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  • Articles  (15)
  • scheduling  (9)
  • uncertainty  (6)
  • 1985-1989  (15)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1945-1949
  • Economics  (15)
  • Sociology  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of risk and uncertainty 2 (1989), S. 189-212 
    ISSN: 1573-0476
    Keywords: Risk ; choice ; perception ; control ; adjustment ; uncertainty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Experienced executives frequently try to modify the risky situations they face in order to make them more favorable rather than simply choosing from among available decision options. This article investigates several types of risk adjustments such as trying to influence the situation through bargaining and spending resources, gathering information, developing new options, and consulting one's superiors. A theoretical framework is presented that characterizes different types of adjustments and relates them to variables such as perceived risk, perceived control, perceived responsibility, decisiveness, and risky choice. The framework is tested using experienced decision makers who respond to four simulated risky business decisions.
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  • 2
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    Theory and decision 27 (1989), S. 93-106 
    ISSN: 1573-7187
    Keywords: cognition ; decision ; graphs ; artificial intelligence ; risk ; uncertainty ; expert systems ; expected utility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In the first part, we try to give a representation of the process by which man endeavours to grasp uncertainty. We propose a backward exploration which we will modelize through an influence diagram and then we can draw a few conclusions from that representation for the axiomatics of Decision. In the second part, we deal with the processing of the information formatted in such a way, regarding both its temporal complexity and its elective complexity. The first part as the second one dealing with representation and the consequences for information processing of uncertainty cognition lead to a severe criticism of the expected utility hypothesis. To conclude, we suggest a few remarks on expert systems of decision aid under uncertainty.
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  • 3
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    Theory and decision 26 (1989), S. 1-35 
    ISSN: 1573-7187
    Keywords: research and development ; resource allocation ; project selection ; uncertainty ; data improvement ; control strategy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the problem of optimal control of R&D. The fundamental aspects of this problem are viewed as: uncertainty about economic parameters of new technology (or new activity, e.g. a search for new oil fields) explored by a group of parallel projects attempting to make advances in this technology as well as improve economic data; allocation of investments among rival projects under a given total budget; timing of the ultimate selection of new technology (activity) according to the most successful project. The process of data improvement (PDI) is described as a (random) process of reducing the intervals of uncertainty, the rate of data improvement being controlled, in effect, by the investment policy. A stationary dynamic model with infinite horizon of planning and with the criterion of total discounted costs is developed. The model is carefully investigated from the economic point of view, and some new effects are discovered. It is demonstrated that uncertainty may be the source of additional gain; the bigger the initial uncertainty, the bigger the gain may be under optimal control. This effect is based on PDI, the economic background of which is presented as multiplication of the expected gain over time, which is typical for the classical macromodels of economics. Optimal continuous control is constructed at every time moment, and answers to two main questions are given: (1) either to prolong R & D or to make ultimate selection of one project, (2) how to allocate resources among the rival projects in the case of R&D prolongation. The last question is answered on the basis of profitability indices that relate efficiencies of PDI for particular projects to the costs of information.
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  • 4
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    Theory and decision 26 (1989), S. 99-105 
    ISSN: 1573-7187
    Keywords: decision theory ; uncertainty ; betting system ; Dutch book ; belief function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract By considering situations of partially resolving uncertainty, a one-to-one correspondence between belief functions and coherent betting systems à la de Finetti is shown to exist.
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  • 5
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    Mathematical methods of operations research 33 (1989), S. 297-313 
    ISSN: 1432-5217
    Keywords: scheduling ; production ; resource constraints ; flexible manufacturing systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Some variations are presented for the preemptive scheduling problem on unrelated processors, one shows how nonrenewable resources with a time-varying supply may be taken into account in an extension of the two-phase method; phase 1 consists in solving an LP problem and phase 2 is the construction of the schedule; such a construction reduces to the determination of integral vectors in polyhedra defined by totally unimodular matrices. In special cases, this is simply a compatible flow problem.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden Variationen für Reihenfolgeprobleme mit Unterbrechungen betrachtet bei denen die Aufgaben mit unterschiedlicher Bearbeitungszeit auf den einzelnen Maschinen gelöst werden können. Insbesondere wird ein Problem mit nichterneuerbaren Resourcen und zeitabhängigen Nachfragen behandelt und es wird gezeigt, daß dieses Problem durch eine Erweiterung der 2-Phasenmethode gelöst werden kann. In Phase 1 wird ein LP gelöst, während in Phase 2 ein zugehöriger Schedule konstruiert wird. Diese Konstruktion erfolgt durch die Bestimmung ganzzahliger Vektoren, die Ecken eines Polyeders entsprechen, der durch eine vollständig unimodulare Matrix definiert wird. In Spezialfällen reduziert sich dies auf Flußprobleme.
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  • 6
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    Annals of operations research 15 (1988), S. 337-352 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Flexible systems ; machining ; assembly ; scheduling ; algorithms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Most scheduling papers consider flexible machining and assembly systems as being independent. In this paper, a heuristic two-level scheduling algorithm for a system consisting of a machining and an assembly subsystem is developed. It is shown that the upper level problem is equivalent to the two machine flow shop problem. The algorithm at the lower level schedules jobs according to the established product and part priorities. Related issues, such as batching, due dates, process planning and alternative routes, are discussed. The algorithm and associated concepts are illustrated on a number of numerical examples.
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  • 7
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    Annals of operations research 16 (1988), S. 327-332 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Monte Carlo technique ; cooling strategies ; scheduling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Simulated annealing (statistical cooling) is applied to bin packing problems. Different cooling strategies are compared empirically and for a particular 100 item problem a solution is given which is most likely the best known so far.
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  • 8
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    Annals of operations research 14 (1988), S. 245-289 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: 90C27 ; 68Q15 ; 68Q25 ; 68Rxx ; Parallel computer ; computational complexity ; polylog parallel algorithm ; P-completeness ; sorting ; shortest paths ; minimum spanning tree ; matching ; maximum flow ; linear programming ; knapsack ; scheduling ; traveling salesman ; dynamic programming ; branch and bound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This is a review of the literature on parallel computers and algorithms that is relevant for combinatorial optimization. We start by describing theoretical as well as realistic machine models for parallel computations. Next, we deal with the complexity theory for parallel computations and illustrate the resulting concepts by presenting a number of polylog parallel algorithms andP-completeness results. Finally, we discuss the use of parallelism in enumerative methods.
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  • 9
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    Annals of operations research 12 (1988), S. 85-108 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Artificial intelligence ; knowledge-based systems ; opportunistic search ; scheduling ; planning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In a search for more efficient yet effective ways of solving combinatorially complex problems such as jobshop scheduling, we move towards opportunistic approaches that attempt to exploit the structure of a given problem. Rather than adhere to a single problem-solving plan, such approaches are characterized by almost continual surveillance of the current problem-solving state to possibly modify plans so that activity is consistently directed toward those actions that currently seem most promising. Opportunistic behavior may occur in problem decomposition down to selective application of scheduling heuristics. We developed and performed limited testing of a scheduling system, called OPIS 0, that exhibits such behavior to some extent. The results are encouraging when compared to ISIS and a dispatching system. It is believed that such opportunistic views of scheduling would lead to systems that allow more flexibility in terms of designing scheduling procedures and supporting the scheduling function.
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  • 10
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    Journal of risk and uncertainty 1 (1988), S. 267-283 
    ISSN: 1573-0476
    Keywords: Risk ; uncertainty ; expected utility ; nonlinear preference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract During the past generation, expected utility theory has been widely accepted as the normative standard for decision making under risk and under uncertainty. However, it is now known that reasonable people often violate its assumptions, and a number of generalizations of the theory have been developed to accommodate some of the more common violations. This essay recalls the origins of expected utility in the early 1700s, notes its axiomatizations on the basis of preference comparisons in the mid-1900s, describes violations of those axioms uncovered since then, outlines new theories stimulated by the violations, and suggests where the field might be headed in the next few decades.
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  • 11
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    Annals of operations research 9 (1987), S. 615-628 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Bayesian paradigm ; Bayes ; statistical inference ; applied probability ; uncertainty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper is based on an invited lecture given by the author at the ORSA/TIMS Special Interest Group on Applied Probability Conference onStatistical and Computational Problems in Probability Modeling, held at Williamsburg, Virginia, January 7–9, 1985. The theme of this paper is twofold. First, that members of the above group should be seriously concerned with issues of statistical inference — they should not stop short upon proposing a probability model. Second, that inference be undertaken via a strict adherence to the rules of probability — the Bayesian paradigm. To underscore a need for emphasizing the first theme, it may be pertinent to note that an overwhelming majority of the papers dealing with statistical and inferential issues that were presented at this conference were authored by members who did not claim to belong to the ORSA/TIMS Special Interest Group on Applied Probability. The lecture was followed by a panel discussion, with Drs. Lyle Broemeling and Edward Wegman of the Office of Naval Research as discussants. Dr. Robert Launer of the Army Research Office served as a moderator. Discussions from the floor included comments by Professors D. Harrington of Harvard University, E. Parzen of Texas A & M University, and R. Smith of Imperial College, London, England. This paper, and the comments of the panelists, are published in this volume of theAnnals of Operations Research, which is going to serve as a Proceedings of the Conference.
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  • 12
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    Annals of operations research 3 (1985), S. 355-377 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Flexible manufacturing systems ; scheduling ; manufacturing systems ; simulation ; computer integrated manufacturing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a new two-phase (TP) approximate method for real-time scheduling in a flexible manufacturing system (FMS). This method combines a reduced enumeration schedule generation algorithm with a 0–1 optimization algorithm. In order to make the combined algorithm practicable, heuristic rules are introduced for the selection of jobs to be scheduled. The relative performance of the TP method vis-a-vis conventional heuristic dispatching rules such as SPT, LPT, FCFS, MWKR, and LWKR is investigated using combined process-interaction/discrete-event simulation models. An efficient experimental procedure is designed and implemented using these models, and the statistical analysis of the results is presented. For the particular case investigated, the conclusions are very encouraging. In terms of mean flow time, the TP method performs significantly better than any other tested heuristic dispatching rules. Also, the experimental results show that using global information significantly improves the FMS performance.
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  • 13
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    Annals of operations research 4 (1985), S. 227-252 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Distance matrix ; earliest start scheduling ; feasible partial orders ; Graham anomalies ; project networks ; regular cost functions ; resource constrained project networks ; scheduling ; stochastic scheduling problems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The paper deals with the network optimization problem of minimizing regular project cost subject to an arbitrary precedence relation on the sets of activities and to arbitrarily many resource constraints. The treatment is done via a purely structural approach that considerably extends the disjunctive graph concept. It is based on so-called feasible posets and includes a quite deep and useful representation theorem. This theorem permits many insights concerning the analytical behaviour of the optimal value function, the description and counting of all essentially different optimization problems, the nature of Graham anomalies, connections with the on-line stochastic generalizations, and several others. In addition, it also allows the design of a quite powerful class of branch-and-bound algorithms for such problems, which is based on an iterative construction of feasible posets. Using so-called distance matrices, this approach permits the restriction of the exponential part of the algorithm to the often comparatively small set of ‘resource and cost essential’ jobs. The paper reports on computational experience with this algorithm for examples from the building industry and includes a rough comparison with the integer programming approach by Talbot and Patterson.
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  • 14
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    Annals of operations research 3 (1985), S. 113-139 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: FMS ; scheduling ; mean value analysis ; HOL ; performance analysis ; queueing networks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract A new methodology for performance analysis of flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs) with priority scheduling is presented. The analytic model developed extends the mean value analysis of closed networks of queues with multiple product types, various non-preemptive priority service disciplines, and with parallel machine stations. Performance measures derived include the expected throughput per product and per station, utilization of machines and transporters, queuing times and queue length measures for various configurations. Extensive numerical calculations have shown that the algorithm used for solving the problem converges rapidly and retains numerical stability for large models. The paper also illustrates the application of the model to a system with a mixture of FCFS and HOL disciplines which gives insights into various priority assignment policies in FMSs. Special attention was given to the problem of scheduling the robot carriers (transporters).
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  • 15
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    Annals of operations research 5 (1985), S. 539-556 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Programming ; interactive algorithms ; graphics ; scheduling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Optimization algorithms or heuristics in which the user interacts significantly either during the solution process or as part of post-optimality analysis are becoming increasingly popular. An important underlying premise of such man/machine systems is that there are some steps in solving a problem in which the computer has an advantage and other steps in which a human has an advantage. This paper first discusses how man/machine systems can be useful in facilitating model specification and revision, coping with aspects of a problem that are difficult to quantify and assisting in the solution process. We then survey successful systems that have been developed in the areas of vehicle scheduling, location problems, job shop scheduling, course scheduling, and planning language-based optimization.
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