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  • Articles  (16)
  • Environmental management  (9)
  • agriculture  (7)
  • 1985-1989  (16)
  • 1965-1969
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (16)
  • Political Science
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  • Articles  (16)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental impact assessment: An international evaluation (1986)
    Springer
    Environmental management 10 (1986), S. 157-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Environmental impact assessment ; Environmental impact statement ; Environmental planning ; Environmental management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Experiences with environmental impact assessment (EIA) in a number of countries are discussed in the light of both explicit and implicit goals and objectives. Adequate environmental information is not always available to decision makers because of failure to apply EIA to all relevant decisions, the continuing inadequacies of prediction and evaluation techniques, the failure to consider alternatives adequately, and the bias of some EISs. EIA frequently results in changes to proposals and may result in stricter environmental management conditions in some cases, but some people regard it as a failure because it has not stopped development. Generally, EIA leads to better integration of environmental factors into project planning. Open procedures and freedom of information encourage responsiveness to EIA procedures, which can be weakened by discretionary powers and lack of access to the courts by public interest groups. However, legal standing may have side effects that offset its advantages. EIA can encourage cooperation and coordination between agencies but does not ensure them. Similarly, it can have a limited role in coordinating interstate and international policies. In the long term, the success of EIA depends on adequate monitoring, reassessment, and enforcement over the life of the project. EIA has generally opened up new opportunities for public participation, and may help to reduce conflict. EIA procedures need to be integrated with other environmental protection and development control programs, and various means exist for reducing its cost to developers and the public.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867355
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental management problems in India (1986)
    Springer
    Environmental management 10 (1986), S. 599-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Environmental problems ; India ; Environmental management ; Pollution ; Deforestation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Environmental problems are becoming serious in India because of the interacting effects of increasing population density, industrialization and urbanization, and poor environmental management practices. Unless stringent regulatory measures are taken, environmental systems will be irreversibly degraded. Lack of political commitment, lack of a comprehensive environmental policy, poor environmental awareness, functional fragmentation of the public administration system, poor mass media concern, and prevalence of poverty are some of the major factors responsible for increasing the severity of the problems. Environmental problems in India are highly complex, and management procedures have to be developed to achieve coordination between various functional departments, and for this, political leaders have to be convinced of the need to initiate environmental protection measures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866764
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Public opinion and interest group positions on open-space issues in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA: Implications for resource management (1987)
    Springer
    Environmental management 11 (1987), S. 369-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Open-space issues ; Environmental management ; Interest group positions ; Environmental policy decisions ; Resource decisions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this research was to elicit and compare the open-space preferences of citizens and openspace experts in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. A randomly selected sample of 492 citizens and 35 open-space experts participated in a telephone survey during May 5–18, 1986. The following hypothesis was tested and used as a guideline for the study: HO1: There is no significant difference between respondents' status and preference for open space in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The hypothesis was rejected. Findings confirmed respondents' status affected preference for open space. Of the eight issues on which the citizen and expert groups were compared, five recorded significant differences in response profiles. The open-space expert group was significantly more supportive of using open space to accommodate offroad vehicle facilities, wildlife preserves, a citywide recreational trail, and a trail system along the arroyos and city ditches. The citizen sample was significantly more supportive of using open space to accommodate overnight camping facilities. Both groups equally supported using open space to accommodate an outdoor amphitheater, outdoor education facilities, and rafting, kayaking, and canoeing facilities. The finding indicated that expert preferences did not represent an aggregate of citizen preferences for managing open-space resources. Understanding both expert and citizen positions will facilitate decision-making processes and help resolve environmental disputes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867165
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Technological thinking: Its impact on environmental management (1985)
    Springer
    Environmental management 9 (1985), S. 179-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Environmental management ; Technological thinking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A style of thinking that is variously called technological, technocentric, and technocratic dominates environmental management. However, there is growing criticism of this style of thought, leading some to conclude that, if environmental management is to progress, technological thinking needs to be supplemented by radically different ways of thinking. The intent of this article is to examine the role of technological thinking in environmental management, seeking to establish some of its limitations. It is concluded that, while technological thinking is a satisfactorytactical strategy, it has serious deficiencies when problems requirestrategic thinking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867074
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Self-organization theories and environmental management: The case of South Moresby, Canada (1988)
    Springer
    Environmental management 12 (1988), S. 463-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Self-organization ; Land-use planning ; Systems approaches ; Societal transformations ; Native peoples ; Environmental management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This article presents a new approach to the analysis and management of large-scale societal problems with complex ecological, economic, and social dimensions. The approach is based on the theory of self-organizing systems—complex, open, far-from-equilibrium systems with nonlinear dynamics. A brief overview and comparison of different self-organization theories (synergetics, self-organization theory, hypercycles, and autopoiesis) is presented in order to isolate the key characteristics of such systems. The approach is used to develop an analysis of the landuse controversy in the South Moresby area of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada. Critical variables are identified for each subsystem and classified by spatial and temporal scale, and discussed in terms of information content and internal/external origin. Eradication of sea otters, introduction of black-tailed deer, impacts of large-scale clearcut logging, sustainability of the coastal forest industry, and changing relations between native peoples and governments are discussed in detail to illustrate the system dynamics of the South Moresby “sociobiophysical” system. Finally, implications of the self-organizing sociobiophysical system view for regional analysis and management are identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01873260
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Culture and the environment in Ghana (1985)
    Springer
    Environmental management 9 (1985), S. 97-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Culture ; Environmental management ; Environmental policy ; Ghana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The traditional culture of Ghana stressed a strong relationship with the environment, and a culturally acceptable environmental management resulted from strictures and taboos related to the land. Following its independence in 1957, Ghana has enacted laws that reflect an enlightened environmental policy. These are especially important because of the difficulties Ghana has had in its economic development using Western technology that has damaged the fragile tropical ecosystem. A key aspect of Ghana's policy is the attempt to marry scientific knowledge and traditional beliefs for environmentally sound management of Ghana's resources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867109
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental audit: III. Improving the management of environmental information for toxic substances (1986)
    Springer
    Environmental management 10 (1986), S. 311-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Data ; Information resources management ; Data bases ; Critical success factors ; Environmental management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Environmental programs have been commonly driven by a preoccupation with the collection of data in the mistaken belief thatdata is synonymous withinformation. The distinction between data (that is, the quantified and qualitative attributes of a particular environment) and information (specifically, data processed so as to focus upon a particular environmental problem) will become far more important to environmental managers. They will increasingly manage their information through use of what has become known as information resource management (IRM) and the attendant use of critical success factors methodology. Environmental managers will thereby move away from concerns about data and specific EDP hardware and applications toward managing information as a valuable agency resource. In applying IRM, they will find it helpful to include a number of planning elements and to resolve early a number of issues critical to its successful use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867253
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Making decisions about environmental management when conventional economic analysis cannot be used (1989)
    Springer
    Environmental management 13 (1989), S. 189-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Decision making ; Economic analysis ; Environmental management ; Subjective judgment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A process is described for making comparative valuations of a wide range of environmental management activities when the combined social, economic, managerial, and political benefits of some (but not all) of these activities cannot be adequately described in economic terms and when budgetary constraints do not permit funding of all activities under consideration. The process accounts for subjective judgment and contains a formal rigorous decision strategy that takes the place of intuition when quantitative and qualitative values of environmental activities need to be evaluated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01868365
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Culture and the environment in Britain (1985)
    Springer
    Environmental management 9 (1985), S. 113-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Environmental management ; Culture ; Pollution ; Countryside protection ; Britain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The British pride themselves on their long tradition of landscape management rooted in the aristocratic and landowning classes of the 18th and 19th centuries. The British also emphasize that the rise of modern pollution control began in the Victorian industrial era with the emergence of the national Inspectorates and the local Commissioners of Sewers. All these traditions are rooted in British social history, which was heavily influenced by class, power, and the changing shape of industrial and agricultural development. In modern Britain, affected by industrial recession, where concern over jobs and growth appears to dominate public and political attention, as well as public spending cuts that sap the morale and effectiveness of the major regulatory agencies, attitudes toward, and the execution of, environmental protection are undergoing a subtle but profound revolution. It is slowly but agonizingly being recognized that economic growth and social well-being cannot be disconnected from environmental processes and the limits these impose on management and technological intervention. A 21st century Britain will have to integrate conservation with development in order to survive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867111
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seventeenth century organic agriculture in China: II. Energy flows through an agroecosystem in Jiaxing region (1986)
    Springer
    Human ecology 14 (1986), S. 15-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: organic agriculture ; agriculture ; China ; energy flow ; agroecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract The energy flows in a seventeenth century agroecosystem in Jiaxing region of eastern China were analyzed on the basis of historical data. The agroecosystem included cropping, mulberry-silkworm, livestock, and fishing systems. In terms of energy, the agroecosystem was sustainable. Human labor provided all the power with inputs of about 3700 hr per hectare of farmland. Most or 70% of the labor was expended in the cropping system. Human and animal manure provided most of the nutrients for crop and mulberry production. About two-thirds of the total manure was used in crop production and one-third in the mulberry plantations. The only fossil energy input was a few hand tools. Approximately 55% of the grain was consumed directly by local residents, about one-third of the grain was used to make an alcohol drink and produce distillers'grains, which was fed to pigs, and only 2% of the grains were exported outside the agroecosystem. About two-thirds of the harvested crop residues were used as household fuel, while the remainder was returned to the field as an organic fertilizer. Pork accounted for 85% and silk cocoons 14% of the total animal products produced. Even though the agroecosystem was generally sustainable in terms of energy, the major environmental problem was that two-thirds of the harvested crop residues were used for household fuel. This reduced nutrient cycling in the system. Insufficient land was available to produce fuelwood;thus, crop residues were the primary source of fuel for the people.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889208
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of biomass in shifting cultivation (1987)
    Springer
    Human ecology 15 (1987), S. 221-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: agriculture ; shifting cultivation ; biomass ; energy ; cultural ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Shifting cultivation has traditionally been characterized as a highly productive system in terms of the ratio of energy outputs to inputs. This characterization, however, does not take into account the energy contribution of the natural vegetation cleared in preparing the field for cultivation. As a result, the central feature of shifting cultivation, the exploitation of the natural vegetationsoil complex as a substitute for human labor, has been ignored. The omission of the biomass contribution can be attributed to both a focus on the practices involved rather than the underlying strategy of the shifting cultivator, and an excessive preoccupation with the renewability of the energy sources involved in different agricultural systems. A definition of shifting cultivation is proposed that focuses attention on the relationship between the natural vegetationsoil complex and the shifting cultivator. Two methods of including the energy contribution of forest biomass in calculating the productivity of shifting cultivation systems are compared. When the biomass contribution is included, shifting cultivation appears to be an extremely unproductive system of agriculture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00888381
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The taro monoculture of central New Guinea (1987)
    Springer
    Human ecology 15 (1987), S. 301-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: New Guinea ; taro ; agriculture ; monoculture ; subsistence ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract An ancient, sustainable, and low risk Colocasiataro monoculture has persisted until modern times among the Mountain Ok peoples of central New Guinea. There is a monoculture-polyculture axis in the region with taro monocultures predominant in the rain forests of the mid-altitude fringe. We argue that when examined from the standpoint of ecosystem simplification, biological variability, and subsistence vulnerability, the taro monocultures exhibit many ecological and systemic properties commonly attributed to polycultures. Monoculture is not an exclusive category; specific cases must be placed in a broader context of the larger ecosystem and the options people have at their disposal. Reduction of the taro monoculture is occurring in response to modernization pressures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00888028
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Motherhood and subsistence work: The Tamang of rural Nepal (1989)
    Springer
    Human ecology 17 (1989), S. 205-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: time-allocation ; pregnancy and lactation ; women ; subsistence labor ; seasonality ; childcare ; mortality ; Nepal ; agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Minute-by-minute observation of individual women over the period of a year provides a reliable and valuable description of their daily activities. The extent to which Nepalese rural women vary their subsistence responsibilities during pregnancy and lactation is examined by comparing mothers with a non-childbearing sample. The remarkable behavioral similarity between the two groups of women when workloads are high is explained by reference to childcare practices and labor constraints prevailing in the community.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889713
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Farming, fishing, and fire in the history of the upper Río Negro region of Venezuela (1987)
    Springer
    Human ecology 15 (1987), S. 1-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: Amazon ; fire ; fishing ; agriculture ; energetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Studies of Río Negro subsistence farming and fishing activities are used to estimate the human carrying capacity for the region and the likely pattern of human land-use during prehistory. Ceramic evidence suggests human presence in the region more than 3000 years ago. Traditional farming is labor intensive and relatively unproductive. Nevertheless, farmers achieve an energy return of 15.2∶1, and produce 2600 kcal per work hour. Fish are the major protein source, but fish catch per unit of effort and fish yield per hectare of floodplain are very low; fishermen are probably exploiting local fish resources very close to their limit. The low human population density would suggest that the Río Negro forest has been relatively undisturbed. Nevertheless, charcoal is widespread and abundant in forest soils. This charcoal is probably from anthropogenic or natural wildfires. These results suggest a much more complex history for Amazonia than previously thought.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00891369
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Labor efficiency and intensity of land use in rice production: An example from Kalimantan (1985)
    Springer
    Human ecology 13 (1985), S. 271-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: agriculture ; population density ; labor efficiency ; Kalimantan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract The “Boserup hypothesis” contends that land-intensive systems of agriculture will be adopted only when high population density precludes the use of land-extensive methods. In the Kerayan District of East Kalimantan (Indonesia) the Lun Dayeh practice permanent-field rice cultivation despite very low human densities. An examination of the relative labor efficiencies of shifting and permanent-field agriculture in the Kerayan, as well as of local environmental and historical variables, explains why this “anomalous” situation exists. It is argued that since relative success in production of rice by shifting- and permanent-field irrigated methods depends on many natural and social conditions other than levels of population density, the “environment-free” Boserup hypothesis cannot adequately explain or predict the occurrence of particular forms of rice agriculture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01558252
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seventeenth century organic agriculture in China: I. Cropping systems in Jiaxing region (1986)
    Springer
    Human ecology 14 (1986), S. 1-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: organic agriculture ; agriculture ; China ; energy flow ; agroecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract The cropping systems of seventeenth century traditional organic agriculture in the Jiaxing region of eastern China required about 2000 hr of labor per hectare for rice production. Rice and related grain crops were produced employing only human power. The input was about 200 times that for most mechanized grain production today. The charcoal or fossil energy input to produce simple hand tools accounted for only 1–2% total energy in the crop systems. Organic wastes including manures, pond sediments, and green manure crops supplied most of the nutrients. Rice yields, ranging as high as 6700–8400 kg/ha, were similar to some of the highest yields today. The energy output/input ratio ranged from 9 for compost-fertilized rice to 12 for green manure-fertilized rice production. These ratios were 2–10 times higher than most mechanized rice production systems of today. Knowledge of the crop and soil system enabled the early Chinese farms to maintain high crop yields and sustain highly productive soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889207
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