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  • AERODYNAMICS  (5,077)
  • ASTRONOMY
  • 1985-1989  (4,277)
  • 1975-1979  (3,298)
  • 1
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    Economy of flight at supersonic speeds (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-08
    Description: Prandtl's theory is used to determine the airflow over bodies and wings adapted to supersonic flight. By making use of these results, and by incorporating in them an allowance for the probable skin friction, some estimates of expected lift-drag ratios are made for various flight speeds with the best configuration. At each speed a slender body and wings having the best angle of sweepback are considered. For the range of supersonic speeds shown an airplane of normal density and loading would be required to operate at an altitude of the order of 60,000 feet. The limiting value of 1-1/2 times the speed of sound corresponds to a flight speed of 1000 miles per hour. At this speed about 1.5 miles per gallon of fuel are expected. It is interesting to note that this value corresponds to a value of more than 15 miles per gallon when the weight is reduced to correspond to that of an ordinary automobile.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Collected Works of Robert T. Jones; p 499-514
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  • 2
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    Aeroelastic characteristics of an oblique wing (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-08
    Description: In theory, the most efficient wing shape for transonic and low supersonic speeds is simply a long narrow straight subsonic wing turned at an oblique angle to the flight direction. This theory has been verified by tests at Mach numbers from .6 to 1.4 in supersonic wind tunnel and by comparative studies of transonic transport designs.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Collected Works of Robert T. Jones; p 867-883
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  • 3
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    Aerodynamic design for supersonic speeds (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-08
    Description: Recent theoretical and experimental work in supersonic aerodynamics is reviewed with its practical application in mind. Several arrangements of supporting surfaces and bodies are discussed and in some cases comparisons of theory and experiment are made. Finally, certain phenomena connected with lift and drag in a rarefied medium are considered briefly.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Collected Works of Robert T. Jones; p 625-644
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  • 4
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    Theoretical determination of the minimum drag of airfoils at supersonic speeds (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-08
    Description: A method is reported for determining mathematically the combined disturbance field, and in certain cases the minimum drag, of wings at supersonic speeds. The simplest analytic example is provided by the wing of elliptic planform, which achieves its minimum drag when the lift is distributed uniformly over the surface. With a symmetrical distribution of thickness, the requirement of minimum drag for a given total volume is found to lead to profiles of constant curvature.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Collected Works of Robert T. Jones; p 567-578
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  • 5
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    The minimum drag of thin wings in frictionless flow (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-08
    Description: The assumptions of the thin airfoil theory are found to provide certain necessary conditions for the minimum drag of airfoils having a given total lift, a given maximum thickness, or a given volume. The conditions are applicable to steady or unsteady motions and to subsonic or supersonic speeds without restriction on the planform. The computation of drag and the statement of the conditions for minimum drag depend on the consideration of a combined flow field, which is obtained by superimposing the disturbance velocities in forward and reversed motions. If the planform of the airfoil and its total lift are given, it is found that, for minimum drag, the lift must be distributed in such a way that the downwash in the combined field is constant over the entire planform. If the planform is given and the thickness of the airfoil is required to contain a specified volume, then the thickness must be distributed over the planform in such a way that the pressure gradient of the combined field in the direction of flight is constant at all points of the wing.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Collected Works of Robert T. Jones; p 557-565
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  • 6
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    Calculation of the motion of an airplane under the influence of irregular disturbances (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-08
    Description: The application of mathematical advances made in electricity and other branches to problems of airplane dynamics is demonstrated. The Heaviside-Bromwich methods of solution of linear differential equations are described and it is shown how these methods avoid the consideration of boundary conditions and of particular or complementary integrals. It is pointed out that if the solution of the differential equation is obtained for the case of a unit disturbance, the effect of varying disturbances may be found therefrom by Carson's theorem. A graphical solution of Carson's integral for irregular disturbances is given. The procedure of obtaining unit solutions of the equations is then taken up and the analogy between Heaviside's symbolic series solution and a physical procedure of approximation is shown. It is suggested that a fictitious impulsive disturbance be used in the treatment of initial motions.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Collected Works of Robert T. Jones; p 21-29
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  • 7
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    Three-dimensional wings of minimum pressure drag (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-08
    Description: In linearized flow theory, certain very interesting extremal properties of wings can be derived under rather broad conditions without the use of a complicated mathematical apparatus. The present chapter reviews certain results of this theory and indicates some rather obvious extensions to incorporate various auxiliary conditions. Several examples illustrating the relation between the geometrical features of the wing and the lift distribution for minimum drag are given.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Collected Works of Robert T. Jones; p 645-656
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  • 8
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    Some recent developments in the aerodynamics of wings for high speeds (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-08
    Description: The items discussed are: (1) a recently proposed correction formula for the effect of compressibility in two dimensional subsonic flow; (2) the equivalence rule and the area rule for transonic speeds; (3) reciprocal relations in linearized wing theory; and (4) some general results connected with the problem of minimum wave resistance. The paper concludes with an example showing indentation of the fuselage to obtain favorable interference with the wing at supersonic speeds.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Collected Works of Robert T. Jones; p 601-608
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  • 9
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    Theoretical correction for the lift of elliptic wings (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-08
    Description: In the wing section theory the magnitude of the circulation, and hence of the lift, is determined by the velocity that would be induced near the trailing edge of the section in a non-lifting potential flow. In three dimensional flow the problem is complicated by the presence of the wake and no simple basic solution has been found. Treatment of the problem of a wing of finite span is reported on the basis of the two dimensional theory, corrected for the effect of the wake.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Collected Works of Robert T. Jones; p 245-249
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  • 10
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    Reduction of wave drag by antisymmetric arrangement of wings and bodies (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-08
    Description: In theory, antisymmetric arrangements of wings and bodies can have smaller wave drag than corresponding mirror-symmetric arrangements. Thus, a long narrow oblique wing which presents the same aspect for two opposite directions of flight is potentially more efficient than corresponding (i.e., structurally equivalent) swept wing. The single continuous wing panel also adapts itself more readily to varying angles of obliquity, and hence, to varying flight speeds. Previous work on the aerodynamics and flight stability of oblique wing combinations is reviewed and a possible mode of application to transport aircraft operating at moderate supersonic speeds is suggested.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Collected Works of Robert T. Jones; p 657-664
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  • 11
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    The compressibility rule for drag of airfoil noses (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-08
    Description: It is shown that the drag of any semi-infinite airfoil section in purely subsonic inviscid flow follows precisely the Prandtl-Glauert compressibility rule. The result for the parabola has application to leading edge corrections in thin airfoil theory.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Collected Works of Robert T. Jones; p 619-623
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  • 12
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    Possibilities of efficient high-speed transport airplanes (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-08
    Description: Comparisons of wing-body combinations may not disclose the full effect of a loss in aerodynamic efficiency. If the thrust needs to be increased at a given altitude then more or larger engines will have to be used and the possibility of concealing them becomes less. In this process the lift drag ratio of the complete airplane may become still more unfavorable than indicated by the comparison. Primarily aerodynamic and structural considerations point toward the development of turbojet engines specifically adapted to operation in an atmosphere of one tenth normal density. In addition to the numerous other technological problems associated with operation at these high altitudes, the problems of safe descent and effective limitation to low speeds at low altitudes seem important.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Collected Works of Robert T. Jones; p 579-592
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  • 13
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    Leading-edge singularities in thin-airfoil theory (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-08
    Description: If the thin airfoil theory is applied to an airfoil having a rounded leading edge, a certain error will arise in the determination of the pressure distribution around the nose. It is shown that the evaluation of the drag of such a blunt nosed airfoil by the thin airfoil theory requires the addition of a leading edge force, analogous to the leading edge thrust of the lifting airfoil. The method of calculation is illustrated by application to: (1) The Joukowski airfoil in subsonic flow; and (2) the thin elliptic cone in supersonic flow. A general formula for the edge force is provided which is applicable to a variety of wing forms.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Collected Works of Robert T. Jones; p 533-538
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  • 14
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    The use of conical and cylindrical fields in supersonic wing theory (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-08
    Description: Some of the recent advances in the theory of thin airfoils are presented with particular reference to extensions of the theory to three dimensional flows and to supersonic speeds. The problem discussed herein is the calculation of the small disturbance velocities u, v, and w in the external field produced by the flight velocity V of the airfoil.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Collected Works of Robert T. Jones; p 483-497
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  • 15
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    Transonic/supersonic inlet R and D past, present, and future (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-07
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA Lewis Research Center Inlet Workshop; p 427-480
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  • 16
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    Institutional arrangements for the space telescope: A mid-term review (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-03-01
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 17
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    Toward diffraction-limited seeing of dim astronomical objects from the Earth's surface using LIDAR (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-02-28
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Res. in the Space Sci., Vol. 2, No. 1; 12 p
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  • 18
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    Infrared astronomy and high energy astrophysics (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Observations of the diffuse far-infrared flux from the galactic plane, as well as far-infrared measurements of the properties of dense molecular clouds, when combined with recent high-energy gamma-ray measurements and radio observations of carbon monoxide, yield information about the total mass of molecular clouds, the large-scale structure of the inner galaxy, and the density of cosmic rays.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 203-214
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  • 19
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    Comments on wind-tunnel-flight correlations for the F-8 supercritical wing configurations (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Supercritical Wing Technol.: A Report on Flight Evaluation; p 111-120
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  • 20
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    A parametric experimental study of the slotted-wall boundary condition (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: An experimental study of slotted upper and lower walls in a two dimensional transonic wind tunnel with solid sidewalls is reported. Results are presented for several slot spacings and slot openness ratios. The experimental data were pressure measurements which were made on an airfoil model and on a sidewall near one of the slotted walls. The slotted-wall boundary condition coefficient, which related the pressure and streamline curvature near the wall, was determined from the wall pressure measurements. The measured wall-induced interference was correlated with the experimental values for the boundary condition coefficient. This correlation was compared with theory.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 2; p 459-471
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  • 21
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    Optical investigation of Comet Halley (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The optical properties of comet p/Halley are being investigated. Initial research has revealed the basic characteristics of the nucleus and provided unique insights into the formation and structure of the coma and the plasma tail. The study is among the most intensive conducted for any comet. The results from comet p/Halley may be useful in the interpretation of results from other comets.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 98-99
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  • 22
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    Table Mountain Observatory support to other programs (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Over 20 asteroids were observed photometrically for period determinations and phase relation studies. These included 1036 Ganymed, the largest Mars-crossing asteroid known, and 1627 Ivar, an earth-approaching asteroid which is a potential space mission target. Doppler images of P/Halley from TMO were obtained. Initial testing of the JPL/TMO CCD camera system has supported by imaging P/Giacobini-Zinner and P/Halley.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 94
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  • 23
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    CCD scanning for asteroids and comets (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A change coupled device (CCD) is used in a scanning mode to find new asteroids and recover known asteroids and comet nuclei. Current scientific programs include recovery of asteroids and comet nuclei requested by the Minor Planet Center (MPC), discovery of new asteroids in the main belt and of unusual orbital types, and follow-up astrometry of selected new asteroids discovered. The routine six sigma limiting visual magnitude is 19.6 and slightly more than a square degree is scanned three times every 90 minutes of observing time during the fortnight centered on New Moon. Semiautomatic software for detection of moving objects is in routine use; angular speeds as low as 11.0 arcseconds per hour were distinguished from the effects of the Earth's atmosphere on the field of view. A typical set of three 29-minute scans near the opposition point along the ecliptic typically nets at least 5 new main-belt asteroids down to magnitude 19.6. In 18 observing runs (months) 43 asteroids were recovered, astrometric and photometric data on 59 new asteroids were reported, 10 new asteroids with orbital elements were consolidated, and photometry and positions of 22 comets were reported.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 90-91
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  • 24
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    Photometry of small asteroids and cometary cores (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The first asteroid lightcurves have now been made with a new technique of CCD photometry. The apparent magnitude is fainter (V〉17) than what can be done with the 1.52-m Catalina reflector with a photomultiplier photometer. With the CCD system, however, the lightcurve shows remarkably good repetition; finding the asteroid is, of course, no problem as the object is recognized later by its motion on the CCD. Asteroid 1985RV has a lightcurve amplitude of about 0.4 mag and its period of rotation P = 4.0 hours, on the assumption that the lightcurve has two maxima and two minima as is the case for nearly all other asteroids. The diameter is about 3 km. 1985RV is a first example of results that are being obtained on asteroids and comets with CCD in the Catalinas, Kitt Peak, and Cerro Tololo.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 89
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  • 25
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    Planetary spectroscopy (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Infrared spectroscopic studies of the solar system in support of spacecraft investigations were researched. The studies include the physical behavior of comets, the atmospheres of the gaseous planets, and the solid surfaces of satellites and asteroids. Studies of the gaseous and solid emanations of comets using the techniques of CCD spectroscopy and imaging were focused on. An intensive observational effort was mounted, to observe comet Halley with the recently developed state of the art CCD camera system. Comet P/Giacobini-Zinner was observed. The major emphasis was placed on spectroscopy and a synoptic spectrum at least once a month was obtained. A large number of images of Halley for particular emission species and continuum regions were also obtained. The species in vestigated were: C3 (4060 A), CO+ (4505), C2 (5139), NH2 (5980), H2O+ (6185), OI (6300) and CN (9180).
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 87-88
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  • 26
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    High-resolution imaging of solar system objects (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A very extensive Io sodium imaging program beginning with the first images of the cloud and culminating in comprehensive characterization of the cloud's appearance and behavior as a function of both time and Io's orbital position now forms the basis for a collaborative modeling analysis and a continued observational study with emphasis on understanding how the cloud's behavior is diagnostic of spatial and temporal variations in the physical conditions of the inner Jovian magnetosphere. The sodium cloud was found to have a variety of systematic variations, a pronounced east-west orbital asymmetry, and temporal changes which could be diagnostic of time changes in both Io and its plasma environment. New comet imaging programs initiated at the 3.6-meter Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope draw upon both ultra high time resolution and high spatial resolution imaging capabilities. Seven observing runs between Dec. 1984 and May 1986 were devoted to observing Halley, Giacobini-Zinner, and several other comets. Among these observations were the first images of Halley through IHW filters, and images of Giacobini-Zinner during the ICE encounter which have been directly correlated with ICE magnetic field measurements.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 25
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  • 27
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    High resolution imaging (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Diffraction-limited telescopic observations were obtained of solar system objects and a program of research into Uranus, Neptune, Pluto and the asteroids based upon the data obtained was persued. Two camera systems appropriate for this work were developed. Most importantly, the PAPA photon address camera was developed and proven. Algorithms were developed for both phase and amplitude recovery and were validated on theoretical and laboratory data and to a limited extent on telescopic data. A laboratory simulator was constructed that was used for development but is also available for controlled investigation of image reconstruction. During 1985 two successful expeditions were made to Hawaii and Cerro Tololo and a large body of data on Pluto, Uranus, Neptune and two asteroids are on tape.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 26-27
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  • 28
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    Planet-Crossing Asteroid Search (PCAS) (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: 511 independent fields were photographed with the 0.46m Schmidt during 15 observing runs along with a limited number of 1.2m Schmidt exposures. From these fields 122 new asteroids were reported. Special sets of field using the 1.2m Schmidt are continuing to yield numerous new faint asteroids. The combined result from both telescopes include 4 Mars-crossers, 3 Hungarias, 2 Phocaeas, a unique high inclination object (1985XB), 1 Apollo (1985PA) and Aten (3362) Khufu. Halley was regularly monitored (astrometry and large-scale phenomena) IHW participation. Scientifically value photographs were obtained from both 0.46m and 1.2m Schmidt Telescopes. Other accessible comets were observed including G-Z. Recently a new comet (1986d) was discovered.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 95
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  • 29
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    Speckle interferometry applied to asteroids and other solar system objects (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Speckle interferometry is a high angular resolution technique that allows study of resolved asteroids. By following the changing size, shape, and orientation of minor planets, and with a few general assumptions (e.g., geometric scattering, triaxial ellipsoid figures, no albedo features), it is possible to directly measure an asteroid's true dimensions and the direction of its spin axis in one or two nights. A particular subset of triaxial ellipsoid figures are equilibrium shapes, and would imply that some asteroids are thoroughly fractured. Such shapes if they exist among the asteroids would allow a determination of bulk density since there is a unique relation among spin period, size, shape, and density. The discovery of even a single rubble pile, (just as the finding of even one binary asteroid by speckle interferometric techniques) would drastically alter the notion of asteroids as small solid planets. The Pluto/Charon system was studied to aid in improving the orbital elements necessary to predict the eclipse/occultation season currently in progress. Four asteroids were reduced to their size, shape, and pole direction: 433 Eros, 532 Herculina, 511 Davida, and 2 Pallas.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 85-86
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  • 30
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    Infrared imaging and photometry of Comet Giacobini-Zinner (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Infrared images and photometry were obtained to determine the spatial distribution and physical characteristics (temperature, albedo, size distribution, total mass, etc.) of the grains in the coma of Comet GZ. A 10.8 m image of Comet GZ obtained on August 4 represents the first groundbased thermal-infrared image of a Comet. Among the most significant results are: (1)An estimate of the number of grains that the ICE spacecraft must have encountered, which led the plasma wave team to conclude that they could only detect impacts on the antennae and not on the whole body of the ICE spacecraft; (2)The discovery of a population of large grains (radius 〉 100 micrometer), not observed in most other comets, which formed a curved tail near the nucleus (within 80 arcsec or 34,000 km); and (3)the detection of structure in the spatial distribution in the coma of the particle albedo, which was tentatively attributed to the presence of very fluffy grains which are likely to have multiple internal scattering of incident sunlight. The albedo map of Comet GZ was obtained by combining the 10.8 micrometer image shown with a simultaneous image taken at 0.68 micrometer, a bandpass which isolates the scattered continuum.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 80-81
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  • 31
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    Infrared spectral studies of asteroids (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The first comprehensive spectrophotometric survey in the near-infrared (0.8 to 2.5 microns) was carried out with the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility and special filters optimized for spectroscopy of solid surfaces. About 105 asteroids have been observed (in 52 photometric passbands) to date. These spectra provide a much improved database for determining the mineralogy of the various asteroid spectral classes previously defined on the basis of visible (0.3 to 1.0 micron) data. Preliminary results from analysis of these spectra include: (1)Class "A" asteroids are dominated by olivine and correspond to the rare brachinite meteorites; (2)Class "S" asteroids have highly variable olivine/pyroxene ratios inconsistent with chondritic compositions; (3)Classes "P" and "D" are apparently "ultracarbonacous" material which extends the known range of chondrites to lower condensation temperatures; (4)The distribution of spectral types shows that the asteroids were heated by a mechanism whose intensity declined rapidly with solar distance; and (5)Spectra of the proposed flyby targets for CRAF were used to evaluate the results obtainable from this mission.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 71-72
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  • 32
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    Analysis of Jovian decametric data: Study of radio emission mechanisms (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Catalogues of approx. 200 decametric arcs and approx. 200 gaps between arcs were studied, in an effort to reconcile the data with predictions for the model wherein reflections of Io-induced currents each emit in a conical pattern and yield a distinct radio arc. The most recent interpretations of this data suggest that these Io-produced Alfven waves persist for at least one or two passages of Io, and that the emission cone half angles are approx. 40 to 90 deg., varying from arc to arc. Below 1.2 MHz it was discovered that Jupiter emits radiation strongly modulated in frequency with periods of approx. 200 kHz; this quasi-sinusoidal emission (MSA) can shift more than 180 deg. in phase over periods of 6 seconds, although these shifts are usually much smaller. MSA is not strongly correlated with the longitudes of Io or Jupiter, and typically occurs in patches covering approx. 500 kHz or more for periods of a few minutes. Furthermore, this modulation sometimes resembles a train of impulses in frequency with exponential decays toward high frequencies. Comparison of these results with the previous studies of V-shaped S-bursts is suggestive of an emission mechanism.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 62
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  • 33
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    Infrared observations of planetary atmospheres (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Infrared data was obtained on planetary atmospheres which provides critical information on atmospheric structure, composition, and cloud properties in support of planetary missions such as Voyager and Galileo. Mapping of Jupiter and Saturn in thermal and reflected solar radiation is a high-priority monitoring and exploratory activity. Some of these images of Jupiter are shown. Radiation at 17.8 micrometer probes the upper tropospheric temperature structure where spatial structure bears a strong resemblance to visible and near-infrared reflected sunlight such as at 2.0 micrometer. At 7.8 micrometer, stratospheric temperatures appear to have a three-banded structure, enhancements near the magnetic poles and occasional transient features such as the equatorial filament near the right limb. Clouds or hazes are observed high in the stratosphere looking at wavelengths such as 2.2 micrometer, where gaseous opacity is very strong. Other maps examine cloud properties from thermal radiation not strongly influenced by gaseous opacity and the distribution of condensable gases, such as ammonia. Millimeter and submillimeter filtered radiometric observations were made of Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune via collaborative work. Radiometric observations of Uranus and Neptune at 21 and 32 micrometer were acquired and analyzed as well as grating array spectra in the ranges of 8 to 14 micrometer, 16 to 23 micrometer, and 18 to 32 micrometer. These showed evidence for C2H2 in the stratosphere of Uranus and C2H4 in the stratosphere of Neptune.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 49-50
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  • 34
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    Objectives and first results of the NASA SETI sky survey field tests at Goldstone (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Field tests of SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) prototype hardware and software began in March 1985 at Goldstone. With emphasis on the sky survey component of the NASA SETI search strategy, the article describes the survey characteristics, the detection strategy, and preliminary results of system tests.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: The Telecommunications and Data Acquisition Report (date]; p 284 - 300
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  • 35
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    CSTAR star catalogue development (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The Continuous Stellar Tracking Attitude Reference (CSTAR) system is an in-house project for the Space Station to provide high accuracy, drift free attitude and angular rate information for the GN&C system. Constraints exist on the star catalogue incorporated in the system. These constraints include the following: mass memory allocated for catalogue storage, star tracker imaging sensitivity, the minimum resolvable separation angle between stars, the width of the field of view of the star tracker, and the desired number of stars to be tracked in a field of view. The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) catalogue is the basis reference for this study. As it stands, the SAO does not meet the requirements of any of the above constraints. Star selection algorithms have been devised for catalogue optimization. Star distribution statistics have been obtained to aid in the development of these rules. VAX based software has been developed to implement the star selection algorithms. The software is modular and provides a design tool to tailor the catalogue to available star tracker technology. The SAO catalogue has been optimized for the requirements of the present CSTAR system.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center NASA/American Society for Engineering Educati; NASA. Johnson Space
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  • 36
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    A study of the cosmic sources of hard X-rays (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: An actively-shielded, high-energy X-ray telescope was launched onboard OSO-8 on 21 June 1975. The primary objectives of this experiment are the measurements of the energy spectrum of discrete cosmic X-ray sources in the range 20 keV to 3 MeV and of the temporal variations in the intensity of each source detected with a time resolution of 0.3 msec. This detector provides the highest duty factor and the finest time resolution of any of its kind for observations over a period of up to 10 days. The background spectrum of this detector in orbit was monitored continuously since shortly after launch. The minimum detectable source strength is estimated to be between 10,000 and 100,000 photons/sq-cm-sec keV, limited primary by the effects of induced radioactivity. From 16 July through 18 July 1975, the X-ray binary, Cen X-3, was observed with the hard X-ray telescope.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: X-ray Binaries; p 739-746
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  • 37
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    Simultaneous X-ray and optical observations of X Persei (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: Photoelectric photometry of X Persei was obtained on five out of seven consective nights in January 1975, from the Lick and Leuschner Observatories. The observations yield B = 6.848 + or - 0.002, B-V = 0.139 + or - 0.001, with no strong evidence for variability during the observing run. These are the faintest and bluest photoelectric magnitudes and colors ever reported for X Per; this change apparently occured relatively uniformly during 1973-74 and is reminiscent of behavior last observed in approximately 1900. The suggested association of X Persei with the weak X-ray source 3U 0352+30 raises the possibility of detection of X-ray/optical covariability. On January 21, 1975, 7 hours of data were obtained from both observatories simulataneous with OAO Copernicus X-ray observations of 3U 0352+30. The X-ray data varied during this period by a factor of two, but there is no obviously correspondent optical activity, to a level of 0.02 mag. The optical data are also used to limit to 0.01 mag variations coincident with the X-ray periodicity.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 719-726
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  • 38
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    OSO-8 GSFC results on Cen X-3 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: Spectra of Cen X-3 during eclipse, in transition out of eclipse, and during several later phases of the binary orbit were obtained from quick look data of the July 16-25, 1975 observation by the Goddard X-ray spectroscopy experiment on OSO-8. In the high state there was no absorption turn over. Pulsations were present at least to 23 keV. The spectrum at the pulse minimum was flatter above 7 keV than that of the pulse peak. In transition out of eclipse Cen X-3 emerged above a small low energy flux seen during eclipse. The observations appear to indicate absorption by cold and ionized matter and the presence of iron in the companion's atmosphere. Decreased intensities were observed at late phases of some binary orbits in some cases corresponding to dips. Absorption appears although the low energy component remains. Variable features may be interpretable as absorption and emission by iron and possibly other trace elements.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: X-ray Binaries; p 207-218
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  • 39
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    X-ray spectroscopy with the ANS satellite (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: Preliminary results from the Bragg crystal spectrometer on the ANS satellite are given. No significant Si XIII and Si XIV narrow line emission has been detected from Cygnus X-1, -2, or -3.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 49-52
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  • 40
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    OSO-8 observations of Hercules X-1 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: The X-ray binary Her X-1 was observed by the GSFC cosmic X-ray detectors aboard OSO-8 between August 26 and September 3, 1975. The results reported are based on quick look tapes which contain less than 10% of the total time spent on source. Spectra were observed during different phases of the binary period including the anomalous low state (dip) in X-ray intensity. The normal high spectra is well represented by a power law with a short cutoff above approximately 25 keV. A significant and varying enhancement in the intensity around 6.7 keV was observed, suggesting the presence of an iron line. Absorption was seen in the spectrum immediately following eclipse. The dip spectrum is found to be considerably flattened. Also spectra are presented for different phases of the pulse period.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: X-ray Binaries; p 161-168
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  • 41
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    Some features of the X-ray source Cyg X-3 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: Data from the Copernicus satellite are presented which show that the 4.8 hour light curve of Cyg X-3 has been relatively stable in period, shape, and amplitude since the observation of the first giant radio outburst in September 1972. A pulse height spectrum of the source obtained by the Ariel 5 satellite in the 1.5 to 26 kev energy band shows convincing evidence for line emission at about 6.5 keV. The strength of this feature varies in phase with the 4.8 hour continuum modulation, but there is no simple long term relation with the mean continuum intensity per 4.8 hour cycle. Evidence is presented which indicates that the average 2-6 kev intensity of Cyg X-3 has been higher by a factor of 3 since the onset of the radio flares.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 255-265
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  • 42
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    OSO-8 observing schedule for X-ray binaries (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: Six different instruments on OSO-8 have observed several binary X-ray sources between energies of 0.13 keV and 1 MeV at various times since 21 June 1975. The schedule for these observations is given, as well as the present plan for such future observations through July 1976. Included is the OSO-8 observing schedule for the transient X-ray source A0620-00.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: X-ray Binaries; p 729-738
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  • 43
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    X-ray observation of 3U 1700-37 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: X-ray observations with Copernicus reveal three categories of flux variability in 3U 1700-37. High amplitude hourly variations are energy independent in the 3-11 keV range while a change in the low energy absorbing column causes variations in flux level on an orbital time scale. This absorption is most severe prior to eclipse ingress, suggesting that the distribution of absorbing material around the X-ray source is asymmetrical with respect to the line of centers of the binary system. The absorbing material may be identical with a high density region inferred from optical observations of HD 153919. In the third category, the maximum source intensity per binary cycle is variable by at least a factor of two between observations. Measurement of the eclipse duration on three occasions indicate that it is significantly less than when observed by Uhuru.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 559-567
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  • 44
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    A review of 3U 1700-37 = HD 153919 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: X-ray, spectroscopic, and photometric data for the source are reviewed briefly. Some points of controversy and difficulty are discussed. The X-ray source 3U 1700-37 is moderately strong (approximately 100 Uhuru counts) and shows a long eclipse, with a period of 3.412 days. The X-rays are attenuated near 0.5 phase, and show a very wide gradual decrease on either side of the total eclipse. The low-energy cutoff is the strongest of all the X-ray binaries. These characteristics are all qualitatively compatible with the optical star's, which represent an extreme in several ways: (1) the primary is an extreme star with large mass outflow through a spherically symmetric stellar wind; (2) it is the hottest of all X-ray binary primaries (with possible exception of Cen X-3); and (3) the mass ratio is very high and the relative separation of the stars is low.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 531-535
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  • 45
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    The nature of the X-ray nova A0620-00 (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: A model is presented for the X-ray nova A0620-00. Identification with a nova can be ruled out on two counts. A binary consisting of a late-type subgiant near the Roche lobe, irradiated by an accreting compact companion is shown, however, to be in agreement with all known observations. Photometry of the optical object should be pursued since variability on an approximately eight hour period is expected.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: X-ray Binaries; p 361-367
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  • 46
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    New results from long-term observations of Cyg X-1 (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: Observations of Cyg X-1 between October 1974 and July 1975 reveal a persistent 5.6 day modulation of the 3-6 keV X-ray intensity, having a minimum in phase with superior conjunction of the HDE 226868 binary system. The modulation is found to be most pronounced just prior to the April-May 1975 increase of Cyg X-1, after which both the modulation and intensity are at their lowest values for the entire duration of the observations. These data imply that the X-ray emission from Cyg X-1 arises from the compact member of HDE 226868, and that the increase of April-May 1975 may have represented the depletion of accreting material which had not yet been mixed into a cylindrically symmetric accretion disk about the compact member.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: X-ray Binaries; p 391-405
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  • 47
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    The interpretation of optical light variations of Centaurus X-3 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: The interpretation of optical light variations of X-ray binaries is discussed for the case of negligible reflection effect. The limiting cases of synchronous rotation of the visible star (Roche configuration) and of no rotation (pure tidal deformation) are considered. The theoretical results are compared with the available light curves of Cen X-3. X-ray data of the Copernicus satellite are used to get an impression of the atmospheric structure of the outer layers of the visible component. It is shown, that the X-ray eclipse duration is in good agreement with the mass ration derived from the optical variations. The X-ray eclipse duration is discussed with respect to the extended low states, and a possible correlation of the extended lows with the appearance of the optical light curves is considered.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 179-185
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  • 48
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    The observation program for the GSFC cosmic X-ray spectroscopy experiment (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: The cosmic X-ray spectroscopy experiment on OSO-8 will observe seven X-ray binary sources in its first six months of operation. If possible, each of these sources will be observed for one or more binary orbits so that the X-ray spectrum of each object can be observed through all phases of its orbit. For the two pulsing binaries, Her X-1 and Cen X-3, spectral variations over the pulse period will be studied. Simultaneous radio observations of Cyg X-1 and Cyg X-3 will search for any correlation between radio and X-ray emission. During the first year of operation, the detectors will observe over 50% of the known X-ray sources.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: X-ray Binaries; p 737-738
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  • 49
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    Spectrophotometry of the unusual optical candidate for 3U 1728-24 (=GX 2+5 = GX 1+4) a recurrent nova? (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: The spectrum of the object suggested as a possible optical counterpart of GX 2+5, was studied, using the image tube scanner attached to the 3-m telescope of Lick Observatory. An improved X-ray error box obtained with Copernicus strongly supports this proposed identification. The candidate displays all the characteristics of the symbiotic stars and the related recurrent novae. The spectrum reveals the presence of an M star together with a blue component and a large number of emission lines displaying a wide range of ionization. There is evidence of variability of both the continuum and the line intensities. This object provides strong support for the often proposed association of some X-ray sources with nova-like systems.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 691-701
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  • 50
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    Long term X-ray studies of Sco X-1 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: No modulation of the 3-6 keV X-ray intensity of Sco X-1 at a level of excess of 1% is observed at the optical period of .787313d. Evidence is found for shot-noise character in a large fraction or the X-ray emission. Almost all of the Sco X-1 emission can be synthesized in terms of approximately 200 shots per day, each with a duration of approximately 1/3 day.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: X-ray Binaries; p 703-716
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  • 51
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    The X-ray binary HD 77581 + 3U 0900-40 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: The properties of the binary system in the different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum are presented from X-rays to the radio. Physical parameters and a model for the system are derived.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 575-614
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  • 52
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    The Skylab S019 ultraviolet spectra of HD 153919 (=3U 1700-37) and HDE 226868 (=Cyg X-1) (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: Ultraviolet spectra of HD153919 (=3U1700-37) and HDE226868 (=Cyg X-1) were obtained with the ultraviolet objective-prism spectrograph of Skylab Experiment S019. The data consist of unwidened spectra which extend to 1,600A for HD153919 and to 2,400A for HDE226868. The wavelength resolution is about 2A to 1,400A and 12A at 2,000A. For HD153919, an unwidened spectrum of fair quality and extending to a wavelength of 1,600A was obtained at 22 sup h 08 sup m on 1 September 1973. The energy distribution in this spectrum generally resembles that of other reddened O stars. A break in continuum intensity seems to occur at a wavelength of about 1,720A. There is a suggestion of an emission line on the longward edge of the break but this could be either a chance clumping of grains or else a photographic edge-effect caused by the break.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: X-ray Binaries; p 551-553
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  • 53
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    High resolution measurements of Cyg X-1 from rockets (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: Cyg X-1 was observed on two occasions (Oct. 4, 1973 and Oct. 3, 1974) by the Goddard X-ray rocket payload. This payload consisted of two gas proportional counters (xenon-methane with 710 sq cm and argon-methane with 610 sq cm using the same 128 channel pulse height analyzer and having 320 micro sec temporal resolution on the 1973 flight and 160 micro sec resolution on the 1974 flight. During both flights, bursts of 1 ms duration were observed with very high statistical certainty. To date all 13 of these bursts were analyzed for spectral and temporal character, and the results of this analysis are presented. The spectra of overall X-ray emission from both flights is also presented. In a source known for its variability, it is remarkable that the spectra taken one year apart are virtually identical.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: X-ray Binaries; p 443-451
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  • 54
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    The early light curve of A0620-00 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: The Ariel-5 All-Sky Monitor measured the 3-6 keV X-ray intensity of 0620-00 for two days shortly after peak emission in August 1975, and continuously throughout September 1975. The effective exposure each day for this source (and every other source in the 80% of the celestial sphere covered by the monitor) is approximately 250 sq cm sec. The light curve obtained through October 1 (when the spin axis was again pointed to A0620-00) is shown. The intensity difference at maximum is obviously a manifestation of the very soft spectrum of the source. Clearly, A0620-00 was approximately four times as bright as Sco X-1 at maximum in the band 3-6 keV. The decay is quite smooth, but cannot be fit with a single e-folding time. The interval between the early All-Sky Monitor points and the onset of continuous coverage has an inferred e-folding time of 22 days, but it is continually increasing throughout September. A0620-00 is apparently similar in its X-ray character to the very strong, long-lasting transient X-ray sources which presently number six. In contrast, only three can be sensibly reconciled with the lower-intensity, shorter-duration hard-spectrum transients which have been found to pulse on a time scale of minutes.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: X-ray Binaries; p 311-316
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  • 55
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    Absence of iron line emission in Cyg X-3 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: An observation of Cygnus X-3 was made with soft X-ray detectors launched on an Aerobee rocket. The iron line emission observed one month later and in May 1975 was not found. A 3 sigma upper limit for this feature is 0.006 ph/2 cm/s.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 285-292
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  • 56
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    The radio sources associated with Cyg X-3 (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: Some of the conclusions derived from the data on the radio flaring of Cyg X-3 are summarized. In addition, recent data showing that Cyg X-3 has both active and quiet radio behavior are presented.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 233-244
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  • 57
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    Recent Uhuru results on Centaurus X-3 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: The current status of the analysis of Cen X-3 data from Uhuru concerning pulsations, orbital period and eccentricity, and extended lows, are reviewed. The pulse period decreases irregularly. The pulsed fraction (2-7 keV) is 70%-90% for single pulses but significantly less for superpositions of pulses, due to variability in shape. The pulses are narrower at higher energies with a correlated increase in fraction pulsed. The orbital period is found to both decrease and increase with p/p on the order of a few times 0.00001/year. A three sigma upper limit on the eccentricity of 0.003 is obtained; if no significant periastron motion is allowed over two years, the upper limit becomes 0.0016. The orbital period is found to be detectable during some extended lows but with a significantly decreased ratio of eclipsed to non-eclipsed intensity. Two transitions between normal high states and extended lows are studied, and a consistent model is obtained in which extended lows are caused by both burying the source in an increased stellar wind from the companion, and starving the source by decreasing the stellar wind. Changes in fraction pulsed during transitions and systematic differences in the harmonic content of the pulses are also found.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 197-206
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  • 58
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    Optical observations of HDE 226868 = Cygnus X-1: A review (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: The present state of knowledge of the binary system HDE226868 = Cygnus X-1 is summarized, including system dimensions, nature of the secondary X-ray source, and mass transfer properties. Some deficiencies in the optical observations are pointed out; these deficiencies make interpretation of the system difficult, but can be corrected.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 465-484
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  • 59
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    Intensity and spectral variations of Cyg X-1 observed from balloons (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: Observations of Cyg X-1 with a 20 to 200 keV balloon carried X-ray telescope in 1969, 1970, and 1972 are presented. These results reveal the following characteristics of Cyg X-1: The steep spectrum observed at E 10 keV during the radio quiet phase can extend to 200 keV. This phase may have lasted 21 months (July 1969 to March 1971). The low flux values are factors of 3 and 8 below the normal values at 30 and 100 keV respectively, are rarely observed, and may be associated with the early phase of the 1971 April X-ray transition. During some one hour periods, the intensity remained constant to approximately 20% and during other periods it varied a factor 2 in 5 minutes and a factor 10 in 1 hour. Complex spectral variations accompanied the intensity changes.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 407-424
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  • 60
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    Introduction to Cyg X-1 X-ray panel (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: The status of X-ray observations is summarized in tabular form along with general aspects of X-ray emission. Specific questions that arise when the observed phenomena are pieced together into a coherent picture are presented. Spectral states, transitions, periodic behavior, fluctuations, and bursts are among the topics discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: X-ray Binaries; p 369-372
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    The transient X-ray source A0620-00 (Nova Monocerotis 1975) (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: A0620-00 is the first of the so-called X-ray novae to be identified with an optical object. Emission in the ultraviolet, infrared, and radio wavelength regions was observed from this source. From the observed properties of the optical radiation, it is suggested that the source is a recurrent nova.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: X-ray Binaries; p 293-309
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  • 62
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    Pulsed X-ray observations of Cen X-3 from Ariel-5 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: The 4.8 second X-ray pulsations from Centaurus X-3 were monitored by the MSSL collimated proportional counter on board Ariel-5 between 18-27 January 1975. Analysis of the source Doppler effect shows that the pulsation period of Cen X-3 decreased by 3.70 + or - 0.04 milliseconds during the preceding 2.3 years. The Doppler analysis also yields updated values for the binary phase and period of Cen X-3. Phase zero occurred at JD 2442438.628 + or - 0.003, and the average heliocentric binary period between October 1972 and January 1975 was 2.087129 + or - 0.000007 days. Light curves of the 4.8 second pulsations in the 3-9 keV band are characterized by two pronounced peaks, in contrast with the single peak profiles observed by Uhuru.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 219-231
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    The interstellar matter column density to Cen X-3 (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: The usual gas-to-dust ratio is shown to hold quite precisely for a sample of supernova remnants with available X-ray spectra and interstellar reddening observations. Supernova remnants are extended objects, tenuous enough to be optically thin in the X-ray range; it is shown that the X-ray observations can readily be interpreted in terms of a main source component and of an interstellar perturbation affecting the lower part of the spectrum. Cen X-3 is associated with an OB supergiant. The effect of the column density is easily detectable in the X-ray range. The spectrum exhibits a low energy cut-off, which is parameterized by a column of cold matter, NX. The cut-off is definitely observed to be variable. There is a suggestion that sometimes NX NH. It is concluded that on those occasions a spurious soft X-ray component is present in the source, bearing close similarity with Cyg X-1.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: X-ray Binaries; p 189-195
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    A procedure for analyzing transonic flow over harmonically oscillating airfoils (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: Finite difference procedures were successfully used to solve the steady transonic flow about airfoils and appear to provide a practical means for calculating the corresponding unsteady flow. The purpose of the paper is to describe a finite difference procedure derived from the equations for the potential flow by assuming small perturbations and harmonic motion. The velocity potential is divided into steady and unsteady parts, and the resulting unsteady equation is linearized on the basis of small amplitudes of oscillation. The steady velocity potential, which must be calculated first, is described by the classical nonlinear transonic differential equation.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 2; p 657-670
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  • 65
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    Section drag coefficients from pressure probe transverses of a wing wake at low speeds (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: An in-flight wing wake section drag investigation was conducted using traversing pitot and static probes. The primary objective was to develop measurement techniques and improve the accuracy of in-flight wing profile drag measurements for low values of dynamic pressure and Reynolds number. Data were obtained on a sailplane for speeds from about 40 knots to 125 knots at chord Reynolds numbers between 1,000,000 and 3,000,000. Tests were conducted with zero flap deflection, deflected flaps, and various degrees of surface roughness, and for smooth and rough atmospheric conditions. Several techniques were used to increase data reliability and to minimize certain bias errors. A discussion of the effects of a total pressure probe in a pressure gradient, and the effects of discrete turbulence levels, on the data presented and other experimental results is also included.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 2; p 601-621
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  • 66
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    Some calculations of transonic potential flow for the NACA 64A006 airfoil with oscillating flap (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: A method for calculating the transonic flow over steady and oscillating airfoils was developed by Isogai. It solves the full potential equation with a semi-implicit, time-marching, finite difference technique. Steady flow solutions are obtained from time asymptotic solutions for a steady airfoil. Corresponding oscillatory solutions are obtained by initiating an oscillation and marching in time for several cycles until a converged periodic solution is achieved. In this paper the method is described in general terms, and results are compared with experimental data for both steady flow and for oscillations at several values of reduced frequency. Good agreement for static pressures is shown for subcritical speeds, with increasing deviation as Mach number is increased into the supercritical speed range. Fair agreement with experiment was obtained at high reduced frequencies with larger deviations at low reduced frequencies.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 2; p 689-700
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  • 67
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    Applications of dynamic measurement techniques to wind-tunnel testing (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: The uses of laser Doppler velocimeter, hot wire, and surface hot film techniques in the study of turbulent flows are described, and data obtained in compressible flows are discussed. Applications are illustrated with measurements of wind tunnel freestream turbulence characteristics and with data obtained in transitional, turbulent, and separated shear flows. A new method which was developed for the study of time dependent and unsteady turbulent flows is also presented.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 2; p 571-588
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  • 68
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    International Halley Watch: Discipline specialists for near-nucleus studies (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The purpose of the Near-Nucleus Studies Net is to study the processes taking place in the near-nucleus environment as they relate to the nature of nucleus. This is accomplisghed by measuring the spatial and temporal distribution of dust, gases and ions in the coma on high resolution images taken from many observatories around the world. By modeling the motions of discrete dust features in Comet Halley, it is often possible to determine the locations of the emission sources on the surface and learn about the nucleus structure. In addition to the general goals shared by all IHW nets, the scientific goals of the net has been to determine (1)the gross surface structure of the nucleus, (2)the nucleus spin vector, (3)the distribution and evolution of jet sources and (4)the interrelationships between the gas, dust and ion components of the coma. An additional Comet Giacobini-Zinner watch was carried out by the NNSN in support of the NASA International Cometary Explorer flyby.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 181-182
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  • 69
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    Spectroscopic planetary detection (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The Sun-as-a-star was monitored using the McMath Fourier transform spectometer (FTS) on Kitt Peak in 1983. In 1985 the first measurement was made using the laser heterodyne technique. The FTS measurements now extend for three years, with errors of order 3 meters/sec at a given epoch. Over this 3 year period, a 33 meter/sec change was measured in the apparent velocity of integrated sunlight. The sense of the effect is that a greater blueshift is seen near solar minimum, which is consistent with expectations based on considering the changing morphology of solar granular convection. Presuming this effect is solar-cycle-related, it will mimic the Doppler reflex produced by a planetary companion of approximately two Jupiter masses, with an 11 year orbital period. Thus, Jupiter itself is below the threshold for detection by spectroscopic means, without an additional technique for discrimination. However, for planetary companions in shorter period orbits (P approx. 3 years) the threshold for unambiguous detection is well below one Jupiter mass.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 143-144
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  • 70
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    Asteroid shapes and pole orientation from visual and infrared photometry (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The shape and pole orientation of asteroid 16 Psyche was determined. New evidence supporting the shorter, five hour, period for 4 Vesta was presented. The first mutual eclipse event between Pluto and Charon was detected. The organization of an international campaign to obtain lightcurves and other data on the Pluto-Charon mutual events was started.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 129-130
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  • 71
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    Spatially resolved quantitative spectroscopy of comets (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The pristine nucleus of a comet, in particular, its chemical composition is studied. More immediate goals are to quantitatively compare the mass-loss-rates of various periodic comets, and to map out the distribution of coma region ions and neutral radicals with the hope of indirectly determining their parent molecules.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 125-126
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  • 72
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    International Halley Watch: Discipline specialists for astronomy (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The Astrometry Network of the International Halley Watch (IHW) has organized and coordinated more than 300 astrometric observers from 47 countries in an effort to provide for accurate positional information on comets Halley and Giacobini-Zinner. This information is being used to constantly update the existing orbits and ephemerides for the various flight projects to these two comets and also for the other ground-based observers within the IHW organization. The astrometric data, as well as the resultant orbits and ephemerides, are being distributed to all requesting observers and they will be cataloged within the general IHW archive system.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 185
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    International Halley Watch: Discipline specialists for infrared spectroscopy and radiometry (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The Infrared Net has been active in all areas of comet science in its domain. The more than 100 members of the net and 30 participating observatories are still engaged in observations, and only a preliminary discussion of the highlights of the program is possible at this time.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 179-180
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    International Halley Watch: Discipline specialists for large scale phenomena (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The largest scale structures of comets, their tails, are extremely interesting from a physical point of view, and some of their properties are among the most spectacular displayed by comets. Because the tail(s) is an important component part of a comet, the Large-Scale Phenomena (L-SP) Discipline was created as one of eight different observational methods in which Halley data would be encouraged and collected from all around the world under the aspices of the International Halley Watch (IHW). The L-SP Discipline Specialist (DS) Team resides at NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center under the leadership of John C. Brandt, Malcolm B. Niedner, and their team of image-processing and computer specialists; Jurgan Rahe at NASA Headquarters completes the formal DS science staff. The team has adopted the study of disconnection events (DE) as its principal science target, and it is because of the rapid changes which occur in connection with DE's that such extensive global coverage was deemed necessary to assemble a complete record.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 175-176
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    International Halley Watch: Discipline specialists for photometry and polarimetry (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The last of the 75 sets of standard filters were distributed, including re-allocation of several sets from north to south at the beginning of 1986. Observations of the photometric standard stars from several observatories were collected and synthesized into a standard system of magnitudes. Transformation equations were derived to yield absolute fluxes in various cometary emission bands and in the continuum. These transformations turned out to vary with the comet's radial velocity for some filters and with the filter's temperature for some filters, and from one set of filters to another, all effects were quantitatively assessed. Non-linearities in the extinction, observed through the OH filter, were modelled and techniques for linearizing the extinction were developed. Although not among the official goals of the IHW, NASA Headquarters chose to work through the IHW to develop two CCD camera systems. Two iterations of an archive format were performed and a third is in the works.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 174
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    A research proposal on spectroscopy of gases and solids observed in the solar system (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: It is well recognized and accepted that the interpretation and analysis of any type of remote planetary spectroscopic observation requires that basic molecular parameters be available. Furthermore, the newly developed capabilities of air, ground, and space borne spectrometers trained on bodies in the solar system are producing results which are extremely difficult to understand on the basis of available data. This is particularly true in the case of spectral features arising from gases and volatiles condensed as ices. With the objective to continue to extend the understanding of spectroscopic observations of solar system objects (including comets) , laboratory studies of both gas phase molecules and ices and dusts are proposed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 167-168
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  • 77
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    A survey of nearby stars for the perturbatative effects of extrasolar planetary systems (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A new photoelectric astrometric system, the Multichannel Astrometric Photometer (MAP), was developed, and it was used in a regular observing program designed to detect extrasolar planetary systems. The 76-cm refractor of the Allegheny Observatory was fully renovated to make it suitable as the observing instrument for the MAP. The MAP itself was designed, constructed and tested in actual operation. A data analysis system was developed and tested.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetry Astronomy, 1985; p 145-146
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    Workshop on Earth-Orbital Planetary Astronomy (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: During the last 15 years, a revolution has occurred in the understanding of the physical nature of the solar system. The most conspicuous contributions have come from investigations on spacecraft, ranging from the early Explorers to the current Voyagers. Less conspicuous but equally important are the discoveries that have come from parallel investigations in ground-based, airborne and Earth-orbital astronomy. The role of Earth-based remote observations in achieving the goals of Solar System Exploration's Planetary Astronomy Program are currently under review. To assess the specific need for future Earth-orbital facilities, a workshop was convened at Jet Propulsion Laboratory on 13 to 15 January, 1986. The charter of the workshop included requests to (1)identify and need for Earth-orbital observations within the context of the current goals of the Solar System Exploration Program and (2)identify candidate facilities and instruments required to support these needs.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 141-142
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  • 79
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    Spectroscopic observations of the planets (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The first phase of a program to determine D/H in the atmospheres of all of the major planets and Titan was completed. D/H on Titan and Uranus is significantly higher than on Jupiter and Saturn. Titan has the highest value, consistent with the possibility for hydrogen escape. These measurements were all made in terms of CH3D/CH4. They suggest that at least two reservoirs for deuterium exist in the outer solar system - a large one in hydrogen and a much smaller one in hydrogen-containing compounds that have not isotopically equilibrated with the hydrogen. This result also demonstrates that a large fraction of the carbon in the outer solar nebula was in the form of methane and it supports the nucleation model for the formation of the outer planets. Other studies included an investigation of the phosphine abundance over the Great Red Spot (GRS) of Jupiter, pre-Voyager determination of the amount of acetylene on Uranus, and the carbon isotope ratio in Halley's Comet. UV spectra of the GRS obtained with the IUE show no evidence of the enhancement of phosphine that would be expected if the red color of this object is caused by P4.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 51-52
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    Outer planet studies (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Spectrophotometric observation were completed of Titan and determinations of its geometric and Bond albedos and completion of like observations of Uranus, pre-Voyager encounter. CH3D was studied in the spectrum of Uranus and a determination of the CH3D/CH4 mixing ratio in its atmosphere. The observations needed for a direct calibration of the Sun against Vega was completed. The study was continued of CH3D in the spectra of Saturn and Titan. High resolution observations of O I, C2 and C-12 C-13 in the coma of P/Halley were also studied.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 42-43
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  • 81
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    Infrared spectroscopy of Jupiter and Saturn (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The origin of carbon monoxide has been a puzzle for some time, and it has become apparent that CO serves as a tracer of disequilibrium processes in the Jovian atmosphere. High resolution spectra with a Fabry-Perot spectrometer was obtained. From a detailed synthetic spectral analysis of the CO line profiles, it was established that the CO is located in the troposphere of Jupiter. It must therefore be a product of convection upward from hotter levels in the deep atmosphere, and is not a product of infall of material from above the stratosphere. Six lines of CO in Saturn was detected, a surprising result because disequilibrium models predicted that the CO mixing ratio would be too low to be observable if upward convection is the dominant mechanism. Therefore several possibilities for the origin of the CO now exist, none completely satisfactory at this time.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 40-41
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    Asteroid team (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Work on asteroid classification continued was rewarded with the discovery of two Earth-approaching M asteroids. The M class is rare and these are the first found among the near-Earth asteroids to have the spectral albedo characteristic of this class. The two asteroids are newly discovered 1986 DA and 1986 EB which were observed at N and Q bandpasses (i.e., 10 and 20 microns) with the 3 m IRTF telescope and at five wavelengths from 0.36 to 0.85 microns from Kitt peak National Observatory's 0.36 m telescope. The derived diameters are about 2 km for both objects. In the asteroid radiometry program N or Q photometry was obtained for more than 40 asteroids in Feb. 1986. Radiometric diameter calibration support were provided for stellar occultations of stars by 230 Athamantis and 129 Antigone. The data were reduced but not analyzed. Infrared spectra (0.8 to 2.6 microns) of 60 asteroids were reduced and are now ready for compositional analysis.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 104
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  • 83
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    SIRTF: The Space Infrared Telescope Facility (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A quick overview of the work which was performed to bring the Space Infrared Telescope Facility to its present state of readiness is presented.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Proceedings of the Second Infrared Detector Technology Workshop; 8 p
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    Shuttle Tethered Aerothermodynamics Research Facility (STARFAC) (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The Earth's atmosphere from 90 km to 200 km provides the last aerothermodynamics frontier. Present NASA programs which require but also can provide an understanding of the aerodynamics and aerothermodynamics of the free molecule and transition flows that exist at these altitudes are the Aeroassisted OTV, Entry Research Vehicle and the Tethered Satellite. Each of these programs provides a unique opportunity to do flight research in the rarefied upper atmosphere. However, the Tethered Satellite Program provides, because of its capability to obtain global, in-situ, steady state data, the greatest potential to: (1)define the performance of aerodynamic shapes as a function of environmental characteristics (free molecule, transition, slip flow regimes); (2)define the characteristics of the upper atmosphere and the global variability of properties such as composition temperature, pressure and density. Such data are required to accomplish the systematic development and verification of analytical prediction techniques required to support advance configuration designs.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Applications of Tethers in Space: Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 2; p 265-285
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  • 85
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    Aircraft (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The physical principles of flight, and the consideration of atmospheric composition and aerodynamic forces in the design and construction of various types of aircraft are discussed. Flight characteristics are described for helicopters, rotary-wing aircraft, short and vertical takeoff aircraft, and tailess or variable geometry wing aircraft. Flow characteristics at various speeds are also discussed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Soviet Aircraft and Rockets (NASA-TT-F-770); p 24-80
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  • 86
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    Executive summary of Aircraft Icing Specialists Workshop (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: In a period of escalating development costs for new aircraft, there is growing interest in a renewed and coordinated icing research effort to achieve an updating or modernization of each aspect of the technological issues that are involved. This includes the data base, analysis methods, test techniques, and test facilities.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Aircraft Icing; p 1-16
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  • 87
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    Radiation mechanisms and magnetospheric structure of pulsars (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A model of pulsars is outlined. Key early considerations were those which led to the identification of pulsars with neutron stars, the Goldreich-Julian model of pulsar magnetospheres, and the recognition that, in a pulsar magnetosphere, a high energy gamma ray may annihilate to produce an electron-positron pair. Arguments that suggest that pulsar magnetospheres may contain large masses of plasma, a suggestion which has important implications concerning the structure of the magnetosphere, are considered along with observational data which support a magnetosphere model based on that idea rather than the Goldreich-Julian model.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 108-117
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  • 88
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    Galactic distribution of pulsars (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The density distributions of pulsars in luminosity, period, Z-distance, and galactocentric distance were derived using a uniform sample of pulsars detected during a 408 MHz pulsar survey at Jodrell Bank. There are indications of a fine scale structure in the spatial distribution and evidence that there is a general correlation with other galactic populations and the overall spiral structure. The electron layer in the galaxy is shown to be wider than the pulsar layer and uniform on a large scale. The number of pulsars in the galaxy was estimated and used to derive the pulsar birthrate.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 299-319
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  • 89
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    Absorption lines in the spectra of distant objects (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Studies that can be carried out with the Space Telescope of absorption line systems which may be expected to occur in the spectra of distant objects are discussed. The phenomenology of quasar absorption line systems is described and the principal suggested explanations are summarized. It is proposed that the numerous Ly-alpha systems are caused by 'extremely large hydrogenic halos around galaxies or clusters of galaxies. Two tests are also described for the origins of known absorption systems, the results of which will favor either the cosmological or intrinsic hypothesis. Absorption lines that are likely to be strongest are listed and a sample observing program is presented.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Sci. Res. with the Space Telescope; p 215-240
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  • 90
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    Space telescope observations of normal galaxies (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Observations of the stellar content of galaxies are discussed. Specific emphasis is placed on the following two types of observation: (1) those objects near enough to observe individual stars; and (2) those so distant that only their integrated light can be observed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Sci. Res. with the Space Telescope; p 165-180
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  • 91
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    Population statistics of faint stellar and non-stellar objects (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A disc and halo population model is constructed to fit star counts and color data down to V approximately 23 at absolute value of b = 90 deg. This model is used to predict star counts and colors down to V approximately 30. Deviations from these extrapolated relationships provide constraints on the number of faint quasars and black dwarf stars. It is shown that extra-galactic globular clusters start contributing significantly to star counts at V approximately 25 and are more numerous than stars for V 31. Morphological studies of galaxies with approximately 0.5, were made with the space telescope. Significant constraints on theoretical models that describe the evolution of clusters of galaxies are provided.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Sci. Res. with the Space Telescope; p 151-164
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  • 92
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    The space telescope observatory (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A guide to the expected characteristics of the space telescope (ST) observatory is presented. The general objectives of the ST observatory are summarized. The plans for the development of the observatory are described with a brief history of the scientific activities; an account of the scope of the present program; a summary of the major responsibilities of the contractors; and a list of the project milestones are included. The performance characteristics of the observatory are provided including the imaging and stray light characteristics, pointing capability, and operational access. The expected performance characteristics of all six of the first generation science instruments are summarized. The mode of operations is described which includes a discussion of program options, guide star selection, methods of acquisition, and quick look data capabilities.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Sci. Res. with the Space Telescope; p 5-46
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  • 93
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    Safety hazard of aircraft icing (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The problem of aircraft icing is reported as well as the type of aircraft affected, the pilots involved, and an identification of the areas where reduction in icing accidents are readily accomplished.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Aircraft Icing; p 21-27
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  • 94
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    Gamma ray pulsars (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Recent data from the high energy gamma ray experiment have revealed the existence of four pulsars emitting photons above 35 MeV. An attempt is made to explain the gamma ray emission from these pulsars in terms of an electron-photon cascade that develops in the magnetosphere of the pulsar. Although there is very little material above the surface of the pulsar, the very intense magnetic fields correspond to many radiation lengths which cause electrons to emit photons via magnetic bremsstrahlung and these photons to pair produce. The cascade develops until the mean photon energy drops below the pair production threshold which happens to be in the gamma ray range; at this stage the photons break out from the source.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 118-127
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  • 95
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    Radio astronomers, X-ray astronomers and the space telescope (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The use of the Space Telescope and the study of objects in the radio and X-ray wavebands, particularly extragalactic objects, are discussed. The scientific objectives of a number of projects which involve observations with the Space Telescope are described.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Sci. Res. with the Space Telescope; p 241-262
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  • 96
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    Planetary astronomy with the space telescope (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Experimental methods in planetary astronomy are discussed using a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages in the astronomical methods of ground based, Earth-orbit, and deep space missions. Problem areas in planetary astronomy which demonstrate the utility and power of the space telescope (ST) over other methods are delineated. These include utilizing the ST for studying the atmospheric dynamics, stratospheric and upper atmospheric processes, and circumplanetary nebulae of the planets. The capability of the ST for solar system observations is summarized with a discussion of the increases in resolution and sensitivity of the ST over other Earth-orbiting telescopes highlighted.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Sci. Res. with the Space Telescope; p 47-75
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  • 97
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    The lateral flying qualities of the Bell XP-77 airplane as estimated from full-scale tunnel tests, 16 June 1944 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Results are presented for tests made of the full scale model of the airplane in the NACA full scale tunnel. These tests were planned so as to cover as completely as possible the lateral flying quality requirements for pursuit-type airplanes contracted for by the United States Army Air Forces.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Collected Works of Charles J. Donlan; 23 p
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  • 98
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    Civil Helicopter icing problems (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The ice capabilities of rotary wing aircraft are examined. Recommendations are given to improve the inadequacies of the weather forecasts pertaining to ice, and to adopt a low maintenance anti-ice system.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Aircraft Icing; p 29-30
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  • 99
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    Overview of helicopter ice protection system developments (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Helicopter ice protection design criteria was developed and technological shortcoming in meeting helicopter mission requirements is that of helicopter rotor blade ice protection. Airframe components are protected using existing technology while the rotor blade protected using the cyclic electrothermal deicing concept.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Aircraft Icing; p 39-65
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  • 100
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    A review of the icing situation from the standpoint of general aviation (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: An overview of the present situation in the field of aircraft icing with respect to certification and operation of nontransport category airplanes is given. Problems of definition and inconsistencies are pointed out. Problems in the forecasting and measurement of icing intensities are discussed. The present regulatory environment is examined with respect to its applicability and appropriateness to nontransport airplanes.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Aircraft Icing; p 31-38
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