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  • Articles  (17)
  • Environmental management  (9)
  • tritium production  (8)
  • 1985-1989  (17)
  • 1965-1969
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (17)
  • Political Science
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  • Articles  (17)
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  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (17)
  • Political Science
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiation effects in Be and Al for a magnetic fusion production reactor (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 5 (1986), S. 327-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: magnetic fusion production reactor ; tritium production ; fusion breeder ; radiation effects ; beryllium ; aluminum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Estimates of the expected performance of beryllium and several aluminum alloy structural components of the breeding blanket of a magnetic fusion production reactor are made based on the known behavior and properties of these materials in fission reactor applications. Comparisons of the irradiation damage effects resulting from the fission reactor neutron spectra and the fusion reactor blanket spectra indicate that beryllium will perform well in the breeding blanket for at least one year and the aluminum alloy 5052 will retain structural integrity for about 5 years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051018
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nuclear design and analysis of a magnetic fusion production reactor (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 5 (1986), S. 317-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: magnetic fusion production reactor ; tritium production ; fusion breeder ; nuclear analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Tandem-mirror- and tokamak-based magnetic fusion production reactors are predicted to have tritium breeding ratios of 1.67 and 1.49, respectively. The latter value replaces one (1.56) that is used elsewhere in the sequence of papers in this issue. Blanket energy multiplication for both is predicted to be about 1.3. With the tandem mirror operating in the plutonium production mode, the net plutonium-plus-tritiurn breeding ratio is 1.74. Blanket energy multiplication for the plutonium mode is predicted to be 2.4 at a plutonium-uranium ratio of 0.7% and a uranium volume fraction of 3%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051017
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fusion technology for a magnetic fusion production reactor (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 6 (1987), S. 5-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: magnetic fusion production reactor ; tritium production ; fusion breeder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The tandem mirror and tokamak are being considered as candidate fusion drivers for a materials production reactor that could be implemented in the 1990s. This report considers, in detail, the required performance characteristics of the fusion plasma and the major technological subsystems for each fusion driver. These performance characteristics are compared with the present state of the art, corresponding development needs are identified, and technology program requirements, in addition to those now being supported by the Department of Energy, are pointed out. The tandem mirror and tokamak fusion drivers are also compared with regard to their required advancements in plasma performance and technology development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01053330
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental impact assessment: An international evaluation (1986)
    Springer
    Environmental management 10 (1986), S. 157-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Environmental impact assessment ; Environmental impact statement ; Environmental planning ; Environmental management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Experiences with environmental impact assessment (EIA) in a number of countries are discussed in the light of both explicit and implicit goals and objectives. Adequate environmental information is not always available to decision makers because of failure to apply EIA to all relevant decisions, the continuing inadequacies of prediction and evaluation techniques, the failure to consider alternatives adequately, and the bias of some EISs. EIA frequently results in changes to proposals and may result in stricter environmental management conditions in some cases, but some people regard it as a failure because it has not stopped development. Generally, EIA leads to better integration of environmental factors into project planning. Open procedures and freedom of information encourage responsiveness to EIA procedures, which can be weakened by discretionary powers and lack of access to the courts by public interest groups. However, legal standing may have side effects that offset its advantages. EIA can encourage cooperation and coordination between agencies but does not ensure them. Similarly, it can have a limited role in coordinating interstate and international policies. In the long term, the success of EIA depends on adequate monitoring, reassessment, and enforcement over the life of the project. EIA has generally opened up new opportunities for public participation, and may help to reduce conflict. EIA procedures need to be integrated with other environmental protection and development control programs, and various means exist for reducing its cost to developers and the public.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867355
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental management problems in India (1986)
    Springer
    Environmental management 10 (1986), S. 599-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Environmental problems ; India ; Environmental management ; Pollution ; Deforestation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Environmental problems are becoming serious in India because of the interacting effects of increasing population density, industrialization and urbanization, and poor environmental management practices. Unless stringent regulatory measures are taken, environmental systems will be irreversibly degraded. Lack of political commitment, lack of a comprehensive environmental policy, poor environmental awareness, functional fragmentation of the public administration system, poor mass media concern, and prevalence of poverty are some of the major factors responsible for increasing the severity of the problems. Environmental problems in India are highly complex, and management procedures have to be developed to achieve coordination between various functional departments, and for this, political leaders have to be convinced of the need to initiate environmental protection measures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866764
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Public opinion and interest group positions on open-space issues in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA: Implications for resource management (1987)
    Springer
    Environmental management 11 (1987), S. 369-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Open-space issues ; Environmental management ; Interest group positions ; Environmental policy decisions ; Resource decisions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this research was to elicit and compare the open-space preferences of citizens and openspace experts in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. A randomly selected sample of 492 citizens and 35 open-space experts participated in a telephone survey during May 5–18, 1986. The following hypothesis was tested and used as a guideline for the study: HO1: There is no significant difference between respondents' status and preference for open space in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The hypothesis was rejected. Findings confirmed respondents' status affected preference for open space. Of the eight issues on which the citizen and expert groups were compared, five recorded significant differences in response profiles. The open-space expert group was significantly more supportive of using open space to accommodate offroad vehicle facilities, wildlife preserves, a citywide recreational trail, and a trail system along the arroyos and city ditches. The citizen sample was significantly more supportive of using open space to accommodate overnight camping facilities. Both groups equally supported using open space to accommodate an outdoor amphitheater, outdoor education facilities, and rafting, kayaking, and canoeing facilities. The finding indicated that expert preferences did not represent an aggregate of citizen preferences for managing open-space resources. Understanding both expert and citizen positions will facilitate decision-making processes and help resolve environmental disputes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867165
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Technological thinking: Its impact on environmental management (1985)
    Springer
    Environmental management 9 (1985), S. 179-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Environmental management ; Technological thinking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A style of thinking that is variously called technological, technocentric, and technocratic dominates environmental management. However, there is growing criticism of this style of thought, leading some to conclude that, if environmental management is to progress, technological thinking needs to be supplemented by radically different ways of thinking. The intent of this article is to examine the role of technological thinking in environmental management, seeking to establish some of its limitations. It is concluded that, while technological thinking is a satisfactorytactical strategy, it has serious deficiencies when problems requirestrategic thinking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867074
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Self-organization theories and environmental management: The case of South Moresby, Canada (1988)
    Springer
    Environmental management 12 (1988), S. 463-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Self-organization ; Land-use planning ; Systems approaches ; Societal transformations ; Native peoples ; Environmental management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This article presents a new approach to the analysis and management of large-scale societal problems with complex ecological, economic, and social dimensions. The approach is based on the theory of self-organizing systems—complex, open, far-from-equilibrium systems with nonlinear dynamics. A brief overview and comparison of different self-organization theories (synergetics, self-organization theory, hypercycles, and autopoiesis) is presented in order to isolate the key characteristics of such systems. The approach is used to develop an analysis of the landuse controversy in the South Moresby area of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada. Critical variables are identified for each subsystem and classified by spatial and temporal scale, and discussed in terms of information content and internal/external origin. Eradication of sea otters, introduction of black-tailed deer, impacts of large-scale clearcut logging, sustainability of the coastal forest industry, and changing relations between native peoples and governments are discussed in detail to illustrate the system dynamics of the South Moresby “sociobiophysical” system. Finally, implications of the self-organizing sociobiophysical system view for regional analysis and management are identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01873260
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Culture and the environment in Ghana (1985)
    Springer
    Environmental management 9 (1985), S. 97-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Culture ; Environmental management ; Environmental policy ; Ghana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The traditional culture of Ghana stressed a strong relationship with the environment, and a culturally acceptable environmental management resulted from strictures and taboos related to the land. Following its independence in 1957, Ghana has enacted laws that reflect an enlightened environmental policy. These are especially important because of the difficulties Ghana has had in its economic development using Western technology that has damaged the fragile tropical ecosystem. A key aspect of Ghana's policy is the attempt to marry scientific knowledge and traditional beliefs for environmentally sound management of Ghana's resources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867109
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental audit: III. Improving the management of environmental information for toxic substances (1986)
    Springer
    Environmental management 10 (1986), S. 311-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Data ; Information resources management ; Data bases ; Critical success factors ; Environmental management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Environmental programs have been commonly driven by a preoccupation with the collection of data in the mistaken belief thatdata is synonymous withinformation. The distinction between data (that is, the quantified and qualitative attributes of a particular environment) and information (specifically, data processed so as to focus upon a particular environmental problem) will become far more important to environmental managers. They will increasingly manage their information through use of what has become known as information resource management (IRM) and the attendant use of critical success factors methodology. Environmental managers will thereby move away from concerns about data and specific EDP hardware and applications toward managing information as a valuable agency resource. In applying IRM, they will find it helpful to include a number of planning elements and to resolve early a number of issues critical to its successful use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867253
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Making decisions about environmental management when conventional economic analysis cannot be used (1989)
    Springer
    Environmental management 13 (1989), S. 189-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Decision making ; Economic analysis ; Environmental management ; Subjective judgment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A process is described for making comparative valuations of a wide range of environmental management activities when the combined social, economic, managerial, and political benefits of some (but not all) of these activities cannot be adequately described in economic terms and when budgetary constraints do not permit funding of all activities under consideration. The process accounts for subjective judgment and contains a formal rigorous decision strategy that takes the place of intuition when quantitative and qualitative values of environmental activities need to be evaluated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01868365
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Culture and the environment in Britain (1985)
    Springer
    Environmental management 9 (1985), S. 113-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Environmental management ; Culture ; Pollution ; Countryside protection ; Britain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The British pride themselves on their long tradition of landscape management rooted in the aristocratic and landowning classes of the 18th and 19th centuries. The British also emphasize that the rise of modern pollution control began in the Victorian industrial era with the emergence of the national Inspectorates and the local Commissioners of Sewers. All these traditions are rooted in British social history, which was heavily influenced by class, power, and the changing shape of industrial and agricultural development. In modern Britain, affected by industrial recession, where concern over jobs and growth appears to dominate public and political attention, as well as public spending cuts that sap the morale and effectiveness of the major regulatory agencies, attitudes toward, and the execution of, environmental protection are undergoing a subtle but profound revolution. It is slowly but agonizingly being recognized that economic growth and social well-being cannot be disconnected from environmental processes and the limits these impose on management and technological intervention. A 21st century Britain will have to integrate conservation with development in order to survive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867111
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical design of a magnetic fusion production reactor (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 5 (1986), S. 271-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: magnetic fusion production reactor ; tritium production ; fusion breeder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The mechanical aspects of tandem mirror and tokamak concepts for the tritium production mission are compared and a proposed breeding blanket configuration for each type of reactor is presented in detail, along with a design outline of the complete fusion reactor system. In both cases, the reactor design is developed sufficiently to permit preliminary cost estimates of all components. A qualitative comparison is drawn between both concepts from the view of mechanical design and serviceability, and suggestions are made for technology proof tests on unique mechanical features. Detailed cost breakdowns indicate less than 10% difference in the overall costs of the two reactors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051016
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Feasibility study of a magnetic fusion production reactor (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 5 (1986), S. 257-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: Magnetic fusion production reactor ; tritium production ; fusion breeder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A magnetic fusion reactor can produce 10.8 kg of tritium at a fusion power of only 400 MW —an order of magnitude lower power than that of a fission production reactor. Alternatively, the same fusion reactor can produce 995 kg of plutonium. Either a tokamak or a tandem mirror production plant can be used for this purpose; the cost is estimated at about $1.4 billion (1982 dollars) in either case. (The direct costs are estimated at $1.1 billion.) The production cost is calculated to be $22,000/g for tritium and $260/g for plutonium of quite high purity (1%240Pu). Because of the lack of demonstrated technology, such a plant could not be constructed today without significant risk. However, good progress is being made in fusion technology and, although success in magnetic fusion science and engineering is hard to predict with assurance, it seems possible that the physics basis and much of the needed technology could be demonstrated in facilities now under construction. Most of the remaining technology could be demonstrated in the early 1990s in a fusion test reactor of a few tens of megawatts. If the Magnetic Fusion Energy Program constructs a fusion test reactor of approximately 400 MW of fusion power as a next step in fusion power development, such a facility could be used later as a production reactor in a spinoff application. A construction decision in the late 1980s could result in an operating production reactor in the late 1990s. A magnetic fusion production reactor (MFPR) has four potential advantages over a fission production reactor: (1) no fissile material input is needed; (2) no fissioning exists in the tritium mode and very low fissioning exists in the plutonium mode thus avoiding the meltdown hazard; (3) the cost will probably be lower because of the smaller thermal power required; (4) and no reprocessing plant is needed in the tritium mode. The MFPR also has two disadvantages: (1) it will be more costly to operate because it consumes rather than sells electricity, and (2) there is a risk of not meeting the design goals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051015
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Economic analysis of a magnetic fusion production reactor (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 6 (1987), S. 59-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: magnetic fusion production reactor ; tritium production ; fusion breeder ; economic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The magnetic fusion reactor for the production of nuclear weapon materials, based on a tandem mirror design, is estimated to have a capital cost of $1.5 billion and to produce 10 kg of tritium/year for $22,000/g or 940 kg/year of plutonium in the plutonium mode for $250/g plus heavy metal processing. A tokamak-based design is estimated to cost $1.5 billion and to produce 10 kg of tritium/year for $29 thousand/g. For comparison, a commercially sized tandern mirror fusion breeder selling excess electricity and fissile material to commercial markets is estimated to cost $3.6 billion and to produce tritium for $2.6 thousand/g and plutonium for $34/g plus heavy metal processing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01053331
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selection of a toroidal fusion reactor concept for a magnetic fusion production reactor (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 6 (1987), S. 65-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: Magnetic fusion production reactor ; tritium production ; fusion breeder ; toroidal fusion reactor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The basic fusion driver requirements of a toroidal materials production reactor are considered. The tokamak, stellarator, bumpy torus, and reversed-field pinch are compared with regard to their demonstrated performance, probable near-term development, and potential advantages and disadvantages if used as reactors for materials production. Of the candidate fusion drivers, the tokamak is determined to be the most viable for a near-term production reactor. Four tokamak reactor concepts (TORFA/FED-R, AFTR/ZEPHYR, Riggatron, and Superconducting Coil) of approximately 500-MW fusion power are compared with regard to their demands on plasma performance, required fusion technology development, and blanket configuration characteristics. Because of its relatively moderate requirements on fusion plasma physics and technology development, as well as its superior configuration of production blankets, the TORFA/FED-R type of reactor operating with a fusion power gain of about 3 is found to be the most suitable tokamak candidate for implementation as a near-term production reactor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01053332
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tritium breeding analysis of a tokamak magnetic fusion production reactor (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 8 (1989), S. 89-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: Tokamak ; fusion ; tritium production ; neutronics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract With three-dimensional modeling and neutron transport analysis, a tokamak with a low technology blanket containing beryllium was found to have a tritium breeding ratio of 1.54 tritons per DT neutron. Such a device would have a net tritium production capability of 9.1 kg/yr from 450 MW of fusion power at 70% capacity factor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050782
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