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  • Articles  (9)
  • risk  (5)
  • core  (4)
  • 1985-1989  (9)
  • 1970-1974
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  • Economics  (9)
  • Sociology  (4)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of risk and uncertainty 2 (1989), S. 5-35 
    ISSN: 1573-0476
    Keywords: Ambiguity ; expected utility ; insurance ; risk ; subjective probability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In a series of experiments, economically sophisticated subjects, including professional actuaries, priced insurance both as consumers and as firms under conditions of ambiguity. Findings support implications of the Einhorn-Hogarth ambiguity model: (1) For low probability-of-loss events, prices of both consumers and firms indicated aversion to ambiguity; (2) As probabilities of losses increased, aversion to ambiguity decreased, with consumers exhibiting ambiguity preference for high probability-of-loss events; and (3) Firms showed greater aversion to ambiguity than consumers. The results are shown to be incompatible with traditional economic analysis of insurance markets and are discussed with respect to the effects of ambiguity on the supply and demand for insurance.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of risk and uncertainty 2 (1989), S. 235-263 
    ISSN: 1573-0476
    Keywords: risk ; expected utility ; irrationality ; prospect theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article develops a variant of the expected utility model termed prospective reference theory. Although the standard model occurs as a limiting case, the general approach is that individuals treat stated experimental probabilities as imperfect information. This model is applied to a wide variety of aberrant phenomena, including the Allais paradox, the overweighting of low-probability events, the existence of premiums for certain elimination of risks, and the representativeness heuristic. The prospective reference theory model predicts most of the observed behavioral patterns rather than being potentially reconcilable with such phenomena.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theory and decision 27 (1989), S. 93-106 
    ISSN: 1573-7187
    Keywords: cognition ; decision ; graphs ; artificial intelligence ; risk ; uncertainty ; expert systems ; expected utility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In the first part, we try to give a representation of the process by which man endeavours to grasp uncertainty. We propose a backward exploration which we will modelize through an influence diagram and then we can draw a few conclusions from that representation for the axiomatics of Decision. In the second part, we deal with the processing of the information formatted in such a way, regarding both its temporal complexity and its elective complexity. The first part as the second one dealing with representation and the consequences for information processing of uncertainty cognition lead to a severe criticism of the expected utility hypothesis. To conclude, we suggest a few remarks on expert systems of decision aid under uncertainty.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theory and decision 26 (1989), S. 235-251 
    ISSN: 1573-7187
    Keywords: proxy contests ; corporate control ; cooperative games ; voting games ; Shapley values ; quarrellers ; core ; φ-stable pairs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Proxy fights have received comparatively little attention relative to the more popular methods for corporate control transfer: merger and tender offers. This paper presents an analytic model of the proxy contest as a cooperative game with four players: management, passive shareholders, insurgent shareholders and a trust fund. The power of the players and the effectiveness of certain managerial actions is discussed.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theory and decision 26 (1989), S. 263-293 
    ISSN: 1573-7187
    Keywords: utility ; risk ; value ; game theory ; consequences ; Bayesian
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, a problem for utility theory - that it would have an agent who was compelled to play “Russian Roulette’ with one revolver or another, to pay as much to have a six-shooter with four bullets relieved of one bullet before playing with it, as he would be willing to pay to have a six-shooter with two bullets emptied - is reviewed. A less demanding Bayesian theory is described, that would have an agent maximize expected values of possible total consequence of his actions. And utility theory is located within that theory as valid for agents who satisfy certain formal conditions, that is, for agents who are, in terms of that more general theory, indifferent to certain dimensions of ‘risk’. Raiffa- and Savage-style arguments for its more general validity are then resisted. Addenda are concerned with implications for game theory, and relations between ‘utilities’ and ‘values’.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematical methods of operations research 33 (1989), S. 405-422 
    ISSN: 1432-5217
    Keywords: games ; restricted cooperation ; core ; convex functions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Spiele mit beschränkter Kooperation sind kooperativeN-Personenspiele mit Nebenzahlungen, wobei nicht jede Teilmenge von Spielern zulässig zu sein braucht. In diesem Sinn sind die Kooperationsmöglichkeiten beschränkt. Balancierte und vollständig balancierte Spiele werden in diesem Zusammenhang untersucht. Die entsprechenden Sätze über die Existenz von Kernen werden von einem Sandwichsatz über Mengenfunktionen im Rahmen der linearen Programmierung abgeleitet. Insbesondere werden allgemeine konvexe Spiele diskutiert, deren Bedeutung auch für die kombinatorische Optimierung Edmonds and Giles (1977) aufgezeigt haben.
    Notes: Abstract Games with restricted cooperation are cooperativeN-person games with sidepayments, where the collection of feasible coalitions need not comprise all subsets of players and thus is restricted. We study balanced and completely balanced games in this context and derive the corresponding core theorems from a sandwich theorem for set functions within the setting of linear programming. In particular, we discuss general convex games, which Edmonds and Giles (1977) have shown to be of particular importance also in combinatorial optimization.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theory and decision 24 (1988), S. 169-200 
    ISSN: 1573-7187
    Keywords: decision theory ; risk ; expected utility ; security level ; risk aversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The particular attention paid by decision makers to the security level ensured by each decision under risk, which is responsible for the certainty effect, can be taken into account by weakening the independence and continuity axioms of expected utility theory. In the resulting model, preferences depend on: (i) the security level, (ii) the expected utility, offered by each decision. Choices are partially determined by security level comparison and completed by the maximization of a function, which express the existing tradeoffs between expected utility and security level, and is, at a given security level, an affine function of the expected utility. In the model, risk neutrality at a given security level implies risk aversion.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of game theory 16 (1987), S. 43-68 
    ISSN: 1432-1270
    Keywords: Fuzzy game ; fuzzy measure ; value ; core ; extension ; cooperative market
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The problem of the existence ofvalues (FA-valued, linear, positive, symmetric and efficient operators) on symmetric spaces of “fuzzy games” (that is, ideal set functions of bounded variation) arises naturally from [8], [18], [23] and [2], [3], [4] where it is implicitely approached for technical purposes. In our present work, this problem is approached in itself for the main reason that it is essentially related with the problem of the existence of significant countable additive measures lying in the cores of the “market games”. In fact, it is shown here that there exists a continuous value on the closed subspacebv′ICA ofIBV spanned by thebv′ functions of “fuzzy probability measures” ([9]), this values is “diagonal” onpICA, the closed subspace ofbv′ICA spanned by the natural powers of the fuzzy measures and this is used to prove the main result stating that the cooperative markets contained inpICA have unique fuzzy measures in their cores which are exactly the corresponding diagonal values. This result is of interest because it is providing a tool of determiningCA measures lying in the cores of large classes of games which are not necessarily “non-atomic” and, specially, because it is opening a way toward a new approach of the “Value Equivalence Principle” for differentiable markets with a continuum of traders which are not “perfectly competitive”.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematical methods of operations research 30 (1986), S. A239 
    ISSN: 1432-5217
    Keywords: cooperative game ; core
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Driessen (1986) wurde für Spiele, die eine gewisse Bedingung erfüllen, gezeigt, da\ der Kern des Spieles in der konvexen Hülle von gewissen Vektoren der Marginalwerte liegt. Es wurde vermutet, da\ diese Inklusion ohne weitere Bedingung an das Spiel gilt. In dieser Note wird nun gezeigt, da\ die Inklusion für alle Spiele gilt.
    Notes: Abstract In Driessen (1986) it is shown that for games satisfying a certain condition the core of the game is included in the convex hull of the set of certain marginal worth vectors of the game, while it is conjectured that the inclusion holds without any condition on the game. In this note it is proved that the inclusion holds for all games.
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