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  • Artikel  (27)
  • simulation  (11)
  • Cardiac output  (7)
  • Approximation
  • risk
  • 1985-1989  (27)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1950-1954
  • 1945-1949
  • Wirtschaftswissenschaften  (17)
  • Technik allgemein  (10)
  • Sociologie  (3)
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of risk and uncertainty 2 (1989), S. 5-35 
    ISSN: 1573-0476
    Schlagwort(e): Ambiguity ; expected utility ; insurance ; risk ; subjective probability
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract In a series of experiments, economically sophisticated subjects, including professional actuaries, priced insurance both as consumers and as firms under conditions of ambiguity. Findings support implications of the Einhorn-Hogarth ambiguity model: (1) For low probability-of-loss events, prices of both consumers and firms indicated aversion to ambiguity; (2) As probabilities of losses increased, aversion to ambiguity decreased, with consumers exhibiting ambiguity preference for high probability-of-loss events; and (3) Firms showed greater aversion to ambiguity than consumers. The results are shown to be incompatible with traditional economic analysis of insurance markets and are discussed with respect to the effects of ambiguity on the supply and demand for insurance.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of risk and uncertainty 2 (1989), S. 235-263 
    ISSN: 1573-0476
    Schlagwort(e): risk ; expected utility ; irrationality ; prospect theory
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract This article develops a variant of the expected utility model termed prospective reference theory. Although the standard model occurs as a limiting case, the general approach is that individuals treat stated experimental probabilities as imperfect information. This model is applied to a wide variety of aberrant phenomena, including the Allais paradox, the overweighting of low-probability events, the existence of premiums for certain elimination of risks, and the representativeness heuristic. The prospective reference theory model predicts most of the observed behavioral patterns rather than being potentially reconcilable with such phenomena.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Schlagwort(e): Impedance cardiography ; Pattern recognition ; Signal processing ; Matched filter ; Cardiac output
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Impedance cardiographic determination of clinically important cardiac parameters such as systolic time intervals, stroke volume, and related cardiovascular parameters has not yet found adequate application in clinical practice, since its theoretical basis remains controversial, and the precision of beat-to-beat parameter estimation has until recently suffered under severe shortcomings of available signal processing techniques. High levels of noise and motion artifacts deteriorate signal quality and result in poor event detection. To improve the precision of impedance cardiography, new techniques for event detection and parameter estimation have been developed. Specifically, matched filtering and various signal segmentation and decomposition techniques have been tested on impedance signals with various levels of artificially superimposed noise and on actual recordings from subjects in a laboratory study of cardiovascular response to a cognitive challenge. Substantial improvement in the precision of impedance cardiography was obtained using the newly developed signal processing techniques. In addition, some preliminary evidence from comparisons of the impedance cardiogram with invasive aortic electromagnetic flow measurement in anesthetized rabbits is presented to address questions relating to the origin of the impedance signal.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theory and decision 27 (1989), S. 93-106 
    ISSN: 1573-7187
    Schlagwort(e): cognition ; decision ; graphs ; artificial intelligence ; risk ; uncertainty ; expert systems ; expected utility
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Sociologie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract In the first part, we try to give a representation of the process by which man endeavours to grasp uncertainty. We propose a backward exploration which we will modelize through an influence diagram and then we can draw a few conclusions from that representation for the axiomatics of Decision. In the second part, we deal with the processing of the information formatted in such a way, regarding both its temporal complexity and its elective complexity. The first part as the second one dealing with representation and the consequences for information processing of uncertainty cognition lead to a severe criticism of the expected utility hypothesis. To conclude, we suggest a few remarks on expert systems of decision aid under uncertainty.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theory and decision 26 (1989), S. 263-293 
    ISSN: 1573-7187
    Schlagwort(e): utility ; risk ; value ; game theory ; consequences ; Bayesian
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Sociologie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract In this paper, a problem for utility theory - that it would have an agent who was compelled to play “Russian Roulette’ with one revolver or another, to pay as much to have a six-shooter with four bullets relieved of one bullet before playing with it, as he would be willing to pay to have a six-shooter with two bullets emptied - is reviewed. A less demanding Bayesian theory is described, that would have an agent maximize expected values of possible total consequence of his actions. And utility theory is located within that theory as valid for agents who satisfy certain formal conditions, that is, for agents who are, in terms of that more general theory, indifferent to certain dimensions of ‘risk’. Raiffa- and Savage-style arguments for its more general validity are then resisted. Addenda are concerned with implications for game theory, and relations between ‘utilities’ and ‘values’.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 4 (1989), S. 37-58 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): Heterogeneity ; effective permeability ; scaling ; simulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract There is a need in the numerical simulation of reservoir performance to use average permeability values for the grid blocks. The permeability distributions to be averaged over are based on samples taken from cores and from logs using correlations between permeabilities and porosities and from other sources. It is necessary to use a suitable ‘effective’ value determined from this sample. The effective value is a single value for an equivalent homogeneous block. Conventionally, this effective value has been determined from a simple estimate such as the geometric mean or a detailed numerical solution of the single phase flow equation. If the permeability fluctuations are small then perturbation theory or effective medium theory (EMT) give reliable estimates of the effective permeability. However, for systems with a more severe permeability variation or for those with a finite fraction of nonreservoir rock all the simple estimates are invalid as well as EMT and perturbation theory. This paper describes a real-space renormalization technique which leads to better estimates than the simpler methods and is able to resolve details on a much finer scale than conventional numerical solution. Conventional simulation here refers to finite difference (or element) techniques for solving the single phase pressure equation. This requires the pressure and permeability at every grid point to be stored. Hence, these methods are limited in their resolution by the amount of data that can be stored in core. Although virtual memory techniques may be used they increase computer time. The renormalization method involves averaging over small regions of the reservoir first to form a new ‘averaged permeability’ distribution with a lower variance than the original. This pre-averaging may be repeated until a stable estimate is found. Examples are given to show that this is in excellent agreement with computationally more expensive numerical solution but significantly different from simple estimates such as the geometric mean.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Mathematical methods of operations research 33 (1989), S. 21-37 
    ISSN: 1432-5217
    Schlagwort(e): Network Flows ; Parametric Optimization ; Approximation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Wir betrachten maximale Flußprobleme, in denen die Kapazitäten lineare Funktionen eines Parameterst ∈ [0,T] sind. Da dieses Problem ein Spezialfall eines parametrischen linearen Programms ist, kann man den klassischen horizontalen Ansatz anwenden, mit dem optimale Lösungen sukzessive auf Teilintervallen von [0,T] bestimmt werden. Wir stellen einen alternativen Algorithmus vor, der in jeder Iteration die optimale Lösung für allet ∈ [0,T] approximiert. Dieser vertikalen Ansatz ist eine Art Markierungsalgorithmus, wobei die Flußvariablen stückweise lineare Funktionen sind. Flußvergrößerungen werden aufbedingten flußvergrößernden Wegen durchgeführt, die mittels modifizierter kürzester Wege Algorithmen gefunden werden können. Der vertikale Algorithmus kann sowohl zur Berechnung des optimalen parametrischen Flusses als auch zur Berechnung einer guten Approximation für allet benutzt werden, falls sich herausstellt, daß die Berechnung der optimalen Lösung zu zeitaufwendig ist.
    Notizen: Abstract We consider the problem of finding maximal flows with respect to capacities which are linear functions of a parametert ∈ [0,T]. Since this problem is a special case of a parametric linear program the classichorizontal approach can be applied in which optimal solutions are computed for successive subintervals of [0,T]. We discuss an alternative algorithm which approximates in each iteration the optimal solution for allt ∈ [0,T]. Thisvertical algorithm is a labeling type algorithm where the flow variables are piecewise linear functions. Flow augmentations are done alongconditional flow augmenting paths which can be found by modified path algorithms. The vertical algorithm can be used to solve the parametric flow problem optimally as well as to compute a good approximation for allt if the computation of the optimal solution turns out to be too time consuming.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Mathematical methods of operations research 33 (1989), S. 109-129 
    ISSN: 1432-5217
    Schlagwort(e): Loss Systems ; Output Processes ; Simulation ; Approximation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Für das BedienungsmodellG/G/1 ohne Warteraum wird eine Approximation des Abgangsprozesses im stationären Zustand angegeben, wobei allgemein verteilte Zwischenankunfts- und Bedienungszeiten angenommen sind. Ferner werden für den Fall, daß mehrere solche Bediener in Reihen geschaltet sind, approximative Resultate angegeben und mit Simulationen überprüft.
    Notizen: Abstract The departure process from aG/G/1 loss system with generally distributed interarrival time, generally distributed service time, a single server, and no waiting room is approximated in steady state. Furthermore, the tandem behavior of the system is approximated, approximation results are provided, and are compared against those from a simulation study.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 17 (1989), S. 61-73 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Schlagwort(e): Thermodilution ; Indicator dilution ; Continuous cardiac output computer ; Cardiac output ; Canine cardiac output ; Blood temperature noise
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract A totally self-contained instrument for the measurement of cardiac output is described. The microcomputer controlled instrument is based upon the principles of thermodilution and is capable of making cardiac output determinations on a minute by minute basis. A bolus of heat is delivered to the blood via a resistive heating element wound on the surface of a conventional thermodilution catheter, and the resulting transient pulmonary artery blood temperature increase is monitored with the thermistor located near the tip of the catheter. The performance of the instrument was tested in a mock circulatory loop and in dogs for periods of up to 13 hours. The accuracy and reproducibility of flow determinations made with the system compare favorably with those made with a conventional cardiac output monitor. This study demonstrates the feasibility of a stand-alone cardiac output computer that can provide virtually continuous measurements of blood flow without the intervention of a technician.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 15 (1988), S. 269-287 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Schlagwort(e): Production scheduling ; integer programming ; simulation ; flexible manufacturing ; hierarchical modelling
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract This study reports the development of a production scheduling system for the integrated management of production in large-scale, high-volume electronic assembly lines. The development of the system incorporates control and planning considerations by addressing the interaction of various subsystems. Stochastic and deterministic aspects of the problem environment are appropriately handled via relevant simulation and analytic models. By effecting a hierarchical breakdown of the problem environment, the system produces information used in practical decision making for production planning and scheduling. Procedures used encompass and address considerations for management of work-in-process, optimization of the various subsystems' performance, minimization of setup time effect, and inventory carrying costs.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 15 (1988), S. 227-267 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Schlagwort(e): FMS ; production ratios ; mathematical programming ; levels of detail in modeling ; balanced machine workloads ; machine utilizations ; dispatching rules ; simulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract Stecke [21] has developed mathematical programming approaches for determining, from a set of part type requirements, the production ratios (part types to be produced next, and their proportions) which maximize overall machine utilizations by balancing machine workloads in a flexible manufacturing system (FMS). These mathematical programming (MP) approaches are aggregate in the sense that they do not take into account such things as contention for transportation resources, travel time for work-in-process, contention for machines, finite buffer space, and dispatching rules. In the current study, the sensitivity of machine utilizations to these aggregations is investigated through simulation modeling. For the situation examined, it is found that achieved machine utilizations are a strong function of some of the factors ignored in the MP methodology, ranging from 9.1% to 22.9% less than those theoretically attainable under the mathematical programming assumptions. The 9.1% degradation results from modeling with nonzero work-in-process travel times (i.e. 2 minutes per transfer) and using only central work-in-process buffers. Resource levels (e.g. the number of automated guided vehicles; the amount of work-in-process; the number of slack buffers) needed to limit the degradation to 9.1% correspond to FMS operating conditions which are feasible in practice.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 3 (1988), S. 217-256 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): Salinity ; advection ; dispersion ; aquifers ; flow model ; transport model ; simulation ; sea water ; connate water ; leakage
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Historical information of the hydraulic and salinity aspect, detailed geological information, and information on the physical characteristics of the different layers comprising the formation, are needed for simulating the saltwater transport process in aquifers. In most simulation studies of field situations, there is an inadequacy of data and the modeller has to make justifiable assumptions to analyze a particular situation in order to provide an insight into the problem. A quasi-three-dimensional solute transport model is used to analyze the saltwater encroachment phenomena in aquifers underlying the City of Bangkok; first by calibrating the model's performance with available historical data and then by assessing the extent of future saltwater encroachment with the implementation of the regulatory pumpage to be followed in order to restrict the alarming rate of land subsidence. Model simulation indicates a substantial reduction in the rate of encroachment of the saltwater front with a reduction of pumpage after 1987.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theory and decision 24 (1988), S. 169-200 
    ISSN: 1573-7187
    Schlagwort(e): decision theory ; risk ; expected utility ; security level ; risk aversion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Sociologie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract The particular attention paid by decision makers to the security level ensured by each decision under risk, which is responsible for the certainty effect, can be taken into account by weakening the independence and continuity axioms of expected utility theory. In the resulting model, preferences depend on: (i) the security level, (ii) the expected utility, offered by each decision. Choices are partially determined by security level comparison and completed by the maximization of a function, which express the existing tradeoffs between expected utility and security level, and is, at a given security level, an affine function of the expected utility. In the model, risk neutrality at a given security level implies risk aversion.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 16 (1988), S. 265-278 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Schlagwort(e): Thermodilution ; Pulmonary artery blood temperature ; Signal processing ; Cardiac output
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Thermodilution measurements of clinically important cardiac parameters, such as cardiac output and stroke volume, are subject to many sources of error. The temperature fluctuations (thermal noise) normally found in the pulmonary artery constitute one of these sources of errors. To improve the signal-to-noise ratio of thermodilution flow measurements rather than increase the signal level, we investigated four signal processing strategies designed to reduce the thermal noise power. We applied the noise reduction strategies to thermal noise data, containing simulated thermodilution curves, obtained in a mock circulatory loop. We compared the accuracy and reproducibility of the curve area estimates produced by the algorithms to the area estimates obtained by numerical integration of the thermal signal. Our results show that a bandpass (BP) integration technique combined with a noise canceler can improve thermodilution curve area estimate reproducibility and accuracy. The BP integration technique improved the reproducibility of cardiac output measurements by roughly 16 dB and is directly applicable to most thermodilution hardware currently in use. The more accurate noise cancelers, combined with the BP integration technique, provided correspondingly improved signal-to-noise ratios, with the improvement ranging up to 50 dB.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 8 (1987), S. 93-101 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Schlagwort(e): Approximation ; empirical studies ; heavy traffic results ; moment approximations ; queueing approximations
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract Numerical evaluation of waiting time distributions for M/G/1 systems is somewhat difficult. This paper examines a simple variation of the heavy traffic formula which may be useful at modest levels of traffic intensity. One can justify the heavy traffic approximation by expressing the Laplace transform of the service time distribution as a Maclaurin series and then truncating to three terms. The spectrum factorization and inversion leads in a straightforward fashion to the heavy traffic approximation. If one carries two additional terms from the Maclaurin series, the characteristic equation is a cubic with exactly one real negative root. This root provides an easy way to extend the heavy traffic formula to cases where the traffic is not so heavy. This paper studies the quality of this approximation and includes some numerical evaluation based on data actually encountered.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 8 (1987), S. 363-381 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Schlagwort(e): Probability ; simulation ; petroleum ; resources ; appraisal
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract An analytic probabilistic methodology for resource appraisal of undiscovered oil and gas resources in play analysis is presented. This play-analysis methodology is a geostochastic system for petroleum resource appraisal in explored as well as frontier areas. An objective was to replace an existing Monte Carlo simulation method in order to increase the efficiency of the appraisal process. Underlying the two methods is a single geologic model which considers both the uncertainty of the presence of the assessed hydrocarbon and its amount if present. The results of the model are resource estimates of crude oil, nonassociated gas, dissolved gas, and gas for a geologic play in terms of probability distributions. The analytic method is based upon conditional probability theory and a closed form solution of all means and standard deviations, along with the probabilities of occurrence.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 8 (1987), S. 243-256 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Schlagwort(e): Control variates ; Monte Carlo ; nonlinear estimation ; simulation ; variance reduction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract The sampling distribution of parameter estimators can be summarized by moments, fractiles or quantiles. For nonlinear models, these quantities are often approximated by power series, approximated by transformed systems, or estimated by Monte Carlo sampling. A control variate approach based on a linear approximation of the nonlinear model is introduced here to reduce the Monte Carlo sampling necessary to achieve a given accuracy. The particular linear approximation chosen has several advantages: its moments and other properties are known, it is easy to implement, and there is a correspondence to asymptotic results that permits assessment of control variate effectiveness prior to sampling via measures of nonlinearity. Empirical results for several nonlinear problems are presented.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 8 (1987), S. 351-362 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Schlagwort(e): Response surface methodology ; simulation ; optimization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract Managing the volume of experimental and/or simulation data required for large-scale design studies can be a significant problem. This paper describes a method for dealing with this problem, using response surface methodology. The method involves (1) determining a summary parameterization of the response of the underlying process mechanism generating the data, in order to characterize this response in terms of a manageable set of performance measures, and (2) deriving a model of the data, in order to summarize the dependence of the performance measures on selected predictor or design variables. The method is illustrated by its application to a problem in vehicle collision research.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 2 (1987), S. 3-18 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): Dispersion ; heterogeneity ; leaching ; regimes ; scales ; simulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract This paper presents an exploratory study of the effect of leaching on mixing in a porous medium containing a single heterogeneity to investigate the effect of the heterogeneity and time-dependent pore structure on dispersion. A percolation-convection simulation (PCS) model is used along with laboratory model experiments to study the mixing. The results show that mixing changes when the pores of the models are leached and that there is a change in regime influence during leaching. The simulation represents the mixing through a first leach for homogeneous media and for heterogeneous media with significant changes in permeability. If the pore structure is changing with time, prediction of mixing must include effects of heterogeneity and regime influence. Although the experimental results are representative of idealized laboratory sized systems they provide insight into the effects of leaching in heterogeneous media. Further the simulation may be useful on a field scale.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 15 (1987), S. 603-617 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Schlagwort(e): Blood temperature ; Thermodilution ; Heat transport ; Cardiac output
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Pulmonary artery blood temperature manifests large variations which obscure the measurement of cardiac parameters by thermodilution techniques. We have created three mathematical models of heat flow through the heart in order to better understand the origins of the temperature fluctuations in the pulmonary artery. These lumped parameter models are based on a serial connection of two mixing chambers, which correspond to the atrium and ventricle of the heart. We have used the models to predict temperature fluctuations in the outlet, based on measurements of inlet flow, inlet temperature, and the timing of the cardiac cycle, of a mechanical right artificial heart in a mock circulatory loop. The most complex model accurately predicts the outflow temperature from the input variables and provides a quantitative description of heat transport across the heart under many operating conditions. The simplified models illustrate the conditions under which is possible to predict the outflow temperature from the inflow temperatures alone.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Mathematical methods of operations research 30 (1986), S. A65 
    ISSN: 1432-5217
    Schlagwort(e): Dynamic Programming ; Approximation ; Bounds ; Inventory model ; (s, S)-policies
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein allgemeines dynamisches Optimierungsmodell mit endlichem Horizont betrachtet. Für verschiedene Näherungsverfahren für die minimalen erwarteten Gesamtkosten und die optimale Politik werden Schranken angegeben. Die Theorie wird sodann auf ein Lagerhaltungsmodell angewandt, um Schranken für „gute“ Bestellpolitiken zu erhalten.
    Notizen: Summary We consider a general finite stage dynamic programming model. Bounds are derived for the approximation of the minimum expected total cost and of the optimal policy. The theory is applied to an inventory model to give bounds for “good” order policies.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 14 (1986), S. 339-349 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Schlagwort(e): Ventricular properties ; Atrial properties ; Transmitral flow ; Frank-Starling ; Cardiac output
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract A remote-controlled mitral valve was designed and constructed to occlude the mitral or tricuspid orifice at any time in the cardiac cycle. It is used to study ventricular properties in the anesthetized dog by controlling ventricular filling, atrial properties by controlling atrial emptying and interaction of the two chambers by uncoupling them. The device can produce transient or steady-state perturbations in filling volume which make possible studies of intrinsic control of cardiac output. When filling volume is transiently reduced, stroke volume and end-systolic volume are reduced. A compensatory increase in stroke volume of the next cycles occurs due to increased ventricular preload and reduced afterload. The compensation continues until the lost stroke volume is regained, at which time the system returns to its previous steady state.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 14 (1986), S. 67-80 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Schlagwort(e): Impedance cardiography ; Cardiac output ; Modelling
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract We have developed a cylindrically symmetric model with which to study what physiologic variables might contribute to the impedance cardiogram signal. We find the major contributions in this model to be due to dilation of the aorta and carotid arteries, changes in conductivity of blood in these same vessels due to red cell reorientation during flow, changes in the conductivity of the lungs, and changes in heart volume. The calculations suggest that the popular equation used to determine stroke volume from thoracic impedance data is not accurate under all conditions of the circulatory system.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 14 (1986), S. 219-239 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Schlagwort(e): Cardiac output ; Ejection fraction ; Indicator dilution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Cardiac output is the volume of blood ejected by the heart per unit time. It is a useful measurement in that it can be used to evaluate overall cardiac status in both critically ill patients and patients with suspected cardiovascular disease. An ideal cardiac output measurement system would have automated continuous output capability, be minimally invasive, accurate, fast, small, low cost and clinically adaptable. This paper presents a theoretical and practical description of the variety of clinical techniques in use today and lists their advantages and shortcomings with respect to the ideal system. Included are the Fick method, indicator dilution techniques, velocity measurements and transthoracic impedance and combined Doppler ultrasound as noninvasive techniques. In addition, several experimental methods are described along with their desirable features and possible constraints. These include intravascular heating/recording, thermistor tracking of cardiac output, ejection fraction measurements and magnetic susceptability plethysmography.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 3 (1985), S. 355-377 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Schlagwort(e): Flexible manufacturing systems ; scheduling ; manufacturing systems ; simulation ; computer integrated manufacturing
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract This paper presents a new two-phase (TP) approximate method for real-time scheduling in a flexible manufacturing system (FMS). This method combines a reduced enumeration schedule generation algorithm with a 0–1 optimization algorithm. In order to make the combined algorithm practicable, heuristic rules are introduced for the selection of jobs to be scheduled. The relative performance of the TP method vis-a-vis conventional heuristic dispatching rules such as SPT, LPT, FCFS, MWKR, and LWKR is investigated using combined process-interaction/discrete-event simulation models. An efficient experimental procedure is designed and implemented using these models, and the statistical analysis of the results is presented. For the particular case investigated, the conclusions are very encouraging. In terms of mean flow time, the TP method performs significantly better than any other tested heuristic dispatching rules. Also, the experimental results show that using global information significantly improves the FMS performance.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 3 (1985), S. 13-21 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Schlagwort(e): Flexible manufacturing systems ; queueing models ; simulation ; performance evaluation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract Flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs) are a class of automated systems which can be used to improve productivity in discrete parts manufacturing. Due to the complexity of these systems, it is useful to have models that can aid in the design and operation of FMSs. We specifically differentiate here betweengenerative (or prescriptive) models, whichfind candidate decisions, andevaluative (or descriptive) models, whichevaluate a given set of decisions. We briefly cover, in a practical context, the pros and cons of these two classes of models. Then we focus on the latter class of models. Evaluative models for FMSs fall into five main classes, based on the technique used, namely: static allocation, queueing network theory, simulation, perturbation analysis, and Petri nets. Each of these approaches is briefly described, advantages and disadvantages mentioned, and references given to more detailed papers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 3 (1985), S. 379-391 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Schlagwort(e): Flexible manufacturing systems ; discrete event systems ; real-time systems ; monitoring ; simulation ; performance evaluation ; perturbation analysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract The recent perturbation analysis approach to discrete event systems is applied to flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). While analytic (queueing) models are useful in preliminary design of such systems, they are not accurate enough at the detailed design/operation stage. Thus, experimentation on detailed simulations or on the actual system has been the way to optimize system performance. Perturbation analysis allows us to derive the sensitivity of system performance, with respect to several design/operating parameters, by observing a single experiment (and without having to actually alter the parameters — often a costly operation). Thus, observation of one experiment can give accurate directions for the improvement of several parameter values. Here we give a simulation example illustrating how perturbation analysis could be used on-line on an FMS to improve its performance, including reducing its operating cost. Experimental results are also presented validating the estimates obtained from this technique.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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