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  • Articles  (29,561)
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  • Articles  (29,561)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetostatic wave devices for UHF band applications (1985)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 285-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Magnetostatic surface wave (MSSW) devices made with pure and gallium-substituted yttrium-iron garnet (Ga:La-YIG) films are described. These devices include nondispersive and dispersive delay lines, band-pass filters, oscillators, and resonators. By controlling the magnitude of the bias magnetic field and the temperature of operation, it is possible to tune these devices over a wide frequency range extending from 0.3 to 4 GHz and from 3 to 18 GHz using Ga:La-YIG and pure YIG films, respectively. These devices could be used in pulse compression radar, microscan receivers, complicated Fourier transform processors, and fundamental oscillator circuits. In this paper, we briefly show results for pure YIG devices tunable in C and X bands and discuss, in detail, the performance of the Ga:La-YIG devices for UHF applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600086
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MSW devices for EW receiver applications (1985)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 301-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Conclusion Significant improvements are required in the performance of MSW dispersive delay lines and filter banks before they are ready for systems application. Typically delay lines with bandwidths of 1 GHz or greater, differential delays in the range 200 ns to 1μs, and minimum phase errors (〈±1 °) are required for large (∿40 dB) dynamic range compressive receivers. However, techniques are evolving (see rest of this issue) in this relatively new area of technology which will allow systems performance requirements on phase errors to be met. Possible approaches to low phase error dispersive delay lines include reflective arrays, stepped ground planes, and multiple YIG films. The stepped ground plane technique is the most advanced and uses an optimization approach to the delay-line design, which results in a minimum phase error [20]. Ultimately the minimum achievable phase error will be limited by reflections from transducers and multiple mode effects in the delay lines. The MSW compressive receiver requires parallel advances in high-speed digital processing techniques to achieve its full potential. The MSW filter bank provides a simple channelization technique applicable up to approximately 20 GHz. Narrowband channels with 10 dB insertion loss, 3 dB bandwidths of 10 to 40 MHz, and 50 dB bandwidths of 30 to 120 MHz are possible with the already demonstrated techniques. Broader bandwidth channels in the range 50 to 200 MHz with flat passband response require improved transducer design techniques. The channelized receiver does not require extremely high-speed operations but, since a large number of channels are involved, size and cost become very significant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600087
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the mechanism of transient instability of power systems (1985)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 413-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In recent studies, it has been verifiedheuristically andexperimentally (via simulations) that instability in power systems due to a fault occurs when one machine or a group of machines, called thecritical group, loses synchronism with the remaining machines. Using energy functions associated with a critical group (rather than system-wide functions), transient stability results which are less conservative than other existing results, have been obtained. The existence and identity of a critical group is ascertained in these studies byoff-line simulations. In this paper, we present results, for power systems with uniform damping, which establishanalytically theexistence and theidentity of the critical group of machines due to a given fault. We also present a result to determine estimates of the domain of attraction of asymptotically stable equilibrium points in power systems. The results presented herein can potentially be usedon-line to determine which machines belong to a critical group, and to use this information for corrective action (e.g.,shedding of the critical generators orfast valving for these generators). The applicability of the present results is demonstrated by means of a specific example (a 162-bus, 17-generator model of the power network of the State of Iowa).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01605428
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A survey of linear singular systems (1986)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 5 (1986), S. 3-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper is a brief historical review of linear singular systems, followed by a survey of results on their solution and properties. The frequency domain and time domain approaches are discussed together to sketch an overall picture of the current status of the theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600184
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative performance of polynomial signal extraction (1982)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 93-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A stochastic approximation problem for polynomic operators is formulated. The performance of polynomic operators of various degrees is compared. The effect of causality constraints is also examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600036
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Feedback system design: The single-variate case — Part I (1982)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 137-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A recently developed algebraic approach to the feedback system design problem is reviewed via the derivation of the theory in the single-variate case. This allows the simple algebraic nature of the theory to be brought to the fore while simultaneously minimizing the complexities of the presentation. Rather than simply giving a single solution to the prescribed design problem we endeavor to give a complete parameterization of the set of compensators which meet specifications. Although this might at first seem to complicate our theory it, in fact, opens the way for a sequential approach to the design problem in which one parameterizes the subset of those compensators which meet the second specification...etc. Specific problems investigated include feedback system stabilization, the tracking and disturbance rejection problem, robust design, transfer function design, pole placement, simultaneous stabilization, and stable stabilization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600050
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial (1982)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 267-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599010
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rational approximation via selective modal analysis (1982)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 433-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We describe a recently developed framework for exploring the structure of linear time-invariant models of large systems, and for constructing interpretable or physically-based, reduced-order models that reproduce selected modes of the original systems to a desired accuracy. Application of this framework to constructing lumped approximations for interconnections of lumped and distributed systems is briefly explored.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599022
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Arma spectral estimation based on partial autocorrelations — Part II: Statistical analysis (1985)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 367-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In a previous paper [1], a new algorithm for ARMA spectral estimation of stationary time series has been presented. The algorithm is based on nonlinear least squares fit of the sample partial autocorrelations to the partial autocorrelations generated by the assumed ARMA model. This paper explores the statistical properties of the above algorithm, including some numerical examples of the asymptotic variance of the estimated parameters, as compared to the Cramer-Rao bound. The results confirm the good performance of the algorithm and suggest an improvement in its implementation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01605426
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MSW applications for phased array antennas (1985)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 335-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A potential application of MSW technology lies in the area of time delay for future low-sidelobe wide-bandwidth phased array antennas. High-precision MSW electronically tunable analog time-delay units in transmit/receive modules in phased arrays have the potential of greatly enhancing antenna system capabilities, by increasing instantaneous operating bandwidth and decreasing sidelobe levels, over phased array systems using only phase shifters or switched lines for beam steering and control. This paper provides a status report of MSW time delays for such arrays.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600089
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The decimation-in-frequency algorithms for a family of discrete sine and cosine transforms (1988)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 3-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we present results in the development of decimation-in-frequency algorithms for a family of discrete sine and cosine transforms. They are closely related to the decimation-in-time algorithms developed by Yip and Rao [1]. The complexity of the algorithms was examined through the number of multiplications and additions as well as the number of different constants required in the transforms. It was found that the decimation-in-frequency approach provides a viable alternative to other fast algorithms for the discrete sine and cosine transforms. In particular, the recursive and modular structure of the algorithms lends itself readily to possible hardware realization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600005
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial (1988)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 113-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01602092
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An overview of the special issue: Concurrent architectures for signal processing (1988)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 115-118 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01602093
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A size-independent systolic array for matrix triangularization and eigenvalue computation (1988)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 173-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A fixed-size systolic array which can efficiently triangularize arbitrarily large matrices is presented. The array performs orthogonal triangularization by applying Givens' rotations in parallel. For matrices larger than the array, the triangularization is accomplished by emulating a large array with the fixed-size array. The distinguishing features of this array are (1) only one type of cell is used, (2) only unidirectional data flow is required, and (3) the array is rectangular shaped. These properties make it more suitable to emulate arbitrarily large arrays by feedback emulation. The array can also efficiently compute the eigenvalues of arbitrarily large matrices by theQR algorithm, because it can also perform theQR decomposition. In the computation the rotation parameters generated during each stage of theQR decomposition are used in the multiplication before the next stage of decomposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01602096
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonplanar switchable arrays (1988)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 213-234 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract On-line signal processing and automatic control applications give rise to numerous examples of computationally intense algorithms. Architectures which are algorithmically specialized and provide massive parallelism are necessary to cope with such computational requirements. Systolic arrays, which feature parallelism, local communications, and VLSI compatability appear to match up well with these computational requirements. This paper summarizes recent research on a general class of nonplanar systolic arrays. These arrays feature closed-loop data flow. The arrays may be switched dynamically to facilitate I/O simplicity and to accommodate iterative calculations without intermediate I/O interdiction. The closed-loop data flows also facilitate restructuring of the array to accommodate specific algorithmic requirements. The potential for multiuser, multialgorithm operation is also enhanced. Matrix operations are used as examples in the development. Algorithms as diversified as the Riccati equation, LU factorization, the Faddeev algorithm, FFT calculation, and controllability Grammians can be implemented on the nonplanar architectures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01602098
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficient systolic structures forLU decomposition and system of linear equations (1988)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 275-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper two new systolic structures forLU decomposition of an invertible matrix, having 100% and 50% hardware efficiency, are proposed. In comparison, a previously proposed structure forLU decomposition [1] has a hardware efficiency of only 33%. Utilizing one of the proposed systolic structure forLU decomposition, an integrated systolic structure for solving a system of linear equations is also derived. This is unlike other reported systolic structures for solving a system of linear equations, which are obtained by interconnecting heterogeneous subsystems, requiring complicated data realignment. These improvements in the proposed designs have been brought about by giving due consideration to the input/output data flow pattern between various subcomputations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01602101
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Minimization of transient signals in recursive time-varying digital filters (1988)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 345-359 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Changing the coefficient set of a recursive digital filter during operation results in a transient signal at the filter output. The amplitude of this transient signal may exceed the amplitude of the output signal before and well after the change of coefficients. This effect is rather disturbing in some applications, such as the processing of audio signals. It is shown how these transients can be minimized without increasing the computational complexity of the filter by the use of a properly chosen set of intermediate coefficients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599975
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Author's comment to “on decentralized hierarchic stabilization of a large-scale system with constraints” (1988)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 409-411 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599978
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Call for papers (1988)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. I 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599981
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the detection of a signal in colored noise (1988)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 467-479 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A modeling approach is used in the detection of a random signal in colored noise. The received sequence is modeled as a regressive/autoregressive time series, and the presence or absence of the desired signal is determined through a hypothesis testing procedure. The test is based on the construction of anF-statistic using likelihood functions. The statistic can be easily incorporated into the computation of the probability of a false alarm, such as required in the processing of radar signals. Results based on simulated data and actual radar data are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599921
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A variational principle for nonconservative power systems (1988)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 413-424 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Recent results for nonconservative dynamical systems involve a variational principle of the Hamilton type. In this approach the velocity of variation and the variation of velocity are not commutative as in the case of mechanics governing conservative dynamical systems. In this paper we adapt the above approach to power systems which include the effects of transfer conductances. For such power systems we show that if certain noncommutative rules (which are consistent with the ones used for the variation of velocities in nonconservative dynamical systems) are used, then it is possible to employ a variational principle of the Hamilton type to derive the classical model for power systems. Numerous simulations of specific postfault multimachine power systems have verified that the above noncommutative rules are indeed satisfied for the types of power systems which we consider. The present results give additional understanding for the types of energy functions that have recently been used in transient stability studies of power systems. In these works, several attributes of energy functions have been ascertained by means of simulations and heuristic reasoning, rather than analysis (e.g., path-dependent terms of energy functions have been approximated by making linear trajectory assumptions).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599980
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  • 22
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    Call for Papers (1988)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. I 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599924
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  • 23
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    VLSI array processors' block implementation of IIR digital filters (1988)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 511-511 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599923
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
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    Design of FIR filters with reduced computations (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 17-23 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The performance of a symmetric nonrecursive filter can be improved by multiple use of the same filter. The method is based on an Amplitude Change Function (ACF). An approach to the design of nonrecursive filters using an ACF is discussed in this paper. The prototype filter chosen is a Recursive Running Sum (RRS) filter which does not require any multipliers for its implementation. The required filter specifications are met by multiple use of the RRS filters. The overall filter requires a much smaller number of multiplications and adders than the one designed using the conventional method. It is shown that this method provides reduced noise due to coefficient quantization and product quantization compared with the conventional design technique.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598743
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  • 25
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    Statistical analysis of two nonlinear least-squares estimators of sine-wave parameters in the colored-noise case (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 3-15 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper establishes the large-sample accuracy properties of two nonlinear least-squares estimators (NLSE) of sine-wave parameters: the basic NLSE, which ignores the possible correlation of the noise, and the optimal NLSE, which, besides the sine-wave parameters, also estimates the noise correlation (appropriately parametrized). It is shown that these two NLS estimators have thesame accuracy in large samples. This result provides complete justification for preferring the computationally less expensive basic NLSE over the “optimal” NLSE. Both estimators are shown to achieve the Cramér-Rao Bound (CRB) as the sample size increases. A simple explicit expression for the CRB matrix is provided, which should be useful in studying the performance of sine-wave parameter estimators designed to work in the colored-noise case.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598742
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  • 26
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    Synthesis of two-dimensional losslessm-Ports with prescribed scattering matrix (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 97-119 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Multidimensional lossless networks are of special interest for use as reference structures for multidimensional wave digital filters [l]–[3]. The starting point of the presented synthesis procedure for two-dimensional representatives of the networks mentioned is a scattering matrix description of the desired multiport. This given matrix is assumed to have those properties which have turned out to be necessary [9], [10] for any scattering matrix of a multidimensional lossless network. The method presented for the synthesis of 2-D reactancem-ports is based mainly on known properties of block-companion matrices and the factorization of a univariable rational matrix which is discrete para-Hermitian and nonnegative definite on the unit circle. The resulting network always contains only a minimal number of frequency-dependent building elements. No restrictions are made concerning the coefficients of the rational entries of the scattering matrix; they may be either real or complex, so as to include even complex networks which are of special interest for multi-dimensional wave digital filters [3].
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598747
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  • 27
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    Systems which possessg- andh- Representations (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 145-162 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Examples are given concerning the range of applicability of recent representation results that provide a means of studying the input-output properties of nonlinear systems in terms of the familiar impulse-response concept, and which extend the concept of integral transformation to nonlinear maps. We show that such representations, which we call “g-” and “h-representations,” exist for important classes of systems governed by nonlinear integral equations. In particular, it is proved that a large class of maps that have Volterra series representations also have these representations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599935
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  • 28
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    Decentralized variable structure control of interconnected multi-input/ multi-output nonlinear systems (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 363-387 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract For a broad class of interconnected nonlinear systems, this paper develops a complete design methodology for decentralized variable structure control. Specifically, the paper sets forth design schemes for local switching surfaces and the related local switched feedback gains which together force the original nonlinear interconnected system to behave as a reduced order interconnected equivalent system having a desired response such as stability, tracking, or prespecified eigenvalues. Also developed is a numerical algorithm for constructing the switched local feedback gains. A simple nonlinear example illustrates the control strategy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600000
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  • 29
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    On decentralized hierarchic stabilization of a large-scale system with constraints (1987)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 391-419 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new stabilization method of a large-scale dynamic system, consisting of a set of interconnected subsystems, is presented in this paper. The topology of the interconnected subsystems is given as a network containing nodes with only one ingoing link, and none, one, or more outgoing links. Here, when the notion “node” is used a subsystem is assumed, and the links stand for the subsystem interconnections. The stabilization method is made only by the use of local linear state feedback around each subsystem, in order to satisfy constraints given in the problem. The interconnections among the subsystems are assumed to be nonlinear, time-varying. According to the topology of the large-scale system, the method of stabilization is hierarchic, one proceeds from node to node, and is applicable from a computer standpoint. A design algorithm follows directly, and can be made using the Generate and Test method for each subsystem independently, thus enabling designers to use a computer which has a video terminal as a peripheral unit and providing a possibility for interactive applications.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600232
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    Estimation of structured covariances with application to array beamforming (1987)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 421-447 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The estimation of covariance matrices which are structured, for example, of Toeplitz type, from measurement data is considered. The problem is considered in the context of array beamforming, and various methods of estimation are derived and compared, such comparison including consideration of the behavior of the estimate in beamforming applications.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600233
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    Formation of the block toeplitz matrix for two-dimensional PLSI Polynomials (1987)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 449-456 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The planar least-squares inverse (PLSI) polynomials are used for stabilization of two-dimensional unstable recursive filters. In order to obtain the PLSI polynomials, the main work involved consists in forming a set of linear equations and then solving them. In this paper we present an efficient and simple method to form the necessary set of linear equations (i.e., the required coefficient matrix) for a chosen pattern and order of the desired PLSI polynomial, starting from the denominator polynomial of a two-dimensional unstable recursive filter.
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    System inversion using orthogonal functions (1987)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 347-362 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper shows how to use orthogonal functions to invert singular (i.e., generalized state-space) systems. The approach is to express the inverse system itself as a singular system, and then to apply the theory of orthogonal functions to convert that differential-algebraic system to a purely algebraicgeneralized Lyapunov equation whose solution yields the input of the original system given its output. Both left and right inversion are treated. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of the generalized Lyapunov equation are derived, and a generalizedQZ algorithm is given for its efficient solution. It is also shown that the coefficients in the Walsh function expansion may be approximately found using an FFT-type butterfly network. These results provide both an extension in theory, by investigating the properties of a new Lyapunov equation, and an extension in the implementation of system inversion, by providing a scheme which applies to generalized state-space systems and uses an unconventional approach which may prove to be a useful contribution.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. I 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600237
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    Decoupling of the overflow and quantization phenomena in orthogonal biquad recursive digital filters (1987)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 457-470 
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    Notes: Abstract In digital communication networks, a special class of complex biquad recursive digital filters called orthogonal filters is increasingly being used. The separate effects of the overflow and quantization nonlinearities on these orthogonal filters' responses have been investigated [5], [6]. In this paper we examine the zero-input stability properties of the actual orthogonal filter having both overflow and quantization nonlinearities. The overflow nonlinearities considered include saturation, bit-by-bit inversion, zeroing, and modulo 2 arithmetic. The quantization techniques used may be roundoff, magnitude, or value truncation. An example demonstrates the adverse coupling effect between the overflow and quantization nonlinearities. Two criteria are therefore derived to ensure asymptotic overflowstability of the filter in the presence of quantization. These criteria have been translated to the coefficient plane; various regions corresponding to different minimum wordlengths required to ensure decoupling of the overflow and quantization phenomena have been derived.
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    An output error model and algorithm for electromagnetic system identification (1987)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 6 (1987), S. 471-505 
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    Notes: Abstract The identification problem for electromagnetic objects excited by transients is discussed. Several classes of models are reviewed, and an output error model is selected. An algorithm for solving the transient identification problem using this model is presented, and some of the issues connected with its use are considered. Examples of the application of this algorithm to electromagnetic data are given.
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    Covariance decompositions via elementary transformations. Applications to filtering (1988)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 21-55 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper depicts the connection between algorithms for the factorization of covariance matrices, a basic operation in linear estimation, and whitening or modeling filters. General algorithms for arbitrary covariances are presented and related to the four fundamental types of cascade filters: feed-forward and feed-back tapped delay line or ladder filter. Systolic implementations of the algorithms and realizations of the associated filters illustrate the correspondence between algorithms and filters. Finally, fast algorithms for special covariances are introduced through two important examples: constant-parameter tapped delay line and ladder filter.
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    Improvement in adaptive noise canceling using a nonlinear filter based on the pontryagin minimum principle (1988)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 57-78 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper introduces a new nonlinear filter that is used for adaptive noise canceling. The derivation and convergence properties of the filter are presented. The performance, as measured by the root mean square error between the signal and its estimate, is compared with that of the commonly used least mean square (LMS) algorithm. It is shown, through simulation, that the proposed nonlinear noise canceler has, on the average, better performance than the LMS canceler. The proposed adaptive noise canceler is based on the Pontryagin minimum principle and the method of invariant imbedding. The computational time for the proposed method is about 10% of that of the LMS, in the studied cases, which is a substantial improvement.
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    VLSI array processors' block implementation of IIR digital filters (1988)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 79-94 
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    Notes: Abstract VLSI systolic and wavefront array processors' architectures for the block implementation of infinite impulse response digital filters with very high sample rates are presented. The proposed systolic array processor achieves the maximum possible throughput rate and requires only local data transfers. The asynchronous wavefront array processor operates at the same maximum throughput rate and, moreover, it is characterized by a substantial reduced latency. The throughput rate of the proposed array processor structures is a linear function of the block lengthL and theoretically it may be arbitrary high; however, it is limited only by a number of practical implications.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. I 
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    Fault prediction for analog circuits (1988)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 95-109 
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    Notes: Abstract The main problems that are the major concern in network testing are fault detection, fault location, and fault prediction. In this paper a multiple-fault-prediction algorithm is proposed for analog circuits with inaccessible nodes. The components in the circuits may be nominals or may be deviated from the nominals within a prescribed tolerance. In the proposed prediction algorithm, the component values are evaluated according to the consecutive voltage measurements that are continuously monitored at the accessible test points at each periodic maintenance. The component values are used to locate the faulty components and/or to predict the components that are about to fail.
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    Systolic processing for dynamic programming problems (1988)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 119-149 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we investigate systolic processing for problems formulated in dynamic programming. These problems are classified as monadic-serial, polyadic-serial, monadic-nonserial, and polyadic-nonserial. Problems in serial formulations can be implemented easily in systolic arrays; however, nonserial problems may have to be transformed into a serial one before an efficient implementation can be found. monadic-serial dynamic programming problem can be solved as the search of an optimal path in a multistage graph and can be computed as a string of matrix multiplications. Three efficient systolic-array designs are presented. A polyadic-serial dynamic programming problem can be solved by either a divide- and-conquer algorithm or the search of optimal solutions in a serial AND/OR-graph. We have evaluated the asymptotically optimal architecture for divide- and-conquer algorithms and have developed efficient methods of mapping a regular AND/OR-graph into systolic arrays. Cases are studied for transforming a problem in a nonserial formulation into a serial one.
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    A systolic architecture for optimal filter design support (1988)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 151-172 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A prototype filter design is reviewed to underscore the computational problems arising in such designs. A purely systolic-array architecture is presented. This array provides the computational support necessary for filter design. Due to a simple and novel data steering technique the array is capable of carrying out a number of important matrix operations such as factorization, inversion of factors, and matrix-matrix multiplication. Another interesting attribute is the array's ability to maximally overlap computations of multiphase algorithms. In this study we demonstrate the execution of a dense matrix factorization phase and a factor inversion phase on the array with no need for intraphase or interphase I/O. We show that these phases (which are the backbone of an optimal filtering algorithm) are completed in the optimal count of aboutn time units. The array employs 2n n−n simple processing elements (PEs) that are active every other time unit. It is shown that the functions of two adjacent PEs can be merged and assigned to a single PE thus maximizing PE utilization. A possible design of a “merged” PE is given.
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    Geometric problems on two-dimensional array processors (1988)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 191-211 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Parallel algorithms for solving geometric problems on two array processor models—the mesh-connected computer (MCC) and a two-dimensional systolic array—are presented. We illustrate a recursive divide- and-conquer paradigm for MCC algorithms by presenting a time-optimal solution for the problem of finding thenearest neighbors of a set of planar points represented by their Cartesian coordinates. The algorithm executes on a√n×√n MCC, and requires an optimalO(√n) time. An algorithm for constructing theconvex hull of a set of planar points and anupdate algorithm for thedisk placement problem on ann 2/3×n 2/3 two-dimensional systolic array are presented. Both these algorithms requireO(n 2/3) time steps. The advantage of the systolic solutions lies in their suitability for direct hardware implementation.
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    Automatic design and partitioning of systolic/wavefront arrays for VLSI (1988)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 235-252 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we show how systolic/wavefront arrays can be automatically designed and partitioned to solve problems of arbitrary size. Buffer memory and control of a resulting array is regular and simple, and is generated automatically. Also, the throughput of the array is matched with the I/O speed of the host to which it is to be attached. The approach strongly relies upon classical concepts in signal processing, such as signal flow graphs and state transition functional behavior. Some illustrative examples are included.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. I 
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    Efficient VLSI array processing structures for adaptive quadratic digital filters (1988)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 253-273 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we introduce a class of efficient architectures for adaptive quadratic digital filters. These architectures are based on the LMS algorithm and use the rank compressed lower-upper (LU) triangular deomposition method. These architectures exhibit high parallelism as well as great modularity and regularity. We also consider affiliated VLSI array processing structures and compare these in terms of hardware cost and data throughput delay. For comparison purposes, the distributed arithmetic structures of adaptive quadratic filters are also included in the paper. Finally, the convergence performance of the adaptive quadratic filters is tested via benchmark simulation examples.
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    ARMA modeling of fourth-order cumulants and phase estimation (1988)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 291-325 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new procedure is proposed for ARMA modeling of fourth-order cumulants and trispectrum estimation of non-Gaussian stationary random processes. The new procedure is applied to the identification of nonminimum phase systems for both phase and magnitude response estimation. It is demonstrated by means of comprehensive simulation examples that the ARMA approach exhibits improved performance over conventional trispectrum methods. ARMA model order selection criteria based on fourth-order cumulants are presented and their performance evaluated. The computational complexity of the ARMA and conventional trispectrum methods is also examined. The new procedure does not require knowledge of the non-Gaussian distribution.
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    On adaptive beamforming in correlated noise (1988)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 327-343 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the problem of adaptive beamforming in the presence of fully coherent (correlated) noise sources. Two different techniques are developed for minimizing the effects of coherent interference. The first method employs spatial interpolation of the array aperture, followed by spatial smoothing in order to decorrelate the desired signal and the interference. The second technique is based on a simple algebraic transformation for restoring the rank of the array signal correlation matrix, which is normally rank deficient in such situations. This technique is shown to work for nonuniform adaptive arrays as well. Extensive computer simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed techniques.
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    Zeros and poles of linear periodic multivariable discrete-time systems (1988)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 361-380 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper the notions of transmission zero, invariant zero, and structural zero (that is the geometric notion of zero) are extended to linear periodic discrete-time systems, as well as the notion of pole. Their meaning is clarified and their relationships stressed, thus extending the time-invariant theory. In particular, the invariant zeros and the structural zeros are shown to coincide, together with their multiplicities, and the former are shown to be independent of a linear state feedback. Moreover, the nonzero transmission zeros, the nonzero invariant zeros, and the nonzero poles are shown to be independent of time, together with their multiplicities. Some of these results are obtained with the help of the notions of reachability subspace and inner controllable subspace, which constitute a further development of the geometric theory for this class of systems.
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    Errata (1988)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 411-411 
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    On the optimal filtering problem for the cubic sensor (1988)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 7 (1988), S. 381-408 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We consider the problem of optimal filtering of a scalar diffusion process measured by a monotone nonlinear sensor in a low-noise channel. The specific sensors considered are of the formh n(x)=¦x¦n sgn(x). This case represents a wide class of sensors with a critical inflection point, since it is the leading term in Taylor's expansion of the measurement function in the critical region. We give for the first time a formal asymptotic approximation of the conditional and of the mean square estimation errors of the optimal filter as interpolation formulas. We also construct an asymptotic approximation to the optimal filter and compare its performance with that of a constant gain filter.
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    High-speed recursive digital filter realization (1984)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 3 (1984), S. 267-294 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Pipeline techniques have been successfully applied to speeding up processing in both general- and special-purpose digital computers. Application of these techniques to nonrecursive (FIR) filters has been suggested and is quite straightforward. Application to recursive (IIR) filters has not previously been shown. In this paper, the technique for applying pipeline techniques to recursive filters is shown and the advantages and disadvantages of the technique are discussed. Using these techniques, recursive digital filters operating at hitherto impossibly high rates can be designed.
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    A Hybrid system for the reconstruction of a smooth function from its samples (1984)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 3 (1984), S. 295-314 
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    Notes: Abstract The long-standing problem of reconstructing a function from its samples is considered again. Assuming a sequence of oversampled values, a set of appropriate idealized reconstruction filters can be defined, which do not suffer from instability or slow convergence. The realization — a cascade of a nonrecursive digital filter, D/A-converter, and a fixed/analog smoothing filter — demands the design of the digital filter for the increase of the sampling rate. The design of this nonrecursive filter is the purpose of this paper. Approximations in the frequency as well as in the time domain are presented.
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    Theory of MSW transducers (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 41-62 
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    Notes: Abstract This is a review of two electrical equivalent circuits for multi-element magnetostatic wave transducers. The two circuit models are identified as a transmission line and a two terminal model. Both models have been extended to all three principal MSW modes of propagation to the point where computer programs have been written to plot phase and amplitude response as measured by commercial network analyzers. A review is provided of the basic assumptions, similarities and differences, advantages and disadvantages, and limitations of the two models. The useful range of them covers many cases of practical interest in the one to twelve Ghz frequency range.
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    Magnetostatic surface wave straight-edge resonators (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 201-209 
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    Notes: Abstract The performance of the magnetostatic surface wave straight-edge resonator (MSSW-SER) is presented. The resonator uses a rectangular YIG film to propagate MSSWs where the straight edge serves as a reflector. Problems arising from coupling to width mode resonances and their effect on the main resonance are investigated. Through a careful choice of YIG and transducer parameters, the interference effects of the width mode resonances with the main resonance are minimized. As a result, highQ tunable microwave resonators with a tuning range from 2–20 GHz, insertion loss less than 10 dB, and spurious rejection better than 10 dB could be designed and fabricated. This MSSW resonator could be used to construct a tunable low-phase-noise feedback oscillator. However, the tuning range of this MSW feedback oscillator is limited by the phase change of the external amplifier circuit.
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    The asymptotic behavior of Hermite-Padé polynomials (1982)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 305-309 
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    Notes: Abstract We present speculations on the asymptotic behavior of Hermite-Padé polynomials of type I constructed from a set of functions with common branch points. The proposed form is consistent with all known results and numerical work.
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    Nested-feedback-loops realization of 2-D systems (1982)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 321-343 
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    Notes: Abstract Algorithms are derived for representation of double power series by branched continued fractions. Some properties of the branched continued fractions are given. Two new alternative structures for realization of a two-dimensional, zero memory nonlinear transfer characteristic are proposed. These structures permit the design of 2-D systems with relatively low sensitivity of the transfer function to coefficient errors. Generalized equivalence transformations of branched continued fractions are also presented. Illustrative examples are included.
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    Port properties of nonlinear reciprocal networks (1982)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 77-92 
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    Notes: Abstract Time-invariantn-port networks are considered which are constructed from linear resistors and transformers, and nonlinear inductors and capacitors. A port property is sought which is analogous to the symmetry of the impedance matrix obtained in the linear case. Such a property is found using a stochastic characterization: with all resistors assumed to be at the one temperature and modelled to include the usual thermal noise, a fluctuating noise voltage will be observed at the ports of the networks. With some reasonable restrictions on the nature of the nonlinearities in the reactive elements, the vector of such noise voltages is shown to constitute what is known as a reversible stochastic process; in the linear case, reversibility holds if and only if the impedance matrix is symmetric.
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    Continuation algorithms for the eigenvalue problems (1982)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 123-134 
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    Notes: Abstract Three algorithms for the solution of the eigenvalue problem for a continuously parameterized family of sparse matrices are presented; a continuousLU (orLR) algorithm, a continuousQR algorithm, and a continuous Hessenberg algorithm. Each of the three algorithms may be implemented recursively and the sparsity of the given matrices is preserved throughout the numerical process.
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    Stability analysis of complex dynamical systems (1982)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 171-202 
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    Notes: Abstract We present two new algorithms to estimate the domain of attraction of the equilibriumx=0 of a nonlinear systemx=f(x). One of these algorithms utilizes quadratic Lyapunov functions while the second algorithm makes use of norm Lyapunov functions. Both of these procedures yield estimates for the domain of attraction which are comparable to those obtained by existing methods; however, the present algorithms appear to be significantly more efficient than existing algorithms. We also show how sometimes the applicability of the above results can be extended to high order systems by invoking the comparison principle. In doing so, we establish some results for the comparison principle which are of interest in their own right. Specifically, we relate the domain of attraction of a low order comparison system to the domain of attraction of a higher order system and we give an interpretation of the comparison principle in terms of stability preserving maps. In order to demonstrate the applicability of the present results, and in order to compare the present results with existing results, several specific examples are presented.
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    A block matrix representation of permutation networks (1982)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 251-266 
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    Notes: Abstract This work provides a mathematical framework for topologically-independent analysis of permutation networks. First, a structure-dependent representation is provided using matrices whose entries are switching expressions. Then, a transformation is presented which maps these matrices into structure-independent representations which are matrices whose entries are 0/1 matrices. Algebraic tools for manipulating the second type of matrices are also provided. Notions such as permutations realizable by a network, the rearrangeability property, and series and parallel connections of networks are defined and discussed with regard to the proposed representations.
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    Toeplitz equations and Kronecker's algorithm (1982)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 289-304 
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    Notes: Abstract A reliable algorithm, similar to the modifed Kronecker algorithm, is provided for the solution of the Polish polynomial approximation problem. Implicit in this solution is an efficient and reliable method for the algebraic solution of Toeplitz equations.
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    Stieltjes series and soliton interaction (1982)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 311-320 
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    Notes: Abstract TheKdV andMkdV multisoliton solutions are found to be generated by rational Stieltjes functions of the non-linearity parameter, each pole of which can be associated with a soliton. The well-known asymptotic emergence of the separate solitons follows at once from the motion of the poles. Successive (n-1/n) Padé approximants to theN-soliton series are considered to show how the solitons are reconstructed from an increasing number of perturbation terms (n ≤N). Their asymptotic behaviour is particularly striking: as time increases the behaviour of then th approximation becomes that of an actualn-soliton solution, constituted by then leading solitons. Furthermore, it turns out that each such Padé approximation satisfies a conservation law: the mass of the approximated solution, equal to that of then solitons included, is conserved.
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    A remark on the numerics of rational approximation and the rate of convergence of equally spaced interpolation of ¦x ¦ (1982)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 367-377 
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    Notes: Abstract In this note we review the technique for rational Chebyshev approximation as given by the generalization of the Remes algorithm and point out its connection to the generalized eigenvalue problem for symmetric Hankel matrices. By a classical example and some recent work it can be shown that interpolation with rational functions (even) on equidistant knots may lead to results that are superior to Chebyshev approximation by means of polynomials for comparable numerical work.
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    Optimal Hankel-norm approximation of continuous-time linear systems (1982)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 407-431 
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    Notes: Abstract A problem on optimal approximation of continuous-time linear systems is studied. The performance measure (error) is chosen to be the spectral norm of the difference between the Hankel operators associated with the original system and the approximant. It is shown that the Hankel operators associated with continuous-time systems and the Hankel matrices associated with discrete-time systems are related by an interesting correspondence property via bilinear transforms. This fact is then used to derive the continuous-time results (theory and algorithms) from the established discrete-time ones. Some simple examples are presented.
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    Scattering theory and matrix orthogonal polynomials on the real line (1982)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 471-495 
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    Notes: Abstract The techniques of scattering and inverse scattering theory are used to investigate the properties of matrix orthogonal polynomials. The discrete matrix analog of the Jost function is introduced and its properties investigated. The matrix distribution function with respect to which the polynomials are orthonormal is constructed. The discrete matrix analog of the Marchenko equation is derived and used to obtain further results on the matrix Jost function and the distribution function.
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    An efficient large systems analysis method using system dynamic behavior (1982)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 57-76 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper presents our unified approach to the solution of large system analysis problems. The macromodular behavioral technique combines multiple-logic function macromodeling, functional latency and nested macromodel. We take advantage of the dynamic behavior and the repetitive modular structure of a system to improve the computational efficiency during system analysis. Several Bipolar and MOSFET electronic networks are used to demonstrate the merits of the macromodular behavioral method for large system analysis.
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    Design of FIR digital filters using tapped cascaded FIR Subfilters (1982)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 43-56 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper considers the design of an FIR digital filter by interconnecting a number of identical FIR subfilters with the aid of a few additional multipliers and adders. The overall structure is in the form of a tapped cascaded FIR subfilters. A composite method to determine the tapping coefficients along with the coefficients of the subfilter to approximate overall frequency response characteristic is proposed. Several numerical examples illustrating the proposed method are included.
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    A general theory of broadband matching of an active load (1982)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 105-122 
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    Notes: Abstract Given a passive frequency-dependent source impedance and an active or passive load and a preassigned transducer power-gain characteristic, necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the existence of a lossless reciprocal equalizer which, when operating between the given source and the given load, yields the desired transducer power-gain characteristic. The significance of the present approach is that the realization of the equalizer involves only driving-point synthesis by the Darlington theory.
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    Editorial (1982)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 135-135 
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    Semistate design theory (1982)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 203-216 
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    Notes: Abstract Using semistate theory forward and reverse binary hysteresis operators are defined from which design equations result for relevant circuits. Through variation of the design parameters swept hysteresis is introduced and experimental results presented on it.
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    Minimum round-off noise realization of block-state recursive digital filters (1982)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 217-231 
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    Notes: Abstract The development of a block-state structure with minimum round-off noise subject to ℓ2-norm dynamic range constraint is outlined. The pertinent equations for scaling and for round-off noise analysis of block-state structures implemented using fixed-point arithmetic are first derived. Next, a lower bound and the global minimum of the output noise due to the round-off of the block-state-variables are derived. A method of deriving the minimum round-off noise block state-structure is outlined. A numerical example is included. With regard to computational complexity and overall noise performance, the block-state realization of recursive digital filters is shown to be superior.
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    Solvability and error bounds for nonlinear circuits containing operational amplifiers (1982)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 233-249 
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    Notes: Abstract Although an operational amplifier is a nonlinear device, the existing methods of analysis of circuits with operational amplifiers view it as a linear element which possibly has an infinite gain. As a result, it is not clear to what extent the results thus obtained hold. In this paper we construct a general model of a (nonlinear) circuit containing operational amplifiers. Viewing such a network as an interconnection of a multiport withn operational amplifiers, we give conditions for solvability (i.e., for the existence of an input-output operator), and establish estimates for the error incurred by replacing such a system by an idealized system whose operational amplifiers have infinite gain. In this way we determine ranges for variables within which the traditional linear analysis gives results that fulfill given accuracy requirements.
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    Generalisations of Padé approximants (1982)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 279-287 
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    Notes: Abstract A brief account is given of a number of generalisations of Padé approximants defined and studied over the past twenty years. These generalisations include multi-point approximants, approximants based upon differential equations, multivalued approximants, multivariate approximants, and approximants defined from series of orthogonal functions. The general class of Hermite-Padé approximants is discussed, and various applications are noted.
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    Moment problems and low rank Toeplitz approximations (1982)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 345-366 
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    Notes: Abstract Recent signal processing research suggests that a theory of moments for finite Toeplitz matrices and forms would help in understanding and solving certain model approximation problems. Such a theory is developed in this paper and it is shown how these moment parameterizations can make approximating by low rank Toeplitz matrices tractable. In the case of Toeplitz forms, this moment representation gives a simple solution to the extendibility problem for finite sections of a Toeplitz form.
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    Estimation of structure by minimum description length (1982)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 395-406 
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    Notes: Abstract A theorem is proved which demonstrates that an earlier derived minimum description length estimation criterion is capable of distinguishing between structures in linear models for vector processes. A fairly simple algorithm is described for the estimation of the best model, including its structure and the number of its parameters.
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    Singular value analysis of deformable systems (1982)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 447-470 
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    Notes: Abstract Singular value analysis, balancing, and approximation of a class of deformable systems are investigated. The deformable systems considered herein include several important cases of flexible aerospace vehicles and are characterized by countably infinitely many poles and zeros on the imaginary axis. The analysis relies completely on the so-called asymptotic singular value decompositon of the Hankel operator associated with the impulse response of the system. A parametric study of a six-dimensional single-input single-output case is performed.
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    Linear feedback system design (1983)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 35-44 
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    Notes: Abstract Via fractional representation methods, this paper tries to clarify the role of various conditions used in the feedback system design and stability with respect to the well-posedness of the system, the existence of a solution for stability and design, and the parameterization of the set of complete solutions. The design criterion for stable feedback system design can be used for filters design, as shown in Section 5. Systems to be considered in this paper include the linear time-varying case and results can easily be extended to the case where systems do not have the same number of inputs and outputs.
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    On the existence of self-excited oscillations in systems with discontinuous elements (1983)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 57-76 
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    Notes: Abstract Conditions are established which ensure the existence (or non-existence) of limit cycles in feedback systems containing discontinuous elements or elements with hysteresis. The results are applied to a specific example.
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    Consistent initial conditions for singular nonlinear systems (1983)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 45-55 
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    Notes: Conclusion A necessary condition for consistent initial conditions for singular nonlinear systems has been discussed. It is shown that for linear systems or systems of index less than three these conditions are equivlaent to previously reported results. However, for nonlinear systems of index greater than two these new conditions correct those previously reported. One consequence is that Euler's method may fail to estimate solutions for some semi-state equations. R. W. Newcomb's provision of an earlier version of [14] and subsequent correspondence is gratefully acknowledged.
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    Scattering and admittance matrices of SAW transducers (1983)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 161-177 
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    Notes: Abstract Thep-plane scattering and admittance matrices of SAW transducers consisting ofn equal sections modeled through the hybrid equivalent circuit are explicitly calculated. The results are specialized to the in-line and crossed-field models, and the technique is developed for unequal section transducers.
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    On the properties of linear spectral transformations for 2-dimensional digital filters (1983)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 203-211 
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    Notes: Abstract A set of eight linear spectral transformations which can be used in the design of two-dimensional digital filters is studied from a group-theoretic point of view. Several properties of the transformations, some of them known and some of them new, are deduced and are then applied in the implementation of 2-D digital filters. It is shown that trade-offs exist which can be used to reduce either the amount of memory required for the programming or the amount of data manipulation.
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    A new negative resistance oscillator model (1983)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 213-238 
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    Notes: Abstract A physically justifiable mathematical model is proposed for a class of current-controlled, negative resistance oscillators having terminal characteristics which are poorly represented by the van der Pol, Scott, and Ceschia-Zecchin equations. Such resonators are typified by the monolithic emitter-coupled astable multivibrator (ECAM). A unique, three-parameter equation, based on the inverse hyperbolic tangent, is matched to the ECAM voltage-current curve. Using the method of Kryloff and Bogoliuboff, the transient and steady-state behavior of the ECAM is derived for oscillation with single-mode and double-mode LCR networks under quasi-linear conditions. An expression for the time of amplitude build-up and decay is derived. A phase plane is constructed for the double-mode case, yielding a system apparently free of simultaneous modes. The validity of the model is experimentally verified for quartz-controlled ECAM devices. The analysis results are extendable ton resonant modes and may be generalized to voltage-controlled devices.
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    High-resolution spectral analysis using multiple-interval adaptive prediction (1983)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 421-443 
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    Notes: Abstract The problem of adaptively detecting two sinusoids corrupted by noise is considered, with emphasis on resolution properties. The approach is to form a spectral estimate from the coefficients of a Δ-step-ahead adaptive predictor. A theoretical analysis reveals that attention to the choice of the prediction horizon Δ gives a distinct improvement in the spectral estimate and in the resolution of the signals. The theoretical results are illustrated with numerical examples. Comparisons with previously suggested techniques are also made.
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    Power system transient stability analysis: Formulation as nearly Hamiltonian systems (1984)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 3 (1984), S. 105-122 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we formulate power systems as nonlinear nearly Hamiltonian systems. Using the invariance principle for ordinary differential equations, necessary and sufficient conditions for asymptotic stability are established and a new method of estimating the domain of attraction of the stable equilibrium point is developed. The present results constitute a novel approach to stability analysis and involve the following three steps: a. Given a system with dissipation, the stability of its equilibrium is ascertained by determining the stability of the associated conservative system. b. Attractivity of the stable equilibrium of the entire system (with dissipation) is determined from the system topology. c. An estimate of the domain of attraction of the asymptotically stable equilibrium is obtained by making use of results obtained in (a) and (b). The stability criterion developed in this paper sheds new light on the mechanism of instability in power systems and it provides analytical verification to the concept of the potential-energy boundary surface (PEBS). The PEBS is a hypersurface which makes up a part of the boundary of the domain of attraction of the stable equilibrium in a power system. The existence and properties of the PEBS have thus far been deduced primarily via simulations and heuristic methods.
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    On line-free and flicker-free television reproduction (1984)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 3 (1984), S. 161-176 
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    Notes: Abstract In conventional television systems, picture scanning in vertical and temporal directions is usually very defective with regard to the sampling theorem. In this paper some deficiencies such as aliasing, line-structure distortion, line flickering, and large-area flickering are investigated with regard to their dependence on the inter-lacedpicture-scanning process. The three-dimensional reconstruction filtering of the sampled picture is especially analyzed with respect of the viewer's perception. Furthermore, it will be shown that in connection with a new concept of picture scanning published earlier [1], [2], a flat-field reproduction without any 25/30-Hz flicker can be achieved by vertical filtering only. This is true even though the final reproduction by the monitor is performed with interlace. The vertical filtering can then be optimized in the sense of maximum picture sharpness and resolution with negligible ringing as well. Practical results are given in this paper.
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    Design of recursive digital filters for the selection or rejection of a particular velocity in seismic signals (1984)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 3 (1984), S. 177-191 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper a new type of “velocity-selecting/rejecting filter” which passes or stops a particular event in a seismic signal is proposed. The velocity-selecting filter is based on a time-space band-pass filter with sharp passband for a particular direction, and similarly, the velocity-rejecting filter is based on a time-space band-stop filter. A technique for designing such filters, in terms of an infinite-impulse-response (IIR) filter, is presented, in which a rotated version of separable filter is used. Finally, numerical examples are included to illustrate the design theory.
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    Memoryless state feedback control for nonlinear systems (1984)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 3 (1984), S. 347-359 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599081
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    Generalized Schur-Coleski factorization with applications to image processing (1984)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 3 (1984), S. 315-325 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A special type of factorization for operators defined on partially ordered Hilbert resolution spaces is considered. The main result includes, as a particular case, the classical Schur-Coleski triangular factorization. Connections with stochastic optimization and image-processing problems are established.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599079
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    Iteration and functional expansions (1984)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 3 (1984), S. 409-417 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In a recent paper on nonlocal expansions necessary and sufficient conditions are given under whichf −1 has a generalized power series expansion, whenf is an invertible locally Lipschitz map between certain general subsets of a complex Banach space. Here we establish the validity of a conceptually interesting algorithm for obtaining the expansion. Basically, we show that a certain contraction mapping iteration generates iteratesℐ 1,ℐ 2,... such that eachℐ k yields all of the terms of the generalized power series expansion off −1 up to order (k + 1), assuming merely that the expansion off −1 exists. An earlier different result along related lines is mentioned.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599168
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    Generating nonorthogonal bases for signal representation (1984)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 3 (1984), S. 447-475 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The representation of functions in a basis function expansionz(t)= ∑k=1/∞=,a k〉 x k (t) is straightforward when the basis functionsx k (t) are orthogonal. There has been very little work up to this time in determining how to use nonorthogonal bases in signal representation. On the other hand, applications in data compression and signal synthesis often require using specific tailor-made bases. Presented here is a method for constructing very general nonorthogonal bases. Orthogonality has often been used to show that a basis spans the set of functions of interest and to calculate the coefficients of the representation. In this paper, both of these fundamental aspects are addressed for nonorthogonal bases. A new basis {y k (t)} is obtained by performing a linear transformation on a known existing basis {x k (t)}. This transformation is constructed such that the coefficients of signal representation on the new basis are readily found. Then, a useful and sufficient condition is placed upon the new basis such that representations converge. The fundamental methods are applied to the standard examples of signal representation. The complex sinusoids, the Rademacher functions, the orthogonal polynomials, and the decaying exponentials are used as the original basis {x k (t)} from which a new basis {y k (t)} is generated. Two examples are given to illustrate general applications: one in signal synthesis and one in signal analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599171
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    The technology of YIG film growth (1985)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 89-103 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents in a condensed form, a review of information regarding the technology of yttrium iron garnet (Y3Fe5O12 — YIG) film growth for MSW applications. The method used for film growth is liquid phase epitaxy from a molten solution of PbO/B2O3 into which Y2O3 and Fe2O3 have been added. There are five sections to the paper. The first is an introduction to the crystalline and magnetic features found in YIG. A short second section deals with growth techniques and apparatus. In a third section the melt composition, conditions of growth and homogeneity of as grown material are explored. Growth temperatures varying from 848° C to 998° C have been shown to successfully produce YIG films. Possible sources of MSW loss are explored in the fourth section. It is seen that material contamination and physical irregularities may have a negative effect onΔH. The final section summarizes the state in which YIG film production now stands. The finding is that although usable films are producible routinely, intrinsic performance is not yet achievable on a regular basis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600074
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    Special issue on magnetostatic waves and applications to signal processing (1985)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 5-7 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600070
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    Dispersive delay at gigahertz frequencies using magnetostatic waves (1985)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 115-135 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Magnetostatic waves are intrinsically suited for use in microwave dispersive delay lines, because they are readily generated at high frequencies and their velocity is frequency dependent. Here we review progress toward meeting the systems requirement that the delay time be linear in frequency. Magnetostatic waves can approach this condition if a ground plane is nearby or if two or more ferrite layers are present; with forward volume waves one may also use a dispersive reflecting array, as is done with surface acoustic waves. The use of a properly shaped ground plane gives the lowest phase errors so far measured (±16° over 0.6 GHz); multiple ferrite layers show promise of allowing the greatest delay.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600076
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  • 95
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    Q-factor for an MSW delay-line based oscillator (1985)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 221-225 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A theoretical derivation of theQ-factor of an MSW delay-line based oscillator is presented which is based on a rigorous, classical definition of theQ-factor of a resonator. The theory takes into account (1) the propagation loss in the delay line, (2) the transduction losses at the input and output transducers of the delay line, (3) the delay times in the delay line and the circuit external to the delay line, and (4) the loading of the oscillator. While the present work was done with MSW in mind, the results are generally applicable to all delay-line based oscillators and would, for instance, apply to the SAW delay-line based oscillators.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600082
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    Magnetostatic wave convolvers (1985)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 253-263 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The present paper reviews recent theoretical results, and reports initial experimental results, on the convolution of contra-propagating magnetostatic forward volume waves (MSFVWs), in the form of cw signals or time-limited cw pulses, in an epitaxial yttrium iron garnet (YIG) film. Computations of the convolver bilinearity factorF int indicate an efficient convolution process over a wide bandwidth, with values ofF int that are of the same order as, or better than, the reported experimental results for MSW convolution in a YIG cylindrical or plate geometry. The values of Fint determined experimentally are in excellent agreement with theory. These results are of interest to microwave system developers particularly if bandwidths of 1 GHz or larger can be realized in practice. A limiting feature of magnetostatic wave (MSW) convolvers is that the maximum delay time of a delay line that is realizable without excessive insertion loss is in the order of 0.5μs. The advantage of MSW convolvers, of course, lies in their ability to perform signal processing directly at microwave frequencies, and in applications such as electronic warfare the advantageously large bandwidths would mitigate the limitations in delay time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600084
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    Wavenumber support regions for arbitrary arrays (1985)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 439-457 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We set out a procedure for defining the region of wavenumber support relevant for maximum entropy spectral estimation of a noise field incident on a planar array. We consider first linear, nonequispaced arrays, and argue that the problem of defining a region of wavenumber support is only well-posed when either position uncertainty for the array elements is postulated, or phase uncertainty in the measurement of the signals at the array elements is postulated, or one acknowledges that a polar diagram that is almost periodic defines an aliasing frequency in virtually the same way as a polar diagram which is periodic. For planar arrays, the region of wavenumber support can be approximately circular but in general has to be defined with reference to the particular array.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01601795
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  • 98
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    Design criterion for zero-input asymptotic overflow-stability of recursive digital filters in the presence of quantization (1985)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 485-502 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates the zero-input stability properties of the exact second-order recursive digital filter having both overflow and quantization non-linearities. Two examples demonstrate the adverse influence of quantization on the overflow-stability property of the filter. Three sets of conditions are presented to ensure asymptotic overflow-stability in the presence of quantization. Using these criteria, various regions in the coefficient plane corresponding to different minimum internal wordlengths required to ensure the non-interaction of overflow and quantization are derived. These results thus form a useful design criterion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01601797
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  • 99
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    Some properties of solutions of the semi-state model for nonlinear nonstationary systems (1986)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 5 (1986), S. 109-123 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Certain properties of solutions similar to set invariance, set attractivity, boundedness, BIBO stability, etc. are investigated for the semistate model $$P(t)\dot x = M(t,x)x + D(t,x)u,y = q(t,x,u).$$ For systems considered, it is assumed that the reduction to a normal form of lower order is not possible. Using the direct method of Liapunov, the properties of solutions are investigated without actual knowledge of solutions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600190
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    Multiple time scales for nonlinear systems (1986)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 5 (1986), S. 153-169 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we extend the results on the multiple time-scale structure for linear autonomous systems of the form $$\dot x = A( \in )x$$ (cf. Coderchet al. [1]) to nonlinear autonomous systems. Our main result is in obtaining conditions under which the linearized system and the nonlinear system around an equilibrium point have the same time-scale structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600193
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