source in the outer magnetosphere or the magnetotail. The energetic particle data also supported a firm pitch angle dependence for proton energy spectra in the 1-8 MeV range. Finally, the particle density data were commensurate with a dipole magnetic field tilted 60.1 deg in relation to the planet and rotating every 17.4 hr, close to estimates from other instruments.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 233; 93-97
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    Planetary programs (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The goals of the NASA planetary exploration program are to understand the origin and evolution of the solar system and the earth, and the extent and nature of near-earth space resources. To accomplish this, a number of missions have been flown to the planets, and more are in active preparation or in the planning stage. This paper describes the current and planned planetary exploration program starting with the spacecraft now in flight (Pioneers and Voyagers), those in preparation for launch this decade (Galileo, Magellan, and Mars Observer), and those recommended by the Solar System Exploration Committee for the future. The latter include a series of modest objective Observer missions, a more ambitious set of Mariner Mark IIs, and the very challenging but scientifically rewarding sample returns.
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  • 34
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    In situ results on the variation of neutral atmospheric hydrogen at Venus (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The concentrations of neutral hydrogen, n(H), in the Venus atmosphere were derived from an ion and neutral charge exchange relationship involving O(+), H(+), O, and CO2, which were measured by OIMS and ONMS on board the Pioneer Venus for the period 1979-1980 covering three diurnal cycles of Venus. There was a persisting dawn bulge in the diurnal distribution of n(H), which peaked at levels near 5 x 10 to the 7th/cu cm at altitudes below 165 km. Large day-to-day variations of up to a factor of 5 in n(H) were frequently encountered, in addition to some local time variations in the bulge location. Although the appreciable short-term variability in n(H) makes precise assessment of the interannual variations difficult, no distinct evidence for interannual variation in n(H) was found. These results were confirmed by the facts that no significant interannual differences in n(H3) measured directly by ONMS were detected, and that only small (not more than 10 percent, decline) variations in the solar EUV flux were found in the 1979-1980 period.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 5; 9, 19
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  • 35
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    Preliminary results of measurements by automated probes Vega 1 and 2 or particle concentration in clouds of Venus at heights 47-63 KM (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Results of the preliminary processing of the Vega 1 and 2 descender data on the cloud layer structure of the Venusian atmosphere are discussed. A photoelectric counter for aerosol particles is described together with its optical and pneumatic circuits and operation algorithm. Vertical profiles of concentrations of particles with a diameter of 0.4 microns agree quantitatively with the Pioneer-Venus and Venera 9 and 10 data. Concentrations of these particles are: in the B layer, up to 190/cu cm; in the C layer, up to 10/cu cm; and in the D layer, up to 130/cu cm. Layers have sharp boundaries with a significant vertical heterogeneity of the aerosol concentration field inside them.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-88424 , NAS 1.15:88424
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  • 36
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    Volatile components and continental material of planets (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: It is shown that the continental material of the terrestrial planets varies in composition from planet to planet according to the abundances and composition of true volatiles (H20, CO2, etc.) in the outer shells of the planets. The formation of these shells occurs very early in a planet's evolution when the role of endogenous processes is indistinct and continental materials are subject to melting and vaporizing in the absence of an atmosphere. As a result, the chemical properties of continental materials are related not only to fractionation processes but also to meltability and volatility. For planets retaining a certain quantity of true volatile components, the chemical transformation of continental material is characterized by a close interaction between impact melting vaporization and endogeneous geological processes.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-88478 , NAS 1.15:88478
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  • 37
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    Measurements of the composition of aerosol component of Venusian atmosphere with Vega 1 lander, preliminary data (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Preliminary investigation of mass spectra of gaseous products of pyrolyzed Venusian cloud particles collected and analyzed by the complex device of mass-spectrometer and collector pyrolyzer on board Vega 1 lander revealed the presence of heavy particles in the upper cloud layer. Based on 64 amu peak (SO2+), an estimate of the lower limit of the sulfuric acid aerosol content at the 62 to 54 km heights of approximately 2.0 mg/cu m is obtained. A chlorine line (35 and 37 amu) is also present in the mass spectrum with a lower limit of the chlorine concentration of approximately 0.3 mg/ cu m.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-88422 , NAS 1.15:88422
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  • 38
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    Vertical thermal structure of the Venus atmosphere from temperature and pressure measurements (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Accurate temperature and pressure measurements were made on the Vega-2 lander during its entire descent. The temperature and pressure at the surface were 733 K and 89.3 bar, respectively. A strong temperature inversion was found in the upper troposphere. Several layers with differing static stability were visible in the atmospheric structure.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-88420 , NAS 1.15:88420
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  • 39
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    Reports of Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program, 1984 (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Topics include outer planets and satellites; asteroids and comets; Venus; lunar origin and solar dynamics; cratering process; planetary interiors, petrology, and geochemistry; volcanic processes; aeolian processes and landforms; fluvial processes; geomorphology; periglacial and permafrost processes; remote sensing and regolith studies; structure, tectonics, and stratigraphy; geological mapping, cartography, and geodesy; and radar applications.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-87563 , NAS 1.15:87563
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  • 40
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    Report of the 90-day study on human exploration of the Moon and Mars (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The basic mission sequence to achieve the President's goal is clear: begin with Space Station Freedom in the 1990's, return to the Moon to stay early in the Next century, and then journey to Mars. Five reference approaches are modeled building on past programs and recent studies to reflect wide-ranging strategies that incorporate varied program objectives, schedules, technologies, and resource availabilities. The reference approaches are (1) balance and speed; (2) the earliest possible landing on Mars; (3) reduce logistics from Earth; (4) schedule adapted to Space Station Freedom; and (5) reduced scales. The study and programmatic assessment have shown that the Human Exploration Initiative is indeed a feasible approach to achieving the President's goals. Several reasonable alternatives exist, but a long-range commitment and significant resources will be required. However, the value of the program and the benefits to the Nation are immeasurable.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-102999 , NAS 1.15:102999
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  • 41
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    Planetary volcanism - A study of volcanic activity in the solar system (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The nature of volcanic activity, theoretical models of its role in planetary evolution, and the evidence for volcanism on the planets and planetary satellites are examined in an introductory overview for advanced undergraduate and graduate students. Chapters are devoted to volcanism as a planetary process, the generation and evolution of magmas, magma ascent and eruption, the properties and behavior of volcanic flows, volcanic landforms, the distribution of volcanic rocks in the solar system, and volcanic plains and their development. Consideration is given to lunar volcanism, shield volcanoes and paterae, volcanism on Io, volcanism on icy satellites, and the rheological analysis of volcanic flows.
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  • 42
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    Modulated spectral activity (MSA) - Implications for planetary radio sources (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The properties of the Jovian and Saturnian MSA, modulation patterns within the normally diffuse nonthermal radio emission that are characterized by distinctive banded structures of enhanced intensity fluctuations in frequency over time scales of minutes to tens of minutes, are discussed. Although Jovian and Saturnian MSA are both normally observed in the 0.2-1.3-MHz frequency range, similar pattern have been noted in Jovian decametric emission above 30 MHz. The MSA properties are used to constrain the possible source mechanism.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Intl. Workshop on Planetary Radio Emissions; Sept. 7-9, 1987; Graz; Austria
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  • 43
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    Exploration case studies (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: NASA's Office of Exploration has undertaken four case studies for prospective expansion of manned space activities beyond earth orbit. The subjects of these studies are (1) an expedition to the Martian moon Phobos; (2) a three-mission expedition to Mars; (3) the construction of a man-tended lunar observatory; and (4) the construction of a lunar outpost to serve as the basis for construction of a Martian outpost. The fourth alternative would follow the recommendation of the National Commission on Space for the creation of a 'bridge between worlds' in which explorers would develop ways in which to 'live off the land' in a space environment.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Aerospace America (ISSN 0740-722X); 27; 40-43
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    Exploration studies technical report, FY1988 status. Volume 1: Technical summary (1988)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The Office of Exploration (OEXP) at NASA Headquarters has been tasked with defining and recommending alternatives for an early 1990's nationaL decision on a focused program of human exploration of the solar system. The Mission Analysis and System Engineering (MASE) group, which is managed by the Exploration Studies Office at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, is responsible for coordinating the technical studies necessary for accomplishing such a task. This technical report, produced by the MASE, describes the process that has been developed in a case study approach. The four case studies developed in FY88 include: (1) Human Expedition to Phobos; (2) Human Expedition to Mars; (3) Lunar Observatory; and (4) Lunar Outpost to Early Mars Evolution. The final outcome of this effort is a set of programmatic and technical conclusions and recommendations for the following year's work.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-4075-VOL-1 , NAS 1.15:4075-VOL-1
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  • 45
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    Cratering history of Miranda - Implications for geologic processes (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The terrain of Miranda, which is the least cratered and therefore pressumably youngest of the Uranian moons, encompasses more heavily cratered and coronae regions, of which the former are, again pressumably, the oldest. The coronae are also variably cratered; of these, Elsinore and Arden Coronae have similar, intermediate crater frequencies, and may therefore have formed simultaneously. The Inverness Corona is the youngest of the major terrains. Periods of global expansion are implied by grabben formation that may have occurred both before and after the formation of the coronae.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 442-461
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  • 46
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    Relief and geology of the north polar region of the planet Venus (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Description of topographic features is given for the North polar region of the planet Venus. Principal geomorphic types of terrain are characterized as well as their geologic relations. Relative ages of geologic units in Venus North polar region are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-88498 , NAS 1.15:88498
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  • 47
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    Bilateral symmetry of circular impact structures of astroblemes (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The relief of the true crater-bottom and the distribution of impactites and allogenic breccias for the Popigay and Kara astroblemes is examined. It is shown that the crater morphology and the distribution of ejecta of fragmented and melted masses has a series of features of symmetry in common with lunar analogs of large astroblemes, formed as a result of an oblique impact, as well as with impact and impact-explosive craters. This leads to the conclusion that both structures were formed as a result of oblique impact of meteoroid bodies; the trajectory projection of the body which formed the Popigay crater had an azimuth of 200 + or - 10 deg., while this azimuth for the Kara crater was 50 + or - 10 deg.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-88480 , NAS 1.15:88480
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  • 48
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    Exploring Mars (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: This presentation shows what researchers are designing (solar balloon and rover) to better explore Mars geography before sending a manned mission.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: ASR-243 , NASA-TM-109306 , NONP-NASA-VT-93-185324
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  • 49
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    Reports of planetary geology and geophysics program, 1987 (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: This is a compilation of abstracts of reports from Principal Investigators of NASA's PLanetary Geology and Geophysics program, Office of Space Science and Applications. The purpose is to document in summary form research work conducted in this program during 1987. Each report reflects significant accomplishments in the area of the author's funded grant or contract.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-4041 , NAS 1.15:4041
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  • 50
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    Dike zones on Venus (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Venusian dike zone structures were identified from Venera 15 and 16 radar images. These include: a zone of subparallel rows centered at 30 deg N, 7 deg E; a system of intersecting bands centered at 67 deg N, 284 deg E; polygonal systems in lavas covering the structural base uplift centered at 47 deg N, 200 deg E; a system of light bands in the region of the ring structure centered at 43 deg N, 13 deg E; and a dike band centered at 27 deg N, 36 deg E.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TT-20111 , NAS 1.77:20111
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    An overview of the Soviet Vega balloon experiment and studies of the atmosphere of Venus (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: An overview of the VEGA probe to Venus is given, including a detailed examination of the balloon experiment to study the atmosphere of Venus. The areas of study include the ground network, the global network of radiotelescopes, meteorological measurements, the thermal structure of the Venus atmosphere in the middle cloud layer, atmospheric dynamics, and other results of the VEGA 1 and 2 experiments.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-88516 , NAS 1.15:88516
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    The upper atmosphere of Venus: A tentative explanation of its rotation (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The upper atmosphere of Venus seems to revolve every 4 days, while the planet rotates in 243 days. Mariner 10 UV data on the changing positions of dark spots in the upper Venusian clouds have supported estimations of speeds ranging from 120-240 m/s. High rates of acceleration and deceleration occur on the night side, the former between -110 to -90 deg and the latter continuing to -50 deg. Arch and Y formations have been seen repeatedly between -110 to -70 deg. The highest are seen at about -90 deg and the lowest at about -30 deg. The temperature of the cloud layer at 60 km altitude is about 20 C, the pressure is nearly one earth atmosphere, and complex molecules, including O, C, H, N and S and combinations of these are present in abundance.
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    Type: NASA-TM-88505 , NAS 1.15:88505
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    An upper limit to X-ray emission from Saturn (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: X-rays are produced in auroral discharges, and their measurement can serve to characterize the interaction processes responsible for the aurora itself. The existence of auroral activity on Saturn was suggested by the observation of a magnetosphere by Pioneer 11 and confirmed by UV measurements during the Voyager encounters. The detection of X-rays from Jupiter with the Einstein Observatory (HEAO 2) satellite provided the impetus for a subsequent observation of Saturn. No emission was detected. This article presents the upper limit established by the observation and derives an expected emission level assuming X-ray production to be the result of bremsstrahlung from keV electrons precipitating into Saturn's atmosphere. The difference is a factor of 100.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 300; 453-455
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  • 54
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    Advances in planetary geology, volume 1 (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: This publication is a compilation of reports focusing on research into the origin and evolution of the solar system with emphasis on planetary geology.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-88784-VOL-1 , NAS 1.15:88784-VOL-1
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    Crater densities and crater ages of different terrain types on Ganymede (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Alternative models of heliocentric and planetocentric crater-forming bombardments of Ganymede and Callisto are presently tested in view of the crater density and size frequency distribution measurements of several distinct Ganymede terrains. The results obtained are interpreted to indicate that the spatial distributions of most classes of craters on Ganymede, as well as the younger craters of Callisto, are more consistent with heliocentric than planetocentric bombardment. The sequence and type of surface modification on Ganymede were then inferred, with absolute ages being dependent on the assumption of heliocentric bombardment.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 81; 271-297
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  • 56
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    Analysis of impact crater arrangement on the Venutian surface (from photographic materials of the Venera-15 and -16 spacecraft) (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: For the first time the population of impact structures on the entire surface of Venus photographed by the Venera-15 and Venera-16 space vehicles is discussed. Distribution of impact craters by classes and as a whole is presented. It is found that the average age of the craters observed is approximately one billion years.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TT-20211 , NAS 1.77:20211
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    Geological-morphological description of the Lakshmi planum (photomap of the Venusian surface sheet B-4) (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The Lakshmi Planum and its surrounding area (together comprising a single structure) are described in morphological terms on the basis of Venera 15 and 16 photomap data. Plume ascent from the planetary interior and subsequent horizontal spreading represent the underlying mechanisms behind structural formation: folding and/or imbricating accompany these processes. In effect, the Laksmi structure can be regarded as a local spreading center. Its structural dimensions attest to the role that asthenospheric currents played in its formation.
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    Type: NASA-TM-88495 , NAS 1.15:88495
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    Reports of planetary geology and geophysics program, 1988 (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: This is a compilation of abstracts of reports from Principal Investigators of NASA's Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program, Office of Space Science and Applications. The purpose is to document in summary form research work conducted in this program during 1988. Each report reflects significant accomplishments within the area of the author's funded grant or contract.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-4130 , NAS 1.15:4130
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    Voyager 2 at Neptune - Imaging science results (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Neptune's atmosphere is revealed by Voyager 2 images to contain clouds of methane ice above a lower deck of hydrogen sulfide or ammonia ices, and to be dominated by an anticyclonic storm system designated the 'Great Dark Spot'; this bears both similarities and differences to the Great Red Spot of Jupiter. Like the rings of Uranus, those of Neptune are composed of very dark, but in addition very dusty, material. Six new regular satellites have been discovered whose radii range from 25 to 200 km. Triton is noted to be a differentiated body showing evidence of early surface-melting episodes. At least two active plumes are found on Triton, which may be driven by solar heating.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 246; 1422-144
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    Particle formation and interaction (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: A wide variety of experiments can be conducted on the Space Station that involve the physics of small particles of planetary significance. Processes of interest include nucleation and condensation of particles from a gas, aggregation of small particles into larger ones, and low velocity collisions of particles. All of these processes could be investigated with a general purpose facility on the Space Station. The microgravity environment would be necessary to perform many experiments, as they generally require that particles be suspended for periods substantially longer than are practical at 1 g. Only experiments relevant to planetary processes will be discussed in detail here, but it is important to stress that a particle facility will be useful to a wide variety of scientific disciplines, and can be used to address many scientific problems.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Experiments in Planetary and Related Sciences and the Space Station; 4 p
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    Time-Variable Phenomena in the Jovian System (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: The current state of knowledge of dynamic processes in the Jovian system is assessed and summaries are provided of both theoretical and observational foundations upon which future research might be based. There are three sections: satellite phenomena and rings; magnetospheric phenomena, Io's torus, and aurorae; and atmospheric phenomena. Each chapter discusses time dependent theoretical framework for understanding and interpreting what is observed; others describe the evidence and nature of observed changes or their absence. A few chapters provide historical perspective and attempt to present a comprehensive synthesis of the current state of knowledge.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-SP-494 , NAS 1.21:494 , LC-88-25450 , Aug 25, 1987 - Aug 27, 1987; Flagstaff, AZ; United States
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    Preliminary estimation of color inhomogeneities on the surface of Venus according to the television images obtained by the VENERA-13 and VENERA-14 automated space probes (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Digital processing of images obtained by the Venera 13 and Venera 14 probes led to the discovery of faint color differences of some areas of the observed surface. Maximum color differences were observed in the right part of 14-1 panorama. Color anomaly is associated with the bedrock outcrop having slightly higher albedo than the surrounding. Possible causes of the discovered color differences are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TT-20114 , NAS 1.77:20114
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  • 63
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    Voyager 2 in the Uranian system - Imaging science results (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Details of the characteristics of the Uranian atmosphere and the surface features and projected formation processes of the Uranian moons are surveyed on the basis of 7000 images obtained by Voyager 2. Brightness distribution curves are provided for the CH4 Uranian atmosphere, and various anomalies, e.g., banding, that are apparent are discussed. Attention is given to the detectable cloud structure, circulation patterns and wind effects, noting that at certain latitudes the wind speeds exceed the planetary rotational velocity. The physical dimensions, orientations and compositions of the nine rings are described, along with the locations and sizes of the 10 shepherd satellites discovered between Miranda and Uranus. Finally, the large database accumulated on the visual characteristics of the five major satellites is examined in detail, particularly in relation to the orbits, origins, formation processes and surface features.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 233; 43-64
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  • 64
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    Chronology of surface units on the icy satellites of Saturn (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Because the impact flux history in the Saturnian system has been similar in its general form to that for the inner solar system and Jupiter, it is possible to develop an absolute calibration model for the relative ages derived from the density of impact craters. This has been done by identifying the density at which the crater populations change characteristics from that during post-accretion heavy bombardment to a later population of low but continuous flux. The transition between these two populations occurred at a known time throughout the solar system, 3.9 by, and provides an absolute calibration point on which to construct a calibration curve. Results based on calibrating relative age data to this absolute flux model suggest that most surfaces are ancient, greater than 3.9 by (or within several 100 million years). Only Enceladus and Dione have had prolonged activity that has resulted in resurfacing. The activity on Enceladus was probably driven by tidal forces, whereas the mechanism for driving resurfacing on Dione has yet to be identified.
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    Preliminary results of determination of chemical element concentrations in the aerosol of Venus clouds (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: An X-ray radiometeric experiment is described along with the results of measurements of the elemental composition of aerosols in Venusian clouds. A preliminary analysis of the data showed that sulfur is present in the range of heights 63 to 47 km with mean content of 5.8 mg/cu m and that chlorine is present in the height range 61 t0 52 km with a mean content of 4.1 mg/cu m. The results of measurements in the range 52 to 47 km may come to an agreement if phosphorus is present in the aerosol with a mean concentration of 7.7 mg/cu m.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-88423 , NAS 1.15:88423
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  • 66
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    Chemical analysis of aerosol in the Venusian cloud layer by reaction gas chromatography on board the Vega landers (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The experiment on sulfuric acid aerosol determination in the Venusian cloud layer on board the Vega landers is described. An average content of sulfuric acid of approximately 1 mg/cu m was found for the samples taken from the atmosphere at heights from 63 to 48 km and analyzed with the SIGMA-3 chromatograph. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) was revealed in the gaseous sample at the height of 48 km. From the experimental results and blank run measurements, a suggestion is made that the Venusian cloud layer aerosol consists of more complicated particles than the sulfuric acid water solution does.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-88421 , NAS 1.15:88421
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  • 67
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    Preliminary results of the Vega 1 and Vega 2 optical investigation of aerosol in the atmosphere of Venus at 30-60 KM (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Aerosol concentration profiles were measured by an aerosol spectrometer above the landing sites of the Vega 1 and Vega 2 landers. Approximately the same altitude zones were found as in previous experiments: a three-layered basic cloud cover, an intermediate zone and subcloud haze. There were significant quantitative differences in the concentrations of particles, however, and especially in the spectra of their dimensions. Nightglow was found in the troposphere of Venus at a wavelength of about 1 micron. The backscatter coefficient and the extinction coefficient change very little between 32 and 63 km. Large numbers of submicron particles apparently exist in the atmosphere above the landing sites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-88414 , NAS 1.15:88414
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  • 68
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    Ray tracing planetary radio emissions (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Planetary ray tracing calculations of free escaping electromagnetic waves are presented, with special attention given to calculations of the earth's auroral kilometric and continuum radiations and of the Jovian decametric and kilometric radiation. The technique is used to study the composition and propagation effects causing multiion resonances and shadow zones. Although results obtained for Jovian broadband kilometric radiation have been used to estimate the location of the source region, no unique solutions are obtained.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Intl. Workshop on Planetary Radio Emissions; Sept. 7-9, 1987; Graz; Austria
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  • 69
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    Planetary radio lasing (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Both the Earth's auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) and Jupiter's decametric radio S-bursts are attributed to natural radio lasing. Presumably consisting of self-excited, closed-loop wave feedback oscillations between local irregularities of the source plasma density, this radio lasing is comparable to that which occurs in man-made optical lasers, although at radio, rather than optical wavelengths. As a result, it should produce a multiple discrete emission spectrum and intense, coherent beams. Recent observations of the AKR's discreteness and coherence have clearly ruled out the previous open-loop amplifier model for such emissions, and recent observations of the Jovian S-bursts have shown the expected, regularly-spaced, longitudinal laser modes. These new observations thus confirm the proposed planetary cyclotron radio lasing at both planets.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Intl. Workshop on Planetary Radio Emissions; Sept. 7-9, 1987; Graz; Austria
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  • 70
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    Planetary scaling laws and predictions for Neptune (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: This paper offers a prediction concerning Neptune's low-frequency radio emission based on the radiometric Bode's law in combination with a recent prediction for Neptune's global magnetic field strength. The latter is based on a dynamo scaling relation derived from the magnetospheric balance condition within planetary cores. The radio emission frequency range is predicted to extend from approximately 100 to 1000 kHz, with a spectral peak between 350 and 500 kHz. A crude estimate of the emission spectral shape, based on Saturn and earth-like models, is shown. If radiation is beamed approximately in the sunward direction, Neptune should be detectable by the Planetary Radio Astronomy experiment onboard the Voyager spacecraft sometime between 45 and 60 days before closest approach.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Intl. Workshop on Planetary Radio Emissions; Sept. 7-9, 1987; Graz; Austria
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  • 71
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    Uranus radio emissions (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: An overview of the Voyager 2 Planetary Radio Astronomy instrument observations of the planet Uranus is presented. From these observations, a number of inferences have been made including the rotation period of the interior of the planet and the source locations of several of the radio components.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Intl. Workshop on Planetary Radio Emissions; Sept. 7-9, 1987; Graz; Austria
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  • 72
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    Does solar radio emission trigger SKR? (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Using Voyager I data, a preliminary search has been made for evidence of both triggering and enhancement of Saturn Kilometric Radiation (SKR) by solar type III bursts. The interval from September 1, 1980 to September 30,1980 was examined at a frequency near the spectral peak of the SKR (385 kHz). The investigation compared emission levels before and after the arrival of Type III bursts at Saturn by subjecting the data to both superposed epoch analysis and intensity distribution analysis. Strong SKR associated with the arrival of a high-density solar wind stream at Saturn was removed to avoid possible masking of a weak triggering effect. No evidence of triggering or of enhancement of SKR due to the arrival of Type III bursts at Saturn could be found.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Intl. Workshop on Planetary Radio Emissions; Sept. 7-9, 1987; Graz; Austria
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  • 73
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    Evidence for beaming of Jupiter's decametric radiation - Simultaneous observations from Voyagers and ground-based observatories (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Incontrovertible evidence is presented for the beaming of the Jovian decametric radiation, based on simultaneous observations at about 22 MHz from one or both of the Voyager spacecraft and one or the other of two ground-based observatories. The data are used to test the hollow-cone beaming models that have been proposed to account both for the long term statistics of the ground-based observations and for the arc structures discovered in the dynamic spectral plots of Voyager data. It is concluded that occurrences of non-Io-related Source A events are determined by the corotation with the inner Jovian magnetosphere of curved-sheet beams, and those of Io-related Source B storms by a similar type of beam that moves with the northern foot of the Io flux tube. Both types of beam can be approximated by hollow-cone beam sectors.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Intl. Workshop on Planetary Radio Emissions; Sept. 7-9, 1987; Graz; Austria
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  • 74
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    Source localization of Jupiter's Io dependent radio emissions (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The peak frequencies of the Io-dependent part of the Jovian emissions are compared with the surface gyrofrequency determined from Jovian magnetic models in order to localize the source of Jovian radio emissions. The bulk of the Io-controlled emissions was found to be delayed by up to 70 deg of equatorial longitude from the predicted instantaneous position of the Io flux tube, with the L and S emissions both displaying this same unexpected behavior. It is suggested that the source of these emissions is delayed substantially with respect to Io either as an Alfven-wave delay or because of errors in the magnetic field models.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Intl. Workshop on Planetary Radio Emissions; Sept. 7-9, 1987; Graz; Austria
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  • 75
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    Local and exotic components of primitive meteorites, and their origin (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The chemical and isotopic compositions of chondrites and their implications for chondrite origins are considered, reviewing the results of recent theoretical and experimental investigations. Numerical data are compiled in tables and graphs and discussed in detail. Consideration is given to the properties and classifications of chondrites; components of local origin in the matrix, chondrules, Ca-Al-rich inclusions, and carbon and organic matter; exotic components such as O-16-enriched dust, nucleosynthetic anomalies, and extinct radionuclides; and isotopic anomalies of volatiles such as C, N, and the noble gases. The implications of the chondrite data for the stony fraction of comet nuclei are briefly indicated.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Diffuse matter in the solar system: Comet Halley and other studies; May 21, 22, 1986; London
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  • 76
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    The spectroscopic chemical and photophysical properties of Martian soils and their analogs (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: The program of research outlined should advance significantly the understanding of the spectral signal of montmorillonites in general and the variations produced in it by structural and surface ferric and ferrous iron and interlayer water as a function of several environmental conditions that are different between Earth and Mars. In addition, an extensive data base was collected providing spectral characterization of several features (iron, both surface and structural, OH-groups, both structural and from adsorbed water and O(-) centers) that are known, or thought to be, influential in directing the surface activity of these important materials. With this data base with which to assess the results of the Viking labeled release simulation studies, it should be possible to gain important insights into the mechanisms of surface reactivity for this important chemical reaction. The results to be gained from these studies will provide a significant body of ground base truth from which to assess: the presence of smectite clays on Mars; the mineralogical form in which the Martian iron is bound; establish upper limits on the present surface water content of Martian soils; perhaps provide insights on the Martian surface radiation history; and to make strong predictions about the nature of surface chemistry on Mars, if iron-bearing clays are a significant component of the surface mineralogical assemblage.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CR-181373 , NAS 1.26:181373
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  • 77
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    Classification of IRAS asteroids (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The results of analyses of IRAS-derived asteroid albedos are presented, and their application to asteroid classification is discussed. It is noted that, while most IRAS-derived albedos are reliable, a substantial fraction of albedos lack needed corrections (e.g., for flux overestimation), and a few may be erroneous. The three-parameter taxonomic system introduced by Tedesco et al. (1989) uses only albedos based on well-observed IRAS asteroids; in this system, eleven taxonomic classes are defined on the basis of asteroid spectrum and its albedo.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Asteroids II; Mar 08, 1988 - Mar 11, 1988; Tucson, AZ; United States
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  • 78
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    Radar observations of asteroids (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The type of information that can be obtained from radar observations of asteroids includes sizes, shapes, spin vectors, and such surface characteristics as the decimeter-scale morphology, topographic relief, regolith porosity, and metal concentration. This paper describes the two radar facilities active in asteroid studies (the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico and the Goldstone Radar in California) and techniques used in radar observations of asteroids. Results available for main-belt and near-earth asteroids are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Asteroids II; Mar 08, 1988 - Mar 11, 1988; Tucson, AZ; United States
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  • 79
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    Passive microwave observations of asteroids (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The advances made since 1979 in the quantity and quality of the radio observations of asteroids and in the understanding of the physics of asteroidal microwave emission are reviewed. Radio continuum spectra analyses are now available for the four largest asteroids (Ceres, Vesta, Pallas, and Hygiea) at several wavelengths and several smaller asteroids (including Interamnia and Eunomia) at one wavelength. The spectra show that most asteroids are covered by a layer of material with physical properties of finely divided dust. This surface material is in layers of variable depth and has dielectric properties which vary from asteroid to asteroid. The effect of instrumentation on the interpretation of microwave observations is examined.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Asteroids II; Mar 08, 1988 - Mar 11, 1988; Tucson, AZ; United States
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    Radiometry and a thermal modeling of asteroids (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The steps required to determine a radiometric diameter of an asteroid from observations of its visual and thermal radiation are described together with thermal models required to predict the emission expected from a body of given size and bolometric albedo. It is pointed out, however, that, in some cases, these models were found to fail for a variety of reasons; in particular, they fail to characterize the shape, surface roughness, the rate and sense of rotation, and the maturity of the surface regolith, all of which affect the observed thermal flux. Several thermal models are examined, including the Standard Thermal Model for asteroids, the fast-rotating (isothermal-latitude) model, the thermophysical model, and the rough-surface thermophysical models.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Asteroids II; Mar 08, 1988 - Mar 11, 1988; Tucson, AZ; United States
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  • 81
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    Experiments and scaling laws for catastrophic collisions (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The existing data on shattering impacts are reviewed using natural silicate, ice, and cement-mortar targets. A comprehensive data base containing the most important parameters describing these experiments was prepared. The collisional energy needed to shatter consolidated homogeneous targets and the ensuing fragment size distributions have been well studied experimentally. However, major gaps exist in the data on fragment velocity and rotational distributions, as well as collisional energy partitioning for these targets. Current scaling laws lead to predicted outcomes of asteroid collisions that are inconsistent with interpretations of astronomical data.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Asteroids II; Mar 08, 1988 - Mar 11, 1988; Tucson, AZ; United States
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  • 82
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    Abstracts for the Venus Geoscience Tutorial and Venus Geologic Mapping Workshop (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Abstracts and tutorial are presented from the workshop. Representative titles are: Geology of Southern Guinevere Planitia, Venus, Based on Analyses of Goldstone Radar Data; Tessera Terrain: Characteristics and Models of Origin; Venus Volcanism; Rate Estimates from Laboratory Studies of Sulfur Gas-Solid Reactions; and A Morphologic Study of Venus Ridge Belts.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CR-185432 , NAS 1.26:185432 , LPI-CONTRIB-708 , Jun 12, 1989 - Jun 15, 1989; Flagstaff, AZ; United States
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  • 83
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    Laboratory measurements of microwave and millimeter-wave properties of planetary atmospheric constituents (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Accurate data on microwave and millimeter-wave properties of potential planetary atmospheric constituents is critical for the proper interpretation of radio occultation measurements, and of radio astronomical observations of both continuum and spectral line emissions. Such data is also needed to correct for atmospheric effects on radar studies of surface reflectivity. Since the refractive and absorptive properties of atmospheric constituents often vary drastically from theoretically-predicted profiles, especially under the extreme conditions characteristic of the planetary atmosphere, laboratory measurements under simulated planetary conditions are required. This paper reviews the instrumentation and techniques used for laboratory measurement of the refractivity and absorptivity of atmospheric constituents at wavelengths longward of 1 mm, under simulated planetary conditions (temperature, pressure, and broadening gases). Techniques for measuring both gases and condensates are considered. Also reviewed are the relative accuracies of the various techniques. Laboratory measurements are reviewed which have already been made, and additional measurements which are needed for interpretation of data from Venus and the outer planets, are highlighted.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CR-185914 , NAS 1.26:185914 , International Conference on Laboratory Research for Planetary Atmospheres; Oct 25, 1989 - Oct 27, 1989; Bowie, MD; United States
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    Martian mantle primary melts - An experimental study of iron-rich garnet lherzolite minimum melt composition (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The minimum melt composition in equilibrium with an iron-rich garnet lherzolite assemblage is ascertained from a study of the liquidus relations of iron-rich basaltic compositions at 23 kb. The experimentally determined primary melt composition and its calculated sodium content reveal that Martian garnet lherzolite minimum melts are picritic alkali olivine basalts. Martian primary melts are found to be more picritic than terrestrial garnet lherzolite primary melts.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 16, 1987 - Mar 20, 1987; Houston, TX; United States
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  • 85
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    Gossans on Mars (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The appearance of rusty iron-rich oxidized cappings over sulfide-bearing rocks on earth indicates that similar gossans may have formed on the surface of Mars. Electrochemical processes and thermodynamic relationships linking acidity to oxidation-reduction reactions between primary sulfide minerals and their oxidative weathering products present in the regolith of Mars are discussed. Remote-sensed visible spectra of the Martian surface are in keeping with the presence of poorly-crystalline FeOOH, jarosite, silica, and clay silicates found in gossans, while incompletely weathered pyrrhotite may represent the magnetic material observed in Martian regolith.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 16, 1987 - Mar 20, 1987; Houston, TX; United States
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  • 86
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    Ages of fracturing and resurfacing in the Amenthes region, Mars (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An attempt is made to determine whether there is any tectonic evidence in the relatively recent history of the boundary zone that will place contraints on the origin of the Martian dichotomy. It is found that the timing of resurfacing events and structural modification of outlier plateaus and mesas in the Martian eastern hemisphere provides a contraint on the history of tectonic events along the cratered terrain-northern plains boundary. The circumferential grabens surrounding the Isidis basin ceased forming before the final emplacement of ridged plains on the adjacent northern lowlands. The cratered plateau east of the Isidis basin includes two crater populations; stripping of the rims of craters was complete before downfalling of the transition zone between the cratered terrain and the northern plains, and a young population of craters on the plateau records the same age as the ridged plains units north of the boundary.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 16, 1987 - Mar 20, 1987; Houston, TX; United States
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  • 87
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    A widespread common age resurfacing event in the highland-lowland transition zone in eastern Mars (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper presents evidence for a widespread common-age resurfacing that affected the entire boundary transition zone between the cratered highlands and northern lowland plains in eastern Mars. This resurfacing may have been contemporaneous with other major events elsewhere on Mars. It is noted that the oldest resurfacing event at N(1) of about 86,000 was much more efficient at removing larger craters in what is today the transition zone than it was in the cratered terrain; this implies that some difference in the nature of the crust had been established prior to this resurfacing event.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 16, 1987 - Mar 20, 1987; Houston, TX; United States
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  • 88
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    The resurfacing history of Mars - A synthesis of digitized, viking-based geology (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A global geologic map series of Mars was digitized at high resolution (1.846 sq km/pixel). It was found that the surface of Mars is predominantly volcanic. A resurfacing history was constructed by estimating the total extent of the geologic units. Eolian resurfacing was prevalent during the Late Amazonian Epoch, affecting 4.9 x 10 to the 6th sq km. It was found that resurfacing rates vary according to the absolute-age scheme used and generally decrease with time. Resurfacing rates were approximately 1000 sq km/yr during the Middle Noachian Epoch, one hundred to several hundred sq km/yr during the Late Noachian to Late Hesperian Epochs, and tens of sq km/yr or less during the Amazonian Period.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 16, 1987 - Mar 20, 1987; Houston, TX; United States
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  • 89
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    Venus lives! (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Observational evidence which supports the contention that Venus is a volcanically and tectonically active planet is discussed. It is argued that, although there are no observations to date that would prove that Venus has been volcanically active during the last decade, planetological studies presented evidence for youthful volcanic mountains on Venus: the surface of the northern quarter of Venus is considered to be younger than 1 Gy, and some units are likely to be much younger. Because of the small sizes of likely volcanic manifestations and the long intervals expected between eruptions, it is unlikely that any direct evidence of eruptions will be detected with existing and planned spacecraft. It is suggested that future studies of the dynamics and the chemical mixing of the Venusian atmosphere might supply an unequivocal evidence for active volcanism on this planet.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 16, 1987 - Mar 20, 1987; Houston, TX; United States
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    Analytical electron microscopy of a hydrated interplanetary dust particle (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Properties of a hydrated interplanetary dust particle (IDP), Ames-Dec86-11, were investigated using TEM and analytical electron microscopy. The particle was found to have mineralogy and chondritic composition indicating an absence of direct kinship with known carbonaceous chondrites. The available data on the Ames-Dec86-11 suggest that at least one aqueous alteration event took place in this hydrated IDP, during which fine-grained material, possibly glass, was transformed to smectite. This event appears to be unique to hydrated IDPs.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 16, 1987 - Mar 20, 1987; Houston, TX; United States
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  • 91
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    Trapping Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe in Si2O3 smokes (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Simple Si2O3 smokes have been condensed at both low (less than 750 K) and high (greater than 1000 K) temperature at 35 torr H2 pressure in the presence of 0, 10, 100, and 1000 microns of a noble gas mixture containing Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe. In general, both Ne and Ar are quite loosely bound in the smokes (6.0 x 10 to the -8th and 2.6 x 10 to the -4th ccSTP/g, respectively), and are degassed at temperatures below 1200 K. Both Kr and Xe are somewhat more strongly bound at concentrations of 1.0 x 10 to the -7th and 8.2 x 10 to the -8th ccSTP/g, respectively, and in addition show a double release with a second component at a temperature of about 1875 K. With the exception that Si2O3 smokes appear to show a particular affinity for argon, possibly due to an anomalous absorption of atmospheric argon, none of the other noble gases are found in sufficient concentration to explain the gases observed in meteorites as primary circumstellar condensates. However, this data in conjunction with observations of Honda et al. (1979) do seem to show a degree of dependence between noble gas retention and chemical composition.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 16, 1987 - Mar 20, 1987; Houston, TX; United States
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  • 92
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    The search for refractory interplanetary dust particles from preindustrial aged Antarctic ice (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In a study of refractory interplanetary dust particles, preindustrial-aged Antarctic ice samples have been collected, melted, and filtered to separate the particle load. Particles containing a significant amount of aluminum, titanium, and/or calcium were singled out for detailed SEM and STEM characterization. The majority of these particles are shown to be volcanic tephra from nearby volcanic centers. Six spherical aggregates were encountered that consist of submicron-sized grains of rutile within polycrystalline cristobalite. These particles are probably of terrestrial volcanic origin, but have not been previously reported from any environment. One aggregate particle containing fassaite and hibonite is described as a probable interplanetary dust particle. The constituent grain sizes of this particle vary from 0.1 to 0.3 microns, making it significantly more fine-grained than meteoritic calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions. This particle is mineralogically and morphologically similar to recently reported refractory interplanetary dust particles collected from the stratosphere, and dissimilar to the products of modern spacecraft debris.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 16, 1987 - Mar 20, 1987; Houston, TX; United States
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  • 93
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    Spectral alteration effects in chondritic gas-rich breccias - Implications for S-Class and Q-Class asteroids (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Reflection spectra were obtained from sawed or freshly broken surfaces of gas-rich matrix regions in a number of ordinary chondrites (Dubrovnik, Cangas de Onis, Olivenza, and Dimmitt) which are believed to represent lithified portions of asteroid regoliths that were once directly exposed to space, with the purpose of relating these chondrites to Class S asteroids. However, the observations did not detect curved red continuum characteristic for Class S asteroid spectra, suggesting that it is unlikely for any well-observed Class S asteroid to be a source of ordinary chondrites. It is suggested that the newly discovered spectral class 'Q', of which asteroid 1982 Apollo is the prototype, provides a viable alternative of a parent body.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 16, 1987 - Mar 20, 1987; Houston, TX; United States
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  • 94
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    Interactions of light with rough dielectric surfaces - Spectral reflectance and polarimetric properties (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The nature of the interactions of visible and NIR radiation with the surfaces of rock and mineral samples was investigated by measuring the reflectance and the polarization properties of scattered and reflected light for slab samples of obsidian and fine-grained basalt, prepared to controlled surface roughness. It is shown that the degree to which radiation can penetrate a surface and then scatter back out, an essential criterion for mineralogic determinations based on reflectance spectra, depends not only upon the composition of the material, but also on its physical condition such as sample grain size and surface roughness. Comparison of the experimentally measured reflectance and polarization from smooth and rough slab materials with the predicted models indicates that single Fresnel reflections are responsible for the largest part of the reflected intensity resulting from interactions with the surfaces of dielectric materials; multiple Fresnel reflections are much less important for such surfaces.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 16, 1987 - Mar 20, 1987; Houston, TX; United States
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  • 95
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    Cosmic-ray-produced Kr in St. Severin core AIII (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Kr isotopic abundances in 10 samples from core AIII of the St. Severin chondrite are reported, and the variation with depth of cosmic-ray produced Kr is discussed. It is shown that the ratio (Kr-78/Kr-83)c changes with depth and can be used as an irradiation hardness monitor. Cosmic-ray-produced Kr and Ne in the St. Severin core are compared with ratios observed in bulk chondrites. A linear correlation between (Ne-22/Ne-21)c and (Kr-78/Kr-83)c exists for bulk samples of chondrites of varying preatmospheric size, but does not exist in the St. Severin core. The calculated Kr-83 production rates, P83, are similar in H, L, and LL chondrites for samples of comparable shielding conditions. However, P83 rates increase by a factor of about 2 with shielding depth. The maximum observed P83 values correspond to (Kr-78/Kr-83)c factor of about 2 with shielding depth. The maximum observed P83 values correspond to (Kr-78/Kr-83)c less than about 0.14.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 16, 1987 - Mar 20, 1987; Houston, TX; United States
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  • 96
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    Initial Sr-87/Sr-86 and Sm-Nd chronology of chondritic meteorites (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Isotopic analyses of the Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd systems in phosphates from ordinary chondritic meteorites (Bjurbole, Mocs, Menow, Elenovka, Ambapur Nagla, and St. Severin) are presented. The Sm-Nd data yield an isochron of age 4.55 + or - 0.45 Ga and an initial Nd-143/Nd-144 consistent with that of Juvinas. Initial Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios are characteristically (possibly excepting St. Severin) elevated with respect to BABI or ALL. Considering both presently and previously reported data, elevation of initial Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios corresponding to metamorphism intervals of the order of 10 to the 8th years seems quite characteristic of chondrites of metamorphic grade 4 or higher. These formation intervals, however, do not correlate with either degree of metamorphism or with I-Xe ages, hence such data for metamorphic chronologies should be interpreted with caution.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 16, 1987 - Mar 20, 1987; Houston, TX; United States
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  • 97
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    Origin of fragmental and regolith meteorite breccias - Evidence from the Kendleton L chondrite breccia (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Nine specimens of the Kendleton L chondrite, chosen (from the total of 52 that were inspected) for the presence of a wide variety of clasts, were studied microscopically as well as by EMPA with the purpose of investigating the origin of regolith and fragmental meteorite breccias. The results indicate that Kendleton does not contain detectable amounts of solar-wind gases. The Kendleton clasts were found to include a wide variety of L3, L5, shock-blackened, and melt rock clasts, which are considered to have originated from normal L chondrite material, and a unique tridymite-rich inclusion. The results suggest that meteoritic regolith breccias may have different origin from that of lunar breccias.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 16, 1987 - Mar 20, 1987; Houston, TX; United States
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  • 98
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    Solar, planetary, and other inert gases in two sieve fractions of a disaggregated Allende sample - A study by stepwise heating extraction (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Inert gases released by stepwise heating of unaltered, strongly magnetic, and weakly magnetic samples from the 0-64 micron and the 105-250 micron fractions of a disaggregated and sieved sample of the Allende meteorite reveal the occurrence of both solar and planetary neon. The origin of the solar neon is thought to be implantation of solar wind ions. The origin of the planetary neon remains unresolved. Heavy isotope enriched components of krypton and xenon have been detected and there are some indications that a light krypton component may also be present. Other than a larger concentration of Xe-129 in the weakly magnetic samples, the signatures of the magnetic separates are isotopically very similar.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 16, 1987 - Mar 20, 1987; Houston, TX; United States
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  • 99
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    Nature and origin of C-rich ordinary chondrites and chondritic clasts (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The abundance and the isotopic compositions of C, O, and noble gases were investigated together with the petrologic characteristics of four carbon-rich ordinary chondrites (Sharps and Allan Hills A77011, A78119, and A81024) and three C-rich chondritic clasts. The results of the analyses suggest that all of the chondrites and clasts analyzed belong to petrologic type 3 and contain abundant carbon-rich aggregates, which, in at least two of these samples, consist of poorly graphitized carbon commonly associated with metallic Fe,Ni. The data also suggest that the four C-rich chondrites originated on the H, L, and LL parental bodies, but that clasts in Dimmitt and Plainview and other regolith breccias may come from different bodies. The results obtained are consistent with the view that graphite is not a common nebular phase.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 16, 1987 - Mar 20, 1987; Houston, TX; United States
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  • 100
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    Bidirectional reflectance properties of iron-nickel meteorites (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The effects of viewing geometry and small-scale (less than 1 mm) surface roughness on the bidirectional reflectance of iron-nickel meteorites were investigated by measuring the reflectance properties of Gibeon and Canyon Diablo iron-nickel meteorites. Several cut surfaces of each of these meteorites were polished with abrasive grits to controlled surface roughness, and a series of bidirectional reflectance spectra were taken at a variety of viewing geometries using NASA's RELAB facility. The measurements show that, for optically smooth surfaces, only the specular component of reflectance exhibited red-sloped continuum characteristic of iron. Spectra of surfaces that were much rougher than the wavelength of incident light exhibited iron's characteristic red sloped continuum and could be modeled by linear combinations of facets that are oriented in specular and nonspecular geometries with respect to the observer. Spectra of this latter type exhibit good agreement with the published spectra of M-type asteroids.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 16, 1987 - Mar 20, 1987; Houston, TX; United States
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