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  • Artikel  (51)
  • Nitrification
  • Springer  (51)
  • 1985-1989  (51)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Detection of nitrification in a stagnohumic-gley soil (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 335-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Autotrophy ; Lime ; Lolium perenne ; Nitrate reductase ; Nitrification ; Stagnohumic gley
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Three different nitrification assays (short-term nitrifier activity, assimilatory nitrate reductase activity of Lolium perenne, and nitrate accumulation in the absence of plants) were performed either on soil from a naturally acidic stagnohumic-gley or on leaves from L. perenne grown in this soil. Before the investigation the soil was limed and fertilised in a manner consistent with established agricultural pasture improvement strategies. Short-term nitrifier activity was only detected in soils above pH 5.6. However, nitrate reductase activity and nitrate accumulation both showed a near linear increase between soil pH 3.8 and 6.8. These findings are attributed to the nature of the assays, each of which considers a different component of the soil nitrifier population.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263165
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Abiotic factors regulating nitrification in a Swedish arable soil (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 247-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrification ; Abiotic factors ; Ammonium concentration ; Vmax of nitrification ; Michaelis-Menten constant for ammonium oxidation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The effects of temperature, water potential and ammonium concentrations were studied in field and laboratory experiments on arable soil. The two field experiments used different sampling intervals, one at daily (short-term) and the other at monthly (long-term) intervals. In the short-term field experiment, the numbers and activities of nitrifiers were assessed before and after natural rain or irrigation. The nitrifiers were apparently outcompeted by heterotrophs during the first days after wetting the soil. Potential nitrification was affected only slightly by changes in water potential, whereas the numbers of ammonium and nitrite oxidizers appeared more sensitive to these changes. The numbers of ammonium and nitrite oxidizers correlated strongly during the daily samplings. The potential nitrite-oxidation rates correlated with water potentials whereas the potential ammonium oxidation rates did not. Extractable ammonium decreased in proportion to increasing nitrate concentrations in both the rain-fed and the irrigated plots. In the long-term field experiments, the numbers of ammonium oxidizers correlated with water potentials but not with in situ temperature or with ammonium concentrations. The potential ammonium-oxidation rates correlated with water potentials and with ammonium-oxidizer numbers. The potential nitrite-oxidation rates correlated strongly with the potential ammonium-oxidation rates. The field experiments implied that nitrite oxidizers obtained substrate from ammonium oxidizers but also from nitrate reduction. In laboratory experiments nitrate accumulated at a Q 10 of about 2 and the V max for nitrification was observed at a water potential of −0.11 MPa (65% of water-holding capacity). The K m for ammonium oxidation at pH 8.2 was 1.72 mg l−1 soil water.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00266487
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Long-term effects of different inorganic pollutants on nitrogen transformations in a sandy cambisol (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 254-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): N-mineralisation ; Nitrification ; Arginine ammonification ; Inorganic pollutants
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Long-term effects of 12 inorganic pollutants on N transformations were studied in a sandy cambisol. As, Be, Br, Cd, Cr, F, Pb, Hg, Se, Sn, and V were added to the soil as inorganic salts in 1975 and 1976. Soil samples were taken in 1984 to determine total N mineralisation and nitrification. All pollutants except Se and Sn inhibited N mineralisation. The most toxic elements under investigation were Be and Hg. Nitrification was reduced to a lower degree than total N mineralisation. As, Be, Cd, Cr, F, Pb, Se, and Sn failed to inhibit this process at all. It is assumed that nitrifying bacteria became adapted to these pollutants in the course of time. The arginine-ammonification method was less sensitive in detecting the effects of pollutants on N transformation than the N mineralisation test.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00709657
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Inhibition of nitrification in soil by heterocyclic nitrogen compounds (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 204-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrification ; Heterocyclic N compounds ; Pyrazoles ; Triazoles ; Pyridines ; Thiadiazoles ; 2-Ethynylpyridine ; Nitrapyrin ; Etridiazole
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The relationship between the structures of diverse heterocyclic nitrogen (N) compounds and the effectiveness of these compounds for the inhibition of nitrification in soil was studied by determining the effects of different amounts of 12 unsubstituted and 33 substituted heterocyclic N compounds on the production of (NO 2 − +NO 3 − )-N in soils incubated at 25 °C for 21 days after treatment with ammonium sulfate. The results showed that unsubstituted heterocyclic N compounds containing two adjacent ring N atoms inhibit nitrification in soil and that two of these compounds, pyrazole and 1,2,4-triazole, are potent inhibitors. They also showed that several substituted pyrazoles and thiadiazoles are good inhibitors of nitrification in soil (e.g., 3-methylpyrazole and 3,4-dichloro-1,2,5-thiadiazole).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00266480
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nitrification and nitrate movement from ammonium sulphate and urea in sandy soils as affected by their previous applications (1989)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 21 (1989), S. 29-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrification ; nitrate movement ; urea ; ammonium sulphate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Two successive applications of urea and ammonium sulphate (AS) at varying intervals were given in two soils, one of which was salt affected. The nitrification and nitrate leaching after both the applications of fertilizers was studied. The nitrification of first application of AS was faster than urea on both soils. However, the nitrification rate of both fertilizers was slow in salt effected soil. The same trend of results was observed with second application of fertilizers. However, the nitrification of second application given within 6 weeks of the first application proceeded at a much faster rate than that of the first application. The amount of NO 3 - that moved down with periodic water application was related with nitrification rate and the amount of fertilizer nitrified at the time of water application.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054733
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ureolytic nitrification at low pH by Nitrosospira spec. (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 152 (1989), S. 178-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Urea hydrolysis ; Nitrification ; Nitrosospira sp. ; pH-stat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract An ureolytic ammonium-oxidizing chemolithotroph belonging to the genus Nitrosospira was shown to nitrify at pH 4.5 in a pH-stat with urea as a substrate. With ammonium as the sole substrate nitrification did not occur at pH values below 5.5. Nitrosomonas europaea ATCC 19718 and Nitrosospira briensis ATCC 25971 did not possess urease activity. The results indicate that in acid soils nitrification by ureolytic ammonium-oxidizing chemolithotrophs may not be restricted to microsites of neutral pH.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00456098
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Carbon and nitrogen mineralization in subarctic agricultural and forest soils (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 33-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Microbial activity ; Nitrification ; Taiga ; Tillage system ; Crop residue management
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary C and N mineralization potentials were determined, in a 12-week laboratory incubation study, on soil samples obtained from recently cleared land which had been cropped to barley for 4 years (field soils) and from nearby undisturbed taiga (forest soils). Treatments for the cropped soils were conventional and no-tillage with and without crop residues removed. An average of about 3% of the total C was evolved as CO2 from the field soils compared with 〉 10% and 4% for the upper (Oie) and lower (Oa) forest-floor horizons, respectively. Significantly more C was mineralized from the Ap of the no-till treatment with residue left on the surface than from the other field Ap horizons. Both forest-floor horizons showed rather long lag periods for net mineralization compared with the field soils, but at the end of the incubation, more mineral N was recovered from the forest Oie despite a rather wide C:N ratio, than from the field soils. After 12 weeks about 115, 200 and 20 μg mineral N/g soil were recovered from the field Ap, the forest Oie and the forest Oa horizons, respectively. Very little C or N was mineralized from the B horizon of the forest or the field soils. Nitrification was rapid and virtually complete for the field soils but was negligible for both forest-floor O horizons.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257917
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effect of fertilisation on soil nitrifier activity in experimental grassland plots (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1988), S. 344-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrification ; Deamination ; Grassland ; N fertilisers ; pH ; Denitrification
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Soil nitrification was compared in soils from 89-year-old grassland experimental plots with diverse chemical characteristics. Measurements of NaClO3-inhibited short-term nitrifier activity (SNA) and deamination of 1,2-diamino-4-nitrobenzene were used to study nitrification and deamination activities, respectively, in soil from each of 12 plots. Using multiple regression analysis, an expression for the relationship between SNA, soil pH and fertiliser N additions was derived which indicated that both the frequency and the quantity of farmyard manure additions were important in determining the rate of nitrification. SNA was greatest where there were large and frequent additions of farmyard manure. In soil with pH below 5.2 SNA was very low or insignificant. The effect of (NH4)2SO4 additions could not be assessed because they acidified the soil. We suggest that additions of farmyard manure increase the potential for NO3 − leaching or for denitrification. Deaminase assays indicated that soils with a higher pH showed greater N mineralisation than soils with a lower pH, except at the low extreme. There was no obvious relationship between SNA and deaminase activity at higher levels of pH.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262144
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Seasonal, annual, and treatment-induced variation in available nitrogen pools and nitrogen-cycling processes in soils of two Douglas-fir stands (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 93-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Ammonium ; Nitrate ; N-mineralization ; Nitrification ; Fertilization ; Irrigation ; Forest ecosystems
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Forest-floor and 0–10 cm depth mineral soil horizons in two stands of Douglas fir were sampled for available NH4 +-N and NO3 −-N, N-mineralization potentials, and nitrification potentials for 2 years. The plots in each stand were sampled for 1 year, treated with either ammonium sulfate, carbohydrate (sawdust-sucrose), irrigation, carbohydrate plus irrigation, or no treatment (control), and then sampled for 1 year following treatment. In general, the direction of change following the treatments was the same for both the forest-floor and the mineral soils. Fertilization increased the NH4 +-N and NO3 −-N pools, nitrification potential, and N-mineralization potential, while treatment with carbohydrate decreased all of these characteristics. Irrigation generally increased NH4 +-N pools, nitrification potential, and N-mineralization potential, but decreased these characteristics in the soil at one site. Irrigation plus carbohydrate gave similar results to those of carbohydrate alone. Treatments altered pool sizes and/or potentials, but did not reduce within-year variance in any of these characteristics. Distinct seasonal patterns occurred in all measurements, suggesting that control of short-term variation in N-transformation processes is by factors which are dynamic in nature.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257656
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Relationships between soil moisture content and nitrous oxide production during nitrification and denitrification (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 106-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrification ; Denitrification ; Soil water content ; N2O production ; Acetylene ; Ammonium fixation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The effect of soil water content [60%–100% water-holding capacity (WHC)] on N2O production during autotrophic nitrification and denitrification in a loam soil was studied in a laboratory experiment by selectively inhibiting nitrification with a low C2H2 concentration (2.1 Pa). Nitrifiers usually produced more N2O than denitrifiers. During an initial experimental period of 0–6 days the nitrifiers produced more N2O than the denitrifiers by a factor ranging from 1.4 to 16.5, depending on the water content and length of incubation. The highest N2O production rate by nitrifiers was observed at 90% WHC, when the soil had become partly anaerobic, as indicated by the high denitrification rate. At 100% WHC there were large gaseous losses from denitrification, while nitrification losses were smaller except for the first period of measurement, when there was still some O2 remaining in the soil. The use of 10 kPa C2H2 to inhibit reduction of N2O to N2 stimulated the denitrification process during prolonged incubation over several days; thus the method is unsuitable for long-term studies.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257658
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A method of selective inhibition to distinguish between nitrification and denitrification as sources of nitrous oxide in soil (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 112-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Denitrification ; Nitrification ; Selective inhibitors ; Nitrapyrin ; Acetylene ; Nitrous oxide
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Nitrapyrin and C2H2 were evaluated as nitrification inhibitors in soil to determine the relative contributions of denitrification and nitrification to total N2O production. In laboratory experiments nitrapyrin, or its solvent xylene, stimulated denitrification directly or indirectly and was therefore considered unsuitable. Low partial pressures of C2H2 (2.5–5.0 Pa) inhibited nitrification and had only a small effect on denitrification, which made it possible to estimate the contribution of denitrification. The contribution of nitrification was estimated by subtracting the denitrification value from total N2O production (samples without C2H2). The critical C2H2 concentrations needed to achieve inhibition of nitrification, without affecting the N2O reductase in denitrifiers, must be individually determined for each set of experimental conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257659
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Carbon and nitrogen accretion and dynamics in volcanic ash deposits from different subarctic habitats (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1988), S. 79-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Microbial biomass ; Mineralization ; Nitrification ; Subarctic ; Volcanic ash
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary C and N pool sizes and rates of mineralization were studied in volcanic-ash deposits found in different subarctic habitats in southwestern Alaska. Surface ash samples were taken from white-spruce, alder, and moist- and dry-tundra habitats and were analysed for total and microbial C and N. C and N dynamics were studied using a 28-day aerobic laboratory incubation, with weekly measurement of evolved CO2 and determination of inorganic-N pools initially and after 10 and 28 days. Total and microbial C and N and cumulative respired CO2 all followed a similar pattern among the different habitats, with the moist-tundra habitat having the highest values and the spruce site the lowest. The size of the microbial biomass C and N pool in the spruce habitat was among the lowest reported for any ecosystem. Little net N mineralization occurred in the spruce-forest and dry-tundra ash over 28 days. Ash from the moist-tundra habitat immobilized a significant amount of N during the first 10 days of incubation, yet showed a large net release of N after 28 days. In contrast, the ash from the alder site exhibited net mineralization after both periods, with N production after 28 days being about 3.5 times that after 10 days. In addition, the alder-habitat ash was the only soil that showed net nitrification. Rates of total C and N accretion in the tundra and alder habitats were rapid relative to rates found for primary successions. The results of this study show that habitat has a profound effect on C and N cycling in subarctic environments.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260737
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of smoke exposure on soil enzyme activities and nitrification (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 341-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrification ; Phosphatase ; Dehydrogenase ; Aerosol ; Soil thickness ; Soil enzymes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Soil was exposed to red phosphorous/butyl rubber (RP/BR) aerosols at various relative humidities in a recirculating environmental wind tunnel. Soil microbial and enzymatic activities were measured immediately after exposure and periodically thereafter for 56 days. The nitrification potential was significantly reduced in soil amended with ammonium sulfate and exposed to RP/BR smoke, and could be related to a decline in soil pH. The rate of nitrate formation in unamended soil with time was also reduced, but by 57 days postexposure, concentrations were similat to those of unexposed controls in all but the thinnest soil lense. Soil dehydrogenase and phosphatase enzyme activities were sensitive to RP/BR smoke and in some treatments no activity was detected. The measured activities did not recover within the 56-day postexposure period and in some cases declined. Soil lense thickness was the greatest factor controlling the degree of RP/BR effects, indicating that injury to soil microbial and enzymatic activities may be surficial. Deposition of smoke particles increased with increasing relative humidity, which had a significant impact on the activities measured.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261024
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Control of nitrification rate by increasing ammonium concentration (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 177-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): Ammonium concentration ; Incubation experiments ; Kinetic model ; Lysimeter experiments ; Nitrification ; Maize (Zea mays)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Lysimeter experiments with maize and incubation experiments showed that increased ammonium concentrations in soil reduced nitrification rates. A modified Lees and Quastel kinetic model was proposed for predicting the relation between initial ammonium concentration in soil and nitrification rate. A term Mi strongly dependent on initial ammonium concentration ([NH40]) was introduced into the model which took the form: dy/dt = R(A − y)(Mi + y), where R is a rate constant, y represents the concentration of formed nitrate and A is an asymptotic value of initial ammonium concentration. Mi was obtained by a curve fitting procedure applied to experimental data. An exponential decay of Mi with [NH4]0 was formulated. The modified model thus obtained provides an effective tool for predicting nitrification rates related to a wide range of ammonium concentrations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050278
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Factors controlling nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in forest ecosystems in New Mexico (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 195-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrogen mineralization ; Nitrification ; Organic quality ; New Mexico
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Forest floor and mineral soil from ponderosa-pine, Douglas-fir, aspen and spruce-fir ecosystems located along a rising gradient in New Mexico were tested with laboratory assays for factors controlling N mineralization and nitrification. We concluded that low pH in combination with factors associated with organic quality controlled N mineralization and almost completely limited nitrification in spruce-fir soils, while N mineralization in the forest floor of ponderosa-pine was limited by low nutrient availability (other than N). Organic quality of the substrate and temporal changes in organic quality appeared to control N-mineralization and nitrification processes in forest-floor and mineral soils from all other sites.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256900
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Active methanotrophs suppress nitrification in a humisol (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 4 (1987), S. 205-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrate production ; Nitrification ; Humisol ; Methane oxidation ; Methanotrophs
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The coexistence of chemoautotrophic nitrifiers and methanotrophs in a cultivated humisol was investigated. Under laboratory conditions which supported the growth and activity of methanotrophs, the nitrifiers were partially or completely inhibited. The inhibition was related to a competition for available oxygen and a high assimilatory requirement for inorganic nitrogen by the Methanotrophs. Dissolved methane concentrations as high as 250 μM had no direct effect on the oxidation of ammonium. Simultaneous nitrification and methane oxidation was observed only if relatively high levels of ammonium and oxygen were maintained. Coupled nitrification-assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction resulted from the high oxygen demand of the actively growing methanotrophs. This study suggests that the potential competitive effects of methanotrophs may influence nitrification by chemoautotrophic nitrifiers in certain environmental systems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00270942
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Steady state and transient growth of autotrophic nitrifying bacteria (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 147 (1987), S. 73-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrosomonas europaea ; Nitrobacter ; Nitrification ; Continuous culture ; Transient growth
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Growth of the autotrophic nitrifying bacteria Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter sp. was studied in continuous culture. Steady state growth kinetics of both organisms conformed with that predicted by chemostat theory, modified to account for maintenance energy requirement. Steady state data were used to calculate the maximum specific growth rate, the saturation constant for growth, the true growth yield and the maintenance coefficient. Transient growth was studied by imposing step changes in dilution rate. Step increases resulted in overshoots and oscillations in substrate concentration before establishment of a new steady state while step decreases in dilution rate were followed by monotonic changes in substrate concentration. The size of overshoots in substrate concentration following step increases in dilution rate was dependent on both the magnitude of the increase and of the dilution rate prior to the change.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00492908
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nitrification and nitrogen accumulation in the early stages of primary succession on Mt. Fuji (1987)
    Springer
    Ecological research 2 (1987), S. 113-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrate leaching ; Nitrate reductase activity ; Nitrification ; Nitrogen accumulation ; Primary suceession
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The relationship between nitrification potential and nitrogen accumulation was studied in an early successional sere on Mt. Fuji. Soil organic nitrogen accumulated with the invasion ofPolygonum cuspidatum and successively withMiscanthus oligostachyus and other species. Laboratory incubation experiments showed a higher nitrification potential at theM. oligostachyus state. The numbers of nitrifying bacteria increased with the progress of succession. No significant difference in nitrate reductase activity was found between pioneer and succeeding species. The soil solution at theM. oligostachyus stage contained a lower level of nitrate than rainwater, while that of the bare ground and theP. cuspidatum stage contained a higher nitrate level than rainwater. It was concluded that the high nitrate levels in the soil solution of the bare ground and theP. cuspidatum stage were due to lower nitrate-absorbing activity, leading to loss of nitrogen with precipitation, while the lower nitrate levels at theM. oligostachyus stage when higher nitrification activity occurred were due to higher nitrate-absorbing activity, preventing net loss of nitrogen from the ecosystem.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02346920
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effect of high solute concentrations on nitrification rates in soil (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 97 (1987), S. 37-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Ammonium ; Chloride ; Inhibition ; Nitrification ; Osmotic pressure ; Sorbitol ; Sulphate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary A short term nitrification assay (〈18 h) was used to assess the effect of high concentrations of different solutes on the rate of nitrate production. High solute concentrations were found to inhibit nitrification and the degree of inhibition was related both to the osmotic pressure of the soil solution and the osmoticum used. Ammonium chloride, ammonium sulphate and sorbitol were used as sources of osmotic pressure. The results showed that, with ammonium salts, no inhibition was observed with pressures less than 2 atm. Above these values, the severity of the inhibition followed the order ammonium chloride〉ammonium sulphate〉sorbitol up to the maximum osmotic pressure studied (25 atm). With ammonium chloride, a pressure of 3.5 atm. was sufficient to cause a 90% inhibition of nitrification rate. The inhibition produced by mixtures of ammonium chloride and sorbitol, each mixture generating an osmotic pressure of 5 atm. in the assay, was also investigated. The results suggest that inhibition by Cl-ion is disproportionate to its contribution to the osmotic pressure of the soil solution. The recovery of the nitrification rate, following exposure to high osmotic pressure solutions, was also investigated. It was found that the recovery of the nitrification rate was only partial, with the extent of the recovery diminishing as the severity of the initial osmotic stress applied increased. These results suggest that both reversible and irreversible mechanisms are involved in the inhibition of nitrification.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02149821
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of field fertilizer practices on labeled ammonium-nitrogen transformations and its utilization by winter wheat (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 97 (1987), S. 189-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Immobilization ; Leaching ; Nitrification ; 15N ; N fertilizers ; Winter wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Field experiments with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were conducted in two years at two locations using15N-enriched (NH4)2SO4 on Smolan silt loam (Pachic Argiustoll) and Ost loam (Typic Arguistoll) soils. The objective was to relate differences in crop utilization of fertilizer to movement and transformations of the N in a complete factorial experiment having fall and spring applications, banded and broadcast, with and without nitrapyrin. Plant uptake of the 60 kg N/ha applied varied from 31% to 62% with greatest uptake when fertilizer was banded in the spring without nitrapyrin and least uptake from fall and spring broadcast treatments using nitrapyrin. Analysis of single factor effects showed greater crop contents of fertilizer N for spring than fall applications. That was related to immobilization of the applied N. Much more fertilizer N was in inorganic forms during the period of rapid wheat growth with spring applications than with fall. Banding the fertilizer at a depth of 0.05 m resulted in greater plant uptake than broadcasting or banding it on the soil surface. A significant portion of the applied N was immobilized near the point of application. That limited the downward movement of the N placed on the surface, making it less available to plant roots than the N placed 0.05 m deep where soil moisture was more favorable. Use of nitrapyrin resulted in lowered amounts of fertilizer N as NO3-until mid-May for fall treatments and until harvest with spring treatments. That appeared to be the reason for lowered plant uptake when nitrapyrin was used.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374941
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nitrogen dynamics in conventional and no-tillage agroecosystems with inorganic fertilizer or legume nitrogen inputs (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 97 (1987), S. 315-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Denitrification ; Leaching ; Legumes ; Nitrification ; Nitrogen ; Tillage
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Nitrogen (N) dynamics were studied in conventional and no-tillage agroecosystems on the Georgia Piedmont. Nitrogen inputs in the form of ammonium nitrate (95 kg-N/ha) and winter legume (crimson clover) residues were compared. The legume provided adequate N for summer crop (grain sorghum) production, but water use by the legume reduced the ability of sorghum to utilize the N. Legume N inputs became availabe to plants more gradually than fertilizer inputs. Weed growth and potential denitrification activity were higher in legume-N treatments than in fertilizer-N treatments. Tillage affected the timing of N avaialbility more than the total amount of available N. Summer crops took up more N under conventional tillage while winter crops took up more N under no-tillage. Denitrification activity was higher under no-tillage but was not a significant output from the agroecosystems. Leaching losses of N differed seasonally between treatments but were not significant in any of the agroecosystems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383222
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nitrification and denitrification in soil: A comparison of enzyme assay, incubation and enumeration methods (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 97 (1987), S. 445-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Dentrification ; Enzyme assays ; Most probable numbers ; Nitrification
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Three methods for assaying nitrification and denitrification were compared in agricultural field plots in the Southeastern USA. Nitrification was measured using the chlorate inhibition enzyme assay, by measuring (NO 3 − −N) production in controlled incubations and by most probable number (MPN) determinations. Denitrification was measured by the phase I enzyme assay, by incubation of soil cores and by MPN determinations. The methods were compared in terms of their representation of seasonal patterns and treatment differences. The enzyme assays were most effective for showing treatment differences because they measure maximum potential enzyme biomass activity which is an integrated product of treatment effects. The incubation methods required minimal alteration ofin situ soil conditions but were confounded by other biological processes and by high spatial and temporal variabiltiy. MPN determinations were time consuming and were least effective for illustrating treatment differences and seasonal patterns.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383235
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Epidemiology of wheat take-all as influenced by soil pH and temporal changes in inorganic soil N (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 98 (1987), S. 221-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Ammonium ; Disease suppression ; Gaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici ; Liming ; N fertilizer sources ; Nitrate ; Nitrification ; Triticum aestivum L.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Soil pH, NH 4 + and NO 3 − concentrations in soil, and take-all root rot of winter wheat grown in the field were measured concurrently from sowing to anthesis in order to relate disease development to liming and N fertilization practices. Experimental variables included soil pH (5.5 and 6.0) and three N sources (NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4, NH4Cl) banded with the seed at sowing in factorial combination with the same three N sources topdressed in the spring. Take-all severity was increased by increasing soil pH and by fertilization with NO 3 − . Disease severity on crown roots increased exponentially following spring N fertilization and was affected more by soil pH and N-form than was severity on seminal roots. Grain yield ranged from 4.70 Mgha−1 with spring NH4NO3 at soil pH 6.0 to 7.65 Mgha−1 with spring NH4Cl at soil pH 5.5. Sixty-six percent of the variability in grain yield was explained by the number of take-all infected crown roots per tiller at anthesis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374825
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Dinitrogen and nitrous oxide produced by denitrification and nitrification in soil with and without barley plants (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 99 (1987), S. 303-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Barley (Hordeum disticum) ; Denitrification ; Green house experiment ; Nitrification
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary To examine the effect of barley roots on denitrification, a pot experiment was designed to compare N2O production and denitrification in soils with and without barley plants. Denitrification, N2O resulting from denitrification and nitrification, and respiration were estimated by incubating pots with soil with and without intact plants in plastic bags at high moisture levels. C2H2-inhibition of nitrous oxide reductase (partial pressure of 10 kPa C2H2) was used to determine total denitrification rates while incubations with ambient air and with C2H2 at partial pressures of 2.5–5 Pa were used to estimate the amounts of N2O released from autotrophic nitrification and from denitrification processes. Other sources of N2O were presumed to be negligible. Potential denitrification, nitrification and root biomass were measured in subsamples collected from four soil depths. A positive correlation was found between denitrification rates and root biomass. N2 was the predominant denitrification product found close to roots; N2O formed by non autotrophic nitrifiers, assumed to be denitrifiers originated in soil not affected by growing roots. Apparently, roots promote denitrification because they consumed oxygen, thereby increasing the anaerobic volume of the soil. The ratio of actual to potential denitrification rates increased over time, especially in the presence of roots.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370877
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A theoretical consideration of the implications of cell clustering for the prediction of nitrification in soil (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 99 (1987), S. 387-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Ammonium oxidation ; Clusters ; Modelling ; Nitrification ; pH effects
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The time course of nitrate production is different in different soils; in some soils, nitrate is produced at a constant rate while in others, this rate increases with time, often exponentially. Mechanistic models, based on the Monod equations, cannot account for a constant rate of nitrification. All such mechanistic models make the implicit assumption that the nitrifying organisms are distributed uniformly as single cells throughout the soil volume, while in reality, the cells might be expected to occur in small clusters formed by repeated cell division. This paper examines the effects of allowing the ammonium oxidising cells to occur in evenly distributed clusters of cells of equal volume. One effect of clustering would be the lowering of soil pH around the cluster, caused by differences in the rates of acid production and diffusion. The effects of this pH depression were examined using a mathematical model. In general, it was found that the effect of clustering was to reduce the rate of ammonium oxidation. In extreme cases, in which the fraction of the soil volume occupied by the cells was assumed to be small, the model predicted a constant rate of ammonium oxidation with time in contrast to the increasing rate with time predicted by a model based on a uniform single cell distribution. The clustering model was therefore capable of reproducing the different time courses of ammonium oxidation reported in the literature. The differences between the time courses of ammonium oxidation predicted using the two different assumptions was affected by the initial pH of the soil. This observation suggested a possible experimental test of the clustering hypothesis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370884
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Gaseous nitrogen losses from fertilized soil during nitrification and denitrification using the acetylene blockage technique (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 65-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Fertilized soil ; Nitrification ; Denitrification ; N2O production ; C2H2 blockage
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary A sandy soil amended with different forms and amounts of fertilizer nitrogen (urea, ammonium sulphate and potassium nitrate) was investigated in model experiments for N2O emission, which may be evolved during both oxidation of ammonia to nitrate and anaerobic respiration of nitrate. Since C2H2 inhibits both nitrification and the reduction of N2O to N2 during denitrification, the amount of N2O evolved in the presence and absence of C2H2 represents the nitrogen released through nitrification and denitrification. Results show that amounts of N2O-N lost from soils incubated anaerobically with 0.1% C2H2 and treated with potassium nitrate (23.1 µg N-NO 3 − /g dry soil) exceeded those from soils incubated in the presence of 20% oxygen and treated with even larger amounts of nitrogen as urea and ammonium sulphate. This indicates that nitrogen losses by denitrification may potentially be higher than those occurring through nitrification.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257581
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nitrogen availability in some Wisconsin forests: comparisons of resin bags and on-site incubations (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 77-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Ecosystem production ; Mineralization ; Nitrification ; Ion exchange resin bag method
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Estimates of ammonium and nitrate availability in conifer and hardwood forests using an ion exchange resin (IER) bag method and with on-site incubations of soil cores in buried bags were compared. Correlations between the two methods were generally high. Correlation coefficients (r) between IER nitrate and buried-bag mineralized nitrate ranged from 0.87 to 0.92. Both methods also correlated well with aboveground net primary production, litter fall N content, and fine root biomass. The major differences between the methods related to the relative importances of ammonium and nitrate forms of available N. The IER method indicated that both ammonium and nitrate were important on all sites, with nitrate predominating in most soils. The buried-bag results indicated that available N was primarily in the form of nitrate (all ammonium was oxidized), but that nitrate was insignificant on infertile sites.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257583
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Volatile and water-soluble inhibitors of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in a ponderosa pine ecosystem (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 97-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrogen mineralization ; Nitrification ; Water-soluble inhibitors ; Allelochemic control
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Bioassay experiments were performed to test for inhibition of the processes of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification by organics in the forest floor of a ponderosa pine ecosystem. Water-extractable organics in the forest floor were tested by applying filtered extracts to the assay soil. The extract decreased nitrate production by 17.0% and decreased net mineralization by 4.1%. Inhibition by volatile organics was tested by placing vials containing forest floor or selected terpenoids of ponderosa pine in sealed jars containing the assay soil. Nitrate production was inhibited by 87.4% and 100%, and net nitrogen mineralization was inhibited by 73.3% and 67.7% in the jars with forest floor and terpenoids, respectively. Organics which are partially water-soluble and are volatile (such as terpenoids) would be very effective inhibitors of nitrogen cycling processes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257586
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of prescribed fire on rates of decomposition and nitrogen mineralization in a ponderosa pine ecosystem (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 87-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Fire effects on mineralization ; Ammonification ; Nitrification ; Ponderosa pine soils
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The effects of a prescribed fire in a ponderosa pine ecosystem on the rates of decomposition and nitrogen mineralization (including ammonification and nitrification) in the forest floor and mineral soil horizons were evaluated. The prescribed fire immediately increased the rates of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in the forest floor of all burned plots and in the mineral soil of one plot. The rates of decomposition, as measured by CO2 evolution, in both the forest floor and mineral soil were not significantly different immediately after the burn when expressed on an organic matter basis. The rates of nitrogen mineralization in the forest floor and mineral soil were higher 6 and 10 months after the burn. The rate of decomposition (as measured by respiration) was lower in the forest floor but not in the mineral soil 6 and 10 months after the burn. Volatile organics that may inhibit rates of nitrogen mineralization may have been consumed by prescribed fire.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257585
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of rate and depth of fertilizer application on emission of nitrous oxide from soil fertilized with anhydrous ammonia (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 201-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Fertilizer ; Nitrification ; Denitrification ; N2O emission ; Anhydrous ammonia
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Field studies to determine the effect of different rates of fertilization on emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) from soil fertilized with anhydrous ammonia showed that the fertilizer-induced emission of N2O-N in 116 days increased from 1.22 to 4.09 kg ha−1 as the rate of anhydrous ammonia N application was increased from 75 to 450 kg ha−1. When expressed as a percentage of the N applied, the fertilizer-induced emission of N2O-N in 116 days decreased from 1.6% to 0.9% as the rate of fertilizer N application was increased from 75 to 450 kg N ha−1. The data obtained showed that a 100% increase in the rate of application of anhydrous ammonia led to about a 60% increase in the fertilizer-induced emission of N2O. Field studies to determine the effect of depth of fertilizer injection on emission of N2O from soil fertilized with anhydrous ammonia showed that the emission of N2O-N in 156 days induced by injection of 112 kg anhydrous ammonia N ha−1 at a depth of 30 cm was 107% and 21 % greater than those induced by injection of the same amount of N at depths of 10 cm and 20 cm, respectively. The effect of depth of application of anhydrous ammonia on emission of N2O was less when this fertilizer was applied at a rate of 225 kg N ha−1.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260844
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of various nitrogen fertilizers on emission of nitrous oxide from soils (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 195-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Fertilizer N ; Nitrification ; Denitrification ; N2O emission ; Anhydrous ammonia
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Field studies of the effects of different N fertilizers on emission of nitrous oxide (N20) from three Iowa soils showed that the N2O emissions induced by application of 180 kg ha−1 fertilizer N as anhydrous ammonia greatly exceeded those induced by application of the same amount of fertilizer N as aqueous ammonia or urea. On average, the emission of N2O-N induced by anhydrous ammonia was more than 13 times that induced by aqueous ammonia or urea and represented 1.2% of the anhydrous ammonia N applied. Experiments with one soil showed that the N2O emission induced by anhydrous ammonia was more than 17 times that induced by the same amount of N as calcium nitrate. These findings confirm indications from previous work that anhydrous ammonia has a much greater effect on emission of N2O from soils than do other commonly used N fertilizers and merits special attention in research relating to the potential adverse climatic effect of N fertilization of soils. Laboratory studies of the effect of different amounts of NH4OH on emission of N2O from Webster soil showed that the emission of N2O-N induced by addition of 100 μg NH4OH-N g−1 soil represented only 0.18% of the N applied, whereas the emissions induced by additions of 500 and 1 000 μg NH4OH-N g−1 soil represented 1.15% and 1.19%, respectively, of the N applied. This suggests that the exceptionally large emissions of N2O induced by anhydrous ammonia fertilization are due, at least in part, to the fact that the customary method of applying this fertilizer by injection into soil produces highly alkaline soil zones of high ammonium-N concentration that do not occur when urea or aqueous ammonia fertilizers are broadcast and incorporated into soil.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260843
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nutrient cycling and nitrogen mineralization in eucalypt forests of south-eastern Australia (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 92 (1986), S. 341-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Eucalypt forests ; Fire Immobilizxtion ; Nitrogen mineralization ; Nitrogen turnover ; Nitrification ; Nitrogen conservation ; Resilience
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Nitrogen mineralization was measured in the laboratory andin situ in eight eucalypt forests covering a wide range of climates and soil types. Aerobic and anaerobic incubations as well as chemical indices showed consistently higher rates of mineralization and nitrification and higher mineralization potentials in the wetter, high productivity forests. Nitrification was not confined to these forests and appears best related to soil C/N ratios and the rate of N turnover. Immobilization is recognized as a major process in eucalypt forest soils; in two forests which were burnt by bushfire during this study immobilization prevented over-accumulation of inorganic-N and possible leaching of NO 3 − −N. Calculated fromin situ incubations, annual uptake of inorganic-N ranged from 27 to 160 kg N ha−1; in two of four forests nitrate uptake was not apparent, in a third forest nitrate accounted for 10% of total uptake and in the remaining forest nitrate comprised about one-third of inorganic-N taken up. Ammonium is thus the dominant inorganic form taken up in eucalypt forests of this region. There was general agreement between laboratory andin situ incubations as to the occurrence of nitrification and the difference in mineralization rates between forests. In conjunction with previous studies, the turnover and maintenance of N-pools in eucalypt forests is discussed; forests with low N-capital appear to be resistant to possible N-loss after perturbation, forests with higher N-capital are more susceptible to loss but recover quickly. Immobilization of inorganic-N is central to the recovery process. These results agree with recent hypotheses proposed by Vitousek and Boerner.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372483
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of neem leaf on nitrification in a lowland rice soil (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 93 (1986), S. 133-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Azadiractin ; Heterotrophic flora ; Neemcake ; Nimbidin ; Nitrification ; Nitrifying bacteria ; Zymogenous flora
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Application of neem products like neem leaf and neem cake to wetland soil did not have any adverse effect on the population of heterotrophic microflora; nitrifying bacteria, on the other hand, decreased significantly due to addition of neem cake and fresh and dried neem leaf with urea. It is suggested that neem leaf could be used as an inhibitor of nitrification for enhancing nitrogen use efficiency of fertilizers where neem leaf is available in plentiful supply.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02377153
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Uptake and use patterns of nitrogen from urea, oxamide, and isobutylidene diurea by rice plants (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 94 (1986), S. 109-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Denitrification ; Isobutylidene diurea ; N balance ; Nitrification ; 15N Oxamide ; Rice ; Slow-release N ; Urea
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Two15N-labelled slow-release nitrogen (N) sources, oxamide and isobutylidene diurea (IBDU), each at two particle sizes, and15N-labelled urea were compared at two rates as sources of N for rice (Oryza sativa) under two watering regimes which simulated a transplant (continuous flood, CF) and a direct-seeded (A/F) system of paddy rice culture. Highest grain yields were obtained from −8+10-mesh oxamide particles applied at the rate of 2,000 mg of N/5 kg of soil, CF series; this yield was slightly higher than that obtained from −3+4-mesh oxamide, A/F series. Incubating the N fertilizers in moist (22% water) soil for 21 days immediately before flooding and transplanting rice greatly reduced N supply because of nitrification during the preflood period, followed by denitrification after flooding. This resulted in less plant uptake of N and less grain yield from urea, fine oxamide and IBDU, A/F series. For coarse oxamide, N release during the preflood period resulted in higher N uptake and grain yield in the A/F rather than in the corresponding CF series. The pattern of fertilizer N uptake by rice plants was affected by kind of fertilizer, particle size of oxamide and IBDU, and watering regime. Uptake of fertilizer N generally paralleled uptake of soil N throughout the growth period. Plant tops continued to accumulate some N during the period of grain filling, but much of the N in plant tops was translocated to the grain after heading. There was a large decrease in dry weight, N content, and15N content of tops after heading. Root weight and N content increased rapidly at first, and then at a diminishing rate until maturity. Unexplained N deficits occurred in the CF series (14–23% of the N applied, depending on N rate and source), and in the A/F series for IBDU (37–43% of the N applied).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380593
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nitrification and mineralization potentials in a limed Ultisol in the humid tropics (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 92 (1986), S. 153-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Liming ; Nitrate leaching ; Nitrification ; N-mineralization ; Rain forest ; Soil acidity ; Tropics ; Ultisol
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary We studied the effect of liming on the rates of mineralization and nitrification in a coarse-textured kaolinitic Ultisol. Soil samples were taken from field plots which received lime rates from 0 to 4mt/ha three years prior to the study. The pH of the soil samples varied from 4.2 to 6.1. Ammonification of soil organic N and added urea source proceeded readily and was not affected by lime rate. Nitrification occurred in both limed and unlimed soils but the rate of nitrification depended upon the rate of lime application. Soil pH, exchangeable Ca and exchangeable A1 were significantly correlated with the amount of NO3-N accumulated at the end of the 65 days incubation period. Nitrification of NH4-N from ammonium sulfate was absent in soils receiving lower rates of lime which gave pH values ranging from 4.2 to 4.8. Added ammonium source was nitrified readily after a 3-week delay period in the soil (pH 6.1) which received a higher rate of lime (4 mt/ha).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372276
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of phenylphosphorodiamidate on urea hydrolysis, ammonia volatilization and rice growth in an alkali soil (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 94 (1986), S. 313-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Alkali soil ; Ammonia volatilization ; Nitrification ; Phenylphosphorodiamidate ; Rice ; Urea ; Urease inhibitor
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary In order to improve nitrogen recovery by rice, the effect of a urease inhibitor phenylphosphorodiamidate (PPD) on the efficiency of fertilizer urea was studied in laboratory and greenhouse. Addition of PPD to urea (5% w/w) delayed urea hydrolysis by 3 to 4 days and reduced ammonia volatilization from 45% (without PPD) to 8.5% (with PPD). Ammonia volatilization obeyed first order kinetics. Urea hydrolysis was sufficiently strongly inhibited to match the nitrification potential of the soil. N application to rice by three different modes showed that a delayed mode (4 splits) was superior to two conventional modes (3 splits) in nitrogen recovery and fertilizer efficiency since it met nitrogen requirement of plants at reproductive stage. In 2 out of 3 modes of application, there was a 14% increase (relative) in grain yields and dry matter, and 6.8% increase in N uptake efficiency on application of PPD along with urea. The results indicate that urease inhibitors like PPD can be effectively used to block urea hydrolysis, reduce ammonia volatilization losses and improve N use efficiency by rice.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374325
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Binding of nitrite-N on polyphenols during nitrification (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 94 (1986), S. 369-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Azido nitro benzene ; Nitrapyrin ; Nitrification ; Nitro and nitroso aromatic compounds ; Organic nitrogen ; Phenolic compounds
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The conversion of substantial amounts of ammonia nitrogen into organic nitrogen as a direct result of nitrification at neutral pH-values, was monitored in soil suspensions amended with ammonium nitrogen. The influence of the chemolithotrophic nitrifying bacteria was verified by applying nitrapyrin as a selective inhibitor in control experiments. In addition, the role of phenolic compounds was examined by adding α naphthol. The factors influencing the nitrification processi.e. pH, NH 4 + −N, NO 2 − −N, NO 3 − −N were measured during a 60 days incubation period. Nitrification started to be active after 5 and 10 days in the normal and the naphthol spiked soil suspensions respectively; it was inhibited in the nitrapyrin controls. Parallel with nitrification, formation of organic nitrogen was observed. The humic matter fractions were extracted and analyzed by I.R. spectroscopy which revealed the valence vibration ranges of nitro and nitroso groups fixed in different positions on aromatic compounds, both for normal and naphthol spiked samples. High resolution gas chromatography combined with mass spectroscopic analysis indicated the formation of nitrosonaphtholes. In addition a novel organic nitro compound was identifiedi.e. an azido nitro benzene. No nitrogen was fixed in the samples treated with nitrification inhibitor. A mechanism for the fixation of nitrite nitrogen during nitrification is proposed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374331
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nitrification and organic nitrogen formation in soils (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 94 (1986), S. 383-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrapyrin ; Nitrification ; Organic nitrogen formation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The formation of mineral nitrogen species and of organic nitrogen was studied in three different types of soils in relation to the application of the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin. The results indicate that nitrification brings about a deficit in total mineral nitrogen and a concomitant surplus in non biomass organic nitrogen. This phenomenon increases with increasing levels of applied ammonium nitrogen and soil organic matter. The phenomenon is considered to be due to the reaction of the transient nitrite formed with soil phenolic compounds and appears to be of significance in all soils in which nitrification occurs, even neutral to alkaline and low carbon soils.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374332
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nitrification mediated nitrogen immobilization in soils (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 94 (1986), S. 401-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Immobilization ; Labelled fertilizer ; Mineralization ; Mineral nitrogen incorporation %15Natom excess ; Nitrapyrin ; Nitrification
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The influence of nitrification on the status of soil organic nitrogen is examined by applying NH 4 + -15N to the soil in the absence and the presence of a selective inhibitori.e. nitrapyrin. Parallel with nitrification, formation of organic nitrogen from the added fertilizer was followed. In the soil examined (pH 6.5, 4% organic carbon),ca. 55% of the fertilizer-N was immobilized during the 60 days incubation period, as a consequence of the nitrification process. Nitrification not only appeared to contribute to the binding of added mineral nitrogen onto soil organic matter, but also to re-immobilization of mineralised soil nitrogen.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374333
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Microclimatic controls of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in shortgrass steppe soils (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 93 (1986), S. 347-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Dew ; Grasslands ; Nitrification ; Nitrogen ; Semiarid ecosystems ; Soil texture
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The depth distributions of rates of net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification were measured in a series of field and laboratory incubations. Field studies suggested that the highest rates of mineralization and nitrification occurred in the surface 2.5 cm such that forty to sixty percent of the N mineralization in 20-cm soil column occurred in the surface 2.5cm. Some upward nitrate movement occurred but laboratory studies suggested that surface rates were not an artifact of nitrate mobility alone. Microclimatic data indicate that either dew or upward movement and condensation of soil water vapor may drive biological activity at the soil surface. High rates of N mineralization even in dry horizons were sustained as long as water was stored within the 0-to 20-cm depth. High rates of nitrification were found in all incubations, and field measurements showed NO 3 − to be the predominant form of inorganic N, despite previous characterization of the shortgrass steppe as an NH 4 + -dominated system.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374285
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of organic matter on sulphur oxidation in soil and influence of sulphur oxidation on soil nitrification (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 96 (1986), S. 369-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrification ; Organic matter ; Sulphur cycle ; Sulphur oxidation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The effects of wheat straw and pressed sugar beet pulp on sulphur oxidation were determined in a loam soil amended with 1% (w/w) elemental sulphur. Wheat straw stimulated the oxidation of elemental sulphur over the first 2 to 3 weeks of the incubation period, resulting in an increase in LiCl-extractable sulphate. After 4 to 7 weeks incubation however, the only significant increase in soil sulphate followed the 1% straw addition, while at week 7 sulphate concentrations in the 0.25% and 5.0% straw amended soils were lower than the control. Pressed sugar beet pulp (1% w/w) initially stimulated the oxidation of elemental sulphur in the soil, but by weeks 3 to 7 of the incubation period rates of oxidation in pulp-amended soils were lower than the control. Towards the end of the incubation period however, sulphate concentrations in the amended soils exceeded the control values, significantly so by week 11. The concentration of thiosulphate and tetrathionate also increased in soils receiving sugar beet pulp. Nitrification was inhibited in soils in which sulphur oxidation was actively occurring. Although possible alternatives are mentioned, such inhibition appears to result from a decrease in soil pH brought about by the oxidation of elemental sulphur to sulphuric acid.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375141
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Site of nitrous oxide production in field soils (1985)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 3-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrification ; Denitrification ; Soil profile
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes at the soil surface and concentrations at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 m were determined in a 40-year-old planted tallgrass (XXX) prairie, a 40-year-old white pine (Pinus strobus) plantation, and field plots treated annually for 18 years either with 33 metric tons of manure ha−1 (330 kg N ha−1) and NH4NO3 (80 kg N ha−1) or with only NH4NO3 (control). Nitrous oxide fluxes from the prairie, forest, manure-amended, and control sites from 13 May to 10 November 1980 ranged from 0.2 to 1.3, 3.5 to 19.5, 3.7 to 79.0, and 1.7 to 24.8 ng N2O-N m−2s−1, respectively. We observed periods when there was no apparent relationship between the N2O flux from the surface and N2O concentrations in the soil profile. This was generally the case in the prairie and in the field sites following the application of N fertilizer. The N2O concentrations in the soil profile increased markedly and coincided with increased soil water content following periods of heavy rainfall for all sites except the prairie. Nitrous oxide concentration gradients indicate that following heavy rainfalls the site of N2O production was moved from the surface deeper into the soil profile. We suggest that the source of N2O production near the surface is nitrification and that N2O is produced by denitrification of NO3 leached into the soil following heavy rainfall.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00710964
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ammonium oxidizer numbers, potential and actual oxidation rates in two swedish arable soils (1985)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 131-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrification ; MPN of ammonium oxidizers ; Chlorate inhibition ; Arable soil
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The number of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria was measured with the most probable number (MPN) method while potential ammonium oxidation rates were determined with a chlorate inhibition technique in two arable soils. A new method for measuring actual in situ ammonium oxidation in soil cores is presented. One soil was cropped for 4 years with one of four crop-fertilizer combinations: Unfertilized lucerne ley, unfertilized barley, nitrate-fertilized grass ley, or nitrate-fertilized barley. The highest ammonium oxidizer numbers and potential rates were found in the grass ley. The unfertilized barley had one-third the number and activity of the grass ley. Actual rates were in general 5–25 times lower than potential rates. The other soil was that undergoing a 27-year-old field trial with a fallow and four different cropping treatments: No addition, nitrate, nitrate + straw, or manure. Ammonium oxidizer numbers were highest in the manure and straw treatments. MPN numbers and potential rates were lowest in the fallow treatment. Typical specific potential rates were 30 ng N oxidized cell−1 h−1. Actual rates were in general 40 times lower than potential rates. Actual ammonium oxidation measurements seem to correspond to actual in situ activity at the moment of sampling, whereas the MPN technique and the potential measurements reflect events that occurred weeks to months before the sampling.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301780
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The relationship between inorganic nitrogen oxidation and organic carbon production in batch and chemostat cultures of marine nitrifying bacteria (1985)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 142 (1985), S. 45-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrosomonas marina ; Nitrosococcus oceanus ; Nitrococcus mobilis ; Nitrification ; Chemoautotrophic carbon production ; Growth in batch and chemostat cultures
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Rates of nitrification and organic C production were determined in batch and chemostat cultures of marine nitrifying bacteria; two NH 4 + -oxidizing species and one NO 2 − -oxidizing spezies. With increasing age in batch cultures and with decreasing flow rates in chemostats, cellular organic C and N concentrations declined while the intracellular ratio of C:N remained constant. With decreasing flow rates in chemostats, there was a reduction in (a) carboxylating enzyme activity per unit of cellular organic C (the potential for chemoautotrophic CO2 fixation), and (b) the yield of organic C. For both NH 4 + and NO 2 − oxidizers, rates of nitrification and C yield were lowest at very slow chemostat growth rates, when compared with optimal growth rates in batch cultures. For both NH 4 + and NO 2 − -oxidizing species, the stoichiometric relationship between nitrification and organic C production did not remain constant and appeared to be dependent on the availability of the inorganic N substrate. The organic C yield from NH 4 + oxidation and hence the free energy efficiency declined with increasing age in batch cultures and with decreasing flow rates in chemostats. The C yield from NO 2 − oxidation and the free energy efficiency at slow chemostat growth rates was also lower than that at the optimal growth rate in batch culture.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00409235
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Net mineralization and nitrification rates in a clay soil measured and predicted in permanent grassland from soil temperature and moisture content (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 86 (1985), S. 151-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Ammonification ; Clay soil ; Exchangeable ammonium ; Grassland ; Incubation ; Kinetics ; Nitrate ; Nitrification ; N cycle ; N mineralization ; Soil Moisture ; Soil temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Net mineralization of N and net nitrification in field-moist clay soils (Evesham-Kingston series) from arable and grassland sites were measured in laboratory incubation experiments at 4, 10 and 20°C. Three depth fractions to 30 cm were used. Nitrate accumulated at all temperatures except when the soil was very dry (θ=0.13 cm3 cm−3). Exchangeable NH4-ions declined during the first 24 h and thereafter remained low. Net mineralization and net nitrification approximated to zero-order reactions after 24 h, with Q10 values generally 〈1.6. The effect of temperature on both processes was linear although some results conformed to an Arrhenius-type relationship. The dependence of net mineralization and net nitrification in the field soil on soil temperature (10 cm depth) and moisture (0–15, 15–25, 25–35 cm depths) was modelled using the laboratory incubation data. An annual net mineralization of 350 kg N ha−1 and net nitrification of 346 kg N ha−1 were predicted between September 1980 and August 1981. The model probably overstressed the effect of soil moisture relative to soil temperature.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182891
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Modelling growth responses of soil nitrifiers to additions of ammonium sulphate and ammonium chloride (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 86 (1985), S. 425-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Ammonium ; Chloride ; Growth ; Inhibition ; Monod model ; Nitrification ; Soil ; Sulphate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Following the addition of 0–75 μmole N g−1 as ammonium chloride or ammonium sulphate to a sandy loam soil the nitrate formed was measured daily for a period of 15–17 days. The nitrate produced as a function of time was described using the Monod equation for microbial growth. An optimisation technique is described for obtaining, from the nitrification time course data, the maximum specific growth rate, the affinity constantant and an index limited by the concentration of ammonium in soil solution. Additions of more than 7.3 μmoles N g−1 soil as ammonium chloride were found to inhibit nitrification. The inhibition was interpreted as being caused by osmotic pressure or by chloride ion. A similar effect was not found with ammonium sulphate, because the salt concentration in the soil solution was restricted by the precipitation of calcium sulphate. The model developed was capable of accounting for nitrate production in the soil under non-steady state conditions of substrate concentrations and nitrifier biomass.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02145463
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The influence of western hemlock and western redcedar on microbial numbers, nitrogen mineralization, and nitrification (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 88 (1985), S. 259-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Bacteria ; Fungi ; Mineralization ; Nitrification ; Thuja plicata ; Tsuga heterophylla
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Microbial numbers in the forest floor and mineral soil (Al horizon) under large individual western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and western redcedar (Thuja plicata) trees were compared. The lower pH and base saturation of hemlock samples was associated with higher fungal spore counts while cedar samples had higher total microbial counts and populations of ammonium oxidizing bacteria. Nitrogen mineralization rates were greater in laboratory incubations of hemlock soil but nitrification was only observed in incubations of cedar soil. These differences in nitrogen mineralization and nitrification are aspects of species-specific nutrient cycling regimes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182452
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chemical properties, populations of nitrige oxidizers, urease and phosphatase activities in sewage sludge-amended soils (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 84 (1985), S. 79-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Ammonification ; Groundwater pollution ; Hydrolyzable-N ; Nitrification ; Phosphatase ; Urease
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The aim of this work has been to determine the effect of sterilized and non-sterilized, acrobically or anaerobically digested sewage sludges on urease and phosphatase activities, on populations of nitrite oxidizers and on some chemical properties in laboratory conditions and for long incubation periods. Both urease an phosphatase activities were affected when anaerobic sludges were added to the soil. The inhibitory effects on both enzyme activities attributed to the presence of heavy metals were probably masked by the additional source of organic matter both with acrobic and anaerobic sludges. The level of the NO 2 − oxidizer populations was higher in the aerobic than in the anaerobic sludge amended soil. Ammonia-N concentration were increased when the soil received sludges reflecting a higher mineralization rate probably due to a stimulation of the indigencous ammonia producing microorganisms since differences between non-sterilized and sterilized treatments were minimal or absent. Nitrate-N concentrations increased in amended soils and care must be taken to restrict as much as possible the downward movement of nitrate in order to minimize ground-water pollution.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197869
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Salt effects on urea hydrolysis and nitrification during leaching through laboratory soil columns (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 85 (1985), S. 219-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Leaching ; Nitrification ; Nitrogen fertilizer ; Salinity ; Urea hydrolysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary We studied the transport and transformation of urea under steady-state conditions in two soils and at three water salinities (1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 dS/m) using laboratory soil columns. A mathematical model that considers diffusion, convection, adsorption and first-order kinetic transformation of nitrogen was used to describe measured effluent concentration of the two nitrogen species. Increasing salt levels in the applied water decreased the hydrolysis of urea in the two soils studied with first-order rate coefficients decreasing from 0.015 to 0.009 h−1 in the fine sandy loam, and from 0.075 to 0.015 h−1 in a silty loam. Similarly, the nitrification rate decreased by 50% and 70% in the two soils as salinity increased. The rate coefficients measured in the leaching studies were much smaller than measured in incubation-type experiments. Calculated half-lives for urea and NH 4 + provided a method interpreting the kinetic rate coefficients as a function of the experimental conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02139626
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of slurry applications on the EUF-N fractions in the soil (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 83 (1985), S. 47-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): EUF-N fractions ; Nitrification ; NO3 leaching ; Slurry-N ; Dicyandiamide
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Increasing quantities of slurry (30, 60 and 90 m3/ha as well as 60 m3/ha + DIDIN) were applied to two sandy soils both in September and in December 1982. During the 1982/83 winter EUF-N was determined in soil horizons (0–30 cm, 30–60 and 60–90 cm). EUF-NO3 and EUF-Norg clearly reflected the different quantities of slurry applied. The retarding effect of DIDIN on nitrification could also be demonstrated by means of the EUF-N contents. Due to the mild and humid climate prevailing in the winter of 1982/83 slurry-NO3 of the September applications had obviously been leached out of the 0–60 cm soil layer in all treatments by February and even out of the 60–90 cm layer by March 24. Translocation of NO3 was also observed for slurry applied in December. But in this case on March 24 the EUF-NO3 contents in the 60–90 cm layer still reflected the quantities of slurry applied four months earlier. After slurry application the EUF-Norg fraction of a soil initially consists mainly of NH 4 + which is rapidly oxidized to NO3 and transferred in this form to deeper layers. As a consequence a rapid decline in EUF-Norg fraction is observed. It could therefore be expedient to consider the Norg and EUF-NH 4 + fractions separately when slurry applications are concerned.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182714
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effect of air-borne ammonium sulphate onPinus nigra var.maritima in the Netherlands (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 84 (1985), S. 45-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Acidification ; Air pollution ; Aluminium ; Ammonium sulphate ; Nitrification ; Nutrient leaching ; Pinus nigra var.Maritima ; Potassium deficiency
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary As a result of air pollution, considerable deposition of ammonium sulphate occurs on vegetation and soil in the vicinity of chicken farms and fields dressed with animal slurry. A clear relation exists between this ammonium sulphate deposition and the distance to certain agricultural activities. Field investigations and ecophysiological experiments both show that the needles ofPinus nigra var.maritima (Ait.) Melville take up ammonium and excrete potassium, magnesium and calcium. This often results in potassium and/or magnesium deficiencies and may lead to premature shedding of needles. The high levels of nitrogen in the needles are strongly correlated to fungal diseases. Whether the observed cation leaching will result in disturbed nutrient budgets depends mainly on soil conditions. Leaching of K, Mg and Ca from the soil, caused by ammonium sulphate, may further inhibit nutrient uptake. Field investigations show a clear correlation between increased ratios of NH4 to K, Mg and Ca in the soil solution and the damage to pine forests.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197866
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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