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  • Articles  (128)
  • Drosophila melanogaster
  • Springer  (128)
  • 1985-1989  (128)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rover/sitter foraging behavior inDrosophila melanogaster: Genetic localization to chromosome2L using compound autosomes (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 2 (1989), S. 291-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: larval behavior ; compound autosomes ; genetic mapping ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic control of the rover/sitter behavioral polymorphism in Drosophila melanogasterlarvae was localized to the left arm of chromosome 2.Ten independent left and right compound second chromosomes were generated in isogenic rover and sitter strains by gamma irradiation and substituted into 25 different lines. Comparisons were made between lines to determine the chromosome arm contributions to rover/sitter phenotype expression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01068056
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rover/sitterDrosophila melanogaster larval foraging polymorphism as a function of larval development, food-patch quality, and starvation (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 2 (1989), S. 301-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; larval foraging behavior ; genetics ; development ; plasticity ; patch quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genetically based rover/sitter behavioral difference in Drosophila melanogasterlarval foraging is expressed throughout most of the larval instars when larvae forage on food patches of differing food quality. The amount of locomotor behavior decreases when third-instar larvae of both rover and sitter strains are starved just prior to the behavioral test. Such strain differences in locomotor behavior are maintained despite the starvation-induced decrease in locomotion found in both strains. Measurements of larval body length and width, taken at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h posthatching, reveal that rover and sitter larval growth rates do not differ. The finding that rover/sitter differences are expressed in a variety of environments and throughout the majority of the larval instars should aid in attempts to uncover selection pressures which may differentially affect the two morphs in environmentally heterogeneous natural populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01068057
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of behavioral competence in youngDrosophila melanogaster adults (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 2 (1989), S. 575-588 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: aging ; behavior ; central nervous system ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Diptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have monitored the ontogeny of several behaviors performed by young Drosophila melanogasteradults. Very young flies are less active than older flies and are less responsive to gravity, light, an odorant, and sucrose applied to their tarsi. In addition, very young males do not consume sucrose or perform any courtship behaviors in response to virgin females, which provide chemical and visual stimuli to courting males. The rate at which flies become maximally competent to respond to stimuli is a function of the behavior. Sensory and motor deficits are not solely responsible for young flies' inability to respond to the stimuli, which suggests that the central nervous system continues to develop after eclosion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01053355
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microgeographic variation in aDrosophila melanogaster larval behavior (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 2 (1989), S. 829-834 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; larval behavior ; microhabitat ; heritability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049403
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Search orientation in adultDrosophila melanogaster: Responses of rovers and sitters to resource dispersion in a food patch (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 1 (1988), S. 209-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; searching behavior ; foraging ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Drosophila melanogasteradults were employed in single resource patches of varying density and size and in a multiple-patch array to determine the degree to which resource dispersion influences searching success. Individuals from rover and sitter selected lines, with extreme genotypes for local search duration, are not as successful as control-line (wild-type) flies in locating sucrose drops in single patches varying in size and density. The number of new drops located differed significantly between fly lines in all patch types, except in a high-density patch, and within each fly line over the different patch sizes and densities. The similarities in number of drops found by rovers and sitters in all patch types are not reflected in the time periods spent searching. In the multiple-patch array sitters never left the central patch, whereas most rovers and con-trol-line flies found additional patches. The proximate explanations for the success or failure of the three fly lines in different patch sizes and densities relate to the looping locomotor pattern characterizing local search in D. melanogaster.The reactivation of searching each time a drop is ingested or revisited keeps an individual in the immediate vicinity of the last encountered resource. Flies from the selected lines, each exhibiting extreme types of locomotor patterns, leave patches relatively unexploited because local search consists either of rapid, nearly linear movement away from a drop in rovers or of relatively long bouts of local search in sitters, which promotes revisiting rather than locating new drops. Control-line flies locate more drops than either rovers or sitters and in less time than sitters, suggesting that their intermediate phenotype for search behavior allows for more flexibility in searching in various patch sizes and resource densities. The results are discussed with reference to environmental and physiological factors that may modify searching behavior and, possibly, enhance the survival of individuals with extreme genotypes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01052239
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Temperature-dependent responses to a developmental gradient in theDrosophila wing (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1346-1347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Positional information ; temperature effects ; gradients ; campaniform sensillae ; wing veins ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The mutant hairy (h) increases the number of sensillae on theDrosophila wing. This allows us to quantify a gradient that determines the type of sense organ that forms along the third long vein. Temperature significantly shifts the positional responses to this underlying gradient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01952088
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    The effect of DDT on DNA replication in the larval salivary gland cells ofDrosophila melanogaster (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 745-746 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; salivary gland ; larval ; DNA replication ; DDT ; chromosomes ; polytene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The inhibitory effect of DDT on the initial stage of the DNA replication process in polytene chromosomes of larval salivary gland cells ofDrosophila melanogaster was investigated and possible mechanisms for the inhibition are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02012576
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  • 8
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    Changes in patterns of ecdysteroid secretion by the ring gland ofDrosophila in relation to the sterol composition of the diet (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 307-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Ecdysteroid ; sterols ; Drosophila melanogaster ; ring gland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Brain-ring glands fromDrosophila larvae reared on a defined diet containing campesterol (24-methyl-cholesterol) as the major sterol, secreted-in addition to ecdysone-a compound identified previously as a 24-methyl analogue, 20-deoxy-makisterone A. Using ergosterol or cholesterol as the sterol component of the diet, only ecdysone was detectable in cultures of brain-ring glands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01942516
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Acetaldehyde oxidation inDrosophila null-mutants for alcohol dehydrogenase (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 946-948 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Acetaldehyde oxydation ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; aldehyde dehydrogenase ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Drosophila simulans ; ethanol catabolism ; null-mutants for alcohol dehydrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity is demonstrated in four strains ofD. melanogaster lacking active alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH-null mutants). In the four strains, ALDH activities are similar to those found in a wild strain. It is concluded that ADH-null flies are able to detoxify acetaldehyde. This finding is discussed in relation with the dual function of ADH proposed recently.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01970027
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Allozyme polymorphism and linkage disequilibrium ofAdh and α-Gpdh loci in wine cellar and field populations ofDrosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 1048-1050 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Allozyme polymorphism ; linkage disequilibrium ; wine cellar and field populations ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Over three years, theAdh and α-Gpdh loci have been studied in two cellar populations ofDrosophila melanogaster and in two field populations which were each near to one of the cellars. Analyses of gene frequencies indicate that the divergence among subpopulations is greater in theAdh locus than in the α-Gpdh locus. Selection for or againstAdh S allele acting on theIn(2L)t inversion influences of the α-Gpdh alleles. This phenomenon may contribute to explain the maintenance of theAdh and α-Gpdh polymorphism and of theIn(2L)t inversion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01940726
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  • 11
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    Effect of intercalating mutagens on crossing-over inDrosophila melanogaster females (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1078-1079 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; intercalating mutagens ; crossing-over ; clastogenic activity ; recombination induction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to evaluate the effect of several intercalating compounds on crossing-over inDrosophila melanogaster females, acridine orange, acriflavine, chloroquine, ethidium bromide and quinacrine were fed separately to larvae ofy ct f/+++ genotype. Our results show that acridine orange, acriflavine and ethidium bromide increase significantly the recombination frequency at thect-f region and support the view that, for intercalating agents, there is a relationship between clastogenic activity and female recombination induction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01952152
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    The sensitive period for yellow phenocopy induction inDrosophila melanogaster (1988)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 618-621 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Sensitive period ; phenocopy ; yellow ; survivorship ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Yellow phenocopies ofDrosophila melanogaster were produced by raising larvae on α-DMT contaminated media. Using a survivorship test, the sensitive period for phenocopy induction was found to occur during the third larval instar of development, with increased survivorship at 1% α-DMT compared with lower concentrations. It was also found that treatment with α-DMT significantly slowed development. These findings are related to the relevant morphological and behavioral developmental pathways and to phenocopy induction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01953317
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  • 13
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    Partial cytoplasmic incompatibility between two Australian populations of Drosophila melanogaster (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 61-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: cytoplasmic incompatibility ; Drosophila melanogaster ; maternal inheritance ; reproductive isolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les souches de D. melanogaster récoltées à Melbourne (37°S) et Townsville (19°S) sur la côte Est de l'Australie montrent une incompatibilité partielle lorsque les femelles Melbourne sont accouplées aux mâles Townsville. Une telle incompatibilité n'est décelée, ni dans les croisements intrapopulations, ni dans le croisement réciproque. Le taux d'éclosion des oeufs est réduit d'environ 30% dans le croisement incompatible, mais la viabilité des larves n'est pas modifiée. Les éléments, mâle et femelle, de ce système d'incompatibilité sont hérités maternellement pendant 3 générations de croisements en retour. La compatibilité peut être intégralement rétablie en cultivant pendant une génération la souche Townsville avec un régime contenant de la tétracycline, et partiellement rétablie en utilisant des mâles âgés de 2 semaines.
    Notes: Abstract Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) females from stocks collected at Melbourne (latitude 37°S) show partial incompatibility when mated with males from stocks collected at Townsville (latitude 19°S) on the east coast of Australia. The reciprocal cross is compatible. Eggs have reduced hatchability in the incompatible cross. The incompatibility is maternally inherited over three generations. Compatibility can be restored by culturing Townsville flies on medium with tetracycline for one generation and by using 2-week-old Townsville males.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343386
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  • 14
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    Sexual isolation between Drosophila melanogaster females and D. simulans males: sexual maturation of males (1989)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 52 (1989), S. 159-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Sexual isolation ; sexual maturation ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Drosophila simulans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des lignées isofemelles de D. simulans ont été examinées pour déterminer l'âge de la maturité sexuelle des mâles avec des femelles conspécifiques et pour établir la fréquence de l'hybridation avec des femelles de D. melanogaster. Les mâles ont commencé à être sexuellement mûrs le premier jour après l'émergence, mais leur aptitude à la copulation a augmenté lentement pendant le jour suivant. Les estimations, tant de l'âge du début de la maturation sexuelle que de l'âge du passage de mâle immature à mâle sexuellement mûr dépendaient étroitement des génotypes des femelles utilisées dans les expériences. Il n'y avait pas de différences nettes entre les lignées de mâles. Par contre, des différences dans les fréquences d'hybridation avec les femelles de D. melanogaster ont été observées. De ces résultats, on peut conclure que les différences dans la réussite des hybridations des lignées de mâles de D. simulans n'étaient pas dues à la vitesse de maturation sexuelle des mâles.
    Notes: Abstract Isofemale lines of D. simulans were examined to determine the age of sexual maturity of males with conspecific females, and for the frequency of hybridization with D. melanogaster females. Males started to mature sexually on the first day after eclosion but their ability to mate slowly increased during the following day. The estimates of both the age sexual maturation started and the switch from immature to mature males were strongly dependent on the female genotypes used in the tests. No clear differences in speed of maturation were apparent between male lines. In contrast, differences in frequency of hybridization with D. melanogaster females did occur. From the above results it is concluded that the differential hybridization success of male D. simulans lines is not related to the speed at which males mature sexually.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00163250
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  • 15
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    Stabilité du polymorphisme électrophorétique de douze populations naturelles françaises de Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 42 (1986), S. 145-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; polymorphisme électrophorétique ; populations naturelles françaises ; temps ; Drosophila melanogaster ; enzymatic polymorphism ; French natural populations ; time
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Temporal patterns of allozyme variation over time have been examined for five polymorphic enzyme loci in 12 french natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Taken in their totality, the data show only slight changes in the genetical structure of these populations between years. The good viability of the imagoe at low temperatures and the occurrence of winter immediately after the demographic burst of the species in France involve that the population sizes during winter are probably sufficient to eliminate the genetic drift. Therefore, the stability in the genetical composition from one autumn to another could be explained by the way that the populations analyzed are panmictic.
    Notes: Abstract L'évolution dans le temps du polymorphisme de 5 locus enzymatiques a été suivie pour 12 populations naturelles françaises de Drosophila melanogaster. La structure génétique de ces populations ne varie pas, ou peu, d'un automne à l'autre. La bonne résistance au froid des imagos et le fait que la période hivernale suive celle de l'explosion démographique de l'espèce en France, indiquent que les populations analysées ne doivent pas subir d'importantes réductions de leurs effectifs durant l'hiver, susceptibles d'entraîner une forte dérive génétique. Dans ces conditions, le maintien de la même structure d'une année à l'autre peut s'expliquer par le fait que les populations sont panmictiques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343541
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  • 16
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    Recent origin for a thermostable alcohol dehydrogenase allele ofDrosophila melanogaster (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 27 (1988), S. 142-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Adh ; Thermostable allele ; DNA sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nucleotide sequence of theFast-Chateau Douglas isolate of the thermostable alcohol dehydrogenase allele is compared with the sequences of theSlow andFast alleles ofDrosophila melanogaster. Conceptual translation of theFChD sequence indicates that the thermostable polypeptide has the diagnostic FAST amino acid replacement at residue 192 and an additional replacement of serine for proline at residue 214. This suggests aFast origin for the thermostableAdh allele. However, some of the biochemical properties of the FCHD protein resemble those of the SLOW rather than the FAST polypeptides. The serine for proline replacement confers upon the thermostable polypeptide substrate specificities and some kinetic parameters similar to the SLOW protein. The same replacement substitution within the third coding exon also appears to alter the ADH protein concentration to a level similar to the SLOW polypeptide and the probable effect is at the level of mRNA concentration. The low level of nucleotide sequence variation, other than that leading to the amino acid substitution, suggests a recent origin for the thermostable allele. The time since divergence of theFChD sequence fromFast is estimated to be approximately 260,000–470,000 years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02138374
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  • 17
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    The use of genetic complementation in the study of eukaryotic macromolecular evolution: Rate of spontaneous gene duplication at two loci ofDrosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 23 (1986), S. 159-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Duplications ; Complementation ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Maroon-like ; Rosy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Gene duplications must play an important role in the evolutionary development of living organisms. Presented here is a general scheme that uses complementary alleles to isolate gene duplications in diploid organisms. The technique was used inDrosophila melanogaster to assess the rate of spontaneous gene duplication at two loci, maroon-like and rosy. The results indicate (1) that the rate of duplication of the maroon-like locus is on the order of 2.7×10−6; (2) that the rate of duplication of the rosy locus is approximately 1.7×10−4; and (3) that duplication occurs in males, suggesting that there may actually be two modes of gene duplication inDrosophila melanogaster.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02099910
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  • 18
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    Further studies onengrailed mutants inDrosophila melanogaster (1985)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 236-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; engrailed ; Selector gene ; Genetic complementation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In 1975, Morata and Lawrence proposed that theengrailed (en) locus was a selector gene that controlled the different pathways of development followed by anterior and posterior compartments. This hypothesis assumed that the phenotype ofen 1 flies results from partial inactivity of theen + product. However, the mutant phenotype ofen 1/DF(2R)en − is weaker thanen 1/en 1. This implies that the partial P→A transformation ofen 1 does not result primarily from reduction inen + activity. Heterozygotes betweenl(2) en alleles andDf(2R)en − deletions express a similar phenotype of fused embryonic segments to that described by Nüsslein-Volhard and Wieschaus, and also by Kornberg, forl(2) en homozygoes. By this criterion, the lethal phenotype results from partial or complete lack ofen _ activity. Despite this, the1(2) en alleles give only a weak P→A transformation, whether recovered as embryonic lethals or by failure to complementen 1. They appear to define only one locus and, with the exception ofen 1, the available genetic date suggest that the complementation pattern at this locus is simple. Thus, it is unlikely thatengrailed is the sole determinant of the A/P compartment separation. It might be one of a number of loci that affect the alternative pathways followed by anterior and posterior compartments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848252
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  • 19
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    Genetic studies of mutations at two loci of Drosophila melanogaster which cause a wide variety of homeotic transformations (1987)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 231-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Imaginal discs ; Lethal mutants ; Homeosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ash-1 locus is in the proximal region of the left arm of the third chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster and the ash-2 locus is in the distal region of the right arm of the third chromosome. Mutations at either locus can cause homeotic transformations of the antenna to leg, proboscis to leg and/or antenna, dorsal prothorax to wing, first and third leg to second leg, haltere to wing, and genitalia to leg and/or antenna. Mutations at the ash-1 locus cause, in addition, transformations of the posterior wing and second leg to anterior wing and second leg, respectively. A similar spectrum of transformations is caused by mutations at yet another third chromosome locus, trithorax. One extraordinary aspect of mutations at all three of these loci is that they cause such a wide variety of transformations. For mutations at both of the loci that we have studied the expression of the homeotic phenotype is both disc-autonomous (as shown by injecting mutant discs into metamorphosing larvae) and cell autonomous (as shown by somatic recombination analysis). The original mutations which identified these two loci, although lethal, manifest variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance of the homeotic phenotype suggesting that they are hypomorphic. The phenotype of double mutants which were synthesized by combining different pairs of those original mutations manifest for two of the four pairs a greater degree of expressivity and slightly more penetrance of the homeotic transformations. This mutual enhancement suggests that the products of both loci interact in the same process. A third double mutant expresses a discless phenotype. Additional alleles have been recovered at both the ash-1 and the ash-2 loci. Some of these alleles as homozygotes or transheterozygotes express the wide range of transformations revealed first by double mutants. One of the alleles at the ash-1 locus when homozygous and several transheterozygous pairs can cause either the homeotic transformation of discs or the absence of those discs. The fact that these two defects, absence of specific discs and homeotic transformations of those same discs can be caused by mutations within a single gene suggests that the activity of the product of this gene is essential for normal imaginal disc cell proliferation. Loss of that activity leads to the absence of discs, whereas, reduction of that activity leads to homeotic transformations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376347
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  • 20
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    The pattern of proliferation of the neuroblasts in the wild-type embryo of Drosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 473-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Proliferation ; Neuroblasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The pattern of neuroblast divisions was studied in thoracic and abdominal neuromeres of wild-type Drosophila melanogaster embryos stained with a monoclonal antibody directed against a chromatin-associated antigen. Since fixed material was used, our conclusions are based upon the statistical evaluation of a large number of accurately staged embryos, covering the stages between the formation of the cephalic furrow up to shortened germ band. Our observations point to a rather stereotypic pattern of proliferation, consisting of several parasynchronous cycles of division. The data suggest that all SI neuroblasts divide at least eight times, all SII neuroblasts six or seven times and all SIII neuroblasts at least five times. This conclusion is based on the mapping of mitotic neuroblasts and is supported by the progressive reduction of the neuroblast volume and by the results of cell countings performed on embryos of increasing age. No conclusive evidence was obtained concerning the fate of the neuroblasts after their last mitosis, i.e. it cannot be decided whether the neuroblasts degenerate or become incorporated as inconspicuous cells in the larval ventral cord. The duration of the cycles of division of the neuroblasts was found to be 40–50 min each, while in the case of ganglion mother cells about 100 min are required to complete one cell cycle.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00399871
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  • 21
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    Sensory projections from dorsal and ventral appendages inDrosophila grafted to the same site are different (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1607-1609 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Neuronal specificity ; sensory projections ; serial homology ; ectopic transplantation ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Owing to a new transplantation technique, we have been able to study the sensory projections of homologous and heterologous appendages grafted to the same abdominal site inD. melanogaster. Axons from homologous transplants exhibit similar terminal patterns, whereas those from heterologous transplants do not. It is suggested that ectopic sensory axons specifically recognized central areas and pathways occupied by axons from homologous appendages.
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    Drosophila melanogaster aldehyde dehydrogenase (1985)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 57-58 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; aldehyde dehydrogenase ; mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Subcellular fractionation by differential centrifugation confirms the presence of aldehyde dehydrogenase inD. melanogaster. It is found principally in the heavy mitochondrial fraction.
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    Genetic load and effective size of natural populations ofDrosophila melanogaster in Korea (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 127-129 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; second chromosome ; drastics ; genetic load ; population size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of 750 second chromosomes ofDrosophila melanogaster on viability was studied. 19.3% of them proved letal or semilethal (=drastics) in homozygous condition. Compared to data obtained in previous years at the same sampling site, a significant frequency decrease of drastics during the past decade could be observed. The dynamic processes taking place in the Korean wild populations ofD. melanogaster are discussed.
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    Mobile gene localization and viability inDrosophila melanogaster (1985)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1474-1476 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Mobile elements ; inbreeding ; in situ hybridization ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The location of the mobile element mdg-1 was determined by in situ hybridization in salivary gland chromosomes ofDrosophila melanogaster. The locations of mdg-1 are nonrandom and some ‘hot spots’ exist. Moreover, the spectra of mdg-1 locations vary with the viability values of the families from which the larvae originated. This suggests that particular frequency spectra are associated with lethality resulting from inbreeding.
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    The role of assortative mating among age-classes inDrosophila melanogaster: preliminary results (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 1051-1053 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Age-structured population ; age-related mating success ; assortative mating ; generation overlap ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A series of experiments on age-related mating success and productivity provides evidence for assortative mating among three out of four age-classes inD. melanogaster. The preferred mating does not always result in the highest productivity. Three age classes of males contribute to reproduction while only females of the youngest age-class are involved. The progeny size is more affected by the age of the females than that of males. It is assumed that these findings must have important implications for generation overlap in natural populations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01940728
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    Drosophila melanogaster does not dealkylate [14C]sitosterol (1989)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 983-985 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; sterol metabolism ; phytosterols ; dealkylation ; desmosterol ; sitosterol ; radiolabeled sterols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Drosophila melanogaster was unable to dealkylate and convert [14C]sitosterol to cholesterol and no evidence was found for conversion of [14C]desmosterol to cholesterol. Therefore,D. melanogaster is incapable of dealkylating and converting C28 and C29 phytosterols to cholesterol.
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    Tissue distribution of malic enzyme-NADP+ inD. melanogaster imaginal discs (1985)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 217-223 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Malic enzyme ; Distribution patterns ; Imaginal discs ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The spatial distribution patterns of malic enzyme-NADP+ (ME) inDrosophila melanogaster imaginal discs and other structures were demonstrated histochemically. Staining in the imaginal discs was limited to specific areas where intense reactions occurred primarily in differentiating structures. The eye-antennal disc possessed the most distinctive staining pattern. The ommatidial preclusters and clusters of the eye portion both stained, with heavier deposition in mature clusters. Staining in the preclusters closest to the morphogenetic furrow (MF) was obscured by a band of stained cells on either side of the MF that extends dorsoventrally across the disc. The ME low activity mutantMen NCl showed a dramatic reduction in staining of this band of cells but had no visible effect on eye morphogenesis. The larval optic nerve which traverses the entire length of the eye-antennal disc was a consistently stained feature. Two structures specifically stained in the leg discs. The most prominent was the chordotonal organ, while the second was a larval nerve extending the length of the disc. Limited staining was observed in the wing disc. No ME staining could be detected in the labial disc or haltere disc. Even though the genital discs did not stain for ME, the enzyme was induced sometime during the pupal stage since intense staining was noted in several adult internal genital disc derived structures. In general, ME staining in imaginal discs was associated with structures from the nervous system.
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    20-Hydroxyecdysone induced aggregation of Drosophila S3 cells is inhibited by antibodies to a hormone-dependent extracellular glycoprotein (1989)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 198 (1989), S. 14-18 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Cell lines ; 20-Hydroxyecdysone ; Extracellular glycoproteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The S3 cell line of Drosophila exhibits numerous responses to the molting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone, including mitotic arrest, cell aggregation and extensive changes in cell surface and extracellular glycoproteins. We have produced polyclonal antibodies to a major hormone induced extracellular glycoprotein to investigate the role of this molecule in cell aggregation. This glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 110 kD (P110) is found primarily in the culture medium of hormone-induced cells. Upon reduction, the electrophoretic mobility of P110 is decreased, indicating the presence of internal disulfide bonds. Results from treatment of medium proteins with a cross-linking reagent indicate that the molecule is part of a higher molecular weight oligomer (300–400 kD). Fab fragments of anti P110 effectively inhibit the reaggregation of hormone-treated S3 cells, while preimmune Fab fragments have no effect. On the basis of these results, we propose that the P110 glycoprotein complex in the medium of hormone-treated cells functions in hormone-dependent cell-cell adhesion.
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    Further analysis on the male-specific lethal mutations that affect dosage compensation in Drosophila melanogaster (1989)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 198 (1989), S. 34-38 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Dosage compensation ; Male-specific lethal mutations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The male-specific lethal genes (msl) of D. melanogaster represent a set of genes whose functions are required for the specific X chromosome hypertranscription in males (dosage compensation). We have carried out the clonal analysis of one of those msl mutations: msl-3 b. Clones homozygous for msl-3 b are deleterious; this mutation presents cell autonomy and in the cases where msl clones appeared in sexually dimorphic regions (5th and 6th tergites) they do not show sexual transformation. Moreover, the lethal phase and the growth dynamics (measured by the protein content during larval growth) are the same for male larvae homozygous for one msl mutation (msl-1) or three msl mutations (msl-2 msl-1 mle), i.e. the msl mutations do not show additive effects. This paper considers the possible interactions between the msl genes that bring about dosage compensation.
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    The determination of aldehyde oxidase activity patterns in the wing discs of Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 195 (1986), S. 338-343 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Imaginai discs ; Aldehyde oxidse ; Determination ; Field size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The pattern of aldehyde oxidase (AO) activity was determined in wing discs of Drosophila melanogaster larvae homozygous for the mutants apt 73n, Beaded, and vestigial (vg) in order to determine if reduction in field size in the pouch could be related to alterations of the wild-type AO pattern, as suggested by the Kauffman (1978) hypothesis. The pattern in wild-type discs was resolved into six areas for comparison with mutant discs. vg discs developed at 25° C showed restriction of the pattern into a small area on the anterior side of the disc, and comparison of vg and wild-type prepupal wings allowed positive identification of the AO pattern elements which remained. AO patterns in vg wing discs grown at 27°, 29°, and 31° C were progressively more complete and similar to wild-type, reflecting the reduction in cell death in discs grown at higher temperatures. These results show that cell loss during the third instar in vg development at 25° C is responsible for the alteration of the AO pattern, rather than field size reduction, and that determination of the pattern must take place much earlier than the time of its first appearance during the third larval instar, and before cell death in vg discs begins. Thus mutants acting at earlier stages will be necessary for further tests of the Kauffman hypothesis.
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    Determination of the shape of the operculum by the bithorax complex in Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 195 (1986), S. 318-322 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Operculum ; Bithorax complex ; Determination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have studied the course of the operculum line in the larval hypoderm of several bithorax complex mutants of Drosophila melanogaster. The bifurcation of the line, a characteristic of the first abdominal segment in wild-type (A1), can also appear in the metathoracic (T3) and other abdominal segments (A2, A3) depending on mutations within the bithorax complex. Therefore, we concluded that the course of the operculum line and thus the shape of the operculum is not determined by a suprasegmental gradient of positional information but by the functional state of the genes of the bithorax complex in each metamere. The dorsal and ventral branches of the operculum line react differently, the dorsal branch being more sensitive to the effect of loss of function mutations (bxd, iab-2 k), the ventral branch more affected by gain of function mutations (Hab). In some cases the effects of the mutations on the operculum line differed from those in the adult, suggesting a difference in sensitivity of larval hypodermal cells and histoblast cells to the functional gene products of the bithorax complex.
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    Aberrant oogenesis in the patterning mutant dicephalic of Drosophila melanogaster: time-lapse recordings and volumetry in vitro (1987)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 279-285 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Mutant oogenesis ; Time-lapse filming ; Maternal effect ; Pattern formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Drosophila females homozygous for the mutation dicephalic occasionally produce ovarian follicles with a nurse-cell cluster on each oocyte pole (dic follicles). Most dic follicles contain 15 nurse cells as in the normal follicle, but the total nurse-cell volume is larger in dic follicles; this is in keeping with the increase in DNA content recently described. However, the relative increase in oocyte volume during nurse-cell regression (from stage 10B onward) is not significantly larger in dic than in normal follicles. Time-lapse recordings in vitro show that, as a rule, both nurse cell clusters in a dic follicle export cytoplasm to the oocyte but nurse-cell regression remains incomplete at both poles and the persisting remnants of the nurse cells cause anomalies in chorion shape. The kinematics of cytoplasmic transfer are less aberrant at that oocyte pole which harbours the germinal vesicle. Possible links are discussed between these anomalies of oogenesis and the double-anterior embryonic patterns observed in the majority of developing dic eggs.
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    Intrapopulational genetic variation in the hybridization betweenDrosophila melanogaster females andD. simulans males (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 106-108 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Drosophila simulans ; intrapopulational variation ; interspecific crossing ; hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intrapopulational variation on interspecific crossing ability betweenD. melanogaster andD. simulans has been measured. When themelanogaster females andsimulans males were crossed, hybridization ranged from 3 to 34%, the female component of variation being more important than the male component. This point is discussed in relation with the role played by each sex in sexual isolation.
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    Differences in the cytotype and hybrid dysgenesis inducer ability of different P-strains ofDrosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 1283-1285 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Hybrid dysgenesis ; cytotype-suppressor ; female sterility ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using F1 female sterility as an indicator of hybrid dysgenesis (HD), we determined the inducing as well as the cytotype-suppressor properties of several P-strains. The data indicate that in P-M hybrid dysgenesis there is not only one type of inducer/suppressor system operative; in some P-strains more than one such system must be present.
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    Accumulation of drastic mutants in selection lines for resistance to the insecticides dichlorvos and malathion inDrosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 1122-1123 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; dichlorvos ; malathion ; viability tests ; drastic mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Viability tests were performed on second and third chromosomes from lines ofDrosophila melanogaster selected for increased resistance to the organophosphorus insecticides dichlorvos and malathion, in order to evaluate the accumulation of drastic alleles. Our results show that malathion reduces significantly the relative viability of chromosome 3 and also increases the frequency of drastic alleles in this chromosome, while dichlorvos increases significnatly the frequency of drastic alleles in chromosome 2.
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    Age-related perseveration of the precopulatory behaviour in maleDrosophila melanogaster (1988)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 76-79 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; sexual behaviour ; ageing ; memory mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In response to an interruption of their courtship, males ofD. melanogaster exhibit a lasting sexual arousal (up to 30–60 min), expressed behaviourally by characteristic wing displays. A study of this effect centered on two ‘memory mutants’ of different ages suggests that it can be related to an ageing-dependent perseveration, rather than to modifications in memory processing.
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    Yolk polypeptide gene expression in Minute Drosophila females (1985)
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    Biochemical genetics 23 (1985), S. 363-378 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Minute mutations ; yolk polypeptides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Minutes have been considered for some time to be mutant at the sites of synthesis of some components of the protein synthetic apparatus. To study the hypothetical relationship between Minutes and suboptimal translation, a group of abundant proteins, the yolk polypeptides, was assayed in outcrossed females bearing M(3)w, M(3)h y , or M(1)n mutations. Recently emerged Minute females contained a lower amount of yolk polypeptides, in both ovarian and nonovarian tissues, than their non-Minute sisters. This low level correlated with the lower abundance of cytoplasmic RNA in Minutes compared to control females. By 1 week of age, both M(3)w and their non-Minute sibs contained the same amount of yolk polypeptides and the corresponding mRNA. The double heterozygote, ap 4/+;M(3)w/+, did not differ in yolk polypeptide content from control flies. M(3)w females demonstrated reduced fecundity during the period of low yolk polypeptide content but gradually increased egg deposition as yolk polypeptide levels rose. These results suggest that the low protein levels are due to the slower maturation of M(3)w, and not to less efficient translation machinery.
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    Naturally occurring quantitative variants of acid phosphatase-1 in Drosophila melanogaster (1985)
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    Biochemical genetics 23 (1985), S. 465-482 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; acid phosphatase ; gene regulation ; quantitative variants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We have examined 111 wild Drosophila melanogaster lines for cis-acting quantitative variants of the Acph-1 gene, which codes for acid phosphatase-1 (ACPH). Three variants with obvious, reproducible phenotypes were isolated. All variants acted equally on all tissues and developmental stages examined. No recombinants were detected between one quantitative variant and the site determining the electrophoretic mobility of Acph-1 among 3885 flies examined. Several enzymatic properties of the variant enzymes were tested, including the K m values for two substrates, inhibition by three different inhibitors, and thermal stability; the variant enzymes behaved identically to the wild-type enzyme in all cases. Immunological titration experiments showed that the variant enzymes had the same enzyme activity per molecule of ACPH as the wild-type enzyme. These results suggest that the quantitative variants we have identified are altered in the regulatory portion of Acph-1 so as to produce altered numbers of normal ACPH molecules.
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    Electrophoretic and heat-stability polymorphism at the phosphoglucomutase (Pgm) locus in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster (1985)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 23 (1985), S. 29-36 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: phosphoglucomutase ; Drosophila melanogaster ; thermostability allozymes ; geographic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic polymorphism for electrophoretic and heat-sensitive alleles is known at the phosphoglucomutase (Pgm) locus in Drosophila melanogaster. Analysis of the distribution of electrophoretic and thermosensitive (ts) alleles was carried out in natural populations from Canada and West Africa and compared with already known data on Italian populations [Trippa, G., Loverre, A., and Catamo, A. (1976). Nature 260:42]. The data show the existence of five common alleles, Pgm 1.00,tr, Pgm 1,00,ts, Pgm 0.70,ts, Pgm 1.20,ts, and Pgm 1.50,tr, and two rare alleles, Pgm 0.55,ts and Pgm 1.20,tr. The most frequent allele is always Pgm 1.00,tr; the second most common allele is always of the ts type. The cumulated frequencies of ts alleles in the populations varies between 11 and 32%. The heat stability polymorphism is present in all populations examined and shows again the uniform geographic pattern that has been found for electrophoretic variation at this locus.
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    The alcohol dehydrogenase alleloenzymes AdhS and AdhF from the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster: An enzymatic rate assay to determine the active-site concentration (1985)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 23 (1985), S. 205-216 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila melanogaster ; alleloenzymes ; active-site titration ; enzymatic rate assay ; catalytic-center activity ; enzymology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A rapid and reproducible enzymatic rate assay for the quantitative determination of the concentration of active sites is presented for the alleloenzymes AdhS and AdhF from Drosophila melanogaster. Using this procedure the turnover numbers as catalytic-center activities were found to be 12.2 sec−1 for AdhF and 3.4 sec−1 for AdhS with secondary alcohols. This showed a slower dissociation of the coenzyme from the binary enzyme-NADH complex with AdhS and hence a stronger binding of NADH to this alleloenzyme. With ethanol, the catalytic-center activity was 1.4 sec−1 for AdhS and 2.8 sec−1 for AdhF, and hence the single amino acid mutation distinguishing the two alleloenzymes also affected hydride transfer.
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    Enzyme polymorphism in Drosophila melanogaster populations in Iraq (1985)
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    Biochemical genetics 23 (1985), S. 321-328 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: polymorphism ; Drosophila melanogaster ; esterase-6 ; phosphoglucomutase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electrophoretic studies of the degree and pattern of polymorphism at two third-chromosome loci, esterase-6 (Est-6) and phosphoglucomutase (PGM), were carried out in three Drosophila melanogaster populations collected from different localities in Iraq: Mosul, Tuwaitha, and Basrah. The results show that only the Tuwaitha population was polymorphic for both loci; the other two populations were polymorphic for Est-6 and monomorphic for PGM. The allele frequency changes at both loci were followed for 20 generations in an experimental cage derived from the Tuwaitha population; it was found that there is a deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at both loci toward the homozygote.
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    Three purine auxotrophic loci on the second chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster (1985)
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    Biochemical genetics 23 (1985), S. 539-555 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; purines ; auxotrophs ; adenosine ; guanosine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mutations at three second-chromosomal loci of Drosophila melanogaster have been isolated, mapped, and shown to be purine nucleoside auxotrophs. Two of the loci, adenosine2 and adenosine3, located at map positions 18.4 and 20, respectively, produce mutations which are supplementable with adenine, adenosine, and inosine. Guanosine supplements mutations at the burgundy locus (55.7); this locus was described previously through a pteridine eye-color defect but identified as an auxotrophic locus after the isolation of a new allele, bur gua2-1 . The mutation ade2-1 also has defective pteridine metabolism.
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    Genetic and physiological parameters associated with cadmium toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster (1985)
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    Biochemical genetics 23 (1985), S. 571-583 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; cadmium ingestion ; cadmium excretion ; genetics of cadmium toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two strains of Drosophila melanogaster represent the extremes in resistance and sensitivity to the lethal effects of CdCl2. The strain containing the mutations vermilion and brown (v; bw) and the strain Austin had LC50's of 3.3 and 1.3mm CdCl2, respectively. The three major chromosomes from these two strains were assorted genetically into the six possible combinations. The measured LC50's for CdCl2 for these six genotypes fell into two groups according to the X chromosome; those containing the X chromosome from v; bw had LC50's 0.5–1.0mm greater than those in which the X chromosome was from Austin. Since the parent strains differed by 2mm, we suggest that the X chromosome is a major, but not the sole, site of genes to produce resistance to CdCl2. When 109Cd was in the diet the uptake by v; bw and Austin over 2 days was the same. After 4 days of uptake, the Austin strain excreted the 109Cd five times faster than v; bw but the six genotypes did not differ appreciably in excretion rate from one another and resembled the sensitive parent Austin more than the resistant one. Thus a second process is indicated that distinguishes resistance to CdCl2 that apparently is not associated with the X chromosome.
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    Molybdenum hydroxylases in Drosophila. III. Further characterization of the low xanthine dehydrogenase gene (1986)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 24 (1986), S. 509-527 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; molybdoenzymes ; low xanthine dehydrogenase mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The biochemical effects of several newly induced low xanthine dehydrogenase (lxd) mutations in Drosophila melanogaster were investigated. When homozygous, all lxd alleles simultaneously interrupt each of the molybdoenzyme activities to approximately the same levels: xanthine dehydrogenase, 25%; aldehyde oxidase, 12%; pyridoxal oxidase, 0%; and sulfite oxidase, 2% as compared to the wild type. In order to evaluate potentially small complementation or dosage effects, mutant stains were made coisogenic for 3R. These enzymes require a molybdenum cofactor, and lxd cofactor levels are also reduced to less than 10% of the wild type. These low levels of molybdoenzyme activities and cofactor activity are maintained throughout development from late larval to adult stages. The lxd alleles exhibit a dosage-dependent effect on molybdoenzyme activities, indicating that these mutants are leaky for wild-type function. In addition, cofactor activity is dependent upon the number of lxd + genes present. The lxd mutation results in the production of more thermolabile XDH and AO enzyme activities, but this thermolability is not transferred with the cofactor to a reconstituted Neurospora molybdoenzyme. The lxd gene is localized to salivary region 68 A4-9, 0.1 map unit distal to the superoxide dismutase (Sod) gene.
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    Molecular structure of a naturally occurring alcohol dehydrogenase null activity allele inDrosophila melanogaster (1989)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 27 (1989), S. 679-688 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase ; null allele ; DNA rearrangement ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An alcohol dehydrogenase null activity allele,Adh nAH52 , extracted from a natural population ofDrosophila melanogaster has been cloned and sequenced. Compared with the wild-type consensus sequence, the nucleotide sequence ofAdh nAH52 contains eight extra bases in intron 2, adjacent to the 5' splice site. It seems likely that the extra bases result from two structural changes, with a 10-base pair insertion at the same site as a 2-base pair deletion. The insertion includes an 8-base pair duplication of an adjoining region. This structural change alters transcription to give rise to an mRNA which is longer than normal and at 10% of the wild-type level.
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    Positive regulation of theDrosophila melanogaster G6PD gene by an insertion sequence (1989)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 27 (1989), S. 379-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ; transposable genetic element ; positive regulation ; chromatin structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In a previous study, we have shown that the three high-G6PD activity mutants are characterized by insertion of the Ins1 sequence consisting of a core sequence flanked by two defective P elements (KP and KP'; the 32nd base of the KP was replaced by guanine in the KP') in front of exonI of the G6PD gene and that the sequence responsible for positive regulation of the G6PD gene expression might be the core sequence but not the flanking KP and KP' elements. The core sequence is composed of either one or two identical units in each mutant. In this report we present evidence (1) that insertion of the Ins1 sequence gives rise to overproduction of G6PD mRNA, (2) that the length and the 5′ end of G6PD mRNA do not differ in wild-type and three mutants, (3) that the insertion site of the Ins1 sequence is the same in the mutants, and (4) that each unit of the core sequence has a pair of DNase I-hypersensitive sites. The possibility exists that the binding of some regulatory proteins to the DNase I-hypersensitive sites might accelerate the transcription rate of the G6PD gene.
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    Positive regulation of theDrosophila melanogaster G6PD gene by an insertion sequence (1989)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 27 (1989), S. 379-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ; transposable genetic element ; positive regulation ; chromatin structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In a previous study, we have shown that the three high-G6PD activity mutants are characterized by insertion of the Ins1 sequence consisting of a core sequence flanked by two defective P elements (KP and KP'; the 32nd base of the KP was replaced by guanine in the KP') in front of exonI of the G6PD gene and that the sequence responsible for positive regulation of the G6PD gene expression might be the core sequence but not the flanking KP and KP' elements. The core sequence is composed of either one or two identical units in each mutant. In this report we present evidence (1) that insertion of the Ins1 sequence gives rise to overproduction of G6PD mRNA, (2) that the length and the 5′ end of G6PD mRNA do not differ in wild-type and three mutants, (3) that the insertion site of the Ins1 sequence is the same in the mutants, and (4) that each unit of the core sequence has a pair of DNase I-hypersensitive sites. The possibility exists that the binding of some regulatory proteins to the DNase I-hypersensitive sites might accelerate the transcription rate of the G6PD gene.
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    The effects of recessive lethal Notch mutations of Drosophila melanogaster on flavoprotein enzyme activities whose inhibitions cause Notch-like phenocopies (1987)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 7-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Notch locus ; wing morphology ; phenocopies ; choline dehydrogenase ; dihydroorotate dehydrogenase ; xanthine dehydrogenase (O2) ; sarcosine dehydrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The biochemical action of the Notch locus whose mutants cause morphological aberrations in flies, viz., notches of wings and bristle multiplication, has been analyzed (1) by the addition to the food medium of enzyme inhibitors causing phenocopies of Notch and (2) by comparison of enzyme activity patterns of Notch mutants with different degrees of phenotypic expression. Notch phenocopies were induced by inhibitors of enzyme activities in two biochemical pathways: (1) the de novo pyrimidine synthesis by 5-methylorotate (inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase) and (2) the choline shunt by amobarbital (inhibits choline dehydrogenase) and methoxyacetate (inhibits sarcosine dehydrogenase). The inhibition of de novo pyrimidine synthesis prevents the production of deoxyuridine-5-phosphate, the substrate for the synthesis of thymidine-5-phosphate via thymidylate synthase, whereas the inhibition of the choline shunt prevents the production of HCHO groups and glycine, both of which are involved in the synthesis of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate, which is a cofactor of thymidylate synthase. It was already known that the inhibition of the latter enzyme in vivo induces Notch phenocopies. Notch mutants with a strong morphological expression show low enzyme activities for dihydroorotate dehydrogenase and choline dehydrogenase. Both are flavoprotein enzymes linked to the respiratory chain. The correspondence between the low enzyme activities in Notch mutants with a strong morphological expression and the phenocopying effect of antimetabolites on these enzymes in the two biochemical pathways involved strongly suggests that the morphological effects of Notch on flies are a consequence of lowered activities of choline dehydrogenase and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase.
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    Contrasting patterns of geographic variation in the cosmopolitan sibling species Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans (1987)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 27-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: population ; Drosophila melanogaster ; D. simulans ; electrophoresis ; heterozygosity, allozymes ; genetic strategies ; adaptation ; bottleneck effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An electrophoretic study was carried out to compare the geographic pattern of genetic variation in Drosophila simulans with that of its sibling species, Drosophila melanogaster. An identical set of 32 gene-protein loci was studied in four geographically distant populations of D. simulans and two populations of D. melanogaster, all originating from Europe and Africa. The comparison yielded the following results: (1) tropical populations of D. simulans were, in terms of the number of unique alleles, average heterozygosity per locus, and percentage of loci polymorphic, more variable than conspecific-temperate populations; (2) some loci in both species showed interpopulation differences in allele frequencies that suggest latitudinal clines; and (3) temperate-tropical genetic differentiation between populations was much less in D. simulans than in D. melanogaster. Similar differences between these two species have previously been shown for chromosomal, quantitative, physiological, and middle-repetitive DNA variation. Estimates of N m (number of migrants per generation) from the spatial distribution of rare alleles suggest that both species have similar levels of interpopulation gene flow. These observations lead us to propose two competing hypotheses: the low level of geographic differentiation in D. simulans is due to its evolutionarily recent worldwide colonization and, alternatively, D. simulans has a narrower niche than D. melanogaster. Geographic variation data on different genetic elements (e.g., mitochondrial DNA, two-dimensional proteins, etc.) are required before these hypotheses can be adequately tested.
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    Historical effective size and the level of genetic diversity in Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila pseudoobscura (1987)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 41-51 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: population bottleneck ; Drosophila melanogaster ; D. pseudoobscura ; genetic variation ; sequential gel electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We report the results of a sequential gel electrophoretic study of protein variation in Drosophila melanogaster and its comparison with D. pseudoobscura. The number of alleles and mean heterozygosity were lower in D. melanogaster than in D. pseudoobscura. On the other hand, geographical populations of Drosophila melanogaster have been shown to be much more differentiated than those of D. pseudoobscura. The results suggest that in D. melanogaster low-frequency alleles have been lost during the colonization process and that major alleles have become differentiated among populations. Population bottlenecks, due to various causes, appear to have played a significant role in the shaping of genetic variation in natural populations of many species. It is proposed that a comparison of genetic variation at homologous gene loci between related species can bring out effects of historical bottlenecks and provide an alternative approach for analyzing causes of genetic variation in natural populations.
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    Subcellular localization of isozyme variants of acetylcholinesterase during the life cycle of Drosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 779-788 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; acetylcholinesterase ; particularization ; 20-OH-ecdysone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Particulate and soluble acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (EC 3.1.1.7) activities were measured and the pattern of isozyme variants was established by acetylthiocholine and α-naphthyl acetate staining during the life cycle of Drosophila melanogaster. The compartmentalization and the pattern of AChE forms changed very little with the development of the fly. The AChE isozyme variants are greatly reduced or abolished in embryos homozygous for Ace 126, a representative mutant of the AChE region. One of the isozyme variants was suppressed by 20-OH-ecdysone treatment in first-instar larvae without affecting the viability. The comparison of the map of AChE variants and the known transcript of the AChE gene in embryos are discussed.
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    Purification of the glutamine synthetase II isozyme of Drosophila melanogaster and structural and functional comparison of glutamine synthetases I and II (1987)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 821-836 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; glutamine synthetase isozymes ; structural comparison
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Glutamine synthetase II was purified from Drosophila melanogaster adults. It was completely separable from the isozyme glutamine synthetase I by means of DEAE chromatography. The complete enzyme has an apparent molecular weight of 360,000. After two-dimensional electrophoresis it gave a single molecular species with an apparent molecular weight of 42,000. Structural analysis of the two isozymes showed that they are different both in subunit molecular weight and in isoelectric point. Peptide maps of the purified subunits showed considerable dissimilarity. Glutamine synthetase II is more active than glutamine synthetase I in the transferase assay, while the opposite is true in the biosynthetic assay. The kinetic parameters were determined, showing again noteworthy differences between the two isozymes. We therefore conclude that two forms of glutamine synthetase are present in Drosophila, with different primary structures, different kinetic behavior, and the possibility of different functional properties.
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    Structural analysis of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from severalDrosophila species (1985)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 23 (1985), S. 801-814 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; D. hydei ; D. immigrans ; D. mercatorum ; glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; peptide mapping ; amino acid sequencing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This report describes preliminary protein structural studies of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (α-GPDH) fromDrosophila spp. and an important innovative feature of our enzyme purification protocol. The scheme involves the coupling of substrate (α-glycerophosphate) elution from CM-Sephadex and cofactor (NADH) elution from Affi-Gel blue resin. Using this method a 32.7% yield and a 111-fold purification were obtained from aD. melanogaster line carrying the α-Gpdh S allele at the α-Gpdh locus. The product obtained from 0 to 3-day-old adult flies was electrophoretically homogeneous and consisted mainly of the adult α-GPDH-1 isozyme. The method was used to obtain α-GPDH protein fromD. melanogaster (two lines),D. hydei, D. immigrans, andD. mercatorum. Peptide mapping revealed structural differences among the enzymes from the different species, and amino acid sequencing showed many similarities betweenD. melanogaster α-GPDH and the rabbit muscle enzyme.
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    Genetic variation for superoxide dismutase level in Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 24 (1986), S. 153-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase ; quantitative variation ; modifiers ; null allele
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We have studied genetic variation for levels of activity of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) in Drosophila melanogaster. We have constructed 34 lines homozygous for a given second and a given third chromosome derived from eight original lines; all lines were homozygous for the “fast” (F) allele of Sod. The variation in the relative levels of SOD CRM ranges from 1 to 1.6. The second chromosomes modify the SOD level, even though the structural Sod locus is in the third chromosome, and the specific effect of a given second chromosome depends on the particular third chromosome with which it is combined. This indicates that the variation in SOD content is controlled by polygenic modifiers present in the second (and in the third) chromosome. In addition to these trans-acting modifiers, we have isolated a cis-acting element (Sod CAl ) that reduces SOD CRM levels to 3.5% of a typical F/F homozygote. Sod CAl is either a mutation in a regulatory site closely linked to the structural locus or a change in the coding sequence affecting the rate of degradation of the enzyme.
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    Pigment patterns in mutants affecting the biosynthesis of pteridines and xanthommatin in Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 24 (1986), S. 545-569 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: eye-color mutants ; pteridines ; xanthommatin ; Drosophila melanogaster ; pigment patterns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Eye-color mutants of Drosophila melanogaster have been analyzed for their pigment content and related metabolites. Xanthommatin and dihydroxanthommatin (pigments causing brown eye color) were measured after selective extraction in acidified butanol. Pteridines (pigments causing red eye color) were quantitated after separation of 28 spots by thin-layer chromatography, most of which are pteridines and a few of which are fluorescent metabolites from the xanthommatin pathway. Pigment patterns have been studied in 45 loci. The pteridine pathway ramifies into two double branches giving rise to isoxanthopterin, “drosopterins,” and biopterin as final products. The regulatory relationship among the branches and the metabolic blockage of the mutants are discussed. The Hn locus is proposed to regulate pteridine synthesis in a step between pyruvoyltetrahydropterin and dihydropterin. The results also indicate that the synthesis and accumulation of xanthommatin in the eyes might be related to the synthesis of pteridines.
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    Peptidases in Drosophila melanogaster. I. Characterization of dipeptidase and leucine aminopeptidase activities (1986)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 24 (1986), S. 775-793 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: dipeptidases ; leucine aminopeptidases ; Drosophila melanogaster ; genetic localization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Four major peptidases of Drosophila melanogaster have been described and distinguished by their electrophoretic mobilities, molecular weights, net electrical charges, and substrate specificities. The previously described leucine aminopeptidase, LAP D, consists of at least two isozymes, designated here LAP P and LAP G. In pupae most LAP activity results from LAP P (pupal); in larvae and adults, in contrast, most LAP activity results from LAP G (gut). These two LAPs may be separated by electrophoresis in the presence of the nonionic detergent Triton X-100. A specific assay for LAP P, which exploits the large difference between the net electrical charge of LAP P and that of LAP G, is described. The activity levels of two dipeptidases, Dip A and Dip B, were high in all the postembryonic stages examined. Specific assays for Dip A and Dip B were used to show that for each of these isozymes, the activity in an adult is proportional to gene dosage.
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    Regulation of pteridine biosynthesis and aromatic amino acid hydroxylation inDrosophila melanogaster (1989)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 27 (1989), S. 59-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: phenylalanine hydroxylation ; tyrosine hydroxylation ; pteridine regulation ; Drosophila melanogaster ; hydroxylation cofactor ; hyperphenylalaninemia ; tetrahydropteridine ; tetrahydrobiopterin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between high dietary levels of aromatic amino acid and regulation of pteridines inDrosophila eyes was examined by measuring changes in pool levels of six pterins in the wild type and mutants and amino acid pool levels in flies that carry mutations for pteridine biosynthesis. The effect upon relative viability and developmental times was also analyzed; relative viability was affected byl-phenylalanine,l-tryptophan, andl-tyrosine in decreasing order and thed-amino acids had little or no effect. The changes in concentration of biopterin, dihydrobiopterin, pterin, sepiapterin, drosopterins, and isoxanthopterin showed a characteristic pattern of increased and/or decreased amounts in response to each of the threel-amino acids. Pterin was regularly increased, and isoxanthopterin decreased.l-Tyrosine caused a 2.1-fold increase in dihydrobiopterin, the largest increase found in this study;l-tryptophan also caused dihydrobiopterin to increase butl-phenylalanine did not. Of 18 eye-color mutants examined, 2 were found to contain high levels of phenylalanine and/or tyrosine,Pu 2 andHn r3. These two mutants, along withpr c4 cn/pr m2b cn, were shown to be very sensitive to dietaryl-phenylalanine, indicating that having low levels of certain pteridines makes them susceptible to toxic effects of these amino acids. Therefore, high levels of aromatic amino acids can perturb the balance among pteridine pools, and low levels of some pteridines in mutants are correlated with the inability to withstand the toxic effects of phenylalanine. From the patterns of change in the pteridines we suggest that tetrahydropterin may also be a cofactor for hydroxylation of phenylalanine, along with tetrahydrobiopterin.
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    Molecular structure of a naturally occurring alcohol dehydrogenase null activity allele inDrosophila melanogaster (1989)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 27 (1989), S. 679-688 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase ; null allele ; DNA rearrangement ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An alcohol dehydrogenase null activity allele,Adh nAH52 , extracted from a natural population ofDrosophila melanogaster has been cloned and sequenced. Compared with the wild-type consensus sequence, the nucleotide sequence ofAdh nAH52 contains eight extra bases in intron 2, adjacent to the 5' splice site. It seems likely that the extra bases result from two structural changes, with a 10-base pair insertion at the same site as a 2-base pair deletion. The insertion includes an 8-base pair duplication of an adjoining region. This structural change alters transcription to give rise to an mRNA which is longer than normal and at 10% of the wild-type level.
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    Drosophila purine auxotrophy: New alleles ofadenosine2 exhibiting a complex visible phenotype (1989)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 27 (1989), S. 333-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; purine biosynthesis ; formylglycineamide ribotide amidotransferase (FGARAT) ; auxotrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract New mutant alleles of theadenosine2 locus (ade2; 2–17.7) have been isolated using the eye-color phenotype exhibited by the prototype auxotrophic alleleade2 1 as the screening criterion. The new mutants form a single complementation group, suggesting that they all exhibit purine auxotrophy and defective formylglycineamide ribotide amidotransferase enzyme, likeade2 1. Tests carried out on particular new alleles confirm these suggestions. The new mutants all exhibit more extreme physical defects than the prototype. They have wing abnormalities like mutants defective in pyrimidine biosynthesis and reduced bristles like those defective in protein synthesis; thus they exhibit the combined visible phenotype ofrudimentary wings,rosy eyes, andbobbed bristles. Cytogenetic analysis places the locus in the interband proximal to26B1-2.
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    X-linked mutations that give rise to overproduction of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 24 (1986), S. 319-327 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ; X-linked mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two X-linked mutations that give rise to overproduction of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) were found among the progenies of isogenic strains which had been subjected to selection for high G6PD activity. Mapping of the high-activity factor in these mutants was carried out using car Zw B sw males of low G6PD activity. As a result, the factor mapped 0.02–0.04 unit to the left of the Zw locus. The amount of the G6PD gene was also quantitated utilizing a cloned G6PD gene as a probe, but no significant difference was found between the mutants and low-G6PD activity flies which shared the same X, second, and third chromosomes with the mutants. These findings are consistent with our notion that the mutations might be regulatory mutations, possibly resulting from the insertion of a novel class of transposable genetic elements.
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    Precise characterization of cuticular compounds in youngDrosophila by mass spectrometry (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1071-1085 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Drosophila simulans ; Drosophilidae ; Diptera ; aphrodisiac pheromone ; cuticular hydrocarbon ; double bonds ; epoxidation ; chemical ionization ; mass spectrometry ; (Z,Z)-7,11-heptacosadiene ; alkenes ; olefins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Cuticular hydrocarbons of youngDrosophila flies are singular with very long chains and complex diene mixtures. A precise characterization of these substances was carried out by epoxidation and analysis of the products by GC-MS with negative chemical ionization. InD. melanogaster, double bonds of dienes are more probable at carbon positions 11 or 13 and 21 or 23. InD. simulans, double bonds are shifted more towards the interior of the chain. Such a difference is also found among monoenes of both species. The analyses of monoenes and dienes confirm the similarity of cuticular compounds of young flies of both sexes in both species. A main cuticular compound ofD. erecta females, 9, 23-tritriacontadiene, is also presented.
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    Description of sexual behaviors ofDrosophila rajasekari (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1423-1432 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Courtship ; pheromones ; (Z,Z)-7,11-heptacosadiene ; Drosophila rajasekari ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Diptera ; Drosophilidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The courtship behaviors and cuticular hydrocarbons ofDrosophila rajasekari are described. Sexually mature males orient, tap, follow, vibrate their abdomens, extend and vibrate their wings, and attempt copulation during courtship. They perform these behaviors in response to immature and matureD. rajasekari of both sexes, and their courtship activities are facilitated by light. The predominant cuticular hydrocarbon found in both sexes is (Z,Z)-7,11-heptacosadiene (HCD), a compound known to be used as a courtship-stimulating sex pheromone by another fruit fly,D. melanogaster. Therefore, it is not surprising thatD. melanogaster males actively court both males and females from theD. rajasekari stock. However, HCD is apparently not used byD. rajasekari as a courtship-stimulating pheromone since matureD. rajasekari males do not courtD. melanogaster females, which produce large quantities of HCD.
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    Validating time-sampled observations of courtship inDrosophila melanogaster for behavior genetic analysis (1985)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 15 (1985), S. 31-41 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: courtship elements ; time sampling ; strain differences ; virgin and fertilized females ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract A time-sampling method is described, which permits simultaneous observation of male courtship behavior in large numbers of single-pair matings ofDrosophila melanogaster. Validation by direct comparison with continuous observation showed that time-sampling yielded high-quality information for the discrete components of the courtship sequence. The method was shown to be sensitive to the difference in courtship intensity caused by exposure to virgin or mated females and it characterized male courtship of four lines ofD. melanogaster. The economy of the method makes courtship behavior amenable to the detailed genotype-environment analyses of biometrical genetics.
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    Relation between the genetic variability of digging behavior ofDrosophila larvae and their susceptibility to a parasitic wasp (1985)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 15 (1985), S. 143-154 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; digging behavior ; larval depth concealment ; parasitic success
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract TwoDrosophila strains were compared with respect to the behavior of their larvae on food substrate: a wild-type strain (D) from the West Indies exhibited digging behavior, while a laboratory strain (S), bearing theebony mutation, remained on the surface. Chromosome transfers showed this difference to be due mainly to autosomes. There was a significant difference between the two strains in the proportions of larvae parasitized by a cynipid wasp. This was not due to theebony mutation or to other traits such as larval size, cuticle thickness, and speed of development. Chromosome transfers demonstrated a significant role of the three major chromosomes in the susceptibility to the parasite. A clear parallelism was found between the susceptibility to parasitization and the proportion of surface larvae. The depth of concealment of the larvae in the food matter appears to be a favorable behavioral strategy for escaping parasite attacks. The possible adaptive significance of genetic variations in larval behavior is discussed.
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    Prepupation behavior inDrosophila: Embedding (1985)
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    Behavior genetics 15 (1985), S. 155-164 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: prepupation behavior ; Drosophila melanogaster ; embedding ; chromosomal analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract A newD. Melanogaster prepupation behavior, “embedding,” is described. Prior to pupation, some larvae burrow through the agar and pupate at the end of the burrowed tunnel with the posterior end of their body embedded in the agar. Embedding behavior is studied in laboratory-and field-derived stocks under two light regimes and in two test dishes. The chromosomal constitution of the strains (in particular the third pair of autosomes) significantly affected differences in embedding behavior. Differences in embedding behavior were also affected by light regime but not by test dish.
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    The aging effect on male mating activity inDrosophila melanogaster (1985)
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    Behavior genetics 15 (1985), S. 297-303 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: mating activity ; aging ; selection ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Noncompetitive mating activity for young (3-day) and old (28-day) Drosophila melanogaster males was measured under chromosomally homozygous and heterozygous conditions. Old males were consistently less active than young ones under both conditions. Three of 29 homozygous lines exhibited sterility due to aging. Virility at the old age did not correlate with that at the young age. Differences among homozygous lines were highly significant for old and young males, indicating a genetic basis for the trait. Individual variation in “old” virility was shown to be much higher than that in young males.
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    Inter- and intraspecific variation in the response ofDrosophila melanogaster andD. simulans to larval cues (1986)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 16 (1986), S. 295-306 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; D. simulans ; olfaction ; larval-associated odors ; geographic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The response ofDrosophila simulans andD. melanogaster adults to larvalassociated odors was characterized in a wind-tunnel olfactometer. Males were preferentially attracted to odors associated with larvae of their own species at all stages of larval development, with females showing a similar trend in some of the experiments. Additional tests were carried out with populations of both species originating from two Australian locations (Townsville, Melbourne) and cultured under identical conditions. Females were preferentially attracted to odors associated with larvae of their own population in both species. The possible importance of this heritable variation in olfaction and habitat response is discussed.
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    Further evidence for learning in diptera: A reply to Holliday and Hirsch (1986)
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    Behavior genetics 16 (1986), S. 457-473 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Phormia regina ; learning ; conditioning ; individual differences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Holliday and Hirsch (1986) question several aspects of my review of dipteran learning (McGuire, 1984). I will discuss several of the issues that they raised: (1) Can learning be demonstrated only with individual performance scores? (2) Are individual scores essential for all forms of genetic analyses? (3) Did I originally (McGuire and Hirsch, 1977) select for the ability to be classically conditioned withPhormia regina or can my results be explained by sensitization or central excitatory state (CES)? and (4) Did I overinterpret other studies of learning in dipterans? Holliday and Hirsch's criticism of many studies is shown to be due to an overly restrictive definition of learning. Their criticism ofPhormia learning studies is shown to be due to misinterpretation of data available on CES and learning and misunderstanding of the relation between CES and learning. I find their criticisms to be without merit.
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    The ontogeny of sex appeal inDrosophila melanogaster males (1987)
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    Behavior genetics 17 (1987), S. 81-86 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; sexual behavior ; courtship ; homosexual behavior ; sex pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Drosophila melanogaster males are sexually attractive when they are young, but they elicit very little courtship when they are 2–3 days old. We have shown that males from a Canton-S stock start to lose their sex appeal between 3 and 4 h after they eclose from their pupal cases because they have begun to synthesizecis-vaccenyl acetate, an inhibitory pheromone, by that time. Later, when the young males are between 20 and 24 h old, mature males perform even less courtship because the young males have begun to produce less of a courtship-stimulating pheromone.
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    Locomotor activity in theTyr-1 mutant ofDrosophila melanogaster (1987)
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    Behavior genetics 17 (1987), S. 503-512 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; locomotor activity ; stimulated activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The genetics and neurochemistry of locomotor activity inDrosophila have received increasing attention, although no precise relationship has been formulated, and researchers have not always distinguished the various forms of activity. In the present research, using the dopamine-deficientTyr-1 mutant, we demonstrate that it is possible to operationally define and provide separate measures of spontaneous activity and reactivity and have also isolated a third, distinct, category of locomotor activity which we term “stimulated” activity. Our data indicate thatTyr-1 mutants do not differ from isogenic wild-type flies with respect to spontaneous activity or reactivity but that they do display significantly higher stimulated activity levels. It is suggested that low levels of dopamine inTyr-1 may result in increased stimulated activity rather than spontaneous activity as previous research has suggested.
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    The effects of crowding on courtship and mating success inDrosophila melanogaster (1987)
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    Behavior genetics 17 (1987), S. 513-522 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; courtship ; crowding ; prestimulation ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The mating times of single males and pairs of males were increased by crowding with virgin females but only at very high densities. Mating times were decreased by the presence of a second male. Quantitative analysis of courtship showed that prestimulation of females in crowded conditions influences mating. The pattern of male courtship was highly consistent across moderate levels of crowding. This suggests thatDrosophila courtships evolved in crowded conditions.
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    Pupation height inDrosophila: Sex differences and influence of larval developmental time (1987)
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    Behavior genetics 17 (1987), S. 523-535 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Drosophila simulans ; pupation height ; sex differences ; larval development duration ; humidity-dependent pupation site
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Several lines ofDrosophila simulans andD. melanogaster of different origin were examined for pupation height. In all lines male larvae pupated, on average, higher than females. The pupation heights of early-, intermediate-, and late-pupating larvae were also recorded. As pupation progressed in the vials, larvae tended to pupate lower and lower, possibly as a response to diminishing levels of humidity inside the vials, which suggests a strong negative correlation between larval developmental time and pupation height. Thus, selection experiments for pupation height may also select for developmental rate. Since females generally pupate later than males, larval sex differences in pupation height may reflect sex differences in duration of development. The joint effects of sex and duration of development upon pupation height are discussed in relation to the lack of response previously reported in some experiments selecting for pupation height.
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    Isolation ofDrosophila melanogaster mutants with a wavelength-specific alteration in their phototactic response (1988)
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    Behavior genetics 18 (1988), S. 227-246 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; phototaxis mutants ; wavelength-specific behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract A method is described for the isolation ofDrosophila mutants whose positive spontaneous phototactic reaction in repeated choices between UV light (368 nm) and blue light (481 nm) tended less to the UV than that of the wild type. From those 32 strains which have been isolated up till now and which fulfill this criterion, most showed only a relatively slight deviation from normal behavior. Among those exhibiting a marked change in the choice tendency was one allele of the mutantrdgB (receptor degeneration B) and seven alleles of the mutantsevenless (receptor cell 7 missing); four other mutants belong to two complementation groups which have not been identified as yet. The method described should be suitable for detecting further mutants with defects in receptor-cell function. In addition, it should be possible to isolate mutants in which the mechanisms of wavelength-specific processing are altered.
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    Intrapopulational variation of olfactory responses inDrosophila melanogaster (1989)
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    Behavior genetics 19 (1989), S. 285-299 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: olfactory response ; behavioral genetics ; Drosophila melanogaster ; isofemale lines ; genetic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The existence of genetic variability for olfactory response within natural populations ofDrosophila melanogaster was studied in two newly collected natural populations from two very different habitats, the Sandiche population, from a very heterogeneous environment, and the Los Areneros population, from a very homogeneous one. Intrapopulational variability was estimated over approximately 50 isofemale lines derived from each population. Results confirm significant differences in olfactory response to ethyl alcohol and acetaldehyde in both populations and to ethyl acetate in the Sandiche population. The differences were due partially to common components of the olfactory responses to different chemical (nonspecifics) in the Sandiche population, but they were specific for the stimulus in the Los Areneros population.
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    Structural analysis of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from severalDrosophila species (1985)
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    Biochemical genetics 23 (1985), S. 801-814 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; D. hydei ; D. immigrans ; D. mercatorum ; glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; peptide mapping ; amino acid sequencing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This report describes preliminary protein structural studies of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (α-GPDH) fromDrosophila spp. and an important innovative feature of our enzyme purification protocol. The scheme involves the coupling of substrate (α-glycerophosphate) elution from CM-Sephadex and cofactor (NADH) elution from Affi-Gel blue resin. Using this method a 32.7% yield and a 111-fold purification were obtained from aD. melanogaster line carrying the α-Gpdh S allele at the α-Gpdh locus. The product obtained from 0 to 3-day-old adult flies was electrophoretically homogeneous and consisted mainly of the adult α-GPDH-1 isozyme. The method was used to obtain α-GPDH protein fromD. melanogaster (two lines),D. hydei, D. immigrans, andD. mercatorum. Peptide mapping revealed structural differences among the enzymes from the different species, and amino acid sequencing showed many similarities betweenD. melanogaster α-GPDH and the rabbit muscle enzyme.
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    Effects of various metabolites on two phosphoglucomutase allozyme activities from Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
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    Biochemical genetics 24 (1986), S. 397-403 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; phosphoglucomutase allozymes ; activation ; inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of various metabolites on the two most common phosphoglucomutase allozymes (PGMA and PGMB) in Drosophila melanogaster have been investigated in vitro. 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (2,3DPG) inhibited PGMA and PGMB to the same degree in the presence of 25 µM glucose-1,6-diphosphate (G1, 6P2). However a higher concentration of G1,6P2 partially reversed the inhibition of PGMA exerted by 2,3DPG, so that in the presence of 150 µM G1,6P2 the inhibition of PGMA was half that of PGMB at pH 6.0. Glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) had no significant effect at pH 7.4 but exerted an activating effect at pH 6.0 which was more pronounced in the case of PGMB. ATP, citrate, and fructose-1, 6-diphosphate (F1,6P2) inhibited both PGMA and PGMB. The differences found in vitro between these two allozymes can have a significant impact on in vivo function and, therefore, on the maintenance of PGM polymorphism in experimental populations of D. melanogaster studied in the laboratory.
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    Developmental variation in effects of the second and third chromosomes on the activities of the glucose 6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases in Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
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    Biochemical genetics 24 (1986), S. 447-467 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: developmental variation ; autosomal effects ; glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Developmental profiles of the second- and third-chromosome modifiers of the activities of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) in Drosophila melanogaster were investigated. Third-chromosome modifiers showed very strong effects on both enzyme activities at larval, pupal, and adult stages, whereas second-chromosome effects were detected mainly at larval and adult stages. For both enzyme activities and both chromosomes, the correlation over line means between larval and pupal stages was significantly positive, but the correlation between larval or pupal stage and adult stage was not significant. This result suggests that the actions of modifiers on G6PD and 6PGD activities are influenced by the change of developmental stages. Correlation between G6PD and 6PGD activities was positive and highly significant throughout the developmental stages for both sets of chromosomes, although third-chromosome correlations were slightly higher than second-chromosome correlations. The magnitude of the correlation between G6PD and 6PGD activities does not seem to be influenced by the change of development. Diallel crosses for both sets of chromosomes indicate that the action of activity modifiers is mainly additive for both sets of chromosomes, but dominance effects were detected in some cases in adult males. Significant maternal effects were detected for the third chromosome for both enzyme activities until the pupal stage. The change of the activity modifier action after emergence of the imago and the significant correlation between G6PD and 6PGD activities were also detected for diallel progeny.
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    Differing amounts of genetic polymorphism in testes and male accessory glands ofDrosophila melanogaster andDrosophila simulans (1988)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 26 (1988), S. 153-164 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Drosophila simulans ; polymorphism ; gland-specific proteins ; testis-specific proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We surveyed genetic polymorphism by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of male reproductive tract proteins in 20 isofemale lines each ofDrosophila melanogaster andDrosophila simulans. After classifying 244 such proteins ofDrosophila melanogaster and 271 ofDrosophila simulans by their distribution between testes and accessory glands within the reproductive tract, significant correlations were found between genetic polymorphism and tissue distribution. In both species, gland-specific proteins were significantly more polymorphic than testis-specific proteins, as well as those found in both testes and glands. Simultaneously, inDrosophila simulans, proteins found in roughly equivalent relative abundance in both testes and glands were significantly less variable than gland-specific and testis-specific proteins, as well as those with a quantitative difference in relative abundance between testes and glands. These correlations may reflect general differences in variability between extracellular and intracellular proteins and between proteins with broad as opposed to tissue-specific distributions.
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    DNA rearrangement causes multiple changes in gene expression at the amylase locus inDrosophila melanogaster (1988)
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    Biochemical genetics 26 (1988), S. 757-768 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: DNA rearrangement ; amylase locus ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A spontaneous null mutation at the α-amylase locus inDrosophila melanogaster was recovered from a laboratory population. The mutant strain was found to lack amylase enzyme production and to produce low, but detectable, levels of amylase mRNA. Moreover, the null strain is also lacking the glucose repression of amylase mRNA production which is seen in wild-type strains. The mutant phenotype correlates with a rearrangement in genomic DNA which, in turn, corresponds to a simple inversion in the arrangement observed most frequently in North American populations ofD. melanogaster, including the common laboratory strain, Oregon-R. These results have implications for our understanding of both the evolution of the duplicated amylase gene structure and the regulation of amylase gene expression.
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    DNA rearrangement causes multiple changes in gene expression at the amylase locus inDrosophila melanogaster (1988)
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    Biochemical genetics 26 (1988), S. 757-768 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: DNA rearrangement ; amylase locus ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A spontaneous null mutation at the α-amylase locus inDrosophila melanogaster was recovered from a laboratory population. The mutant strain was found to lack amylase enzyme production and to produce low, but detectable, levels of amylase mRNA. Moreover, the null strain is also lacking the glucose repression of amylase mRNA production which is seen in wild-type strains. The mutant phenotype correlates with a rearrangement in genomic DNA which, in turn, corresponds to a simple inversion in the arrangement observed most frequently in North American populations ofD. melanogaster, including the common laboratory strain, Oregon-R. These results have implications for our understanding of both the evolution of the duplicated amylase gene structure and the regulation of amylase gene expression.
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    Long-termebony polymorphisms: A comparison of the contributions of behavioral and nonbehavioral fitness characters (1985)
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    Behavior genetics 15 (1985), S. 165-180 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; ebony ; polymorphism ; heterosis ; mating speed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Theebony 11 mutant allele was observed to be polymorphic in three sets of duplicated populations which differed in their genetic backgrounds. The polymorphisms were maintained for over 5 years (130 generations) and showed no signs of decay, withebony frequencies fluctuating from 10 to 30%. Studies of fitness characters suggested that male mating speed may be an important factor in maintaining these polymorphisms, as heterozygous males mate significantly faster than either homozygote. Other characters such as female fecundity, larval viability, and developmental rate showed little evidence either for heterosis or for frequency-dependent effects which might contribute to the polymorphism.
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    Chemosensory elements of courtship in normal and mutant, olfaction-deficientDrosophila melanogaster (1986)
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    Behavior genetics 16 (1986), S. 375-405 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; reproductive behavior ; pheromones ; olfD mutant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Male-female courtship interactions inDrosophila melanogaster are mediated in part by chemical cues. A comparison of the courtship behaviors of normal and genetically olfaction-deficient (olfD) flies lends strong support to this hypothesis and leads to the following inferences regarding the importance of chemical interchange during courtship. Virgin females respond to male courtship by slowing and finally stopping their movements, which appears to enhance the probability of copulation; (olfD) females are defective in this stopping response and in their receptivity to mating. Males can be stimulated to court by airborne cues from virgin females which are effective over a distance of ca. 5 mm. By comparison, the chemical courtship-stimulating cues from immature flies have little airborne efficacy; immature males appear to stimulate courtship only by contact chemoreception. The genetic upset or removal from courtship interactions of olfactory, visual, and auditory cues (thus leaving contact chemoreception as the probable major means of male-female interaction) results in virtual behavioral sterility.
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    Genetic changes occurring over 500 generations in lines ofDrosophila melanogaster selected divergently for geotaxis (1988)
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    Behavior genetics 18 (1988), S. 13-25 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: chromosomal assay ; divergent selection ; Drosophila melanogaster ; geotaxis ; inversion chromosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Populations of Drosophila melanogaster selected divergently and intermittently over 600 generations for geotaxis were analyzed genetically by assaying individual chromosomes and their interactions. Effects were found for each of the three major chromosomes from both the negatively and the positively geotactic lines, as were interactions among chromosomes from the latter. This situation differs from an assay performed about 500 generations earlier (Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L.,Dissert. Abstr. 22:1262–1263, 1961) in which (a) significant effects were reported for only two of the three chromosomes from each line and (b) no significant interactions among chromosomes were found. The amount of evolutionary change in each line may well be even greater than reported here because the chromosomal assay cannot detect all effects. However, the comparison indicates a large magnitude of genetic change due to the effects of long-term selection.
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    Autosomal and maternal effects on pupation behavior inDrosophila melanogaster (1988)
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    Behavior genetics 18 (1988), S. 81-97 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; pupation behavior ; maternal effect ; heredity ; natural selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract This study demonstrates the importance of using a complete set of 16 reciprocal crosses (F1, backcrosses, and F2) to thoroughly investigate both genetic and nongenetic influences on patterns of inheritance of larval pupation behavior inDrosophila melanogaster. Larvae derived from natural populations show significant variation in pupal height, defined as the distance a larva pupates above the feeding substrate. Differences in the distance a larva pupates from fruit in nature is known to affect the fitness ofDrosophila populations. In this study the heredity of pupal height is analyzed by performing crosses between high- and low-pupating strains. We found that the inheritance of pupal height fit a classical additive polygenic model of inheritance, with intermediate F1 pupal heights and greater variances in the F2 generation. In addition, a significant maternal effect was also found by analyzing the reciprocal backcrosses. Progeny with low-pupating mothers had lower pupation heights than those with low-pupating fathers. Similarly, progeny with high-pupating mothers tended to have higher pupal heights than those with high-pupating fathers. This maternal effect was not attributable to strain differences in permanent cytoplasmic factors, sex chromosomes, or developmental time. Finally, we speculate upon the environmental conditions under which a transient maternal effect on pupation behavior would be expected to evolve in natural populations.
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    Genetic basis for remating inDrosophila melanogaster. III. Correlated responses to selection for female remating speed (1988)
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    Behavior genetics 18 (1988), S. 633-643 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: remating ; receptivity ; correlated response ; sperm competition ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Two natural populations ofDrosophila melanogaster selected for fast and slow female remating (Gromko and Newport,Behav. Genet.18: 621–632, 1988) were analyzed for correlated responses to selection. Several of the correlated responses differed between the lines derived from the two different source populations. In particular, the degree to which female receptivity to remating was dependent on the number of sperm in storage ceptivity to remating was dependent on the number of sperm in storage remained high in one pair of fast and slow selected lines but not in the other. In the line which retained sperm dependence (JEFFERS), fast and slow remating was achieved by changes in the threshold at which remating occurred. In the other line (COMP) changes in the temporal pattern of sperm use were seen. Thus both the level of the receptivity threshold and the existence of a sperm effect appeared to be selectable features of this species. Mated female attractiveness and receptivity were shown to be genetically distinct from virgin female attractiveness and receptivity. Effects of the genotype of the female on copulation duration were found.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01082314
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    Geographic variation in the territorial success ofDrosophila melanogaster males (1989)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 19 (1989), S. 241-255 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: territoriality ; Drosophila melanogaster ; geographic variation ; body size ; aggression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Drosophila melanogaster males defend food against other males to increase their access to females on food. The territorial behavior of stocks collected from Townsville, Corindi, and Melbourne on the east coast of Australia were compared. Males from these stocks showed the same incidence of territorial encounters. However, Melbourne males were more successful at obtaining territories in competition with Townsville or Corindi males. This difference could be accounted for largely by variation in body weight, although territorial success was also determined by other factors because Townsville and Corindi males that held territories were not heavier than Melbourne males. In reciprocal crosses between the populations there was directional dominance for increased territorial success. F1 males were of intermediate weight and F1 males that held territories tended to be lighter than territorial Melbourne males. Melbourne males were more successful than Townsville males because they tended to win escalated encounters, resulting in displacement of territory residents.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01065908
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    Courtship behavior ofDrosophila genetically or surgically deprived of basiconic sensilla (1989)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 19 (1989), S. 371-385 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; lozenge mutant ; sensory deprivation ; olfactory sensilla ; pheromones ; reproductive behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The lack of basiconic antennal sensilla in the mutantlozenge 3 was used to assess the role of these olfactory receptors in the courtship behavior ofDrosophila melanogaster. Under normal light conditions,lozenge 3 males courted virgin females much less than wild-type males did. However, when visual courtship stimuli were eliminated by studying behavior under dim red light, the two kinds of males courted individual wild-type virgin females with the same intensity, and the latency to copulation was similar. Also, no difference in courtship vigor was observed if the two kinds of males were paired in red light with a mated female. These data suggest that antennal basiconic sensilla are important for neither the perception of the attraction pheromone(s) of virgin females nor the inhibitory pheromone(s) of mated females. Similar assays with males deprived of maxillary palps make it unlikely that the basiconic-like sensilla on these appendages are needed to perceive the attraction pheromones. However, the unexpectedly high courtship activity of palp-deprived males toward mated females suggests that basiconic-like maxillary sensilla may be receptors of inhibitory female compounds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01066165
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    Influence of food on frequency-dependent sexual activity ofDrosophila Melanogaster (1989)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 19 (1989), S. 575-591 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; rate-type mating advantage ; food
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract When two types ofDrosophila are in competition, the frequency dependence of mating successes frequently is measured by direct observation of copulating pairs in “Elens-Wattiaux” observation chambers, the relative frequency of both types being varied. The present experiments, concerningwhite-ebony mutants in competition with wild-type Canton-S flies, show that the presence of food in the mating chamber influences the sexual activity of flies, this influence differing in the two types when food is present. Thus, in order to have a realistic estimation of frequency dependence, it would seem prudent to conduct these experiments with food in the chamber. Three methods are used to analyze observation data:K coefficients of Petit and Ehrman, regression equations of Ayala and Campbell, and regression equations of Wattiaux and Lichtenberger. These three methods are compared and discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01066255
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    Relationship between ‘early’ and ‘late’ protein induced by 20-hydroxyecdysone in imaginal wing discs ofDrosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Molecular biology reports 12 (1987), S. 7-11 
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    ISSN: 1573-4978
    Keywords: 20-hydroxyecdysone ; Drosophila melanogaster ; imaginal wing disc ; protein synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The insect moulting hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone, induces the synthesis of two groups of proteins in the imaginal wing discs ofDrosophila melanogaster. The early induced group appears about 4 h after hormone treatment, the late induced group appears about 12 h after treatment. Studies using α-amanitin to inhibit mRNA synthesis during the period of hormonal treatment showed that the induction of the late proteins is dependent on mRNA synthesis and possibly the synthesis of the early proteins.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00580644
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    The effect of ecdysterone and juvenile hormones on protein synthesis and development of imaginal wing discs ofDrosophila melanogaster (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular biology reports 13 (1988), S. 5-10 
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    ISSN: 1573-4978
    Keywords: differentiation ; ecdysterone ; Drosophila melanogaster ; juvenile hormone ; protein synthesis ; wing disc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of ecdysterone and juvenile hormone on protein synthesis and development of imaginal wing discs ofDrosophila melanogaster has been studied. It is found that juvenile hormone apparently does not inhibit the synthesis of the ecdysterone-inducible proteins, although wing disc development is inhibited to various extent by different juvenile hormones. It is suggested that the ecdysterone-inducible proteins are not involved directly in the initiation of wing disc evagination, it is possible that some of these proteins are involved in the maintenance of chromatin activities or they are involved in gene activation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00805632
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  • 91
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    Indirect thermal selection in Drosophila melanogaster and adaptive consequences (1985)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 69 (1985), S. 645-650 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Indirect selection ; Temperature ; Correlated responses ; Reproductive isolation ; Fitness components ; Enzyme activities ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Short-term indirect selection in Drosophila melanogaster for heat-sensitivity and heat resistance resulted in two strains, one heat sensitive and another heat resistant, and correlated responses were found for the rate of heat shock protein synthesis, behavioral patterns (asymmetrical sexual isolation) and fitness components (fecundity, fertility, viability, developmental time), as well as for several enzyme activities (MDH, G-6-PDH, ADH, ACHE). These responses associated with temperature selection may reflect the effects of differential inbreeding depression caused by homozygosity of temperature sensitive mutations with different pleiotropic effects. Selection even of a very short duration can induce significant adaptive and evolutionary changes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00251117
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    Directional selection in lines founded from different parts of the phenotypic distribution of sternopleural chaetae number in Drosophila melanogaster (1989)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 77 (1989), S. 409-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Directional selection ; Heterozygosity ; Sternopleural chaetae number ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Divergent directional selection lines were initiated from base populations founded from parents taken from different parts of the sternopleural chaetae distribution in a cage population of Drosophila melanogaster. Lines founded from parents taken from the central part of the distribution showed greater response and higher realised heritability than lines derived from parents with extreme high or extreme low chaetae number. The results suggest that centrally derived phenotypes have higher heterozygosity for chaetae factors than extreme phenotypes and that these factors have a large effect on the character.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305837
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    Environmental sensitivity and heterosis for egg laying in Drosophila melanogaster (1989)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 243-248 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genotype × temperature interaction ; Heterosis ; Egg laying ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genotype × temperature interactions for egg laying were studied in Drosophila melanogaster using two sets of half diallel crosses: one between inbred lines of the same geographic origin, and the other between established laboratory, newly derived inbred lines from different geographic origins. The sensitivity of most genotypes to changes in temperature was adequately described as a linear regression of mean in temperature. The regression coefficients (linear sensitivities) were heterogeneous between genotypes. Hybrids were more affected by temperature variation than were inbreds. All the heterogeneity of linear sensitivities was accounted for by a linear function of the genotypic means, which strongly suggests that a scale effect is responsible for the differences in sensitivity to temperature. In contrast, no general relationship was found between standard error deviation (sensitivity to small environmental changes) and mean performance between genotypes, although hybrids tended to be less variable than inbreds. This shows that the sensitivity to environmental variation depends not only on the genotype, but also on the nature of the environmental variation. The variability within temperatures may be affected by the general homeostasis of individual genotypes, while the variability between temperatures could be the result of genes directly affecting the trait and their multiplicative interaction with the environment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00288806
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    Estimating single gene effects on quantitative traits (1985)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 69 (1985), S. 625-629 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Esterase 6 ; Mating behavior ; Population genetics ; Quantitative genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A modified diallel cross is used to estimate effects of alleles at the esterase 6 locus, relative to strain and environmental variance, in Drosophila melanogaster. Three strains homozygous for Est 6 s and three homozygous for Est 6 F were crossed in all 36 combinations. Male progeny were scored for mating speed, copula duration and esterase 6 enzyme activity, and all progeny for developmental time. These alleles show a significant additive effect on mating speed, but not on the other traits. Copula duration, developmental time and enzyme activity show additive strain genetic variance. Enzyme activity and developmental time also have maternal or X-chromosome strain variance, and these two traits are significantly correlated. This modified diallel method is generally useful because it permits the partition of trait variance into additive and dominant locus, background genetic and environmental components.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00251114
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    Analysis of lethals in selected lines of Drosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 74 (1987), S. 409-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Artificial selection ; Lethals ; Segregation distortion ; Dorsocentral bristle number ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Five lines of Drosophila melanogaster that reached an extreme phenotype after long-term selection for increased dorsocentral bristle number, were analysed for the presence of lethals. Seven chromosome II and three chromosome III lethal types were detected in four of the lines, at frequencies ranging from between 6% and 36%. No lethal had any demonstrable effect over the selected trait. In one line, where almost every chromosome II was a lethal carrier, it was shown that the main lethal (at a frequency of 36%) was associated with the transmission ratio distortion in males. The processes which could lead to the accumulation of this lethal and others linked in disequilibrium to it is discussed. Some results suggest similar mechanisms for the accumulation of lethals in the other lines. These findings show that causes other than the direct effect of artificial selection must be taken into account when trying to explain the accumulation of lethals in selected lines.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00274726
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    Heterosis × nutrition interaction in Drosophila melanogaster (1988)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 76 (1988), S. 136-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Genotype × Environment interaction ; Heterosis ; Epistasis ; Electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The relationship between heterozygosity and the expression of heterosis at two different nutrition levels was investigated using Drosophila melanogaster. Average daily egg production and egg hatchability were measured in two parental strains and in F1, F2 and reciprocal backcross generations. Heterosis was more pronounced in the poor nutritional conditions. Two electrophoretic markers used to estimate the level of heterozygosity in F2 and backcrosses revealed an excess of heterozygous genotypes. Quantitative genetic effects (an additive line effect and individual and maternal heterosis) were estimated for both traits in the two environments. Although this model gave a reasonable fit in most cases, some epistatic interaction would have to be invoked in order to explain fully the results.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00288844
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    A Drosophila model of improving the fitness of translocations for genetic control (1988)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 76 (1988), S. 627-639 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetic control ; Translocations ; Fitness ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Translocations with euchromatic breakpoints were generated in lethal-free autosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Pairs of initially homozygous-lethal translocations, matched for one breakpoint, were allowed to recombine for ten generations. At the end of the experiment, 10/47=21% of crosses (representing 8/26=31% of the intial translocations) had at least one line with at least one homokaryotypic third-instar larva, detected among a small sample of salivary gland preparations from each cross. Among these ten crosses, chromosome extractions were performed; 5/10 of the crosses (probably representing 4/8 of the translocations) had at least one chromosome set with relative viability greater than 15%–25%. To a first (and conservative) approximation, 5/47=11% of crosses showed improvement of viability of 1 of the translocations in the cross during the controlled recombination regime; overall, 4 of the 26 translocations (15%) showed improvement of viability. Partly because of the conservative criterion of viability used, this figure is less than the 20% of translocations that theoretically should be improvable. Pseudohomokaryotypes (pairs of translocations with both breakpoints nearly matching) did not behave as very fit homokaryotypes. However, some of them generated viable hyperploid assortment products that might be of practical interest to mask deleterious effects at breakpoints of translocations. The improvement of fitness of at least a proportion of low fitness translocation stocks by the use of a controlled recombination procedure should be feasible for many pest species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260919
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    Reproductive fitness and artificial selection in animal breeding: culling on fitness prevents a decline in reproductive fitness in lines of Drosophila melanogaster selected for increased inebriation time (1988)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 76 (1988), S. 909-914 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Reproductive fitness ; Artificial selection ; Ethanol tolerance ; Quantitative character ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The maintenance of reproductive fitness in lines subjected to artificial selection is one of the major problems in animal breeding. The decline in reproductive performance has neither been predictable from heritabilities and genetic correlations, nor have conventional selection indices been adequate to avoid the problem. Gowe (1983) has suggested that the heritabilities of reproductive traits are non-linear, with heritabilities being higher on the lower fitness side. Consequently, he has predicted that culling on reproductive fitness in artificial selection lines will be effective in preventing the usual declines in fitness. An experimental evaluation of Gowe's prediction has been carried out by comparing fitnesses of replicated lines of three treatments: selection for increased inebriation time without culling on fitness (HO), selection for inebriation time with culling of 20% (4/20) of selected females on reproductive fitness (HS), and unselected controls (C). Response to selection for inebriation time in the two selection treatments was similar. After 25 generations, the competitive index, a measure of reproductive fitness, was significantly lower in the HO treatment than the HS treatment, while the HS treatment did not differ from the control lines or the base population. These results demonstrate for the first time that culling on reproductive fitness in selection lines can be used to prevent the usual decline in reproductive performance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00273680
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    Fine structure of a sensory organ in the arista of Drosophila melanogaster and some other dipterans (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 277-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Antennae ; Sensory cells ; Thermoreceptors ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Musca domestica ; Calliphora erythrocephala (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The arista, a characteristic appendage of dipteran antennae, consists of 2 short segments at the base and a long distal shaft. A small sensory ganglion, from which arises the aristal nerve, is located proximally in the shaft. The fine structure of the aristal sensory organ was studied in detail in the fruitfly (Drosophila) and for comparison in the housefly (Musca) and the blowfly (Calliphora). In Drosophila, the aristal sense organ consists of 3 identical sensilla that terminate in the hemolymph space of the aristal shaft, and not in an external cuticular apparatus. Each sensillum comprises 2 bipolar neurons and 2 sheath cells; a third sheath cell envelops the somata of all six neurons of the ganglion. The neurons have long slender dendrites with the usual subdivision into an inner and an outer segment. One of the outer segments is highly lamellated and bears small particles (BOSS-structures) on the outside of its cell membrane; the other outer segment is unbranched and has a small diameter. The fine structure of the first dendrite is strongly reminiscent of thermoreceptors known from the antennae of other insects. These thermoreceptors are often coupled with hygroreceptors; however, we can only speculate whether the second dendrite of the aristal organ also has this function. Our present results argue against mechanoreceptive functions, as formerly postulated. The aristal sense organs in Musca and Calliphora are similar to those in Drosophila, but contain more sensilla (12 in Musca, 18 in Calliphora).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239448
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    Choline acetyltransferase-like immunoreactivity in the brain of Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insect brain ; Neurotransmitters ; Immunocytochemistry ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using a monoclonal antibody selective for the acetylcholine (ACh)-synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) of Drosophila melanogaster we find ChAT-like immunoreactivity in specific synaptic regions throughout the brain of Drosophila melanogaster apart from the lobes and the peduncle of the mushroom body and most of the first visual neuropile (lamina). Several anatomically well-defined central brain structures exhibit particularly strong binding. Characteristic differential staining patterns are observed for each of the four neuromeres of the optic lobes. Cell bodies appear not to bind this antibody. The prominent features of the distribution of ChAT-like immunoreactivity are paralleled by the distribution of acetylcholine hydrolyzing enzymatic activity as revealed by histochemical staining for acetylcholine esterase (AChE). These results are discussed in comparison with published data on enzyme distribution, choline uptake and ACh receptor binding in the nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218999
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