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  • Artikel  (7)
  • thermal decomposition  (4)
  • carbon monoxide  (3)
  • fire tests  (2)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (7)
  • 1985-1989  (7)
  • 1950-1954
  • Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung  (7)
  • Geologie und Paläontologie
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  • Artikel  (7)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A review of the literature on the gaseous products and toxicity generated from the pyrolysis and combustion of rigid polyurethane foamsThis paper is a contribution of the National Bureau of Standards and is not subject to copyright (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 1-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): carbon monoxide ; combustion products ; fire retardants ; hydrogen cyanide ; literature reviews ; polyurethane foams ; rigid foams ; thermal decomposition ; toxicity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: The literature on rigid polyurethane foam has been reviewed with an emphasis on the gaseous products generated under various thermal decomposition conditions and the toxicity of those products. This review is limited to publications in English through 1984. Carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) were the predominant toxicants found among more than a hundred other gaseous products. The generation of CO and HCN was found to increase with increasing combustion products from various rigid polyurethane foams. Lethality, incapacitation, physiological and biochemical parameters were employ as biological end points. In general, the combustion products generated from rigid polyurethane foam in the flaming mode appear from to be more toxic than those produced in the non-flaming mode. The LC50 values for 30-min exposures ranged from 10 to 17 mg l-1 in the flaming mode and were greater then 34 mg l-1 in the non-flaming mode. With the exception of one case, in which a reactive type phosphorus containing fire retardant was used, the addition of fire retardants to rigid polyurethane foams does not appear to generate unusual toxic combustion products.
    Zusätzliches Material: 33 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110102
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A literature review of the chemical nature and toxicity of the decomposition products of polyethylenes (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 55-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Combustion products ; literature reviews ; polyethylenes ; thermal decomposition ; toxicity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: The literature on polyethylenes has been reviewed with an emphasis on the identification of gaseous products generated under various thermal decomposition conditions and the toxicity of those products. This review is limited to publications in English through 1984. The analytical chemical studies of the thermal decomposition products generated under vacuum, inert and oxidative experimental conditions are described. In oxidative atmosphere, which most closely simulate real fire conditions, carbon monoxide (CO) was found to be the predominant toxicant. Acrolein was another toxicant often noted in these reviewed studies. More acrolein was generated under non-flaming than under flaming conditions. Results from seven different test procedures were considered in assessing the acute inhalation toxicity of combustion products from various polyethylene formulations. The combustion products generated from the polyethylenes studied in the non-flaming mode appeared to be slightly more toxic than those produced in the flaming mode. In the non-flaming mode the LC50 values ranged from 5 to 75 mg l-1. In the flaming mode the LC50 values ranged from 31 to 51 mg l-1. The toxicity of the degradation products of polyethylenes appears to be similar to that found for other common materials designed for the same end uses.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110203
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Toxicity of the pyrolysis and combustion products of poly(vinyl chlorides): A literature assessment (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 131-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): carbon monoxide ; combustion products ; hydrochloric acid ; large-scale fire tests ; polyvinyl chloride ; pyrolysis products ; small-scale fire tests ; toxicity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Poly(vinyl chlorides) (PVC) constitute a major class of synthetic plastics, Many surveys of the voluminous literature have been performed. This report reviews the literature published in English from 1969 through 1984 and endeavors to be more interpretive than comprehensive. PVC compounds, in general, are among the more fire resistant common organic polymers, natural or synthetic. The major products of thermal decomposition include hydrogen chloride, benzene and unsaturated hydrocarbons. In the presence of oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and water are included among the common combustion products. The main toxic products from PVC fires are hydrogen chloride (a sensory and pulmonary irritant) and carbon monoxide (an asphyxiant). The LC50 value calculated for a series of natural and synthetic materials thermally decomposed according to the NBS toxicity test method ranged from 0.045 to 57 mg l-1 in the flaming mode and from 0.045 to 〉 40 mg l-1 in the non-flaming mode. The LC50 results for a PVC resin decomposed under the same conditions were 17 mg l-1 in the flaming mode and 20 mg l-1 in the non-flaming mode. These results indicate that PVC decomposition products are not extremely toxic when compared with those from other common building materials. When the combustion toxicity (based on their HCI content) of PVC materials in compared with pure HCI experiments, it appears that much of the post-exposure toxicity can be explained by the HCI that is generated.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110303
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers (ABS): Pyrolysis and combustion products and their toxicity - a review of the literature (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 10 (1986), S. 93-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): ABS plastics ; carbon monoxide ; combustion products ; hydrogen cyanide ; literature reviews ; thermal decomposition ; toxicity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: A review of literature was undertaken to ascertain the current knowledge of the nature of the thermal decomposition products generated from ABS and the toxicity of these evolved products in toto. The literature review encompasses English language publications available through June 1984. This literature surveyed showed that the principal ABS thermooxidative degradation products of toxicologic importance are carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide. The experimental generation of these and other volatile products is principally dependent upon the combustion conditions and the formulation of the plastic. The toxicity of ABS thermal degradation products has been evaluated by fire methods. The LC50 (30 min exposure + 14 day post-exposure period) values for flaming combustion ranged from 15.0 mgl-1 to 28.5 mgl-1. In the non-flaming mode of combustion, the LC50 values ranged from 19.3 Mgl-1 to 64.0 mgl-1. Therefore, no apparent toxicological difference exists between the flaming mode and the non-flaming mode. The toxicity of ABS degradation products was found to be comparable with the toxicity of the thermal decomposition products of other common polymeric materials.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100303
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Polyesters: A review of the literature on products of combustion and toxicity (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 10 (1986), S. 107-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Combustion products ; flame retardants ; literature reviews ; polyesters ; pyrolysis ; thermal decomposition ; toxicity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: The available literature was reviewed to determine the nature and extent of information available on the thermal decomposition products and the toxicity of the combustion products of polyester materials used in consumer applications such as textiles and building construction. This literature review is limited to those publications printed in English through June 1984. The thermal decomposition products of polyesters are a function of temperature and oxygen content of the atmosphere. In general, as the temperature increases, the quantity of heavier hydrocarbons decreases and the production of CO and CO2 increases. The presence of flame retardant additives, such as bromine and chlorine-containing compounds, produce halogenated combustion products. The use of phosphorus and bromine together in the same flame retardant finish increases the concentration of low molecular weight compounds. Thirteen different test protocols have been used to evaluate the toxicity of various types of polyester. Non-flame retarded polyesters give measured LC50 values ranging from 30.5 Mgl-1 to 95.7 mgl-1, while flame retarded polyesters, have LC50 values ranging from 24.0 mgl-1 to 38.0 mgl-1. Several exceptions, however, are noted. Toxicologists consider these differences to be not significant. In general, the results from large-scale tests are ambiguous because of the presence of other materials in addition to the polyesters.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100304
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Larger specimens for determining rate of heat release in the cone calorimeter (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 10 (1986), S. 151-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): building materials ; fire tests ; heat release rate ; ignition ; oxygen consumption ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: A larger cone heater for the cone calorimeter has been developed in order to measure the rate of heat release from building materials. The aim was to facilitate the testing of inhomogeneous materials and to minimize edge effects. Specimens of two different sizes, 100 × 100mm and 200 × 200mm, were tested in the horizontal orientation. The maximum rate of heat release and the average rate of heat release during 1 min after ignition are generally higher for the larger specimens than for the smaller ones. The time to ignition is generally shorter for larger specimens. Results from tests with 13 different building materials, including wood-based materials, gypsum board, wall-coverings and plastics, are presented at different heat flux levels up to 75 kW m-2.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100310
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Toxic gas and smoke measurement with the British Fire Propagation test. I: Test conditions (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 9 (1985), S. 88-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): toxic gas ; smoke ; fire performance ; fire tests ; linings ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: No standard method has been developed for measureing the evolution of specific toxic gases from building lings when involved in fire. The British Fire Propagation test (BS 476 Part 6) operated in an instrumented room has been proposed for this purpose previously but has not found general acceptance. It is considered further in this report, which investigates the movement and measurement of smoke and specific fire gases under different conditions of room stirring and the effect of the latter on fire propagation indexes. Stiring has been found to have no statistically significant effect on fire propagation indexes provided that the effects of this on calibration of the apparatus are taken into account. Stirring also had little effect upon smoke production per se. Under unstire conditions smoke and toxic gases stratify in the same layer early in the test, and measurement of their production at any single room location will be subject to the location, the way the room influences stratification and how the room is instrumentee, as well as by the prpduct performance. Under stirred room conditions smoke and toxic gases are evenly distributed and product performance can be assessed more simply from concurrent measurements of fire, smoke and toxic gas parameters. The latter procedure is proposed for obtaining relative data on building linings and for examination in further studies for correlation to room and corridor burns.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810090206
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