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  • Articles  (9,788)
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  • Springer  (9,730)
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  • 1985-1989  (4,652)
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  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (9,788)
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  • Articles  (9,788)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetostatic wave devices for UHF band applications (1985)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 285-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Magnetostatic surface wave (MSSW) devices made with pure and gallium-substituted yttrium-iron garnet (Ga:La-YIG) films are described. These devices include nondispersive and dispersive delay lines, band-pass filters, oscillators, and resonators. By controlling the magnitude of the bias magnetic field and the temperature of operation, it is possible to tune these devices over a wide frequency range extending from 0.3 to 4 GHz and from 3 to 18 GHz using Ga:La-YIG and pure YIG films, respectively. These devices could be used in pulse compression radar, microscan receivers, complicated Fourier transform processors, and fundamental oscillator circuits. In this paper, we briefly show results for pure YIG devices tunable in C and X bands and discuss, in detail, the performance of the Ga:La-YIG devices for UHF applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600086
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MSW devices for EW receiver applications (1985)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 301-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Conclusion Significant improvements are required in the performance of MSW dispersive delay lines and filter banks before they are ready for systems application. Typically delay lines with bandwidths of 1 GHz or greater, differential delays in the range 200 ns to 1μs, and minimum phase errors (〈±1 °) are required for large (∿40 dB) dynamic range compressive receivers. However, techniques are evolving (see rest of this issue) in this relatively new area of technology which will allow systems performance requirements on phase errors to be met. Possible approaches to low phase error dispersive delay lines include reflective arrays, stepped ground planes, and multiple YIG films. The stepped ground plane technique is the most advanced and uses an optimization approach to the delay-line design, which results in a minimum phase error [20]. Ultimately the minimum achievable phase error will be limited by reflections from transducers and multiple mode effects in the delay lines. The MSW compressive receiver requires parallel advances in high-speed digital processing techniques to achieve its full potential. The MSW filter bank provides a simple channelization technique applicable up to approximately 20 GHz. Narrowband channels with 10 dB insertion loss, 3 dB bandwidths of 10 to 40 MHz, and 50 dB bandwidths of 30 to 120 MHz are possible with the already demonstrated techniques. Broader bandwidth channels in the range 50 to 200 MHz with flat passband response require improved transducer design techniques. The channelized receiver does not require extremely high-speed operations but, since a large number of channels are involved, size and cost become very significant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600087
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the mechanism of transient instability of power systems (1985)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 413-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In recent studies, it has been verifiedheuristically andexperimentally (via simulations) that instability in power systems due to a fault occurs when one machine or a group of machines, called thecritical group, loses synchronism with the remaining machines. Using energy functions associated with a critical group (rather than system-wide functions), transient stability results which are less conservative than other existing results, have been obtained. The existence and identity of a critical group is ascertained in these studies byoff-line simulations. In this paper, we present results, for power systems with uniform damping, which establishanalytically theexistence and theidentity of the critical group of machines due to a given fault. We also present a result to determine estimates of the domain of attraction of asymptotically stable equilibrium points in power systems. The results presented herein can potentially be usedon-line to determine which machines belong to a critical group, and to use this information for corrective action (e.g.,shedding of the critical generators orfast valving for these generators). The applicability of the present results is demonstrated by means of a specific example (a 162-bus, 17-generator model of the power network of the State of Iowa).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01605428
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A survey of linear singular systems (1986)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 5 (1986), S. 3-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper is a brief historical review of linear singular systems, followed by a survey of results on their solution and properties. The frequency domain and time domain approaches are discussed together to sketch an overall picture of the current status of the theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600184
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Arma spectral estimation based on partial autocorrelations — Part II: Statistical analysis (1985)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 367-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In a previous paper [1], a new algorithm for ARMA spectral estimation of stationary time series has been presented. The algorithm is based on nonlinear least squares fit of the sample partial autocorrelations to the partial autocorrelations generated by the assumed ARMA model. This paper explores the statistical properties of the above algorithm, including some numerical examples of the asymptotic variance of the estimated parameters, as compared to the Cramer-Rao bound. The results confirm the good performance of the algorithm and suggest an improvement in its implementation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01605426
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MSW applications for phased array antennas (1985)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 335-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A potential application of MSW technology lies in the area of time delay for future low-sidelobe wide-bandwidth phased array antennas. High-precision MSW electronically tunable analog time-delay units in transmit/receive modules in phased arrays have the potential of greatly enhancing antenna system capabilities, by increasing instantaneous operating bandwidth and decreasing sidelobe levels, over phased array systems using only phase shifters or switched lines for beam steering and control. This paper provides a status report of MSW time delays for such arrays.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600089
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The decimation-in-frequency algorithms for a family of discrete sine and cosine transforms (1988)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 3-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we present results in the development of decimation-in-frequency algorithms for a family of discrete sine and cosine transforms. They are closely related to the decimation-in-time algorithms developed by Yip and Rao [1]. The complexity of the algorithms was examined through the number of multiplications and additions as well as the number of different constants required in the transforms. It was found that the decimation-in-frequency approach provides a viable alternative to other fast algorithms for the discrete sine and cosine transforms. In particular, the recursive and modular structure of the algorithms lends itself readily to possible hardware realization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600005
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial (1988)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 113-113 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01602092
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An overview of the special issue: Concurrent architectures for signal processing (1988)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 115-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01602093
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A size-independent systolic array for matrix triangularization and eigenvalue computation (1988)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 173-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A fixed-size systolic array which can efficiently triangularize arbitrarily large matrices is presented. The array performs orthogonal triangularization by applying Givens' rotations in parallel. For matrices larger than the array, the triangularization is accomplished by emulating a large array with the fixed-size array. The distinguishing features of this array are (1) only one type of cell is used, (2) only unidirectional data flow is required, and (3) the array is rectangular shaped. These properties make it more suitable to emulate arbitrarily large arrays by feedback emulation. The array can also efficiently compute the eigenvalues of arbitrarily large matrices by theQR algorithm, because it can also perform theQR decomposition. In the computation the rotation parameters generated during each stage of theQR decomposition are used in the multiplication before the next stage of decomposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01602096
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonplanar switchable arrays (1988)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 213-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract On-line signal processing and automatic control applications give rise to numerous examples of computationally intense algorithms. Architectures which are algorithmically specialized and provide massive parallelism are necessary to cope with such computational requirements. Systolic arrays, which feature parallelism, local communications, and VLSI compatability appear to match up well with these computational requirements. This paper summarizes recent research on a general class of nonplanar systolic arrays. These arrays feature closed-loop data flow. The arrays may be switched dynamically to facilitate I/O simplicity and to accommodate iterative calculations without intermediate I/O interdiction. The closed-loop data flows also facilitate restructuring of the array to accommodate specific algorithmic requirements. The potential for multiuser, multialgorithm operation is also enhanced. Matrix operations are used as examples in the development. Algorithms as diversified as the Riccati equation, LU factorization, the Faddeev algorithm, FFT calculation, and controllability Grammians can be implemented on the nonplanar architectures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01602098
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficient systolic structures forLU decomposition and system of linear equations (1988)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 275-287 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper two new systolic structures forLU decomposition of an invertible matrix, having 100% and 50% hardware efficiency, are proposed. In comparison, a previously proposed structure forLU decomposition [1] has a hardware efficiency of only 33%. Utilizing one of the proposed systolic structure forLU decomposition, an integrated systolic structure for solving a system of linear equations is also derived. This is unlike other reported systolic structures for solving a system of linear equations, which are obtained by interconnecting heterogeneous subsystems, requiring complicated data realignment. These improvements in the proposed designs have been brought about by giving due consideration to the input/output data flow pattern between various subcomputations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01602101
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Minimization of transient signals in recursive time-varying digital filters (1988)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 345-359 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Changing the coefficient set of a recursive digital filter during operation results in a transient signal at the filter output. The amplitude of this transient signal may exceed the amplitude of the output signal before and well after the change of coefficients. This effect is rather disturbing in some applications, such as the processing of audio signals. It is shown how these transients can be minimized without increasing the computational complexity of the filter by the use of a properly chosen set of intermediate coefficients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599975
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Author's comment to “on decentralized hierarchic stabilization of a large-scale system with constraints” (1988)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 409-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599978
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Call for papers (1988)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. I 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599981
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the detection of a signal in colored noise (1988)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 467-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A modeling approach is used in the detection of a random signal in colored noise. The received sequence is modeled as a regressive/autoregressive time series, and the presence or absence of the desired signal is determined through a hypothesis testing procedure. The test is based on the construction of anF-statistic using likelihood functions. The statistic can be easily incorporated into the computation of the probability of a false alarm, such as required in the processing of radar signals. Results based on simulated data and actual radar data are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599921
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A variational principle for nonconservative power systems (1988)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 413-424 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Recent results for nonconservative dynamical systems involve a variational principle of the Hamilton type. In this approach the velocity of variation and the variation of velocity are not commutative as in the case of mechanics governing conservative dynamical systems. In this paper we adapt the above approach to power systems which include the effects of transfer conductances. For such power systems we show that if certain noncommutative rules (which are consistent with the ones used for the variation of velocities in nonconservative dynamical systems) are used, then it is possible to employ a variational principle of the Hamilton type to derive the classical model for power systems. Numerous simulations of specific postfault multimachine power systems have verified that the above noncommutative rules are indeed satisfied for the types of power systems which we consider. The present results give additional understanding for the types of energy functions that have recently been used in transient stability studies of power systems. In these works, several attributes of energy functions have been ascertained by means of simulations and heuristic reasoning, rather than analysis (e.g., path-dependent terms of energy functions have been approximated by making linear trajectory assumptions).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599980
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Call for Papers (1988)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. I 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599924
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    VLSI array processors' block implementation of IIR digital filters (1988)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 511-511 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599923
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design of FIR filters with reduced computations (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 17-23 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The performance of a symmetric nonrecursive filter can be improved by multiple use of the same filter. The method is based on an Amplitude Change Function (ACF). An approach to the design of nonrecursive filters using an ACF is discussed in this paper. The prototype filter chosen is a Recursive Running Sum (RRS) filter which does not require any multipliers for its implementation. The required filter specifications are met by multiple use of the RRS filters. The overall filter requires a much smaller number of multiplications and adders than the one designed using the conventional method. It is shown that this method provides reduced noise due to coefficient quantization and product quantization compared with the conventional design technique.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598743
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statistical analysis of two nonlinear least-squares estimators of sine-wave parameters in the colored-noise case (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 3-15 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper establishes the large-sample accuracy properties of two nonlinear least-squares estimators (NLSE) of sine-wave parameters: the basic NLSE, which ignores the possible correlation of the noise, and the optimal NLSE, which, besides the sine-wave parameters, also estimates the noise correlation (appropriately parametrized). It is shown that these two NLS estimators have thesame accuracy in large samples. This result provides complete justification for preferring the computationally less expensive basic NLSE over the “optimal” NLSE. Both estimators are shown to achieve the Cramér-Rao Bound (CRB) as the sample size increases. A simple explicit expression for the CRB matrix is provided, which should be useful in studying the performance of sine-wave parameter estimators designed to work in the colored-noise case.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598742
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    Synthesis of two-dimensional losslessm-Ports with prescribed scattering matrix (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 97-119 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Multidimensional lossless networks are of special interest for use as reference structures for multidimensional wave digital filters [l]–[3]. The starting point of the presented synthesis procedure for two-dimensional representatives of the networks mentioned is a scattering matrix description of the desired multiport. This given matrix is assumed to have those properties which have turned out to be necessary [9], [10] for any scattering matrix of a multidimensional lossless network. The method presented for the synthesis of 2-D reactancem-ports is based mainly on known properties of block-companion matrices and the factorization of a univariable rational matrix which is discrete para-Hermitian and nonnegative definite on the unit circle. The resulting network always contains only a minimal number of frequency-dependent building elements. No restrictions are made concerning the coefficients of the rational entries of the scattering matrix; they may be either real or complex, so as to include even complex networks which are of special interest for multi-dimensional wave digital filters [3].
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598747
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
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    Systems which possessg- andh- Representations (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 145-162 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Examples are given concerning the range of applicability of recent representation results that provide a means of studying the input-output properties of nonlinear systems in terms of the familiar impulse-response concept, and which extend the concept of integral transformation to nonlinear maps. We show that such representations, which we call “g-” and “h-representations,” exist for important classes of systems governed by nonlinear integral equations. In particular, it is proved that a large class of maps that have Volterra series representations also have these representations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599935
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  • 24
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    Decentralized variable structure control of interconnected multi-input/ multi-output nonlinear systems (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 363-387 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract For a broad class of interconnected nonlinear systems, this paper develops a complete design methodology for decentralized variable structure control. Specifically, the paper sets forth design schemes for local switching surfaces and the related local switched feedback gains which together force the original nonlinear interconnected system to behave as a reduced order interconnected equivalent system having a desired response such as stability, tracking, or prespecified eigenvalues. Also developed is a numerical algorithm for constructing the switched local feedback gains. A simple nonlinear example illustrates the control strategy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600000
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  • 25
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    On decentralized hierarchic stabilization of a large-scale system with constraints (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 391-419 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new stabilization method of a large-scale dynamic system, consisting of a set of interconnected subsystems, is presented in this paper. The topology of the interconnected subsystems is given as a network containing nodes with only one ingoing link, and none, one, or more outgoing links. Here, when the notion “node” is used a subsystem is assumed, and the links stand for the subsystem interconnections. The stabilization method is made only by the use of local linear state feedback around each subsystem, in order to satisfy constraints given in the problem. The interconnections among the subsystems are assumed to be nonlinear, time-varying. According to the topology of the large-scale system, the method of stabilization is hierarchic, one proceeds from node to node, and is applicable from a computer standpoint. A design algorithm follows directly, and can be made using the Generate and Test method for each subsystem independently, thus enabling designers to use a computer which has a video terminal as a peripheral unit and providing a possibility for interactive applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600232
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  • 26
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    Estimation of structured covariances with application to array beamforming (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 421-447 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The estimation of covariance matrices which are structured, for example, of Toeplitz type, from measurement data is considered. The problem is considered in the context of array beamforming, and various methods of estimation are derived and compared, such comparison including consideration of the behavior of the estimate in beamforming applications.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600233
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  • 27
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    Formation of the block toeplitz matrix for two-dimensional PLSI Polynomials (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 449-456 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The planar least-squares inverse (PLSI) polynomials are used for stabilization of two-dimensional unstable recursive filters. In order to obtain the PLSI polynomials, the main work involved consists in forming a set of linear equations and then solving them. In this paper we present an efficient and simple method to form the necessary set of linear equations (i.e., the required coefficient matrix) for a chosen pattern and order of the desired PLSI polynomial, starting from the denominator polynomial of a two-dimensional unstable recursive filter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600234
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  • 28
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    System inversion using orthogonal functions (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 347-362 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper shows how to use orthogonal functions to invert singular (i.e., generalized state-space) systems. The approach is to express the inverse system itself as a singular system, and then to apply the theory of orthogonal functions to convert that differential-algebraic system to a purely algebraicgeneralized Lyapunov equation whose solution yields the input of the original system given its output. Both left and right inversion are treated. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of the generalized Lyapunov equation are derived, and a generalizedQZ algorithm is given for its efficient solution. It is also shown that the coefficients in the Walsh function expansion may be approximately found using an FFT-type butterfly network. These results provide both an extension in theory, by investigating the properties of a new Lyapunov equation, and an extension in the implementation of system inversion, by providing a scheme which applies to generalized state-space systems and uses an unconventional approach which may prove to be a useful contribution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599999
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. I 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600237
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    Decoupling of the overflow and quantization phenomena in orthogonal biquad recursive digital filters (1987)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 457-470 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In digital communication networks, a special class of complex biquad recursive digital filters called orthogonal filters is increasingly being used. The separate effects of the overflow and quantization nonlinearities on these orthogonal filters' responses have been investigated [5], [6]. In this paper we examine the zero-input stability properties of the actual orthogonal filter having both overflow and quantization nonlinearities. The overflow nonlinearities considered include saturation, bit-by-bit inversion, zeroing, and modulo 2 arithmetic. The quantization techniques used may be roundoff, magnitude, or value truncation. An example demonstrates the adverse coupling effect between the overflow and quantization nonlinearities. Two criteria are therefore derived to ensure asymptotic overflowstability of the filter in the presence of quantization. These criteria have been translated to the coefficient plane; various regions corresponding to different minimum wordlengths required to ensure decoupling of the overflow and quantization phenomena have been derived.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600235
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    An output error model and algorithm for electromagnetic system identification (1987)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 471-505 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The identification problem for electromagnetic objects excited by transients is discussed. Several classes of models are reviewed, and an output error model is selected. An algorithm for solving the transient identification problem using this model is presented, and some of the issues connected with its use are considered. Examples of the application of this algorithm to electromagnetic data are given.
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    Covariance decompositions via elementary transformations. Applications to filtering (1988)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 21-55 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper depicts the connection between algorithms for the factorization of covariance matrices, a basic operation in linear estimation, and whitening or modeling filters. General algorithms for arbitrary covariances are presented and related to the four fundamental types of cascade filters: feed-forward and feed-back tapped delay line or ladder filter. Systolic implementations of the algorithms and realizations of the associated filters illustrate the correspondence between algorithms and filters. Finally, fast algorithms for special covariances are introduced through two important examples: constant-parameter tapped delay line and ladder filter.
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    Improvement in adaptive noise canceling using a nonlinear filter based on the pontryagin minimum principle (1988)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 57-78 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper introduces a new nonlinear filter that is used for adaptive noise canceling. The derivation and convergence properties of the filter are presented. The performance, as measured by the root mean square error between the signal and its estimate, is compared with that of the commonly used least mean square (LMS) algorithm. It is shown, through simulation, that the proposed nonlinear noise canceler has, on the average, better performance than the LMS canceler. The proposed adaptive noise canceler is based on the Pontryagin minimum principle and the method of invariant imbedding. The computational time for the proposed method is about 10% of that of the LMS, in the studied cases, which is a substantial improvement.
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    VLSI array processors' block implementation of IIR digital filters (1988)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 79-94 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract VLSI systolic and wavefront array processors' architectures for the block implementation of infinite impulse response digital filters with very high sample rates are presented. The proposed systolic array processor achieves the maximum possible throughput rate and requires only local data transfers. The asynchronous wavefront array processor operates at the same maximum throughput rate and, moreover, it is characterized by a substantial reduced latency. The throughput rate of the proposed array processor structures is a linear function of the block lengthL and theoretically it may be arbitrary high; however, it is limited only by a number of practical implications.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. I 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    Fault prediction for analog circuits (1988)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 95-109 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The main problems that are the major concern in network testing are fault detection, fault location, and fault prediction. In this paper a multiple-fault-prediction algorithm is proposed for analog circuits with inaccessible nodes. The components in the circuits may be nominals or may be deviated from the nominals within a prescribed tolerance. In the proposed prediction algorithm, the component values are evaluated according to the consecutive voltage measurements that are continuously monitored at the accessible test points at each periodic maintenance. The component values are used to locate the faulty components and/or to predict the components that are about to fail.
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    Systolic processing for dynamic programming problems (1988)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 119-149 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we investigate systolic processing for problems formulated in dynamic programming. These problems are classified as monadic-serial, polyadic-serial, monadic-nonserial, and polyadic-nonserial. Problems in serial formulations can be implemented easily in systolic arrays; however, nonserial problems may have to be transformed into a serial one before an efficient implementation can be found. monadic-serial dynamic programming problem can be solved as the search of an optimal path in a multistage graph and can be computed as a string of matrix multiplications. Three efficient systolic-array designs are presented. A polyadic-serial dynamic programming problem can be solved by either a divide- and-conquer algorithm or the search of optimal solutions in a serial AND/OR-graph. We have evaluated the asymptotically optimal architecture for divide- and-conquer algorithms and have developed efficient methods of mapping a regular AND/OR-graph into systolic arrays. Cases are studied for transforming a problem in a nonserial formulation into a serial one.
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    A systolic architecture for optimal filter design support (1988)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 151-172 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A prototype filter design is reviewed to underscore the computational problems arising in such designs. A purely systolic-array architecture is presented. This array provides the computational support necessary for filter design. Due to a simple and novel data steering technique the array is capable of carrying out a number of important matrix operations such as factorization, inversion of factors, and matrix-matrix multiplication. Another interesting attribute is the array's ability to maximally overlap computations of multiphase algorithms. In this study we demonstrate the execution of a dense matrix factorization phase and a factor inversion phase on the array with no need for intraphase or interphase I/O. We show that these phases (which are the backbone of an optimal filtering algorithm) are completed in the optimal count of aboutn time units. The array employs 2n n−n simple processing elements (PEs) that are active every other time unit. It is shown that the functions of two adjacent PEs can be merged and assigned to a single PE thus maximizing PE utilization. A possible design of a “merged” PE is given.
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    Geometric problems on two-dimensional array processors (1988)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 191-211 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Parallel algorithms for solving geometric problems on two array processor models—the mesh-connected computer (MCC) and a two-dimensional systolic array—are presented. We illustrate a recursive divide- and-conquer paradigm for MCC algorithms by presenting a time-optimal solution for the problem of finding thenearest neighbors of a set of planar points represented by their Cartesian coordinates. The algorithm executes on a√n×√n MCC, and requires an optimalO(√n) time. An algorithm for constructing theconvex hull of a set of planar points and anupdate algorithm for thedisk placement problem on ann 2/3×n 2/3 two-dimensional systolic array are presented. Both these algorithms requireO(n 2/3) time steps. The advantage of the systolic solutions lies in their suitability for direct hardware implementation.
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    Automatic design and partitioning of systolic/wavefront arrays for VLSI (1988)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 235-252 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we show how systolic/wavefront arrays can be automatically designed and partitioned to solve problems of arbitrary size. Buffer memory and control of a resulting array is regular and simple, and is generated automatically. Also, the throughput of the array is matched with the I/O speed of the host to which it is to be attached. The approach strongly relies upon classical concepts in signal processing, such as signal flow graphs and state transition functional behavior. Some illustrative examples are included.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. I 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01602102
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    Efficient VLSI array processing structures for adaptive quadratic digital filters (1988)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 253-273 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we introduce a class of efficient architectures for adaptive quadratic digital filters. These architectures are based on the LMS algorithm and use the rank compressed lower-upper (LU) triangular deomposition method. These architectures exhibit high parallelism as well as great modularity and regularity. We also consider affiliated VLSI array processing structures and compare these in terms of hardware cost and data throughput delay. For comparison purposes, the distributed arithmetic structures of adaptive quadratic filters are also included in the paper. Finally, the convergence performance of the adaptive quadratic filters is tested via benchmark simulation examples.
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    ARMA modeling of fourth-order cumulants and phase estimation (1988)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 291-325 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new procedure is proposed for ARMA modeling of fourth-order cumulants and trispectrum estimation of non-Gaussian stationary random processes. The new procedure is applied to the identification of nonminimum phase systems for both phase and magnitude response estimation. It is demonstrated by means of comprehensive simulation examples that the ARMA approach exhibits improved performance over conventional trispectrum methods. ARMA model order selection criteria based on fourth-order cumulants are presented and their performance evaluated. The computational complexity of the ARMA and conventional trispectrum methods is also examined. The new procedure does not require knowledge of the non-Gaussian distribution.
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    On adaptive beamforming in correlated noise (1988)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 327-343 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the problem of adaptive beamforming in the presence of fully coherent (correlated) noise sources. Two different techniques are developed for minimizing the effects of coherent interference. The first method employs spatial interpolation of the array aperture, followed by spatial smoothing in order to decorrelate the desired signal and the interference. The second technique is based on a simple algebraic transformation for restoring the rank of the array signal correlation matrix, which is normally rank deficient in such situations. This technique is shown to work for nonuniform adaptive arrays as well. Extensive computer simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed techniques.
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    Zeros and poles of linear periodic multivariable discrete-time systems (1988)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 361-380 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper the notions of transmission zero, invariant zero, and structural zero (that is the geometric notion of zero) are extended to linear periodic discrete-time systems, as well as the notion of pole. Their meaning is clarified and their relationships stressed, thus extending the time-invariant theory. In particular, the invariant zeros and the structural zeros are shown to coincide, together with their multiplicities, and the former are shown to be independent of a linear state feedback. Moreover, the nonzero transmission zeros, the nonzero invariant zeros, and the nonzero poles are shown to be independent of time, together with their multiplicities. Some of these results are obtained with the help of the notions of reachability subspace and inner controllable subspace, which constitute a further development of the geometric theory for this class of systems.
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    Errata (1988)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 411-411 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    On the optimal filtering problem for the cubic sensor (1988)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 381-408 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We consider the problem of optimal filtering of a scalar diffusion process measured by a monotone nonlinear sensor in a low-noise channel. The specific sensors considered are of the formh n(x)=¦x¦n sgn(x). This case represents a wide class of sensors with a critical inflection point, since it is the leading term in Taylor's expansion of the measurement function in the critical region. We give for the first time a formal asymptotic approximation of the conditional and of the mean square estimation errors of the optimal filter as interpolation formulas. We also construct an asymptotic approximation to the optimal filter and compare its performance with that of a constant gain filter.
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    Theory of MSW transducers (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 41-62 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This is a review of two electrical equivalent circuits for multi-element magnetostatic wave transducers. The two circuit models are identified as a transmission line and a two terminal model. Both models have been extended to all three principal MSW modes of propagation to the point where computer programs have been written to plot phase and amplitude response as measured by commercial network analyzers. A review is provided of the basic assumptions, similarities and differences, advantages and disadvantages, and limitations of the two models. The useful range of them covers many cases of practical interest in the one to twelve Ghz frequency range.
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    Magnetostatic surface wave straight-edge resonators (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 201-209 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The performance of the magnetostatic surface wave straight-edge resonator (MSSW-SER) is presented. The resonator uses a rectangular YIG film to propagate MSSWs where the straight edge serves as a reflector. Problems arising from coupling to width mode resonances and their effect on the main resonance are investigated. Through a careful choice of YIG and transducer parameters, the interference effects of the width mode resonances with the main resonance are minimized. As a result, highQ tunable microwave resonators with a tuning range from 2–20 GHz, insertion loss less than 10 dB, and spurious rejection better than 10 dB could be designed and fabricated. This MSSW resonator could be used to construct a tunable low-phase-noise feedback oscillator. However, the tuning range of this MSW feedback oscillator is limited by the phase change of the external amplifier circuit.
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    The technology of YIG film growth (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 89-103 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents in a condensed form, a review of information regarding the technology of yttrium iron garnet (Y3Fe5O12 — YIG) film growth for MSW applications. The method used for film growth is liquid phase epitaxy from a molten solution of PbO/B2O3 into which Y2O3 and Fe2O3 have been added. There are five sections to the paper. The first is an introduction to the crystalline and magnetic features found in YIG. A short second section deals with growth techniques and apparatus. In a third section the melt composition, conditions of growth and homogeneity of as grown material are explored. Growth temperatures varying from 848° C to 998° C have been shown to successfully produce YIG films. Possible sources of MSW loss are explored in the fourth section. It is seen that material contamination and physical irregularities may have a negative effect onΔH. The final section summarizes the state in which YIG film production now stands. The finding is that although usable films are producible routinely, intrinsic performance is not yet achievable on a regular basis.
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    Special issue on magnetostatic waves and applications to signal processing (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 5-7 
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    Dispersive delay at gigahertz frequencies using magnetostatic waves (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 115-135 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Magnetostatic waves are intrinsically suited for use in microwave dispersive delay lines, because they are readily generated at high frequencies and their velocity is frequency dependent. Here we review progress toward meeting the systems requirement that the delay time be linear in frequency. Magnetostatic waves can approach this condition if a ground plane is nearby or if two or more ferrite layers are present; with forward volume waves one may also use a dispersive reflecting array, as is done with surface acoustic waves. The use of a properly shaped ground plane gives the lowest phase errors so far measured (±16° over 0.6 GHz); multiple ferrite layers show promise of allowing the greatest delay.
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    Q-factor for an MSW delay-line based oscillator (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 221-225 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A theoretical derivation of theQ-factor of an MSW delay-line based oscillator is presented which is based on a rigorous, classical definition of theQ-factor of a resonator. The theory takes into account (1) the propagation loss in the delay line, (2) the transduction losses at the input and output transducers of the delay line, (3) the delay times in the delay line and the circuit external to the delay line, and (4) the loading of the oscillator. While the present work was done with MSW in mind, the results are generally applicable to all delay-line based oscillators and would, for instance, apply to the SAW delay-line based oscillators.
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    Magnetostatic wave convolvers (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 253-263 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The present paper reviews recent theoretical results, and reports initial experimental results, on the convolution of contra-propagating magnetostatic forward volume waves (MSFVWs), in the form of cw signals or time-limited cw pulses, in an epitaxial yttrium iron garnet (YIG) film. Computations of the convolver bilinearity factorF int indicate an efficient convolution process over a wide bandwidth, with values ofF int that are of the same order as, or better than, the reported experimental results for MSW convolution in a YIG cylindrical or plate geometry. The values of Fint determined experimentally are in excellent agreement with theory. These results are of interest to microwave system developers particularly if bandwidths of 1 GHz or larger can be realized in practice. A limiting feature of magnetostatic wave (MSW) convolvers is that the maximum delay time of a delay line that is realizable without excessive insertion loss is in the order of 0.5μs. The advantage of MSW convolvers, of course, lies in their ability to perform signal processing directly at microwave frequencies, and in applications such as electronic warfare the advantageously large bandwidths would mitigate the limitations in delay time.
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    Wavenumber support regions for arbitrary arrays (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 439-457 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We set out a procedure for defining the region of wavenumber support relevant for maximum entropy spectral estimation of a noise field incident on a planar array. We consider first linear, nonequispaced arrays, and argue that the problem of defining a region of wavenumber support is only well-posed when either position uncertainty for the array elements is postulated, or phase uncertainty in the measurement of the signals at the array elements is postulated, or one acknowledges that a polar diagram that is almost periodic defines an aliasing frequency in virtually the same way as a polar diagram which is periodic. For planar arrays, the region of wavenumber support can be approximately circular but in general has to be defined with reference to the particular array.
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    Design criterion for zero-input asymptotic overflow-stability of recursive digital filters in the presence of quantization (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 485-502 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates the zero-input stability properties of the exact second-order recursive digital filter having both overflow and quantization non-linearities. Two examples demonstrate the adverse influence of quantization on the overflow-stability property of the filter. Three sets of conditions are presented to ensure asymptotic overflow-stability in the presence of quantization. Using these criteria, various regions in the coefficient plane corresponding to different minimum internal wordlengths required to ensure the non-interaction of overflow and quantization are derived. These results thus form a useful design criterion.
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    Some properties of solutions of the semi-state model for nonlinear nonstationary systems (1986)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 5 (1986), S. 109-123 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Certain properties of solutions similar to set invariance, set attractivity, boundedness, BIBO stability, etc. are investigated for the semistate model $$P(t)\dot x = M(t,x)x + D(t,x)u,y = q(t,x,u).$$ For systems considered, it is assumed that the reduction to a normal form of lower order is not possible. Using the direct method of Liapunov, the properties of solutions are investigated without actual knowledge of solutions.
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    Multiple time scales for nonlinear systems (1986)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 5 (1986), S. 153-169 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we extend the results on the multiple time-scale structure for linear autonomous systems of the form $$\dot x = A( \in )x$$ (cf. Coderchet al. [1]) to nonlinear autonomous systems. Our main result is in obtaining conditions under which the linearized system and the nonlinear system around an equilibrium point have the same time-scale structure.
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    A semistate approach to feedback stabilization of neutral delay systems (1986)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 5 (1986), S. 69-85 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we consider derivative feedback in a semistate framework for the problem of stabilizing the neutral root chains for a class of neutral delay-differential equations where the difference operator (orD-operator) is unstable. Recent work has shown that such systems cannot be stabilized by state feedback alone[3], [13], [16]. In addition, we consider the problem of using derivative feedback to eliminate all neutral root chains entirely, thus turning the closed loop system into a retarded delay system. By representing neutral delay-differential systems as semistate systems over a polynomial ring of delay operators, both of the above problems are shown to be reducible to the following question: Given matricesD,B over a commutative ringR, when does there exist a matrixM also overR such thatD+BM isR-unimodular? In the case of commensurable point delays our results are applications of some recent results on the simultaneous stabilization problem [19], and we give a constructive procedure for computing the required feedback law. In the case of noncommensurable delays we give a sufficient condition for the existence of suitable feedback for the above problems.
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    Editorial (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 3-3 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    Control of magnetostatic waves in thin films by means of spatially nonuniform bias fields (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 63-88 
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    Notes: Abstract Although magnetostatic wave devices normally employ spatially uniform magnetic bias, control of important features of the modes is afforded through judicious use of dc field gradients. Such control can be the basis for new forms of microwave signal processors. Gradients in either the field magnitude, direction, or both can be employed to affect wave dispersion or mode spectra. This is done to control prespecified characteristics such as frequency, rf energy distribution, impedance, and the velocity of energy propagation. Very general mathematical analyses of both the forward volume wave and surface wave geometries are developed for cases where the effective magnetic bias has, depending upon the mode, transverse spatial variation along either the ferrite film width or thickness caused by the applied field, saturation magnetization, magnetic anisotropy — or some combination. Computer simulation has been used to obtain eigenfrequencies and eigenmodes when the bias is uniform or nonuniform. The latter cases reveal that a great deal of control over the mode energy distributions can be exercised by the proper choice of gradients. For example, a forward volume wave can be forced to have strong field-displacement characteristics that are either nearly reciprocal or very strongly nonreciprocal.
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    Current status of magnetostatic reflective array filters (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 157-180 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The continual demand for increased performance in modern communication and radar systems in terms of increased bandwidths and higher operating frequencies has led to investigation of novel techniques and technologies for analog signal processing. In particular, surface acoustic waves (SAW) have been extensively exploited with great success to this end, but systems requiring bandwidths greater than 500 MHz and center frequencies greater than 1 GHz have pushed SAW devices near the practical physical limit of the technology. A novel technology promising increased bandwidths at higher frequencies is based on magnetostatic waves (MSW) propagating in epitaxial films such as Yttrium Iron Garnet (YIG). These waves can be exploited in devices offering instantaneous bandwidths up to 2.2 GHz at microwave center frequencies from 0.5 to 20 GHz. MSW signal processing technology, based on transversal filtering concepts has been under extensive investigation for the past 10 years. This paper reviews the work that has been done utilizing the MSW technology in conjunction with reflective arrays to achieve practical spectral amplitude and delay modification.
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    Magnetostatic wave resonators and oscillators (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 181-200 
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    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this paper is to describe the current status of magnetostatic wave tunable resonators operating between 2 and 12GHz and their applications to microwave oscillators, the wave propagating in a pure yttrium-iron-garnet epi-layer. The first section deals with magnetostatic surface wave (MSSW) resonators consisting of a pair of reflective grooved gratings and two microstrip-transducers set between the gratings. Results on insertion loss, off-resonance frequency rejection andQ value are presented. However MSSW cavities suffer several disadvantages such as the small saturation power level at low frequencies and the difficulty to temperature compensate MSSW devices. These problems are overcome with magnetostatic forward volume waves (MSFVW). Then the second section is devoted to MSFVW resonators. A peculiar folded geometry made of five grooved gratings and two microstrip-transducers has been designed to provide a sufficient out-of-band rejection. The experimental characteristics of these resonators are given. In the last section of this paper are reported the features of tunable oscillators implemented with MSSW and MSFVW resonators in a hybrid configuration. Results about tunability, output power,FM phase noise are reported. MSFVW resonator stabilized oscillators are very promising and magnetostatic wave resonators seem a challenge to YIG spheres.
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    Nonlinear microwave signal-processing devices using thin ferrimagnetic films (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 227-252 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The signal-processing characteristics of signal-to-noise enhancers and frequency-selective limiters are described. Performance of several practical devices is discussed. The theory of below-threshold operation is reviewed. New theoretical results are presented for calculation of threshold power and above-threshold power loss. Frequency selectivity and the consequences of linear losses are calculated for the limiter.
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    Broadband matching of multi-port networks terminated in frequency-dependent loads (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 385-411 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper extends the problem of double-port matching of two frequencydependent non-Foster positive real impedances to that of multi-port matching. Givenn non-Foster positive real impedances and the preassigned transducer power-gain characteristics, necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the existence of a lossless, reciprocaln-port equalizer terminated in these impedances at the ports satisfying the prescribed transducer power-gain characteristics.
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    Design of two-dimensional half-plane recursive digital filters with octagonal symmetry (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 459-483 
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    Notes: Abstract A design method for two-dimensional (2-D) half-plane recursive digital filters is proposed. Constraints in the parameters of the designed transfer function are imposed to ensure octagonal symmetry in the magnitude response. Optimization algorithms are used to minimize thel p norm. The stability of these filters is checked easily by evaluating a small number of predetermined inequalities. Twelve designs are presented to show the characteristics and efficiency of the method proposed.
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    A geometric characterization of the reachable and the controllable subspaces of descriptor systems (1986)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 5 (1986), S. 37-48 
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    Notes: Abstract The concepts of {A,E,R(B)} and restricted {E,A,R(B)} invariance are introduced. The reachable subspace of a descriptor system is shown to be the supremal {A,E,R(B)}invariant subspace contained in the least restricted {E,A,R(B)} subspace of Rn. Algorithms to compute the reachable subspace of a descriptor system $$E\dot x = Ax + Bu$$ in terms ofE,A andB are given. A new proof of the feedback invariance of the reachable subspace is presented.
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    On one-leg methods for differential-algebraic equations (1986)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 5 (1986), S. 87-95 
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    Notes: Abstract One-leg methods for general differential-algebraic equations are analyzed. Sufficient stability conditions are formulated for transferable differential-algebraic equations. A natural scaling is proposed to obtain matrices with uniformly bounded condition in the linear systems to be solved.
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    On digital smoothing filters: A brief review of closed form solutions and two new filter approaches (1986)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 5 (1986), S. 187-210 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The concept of smoothing noisy data using appropriate polynomials turns out to be equivalent to the application of suitable nonrecursive digital filters having the following properties: They process the data in such a way that the moments are conserved up to a desired order while the energy of their impulse response is minimum. Flatness constraints of their frequency response at Ω=0 are equivalent to the moment condition. By using orthogonal polynomials, an explicit solution is known from the literature. A second approach which uses a special decomposition also yields closed form solutions. The realization is simplified, especially in the case where a large number of moments is supposed to be conserved.
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    YIG film characterization for MSW devices (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 105-113 
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    Notes: Abstract An MSW forward volume wave delay line technique for evaluating the properties of as-grown YIG films is described. Presently a qualitative measurement of the effective demagnetizing field including anisotropy contributions is obtained together with a more qualitative estimate of propagation loss. Amplitude ripple or attenuation notches due to MSW to exchange resonance coupling is easily observed. Improvements are suggested which will enable all YIG film parameters relevant to MSW device performance to be obtained.
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    Dispersion control in magnetostatic wave delay lines (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 137-156 
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    Notes: Abstract A major impediment to the realization of practical magnetostatic wave (MSW) devices is the inherent non-linear delay versus frequency characteristics of MSW delay lines. Most device applications require either nondispersive (delay vs. frequency slope=0) or linearly dispersive (delay vs. frequency slope = constant) characteristics. There are four basic approaches to the elimination and/or linearization of MSW dispersion: (1) modification of the magnetic film properties as a function of film thickness, (2) modification of the ground plane geometry, (3) modification of the bias field uniformity, and (4) perturbation of the propagation path surface with metal electrode reflective arrays. In principle all four approaches can yield either linearly dispersive or nondispersive characteristics with a suitable choice of bias field orientation and critical design parameters. These dispersion control techniques are reviewed, and data from recent experiments demonstrating the strengths and weaknesses of the various approaches are discussed. To date the most extensive experimental work has been done with the multiple layer (magnetic properties varied as a function of film thickness) and ground-plane spacing techniques. At present the ground-plane spacing technique produces results acceptable for some systems applications, while the multiple-layer approach is still under development.
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    Tunable microwave oscillators employing narrowband MSSW delay lines (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 211-219 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A recently reported experimental study of microwave tunable oscillators employing narrowband magnetostatic-wave (MSW) delay lines is reviewed. The narrowbanding was achieved by usinglifted transducers with magnetostatic surface waves (MSSWs) which yielded a bandwidth of 10 MHz with an insertion loss of less than 20dB. This approach at delay-line narrowbanding does not work as well with the other MSW wave-types because of increased insertion loss. The mode-hopping problem which beset earlier studies of MSW delay-line oscillators was overcome in the present work but now a different problem arose, viz., frequency jumping, which occurred every time the electrical length of the circuit external to the delay line changed by 360 degrees. A maximum tuning range of about 600 MHz was obtained, with this range limited primarily by the Avantek GaAs FET amplifier that was used whose electrical length was equivalent to about 45 cm of air transmission line. It was concluded that, if the electrical length of the external circuit is sufficiently reduced (ideally made zero), singlemode operation over an octave bandwidth or more is possible.
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    Optical signal processing with magnetostatic waves (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 265-284 
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    Notes: Abstract Magneto-optical devices based on Bragg diffraction of light by magnetostatic waves (MSWs) offer the potential of large time-bandwidth optical signal processing at microwave frequencies of 1 to 20 GHz and higher. A thin-film integrated-optical configuration, with the interacting MSW and guided-optical wave both propagating in a common ferrite layer, is necessary to avoid shape-factor demagnetization effects. The underlying theory of the MSW-optical interaction is outlined, including the development of expressions for optical diffraction efficiency as a function of MSW power and frequency, device geometry, materials properties, and other relevant parameters. Recent experimental observations of anisotropic Bragg diffraction and collinear TE↔TM mode conversion induced by MSWs in yttrium iron garnet (YIG) thin films suggest that high-performance MSW integrated-optical devices are feasible. Diffraction levels as large as 4% (7-mm interaction length) and a modulation dynamic range of ∼30 db have been demonstrated. Potential signal processing applications are mentioned, including: spectrum analyzers, convolvers/correlators, deflectors, non-reciprocal optical isolators, and tunable narrowband optical filters. Advantages of these MSW-based devices over the analogous acousto-optical devices include: much greater operating frequencies, tuning through the MSW dispersion relation by varying either the rf frequency or the applied bias magnetic field, simple MSW transducer structures (e.g., a single stripline), and the potential for very high diffraction efficiencies.
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    System applications of magnetostatic wave devices (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 317-334 
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    Notes: Abstract A need for microwave signal processing components ranging from simple delay lines to broadband, complex analog non-recursive transversal filters has led to the exploration of several solid-state technologies. Bulk acoustic delay lines lack spatial signal tapping and have high insertion loss. Electromagnetic delay lines have high insertion loss, limited signal processing capabilities, and are bulky. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices offer excellent signal processing capabilities at VHF/UHF but suffer from excessive loss at microwave frequencies and the requirement for transducers of sub-micron linewidths. However, a signal processing technology based on magnetostatic waves (MSW) propagating on epitaxial yttrium iron garnet (YIG) is emerging to fill microwave signal processing requirements. This paper summarizes the characteristics and status of magnetostatic waves and devices based on MSW, and initial experimental studies of the application of MSW devices to systems, and presents a survey of other potential areas of MSW device applications.
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    Applications of magnetostatic wave technology to EW systems — An assessment (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 351-363 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Current magnetostatic wave technology applicable to EW systems is assessed. Some of the developments currently underway with dispersive and non-dispersive delay lines, tunable oscillators and bandpass filters are examined and projected performance three years from now is given. Various EW applications are then described based on these projections. This includes compressive receivers, “fast call” receivers, phased arrays, scanning receivers, and channelizers. In many instances MSW technology can replace SAW provided further improvements materialize.
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    Simple consequences of the finite time laplace transform analysis of the periodically reversed switched capacitors (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 503-511 
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    Notes: Abstract The Finite Time Laplace Transform unifies the basis of periodically reverse switched capacitors and periodically switched capacitors. Several examples utilizing both of these switched capacitors are given. Both capacitors have additive semi-null functions which are removed by either a staircase input signal or a post-sampler. The impedance concept is retained and the simplified analysis is more readily accessible than the ubiquitous charge analysis in the literature. There is questionable substance to allegations of a time-variant nature to any switched capacitor.
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    Decoupling and pole-zero assignment of singular systems with dynamic state feedback (1986)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 5 (1986), S. 49-68 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper refers to the problem of designing a linear state feedback dynamic controller for single-input, single-output decoupling of linear, time-invariant, singular systems. Sufficient conditions are established for the state-feedback decoupling problem to have a solution. In the case where the system satisfies these conditions, the class of controller matrices which decouple the system is given. Finally a method is presented for pole-zero placement in the decoupled singular system and a structure is described for the realization of the generalized transfer function matrices.
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    A characterization of semistate systems (1986)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 5 (1986), S. 125-137 
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    Semistate implementation: Differentiator example (1986)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 5 (1986), S. 171-183 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that the semistate equations can be transformed via a linear transformation into a form which is useful for physical realizations. The result is applied to the example of a semistate described differentiator which is then realized through an op-amp circuit composed of integrators.
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    Oscillations of nonlinear feedback systems which contain tightly coupled subsystems in cascade (1986)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 5 (1986), S. 227-259 
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    Notes: Abstract We formulate and prove a theorem which gives a rigorous theoretical justification for the use of describing functions to predict the existence of limit cycles in a multiple nonlinear feedback system and to predict the stability properties of these limit cycles. Our approach uses the classical sinusoidal-input describing function and the theory of integral manifolds. We demonstrate the applicability of our result by means of two specific examples.
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    Chaos generation using binary hysteresis (1986)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 5 (1986), S. 321-341 
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    Notes: Abstract The design of a continuous-time system suitable for electronic circuit realization for integrated circuit generation of chaotic responses is presented. The system is second order and is based upon an unstable oscillator with state-space trajectories that are fed back into themselves, and stabilized, via the use of binary hysteresis. The chaotic nature of the signals is guaranteed by a theorem of Li and Yorke through the generation of a period-three return map. Experimental results are given that verify the design.
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    Some results concerning the abstract degenerate nonlinear equationD t Mu(t) +Lu(t)=f(t, Ku(t)) (1986)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 5 (1986), S. 261-274 
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    Notes: Abstract We apply some abstract existence results, proved in Sections 1 and 2 of the paper, to some cases of the following problem (P), formally stated as (P) $$\left\{ \begin{gathered} D_t \left( {Mu\left( t \right)} \right) + Lu\left( t \right) = f\left( {t,Ku\left( t \right)} \right) 0〈 t \leqslant \tau \hfill \\ Mu\left( t \right) \to u_0 as t \to 0 + \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right.$$ whereK,L,M are linear and/is a nonlinear term. The unknown functionu is required to lie in various functional spaces.
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    Geometric properties of nonlinear networks containing capacitor-only cutsets and/or inductor-only loops. Part I: Conservation laws (1986)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 5 (1986), S. 279-319 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper is the first in a two part sequence which studies nonlinear networks, containing capacitor-only cutsets and/or inductor-only loops from the geometric coordinate-free point of view of differentiable manifolds. Given such a nonlinear networkN, with °0 equal to the sum of the number of independent capacitor-only cutsets and the number of independent inductor-only loops, we establish the following: (i) circuit theoretic sufficient conditions to guarantee that the set Σ0, of equilibrium points is a δ0-dimensional submanifold of the state space Σ ofN; (ii) circuit theoretic sufficient conditions for the condition thatN has δ0 independent conservation laws and hence that through each pointσ of the state space Σ ofN, there passes a codimension δ0 invariant submanifold ∑ σ * of the network dynamics; (iii) circuit theoretic sufficient conditions to guarantee that the manifolds ∑ σ * and Σ0 intersect transversely.
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    A note on the genericity of simultaneous stabilizability and pole assignability (1986)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 5 (1986), S. 371-387 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we study the genericity of simultaneous stabilizability, simultaneous strong stabilizability, and simultaneous pole assignability, in linear multivariable systems. The main results of the paper had been previously established by Ghosh and Byrnes using state-space methods. In contrast, the proofs in the present paper are based on input-output arguments, and are much simpler to follow, especially in the case of simultaneous and simultaneous strong stabilizability. Moreover, the input-output methods used here suggest computationally reliable algorithms for solving these two types of problems. In addition to the main results, we also prove some lemmas on generic greatest common divisors which are of independent interest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600068
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    Synthesis of arbitrary digital transfer functions using allpass-based structures derived via LBR two-pair extraction procedure (1986)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 5 (1986), S. 343-370 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The implementation of a digital filter transfer function with all transmission zeros on the unit circle is developed via the synthesis of an appropriate allpass function. The synthesis procedure is based on the “LBR-extraction” approach. The resulting structure is in the form of a doubly terminated cascade of lossless (LBR) two-pairs, with each two-pair realizing a single real or a pair of complex transmission zeros. The Concepts of complete and partial “1” removals, and “1” shifting are introduced and utilized during the synthesis process. The resulting structures have several properties in common with the Gray and Markel lattice filters, but do not require tap coefficients for numerator realization. The building blocks used in this paper are similar to those in certain wave-digital filters and orthogonal filters.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600067
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  • 86
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    Generalized solutions of semistate equations and stability (1986)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 5 (1986), S. 391-403 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, solvability and stability of nonlinear, time-varying semistate equations is discussed. It is shown that generalized solutions exist in a vicinity of an equilibrium. Moreover, results on a Liapunov-like (uniform, asymptotic) stability are given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599616
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    Approximating linearizations for nonlinear systems (1986)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 5 (1986), S. 419-433 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Given a nonlinear control system $$\dot x(t) = f(x(t)) + \sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {u_i (t)g_i (x(t))}$$ on ℝ n and a pointx 0 in ℝ n , we want to approximate the system nearx 0 by a linear system. Of course, one approach is to use the usual Taylor series linearization. However, the controllability properties of both the nonlinear and linear systems depend on certain Lie brackets of the vector field under consideration. This suggests that we should construct a linear approximation based on Lie bracket matching atx 0. In general, the linearizations based on the Taylor method and the Lie bracket approach are different. However, under certain mild assumptions, we show that there is a coordinate system for ℝ n nearx 0 in which these two types of linearizations agree. We indicate the importance of this agreement by examining the time responses of the nonlinear system and its linear approximation and comparing the lower-order kernels in Volterra expansions of each.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599618
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    A new approach to Hurwitz polynomials in several variables (1986)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 5 (1986), S. 405-417 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The theory of scattering and related types of Hurwitz polynomials, as well as the role of these polynomials in the theory of multidimensional passive circuits, have been established in previous publications. In the present paper a new approach is developed by means of which the previous results on scattering Hurwitz polynomials can be obtained in a more compact and systematic fashion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599617
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    Approximation of nonlinear systems having outputs (1986)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 5 (1986), S. 465-479 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Suppose we have a nonlinear system with output $$\begin{gathered} \dot x = f(x) + g(x)u, \hfill \\ y = h(x), \hfill \\ \end{gathered}$$ an open setO of state spaceR n , and a positive integerk. We find conditions onf,g, andh so that for eachx 0 ε O there is ann-dimensional affine linear system, which depends onx 0 but not onu, having the property that the output time responses (starting at the statex 0 of the original nonlinear system and this approximating linear system agree through orderk for any admissable controlu. Several possible applications of our results are examined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599621
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    Geometric properties of nonlinear networks containing capacitor-only cutsets and/or inductor-only loops. Part II: Symmetries (1986)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 5 (1986), S. 435-448 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper is the last in a two-part sequence which studies nonlinear networks, containing capacitor-only cutsets and/or inductor-only loops, from the geometric coordinate-free point of view of the theory of differentiable manifolds. For such circuits, it is shown that (subject to certain assumptions) there is a naturally defined Lie group action of $$\mathbb{R}^{\delta _0 }$$ on the state space ∑ ofN, whereδ 0 is the sum of the number of independent capacitor-only cutsets and the number of independent inductor-only loops. Circuit theoretic sufficient conditions on the reactive constitutive relations are derived for the circuit dynamics to be invariant under this Lie group action.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599619
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    Stability of nonlinear systems with three time scales (1986)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 5 (1986), S. 449-464 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We study the asymptotic stability of a singularly perturbed nonlinear time-invariant systemS ɛv , which has three vastly different time scales. The systemS ɛv is approximated by three simpler systems over different time intervals. We give a straightforward proof of the fact that the asymptotic stability ofS ɛv is guaranteed when the equilibrium points of the three simpler systems are exponentially stable and when the parametersɛ andν are sufficiently small.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599620
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    Some properties of the multidimensional complex cepstrum and their relationship to the stability of multidimensional systems (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 3-30 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Conditions are obtained for the cepstrum of anl 1 sequence having arbitrary support on theM-dimensional lattice to exist also as anl 1 sequence with arbitrary support. These conditions are used to show that the cepstrum of a sequence with support on a half-space will, when it exists, also have support on the same half-space. This result is used, in turn, to describe the support of the cepstrum of a sequence with bounded support on a half-space. The relationship between the existence of the cepstrum and bounded-input, bounded-output (BIBO) stability for all three of these cases is considered. Finally, the derivatives of the inversion operator, the homomorphic transform operator, and its inverse are calculated. These results are also useful in the one-dimensional case.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599003
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    A software environment for digital signal-processing simulations (1987)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 31-43 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A signal-processing software system is described which allows the simulation of systems described by block diagrams or signal-flow graphs. A high-level data-flow language describes the interconnection of the components. All configurations of interconnections are allowed, including those containing feedback. Component systems (blocks) are allowed to be multi-input, multi-output, and to be programmed in any language. Blocks are implemented as separate processes running under a UNIX2 operating system. Input and output signals are transferred between blocks via the UNIXpipe facility. Thedata type of a signal is arbitrary in the context of the compiler; within a component or system, signals and internal variables can be either floating point or fixed point. The compiler enforces strong or weak type checking of signals according to the characteristics of the blocks generating and receiving the signals. The invariance of the program to implementation data type is accomplished by the use of abstract data types. Fixed-point simulations having differing number of bits per signal and per internal variable in a block are supported. Special display software is used to allow any signal in the system to be displayed on any graphics device.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599004
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    The numerical solution of some higher-index time-varying semistate systems by difference methods (1987)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 61-75 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the solvability of fully implicit index-one and semiexplicit index-two linear time-varying semistate systems of the formA(t)x′+B(t)x=f(t). Using these solvability criteria, we establish the convergence and stability of backward difference formulas (BDF) for solvable semiexplicit index-two systems. In the algebraic variables, these methods exhibit a boundary layer of instability of length 2k, wherek is the order of the method. Finally, we show that the systems considered in this paper belong to a class of problems, solvable by BDF, which strictly contains the systems safely transformable to standard canonical form.
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    On the approximation of the magnitude response of two-dimensional IIR digital filters using linear programming (1987)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 45-60 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The design of two-dimensional IIR digital filters is approached using linear-programming techniques. The problem is formulated as an approximation problem and filter frequency response characteristics are represented via the square of the magnitude of the filter transfer function. An appropriate approximation error is minimized leading to a linear problem formulation. The latter problem does not require differential correction methods for its solution, thus resulting in a computationally efficient algorithm. Stability conditions and symmetry considerations are easily accounted for. The linear programming approach assures convergence of the solution to a global minimum, among other advantages over nonlinear methods. Several examples illustrate the strength and effectiveness of the methodology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599005
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    Stabilization theory for single-input/single-output two-dimensional systems (1987)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 77-93 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Necessary and sufficient conditions for output and state feedback stabilization are given for single-input/single-output systems. Extensions are also provided for single-input/multi-output and multi-input/single-output systems. A technique for constructing explicitly a stabilizing controller is presented, and the main differences with respect to the one-dimensional case are clarified. Finally, the existence of “intrinsically unstable” transfer functions, i.e., not allowing stabilizable realizations, is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599007
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    Single-parameter controlled-variable amplitude change function for digital filtering (1987)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 95-106 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A single-parameter controlled-variable amplitude change function has been constructed for digital filtering using multiple units of a prototype filter. The limits of variation are discussed. The technique is shown to be useful not only for the reduction of errors in either the pass band or the stop band of the overall filter, but also for varying the cutoff frequency of the overall filter over a wide range. Hardware implementation problems resulting from a wide variation are shown to be overcome by a modular approach.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599008
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    Introduction to the special issue (1987)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 125-126 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598954
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    Editorial (1987)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 123-123 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598953
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  • 100
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    Parameter estimation of continuous-time stationary Gaussian processes with rational spectra (1987)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 107-119 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers the problem of estimating the parameters of continuous-time stationary Gaussian processes with rational spectra, from uniformly sampled measurements. The sampled process is shown to be an autoregressive moving-average process, and explicit relationships between the parameters of the continuous-time and the sampled processes are derived. These relationships are then used to derive a lower bound on the variances of biased estimates of the continuous-time parameters, and on the generalized variance of such estimates. It is shown by some examples that the bound on the generalized variance depends on the sampling interval in a nonmonotonic manner. In particular, for each specific set of parameters there exists a sampling interval for which the lower bound is minimized.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599009
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