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  • Articles  (33)
  • Resource management  (10)
  • Environment  (9)
  • adaptation
  • fusion-fission hybrids
  • Springer  (33)
  • 1985-1989  (15)
  • 1980-1984  (18)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1940-1944
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (33)
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  • Articles  (33)
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  • Springer  (33)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fusion-fission hybrids: Environmental aspects and their role in hybrid rationale (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 1 (1981), S. 197-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: fusion-fission hybrids ; fusion reactor safety ; weapons proliferation ; radioactive wastes ; activation products ; fission product transmutation ; uranium-233
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The rationale for developing hybrids depends on real or perceived liabilities of relying on pure fission to do the same job. Quite possibly the main constraint on expanded use of fission will be neither lack of fuel nor high costs, but perceived environmental liabilities—radioactive wastes, reactor safety, and links to nuclear weaponry. The environmental characteristics of hybrid systems and pure-fission systems are compared here in detail. The findings are that significant environmental advantages for hybrids cannot now be demonstrated and may not exist. Therefore, if environmental drawbacks constrain the application of pure fission, hybrids probably also will be thus constrained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050662
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A cost/benefit analysis of commercial fusion-fission hybrid reactor development (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 3 (1983), S. 81-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: cost/benefit ; fusion-fission hybrids ; present worth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A simple algorithm was developed that allows rapid computation of the ratio,R, of present worth of benefits to present worth of hybrid R&D program costs as a function of potential hybrid unit electricity cost savings, discount rate, electricity demand growth rate, total hybrid R&D program cost, and time to complete a demonstration reactor. In the sensitivity study, these variables were assigned nominal values (unit electricity cost savings of 4 mills/kW-hr, discount rate of 4%/year, growth rate of 2.25%/year, total R&D program cost of $20 billion, and time to complete a demonstration reactor of 30 years), and the variable of interest was varied about its nominal value. Results show thatR increases with decreasing discount rate and increasing unit electricity savings and ranges from 4 to 94 as discount rate ranges from 5 to 3%/year and unit electricity savings range from 2 to 6 mills/kW-hr.R increases with increasing growth rate and ranges from 3 to 187 as growth rate ranges from 1 to 3.5%/year and unit electricity cost savings range from 2 to 6 mills/kW-hr.R attains a maximum value when plotted against time to complete a demonstration reactor. The location of this maximum value occurs at shorter completion times as discount rate increases, and this optimal completion time ranges from 20 years for a discount rate of 4%/year to 45 years for a discount rate of 3%/year.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01052645
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water quality management worldwide (1986)
    Springer
    Environmental management 10 (1986), S. 25-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Water ; Water supply and demand ; Resource management ; Water pollution control ; Water use and quality ; Water pollution control expenditures ; Water and sanitation facilities ; Forecasting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This article analyzes water quality on a global scale. An overview of the global water supply and demand situation is presented first, including regional and country information, as well as data on selected water use patterns. The focus then shifts to a discussion of water pollution, its various causes, impact, and remedies, with emphasis on legal and administrative solutions. Water pollution control expenditures and the resultant achievements are dealt with in the final third of the article, with projections to 1995. A wide variety of published sources was dovetailed to obtain a composite picture and most likely scenario; this was supplemented with primary interviews by the author conducted in North America, Western and Eastern Europe, and Oceania at the start of the 1980s.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866415
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Towards a national reference center for environmental information in The Netherlands: A review (1988)
    Springer
    Environmental management 12 (1988), S. 145-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Environment ; Information ; Reference Center ; The Netherlands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract For improvement of the accessibility and use of environmental information a prototype national reference center (CIMI) was constructed in the Netherlands in 1986. Target groups were identified on the basis of an analysis of the demand side. They were questioned about their needs in the field of environmental information. On the basis of these experiences an automated integrated system has been built that is composed of subsystems for reference to expertise in organizations (specialisms), literature, research, and databases of site-specific data. This system is also equipped with a thesaurus. The system has been tested and examined in several ways. The outcome of these independent tests and investigations confirm the usefulness of this center for information transfer. The reference center can be helpful in providing overviews on and structuring of environmental information in the Netherlands. The results of the activities have been presented in several ways and were described extensively in a number of reports.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01873383
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On averting the tragedy of the commons (1988)
    Springer
    Environmental management 12 (1988), S. 273-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Tragedy of the commons ; Muddling ; Environment ; Decision making ; Ecocatastrophe ; Environmental psychology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract One of the enduring facts of the human condition is that the earth's resources are finite and its environment fragile. It is also evident that human behavior is rarely based on an appreciation of these facts. While the outlook may be bleak, so are some of the proposed solutions. Reasonable people have suggested that, to survive, an environmentally enlightened authoritarian government must be adopted. This article suggests that such a solution is unworkable, in part because it fails to consider critical aspects of human nature. A framework is proposed for developing solutions compatible with human capabilities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867519
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decision making for multiple utilization of water resources in New Zealand (1989)
    Springer
    Environmental management 13 (1989), S. 553-562 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Resource management ; Institutional arrangements ; Dams ; Multiple use ; New Zealand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Clutha is the largest river in New Zealand. The last two decades have witnessed major conflicts centered on the utilization of the water resources of the upper Clutha river. These conflicts have by no means been finally resolved. The focus of this article is on institutional arrangements for water resource management on the Clutha, with particular reference to the decision-making processes that have culminated in the building of the high dam. It critically evaluates recent experiences and comments on future prospects for resolving resource use conflicts rationally through planning for multiple utilization in a climate of market led policies of the present government. The study demonstrates the inevitable conflicts that can arise within a public bureaucracy that combines dual responsibilities for policy making and operational functions. Hitherto, central government has been able to manipulate the water resource allocation process to its advantage because of a lack of clear separation between its two roles as a policy maker and developer. The conflicts that have manifested themselves during the last two decades over the Clutha should be seen as part of a wider public debate during the last two decades concerning resource utilization in New Zealand. The Clutha controversy was preceded by comparable concerns over the rising of the level of Lake Manapouri during the 1960s and has been followed by the debate over the “think big” resource development projects during the 1980s. The election of the fourth Labour government in 1983 has heralded a political and economic policy shift in New Zealand towards minimizing the role of public intervention in resource allocation and major structural reforms in the relative roles of central and regional government in resource management. The significance of these changes pose important implications for the future management of the Clutha.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01874961
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental resource management on the Munduruku savanna (1984)
    Springer
    Environmental management 8 (1984), S. 215-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Munduruku ; Slash-and-burn ; Rubber tapping ; Gold mining ; Amazon ; Resource management ; Rain forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract For 13 years, the Munduruku were observed living in the savanna region located in South America in the Brazilian state of Pará. The area is near the point where the states of Pará, Amazonas, and Mato Grosso join their borders, and is utilized by about 200–300 Munduruku Amerindians. Their subsistence staple is manioc (a cassava), with fruits and meat included in the diet. Gold mining by Brazilians is a disruptive element in the resource management of the savanna habitat on the rim of the Amazon Basin. Direct and indirect results of mining interference are described. A study of the manner in which the Munduruku on the Cururu River (a tributary of the Tapajós) have handled the potentially disruptive rubber tapping suggests possible ways of reversing the interference. Several courses of action are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866963
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Energy economy of salmon aquaculture in the Baltic sea (1988)
    Springer
    Environmental management 12 (1988), S. 525-537 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Energy analysis ; Atlantic salmon ; Aquaculture ; Baltic Sea ; Resource management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Resource utilization in Atlantic salmon aquaculture in the Baltic Sea was investigated by means of an energy analysis. A comparison was made between cage farming and sea ranching enterprises each with yearly yields of 40 t of Atlantic salmon. A variety of sea ranching options were evaluated, including (a) conventional ranching, (b) ranching employing a delayed release to the sea of young smolts, (c) harvesting salmon both by offshore fishing fleets and as they return to coastal areas, and (d) when offshore fishing is banned, harvesting salmon only as they return to coastal areas where released. Inputs both from natural ecosystems (i.e., fish consumed by ranched salmon while in the sea and raw materials used for producing dry food pellets) and from the economy (i.e., fossil fuels and energy embodied in economic goods and services) were quantified in tonnes for food energy and as direct plus indirect energy cost (embodied energy). The fixed solar energy (estimated as primary production) and the direct and indirect auxiliary energy requirements per unit of fish output were expressed in similar units. Similar quantities of living resources in tonnes per unit of salmon biomass output are required whether the salmon are feeding in the sea or are caged farmed. Cage farming is about 10 times more dependent on auxiliary energies than sea ranching. Sea ranching applying delayed release of smolts is 35–45% more efficient in the use of auxiliary energies than conventional sea ranching and cage farming. Restriction of offshore fishing would make sea ranching 3 to 6.5 times more efficient than cage farming. The fixed solar energy input to Atlantic salmon aquaculture is 4 to 63 times larger than the inputs of auxiliary energy. Thus, cage farming and sea ranching are both heavily dependent on the productivity of natural ecosystems. It is concluded that sustainable development of the aquaculture industry must be founded on ecologically integrated technologies which utilize the free production in marine ecosystems without exhausting or damaging the marine environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01873265
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mapping pesticide contamination potential (1989)
    Springer
    Environmental management 13 (1989), S. 233-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Pesticides ; Pollution ; Mapping ; Environment ; Management ; Groundwater ; Contamination ; Licensing, GIS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Groundwater contamination by agricultural chemicals is a major environmental pollution issue nation-wide. The regulatory agencies of towns and counties face the problem of finding a methodology for assessing the ground-water contamination potential of a large number of agricultural pesticides. Because of the spatial nature of the problem and the limited data availability for comprehensive pesticide movement models, a contamination potential index was employed for preliminary assessment. A specially designed geographic information system was used to create ground-water contamination likelihood maps for a 1500 km2 area. The results suggest that this methodology can be used successfully for evaluating the relative contamination potential of a large number of pesticides over large areas with limited input data. A tentative approach for using this method for monitoring and registration of pesticides is also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01868370
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simulation of socio-ecological impacts: Modeling a fishing village (1982)
    Springer
    Environmental management 6 (1982), S. 123-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Simulation ; Resource management ; Fishing communities ; Rural development ; Interdisciplinary models ; Socio-ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The interrelationship of society and environment is addressed here through the study of a remote fishing village of 750 people. An interdisciplinary study evaluated demographic, economic, and social aspects of the community, and simulation modeling was used to integrate these societal characteristics with environmental factors. The population of the village had grown gradually until the 1960's, when a decline began. Out-migration correlated with declining fish harvests and with increased communications with urban centers. Fishing had provided the greatest economic opportunity, followed by logging. A survey was conducted to investigate the costs and revenues of village fishermen. Diversification characterized the local fleet, and analysis showed that rates of return on investment in the current year were equal between vessel types. The variable levels and rate parameters of the demographic, economic, and social components of the model were specified through static and time series data. Sensitivity analysis to assess the effects of uncertainty, and validation tests against known historical changes were also conducted. Forecast scenarios identified the development options under several levels of fish abundance and investment. The weight given to ecological versus economic resource management registered disproportionate effects due to the interaction between investment and migration rates and resource stochasticity. This finding argues against a “golden mean” rule for evaluating policy trade-offs and argues for the importance of using a dynamic, socio-ecological perspective in designing development policies for rural communities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01871432
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Implementation of two new resource management information systems in Australia (1984)
    Springer
    Environmental management 8 (1984), S. 251-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Kosciusko National Park ; Tutanning Nature Reserve ; Gradient modeling ; Fire modeling ; PREPLAN ; Resource management ; Ordination ; Classification ; Geographic Information Systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the development and implementation ofPREPLAN, A Pristine Environment Planning Language and Simulator, for two conservation areas in Australia, Kosciusko National Park (New South Wales) and Tutanning Nature Reserve (Western Australia).PREPLAN was derived from the North American gradient modeling systems and theForest Planning Language and Simulator (FORPLAN), but includes unique characteristics not previously available.PREPLAN includes an integrated resource management data base, modules for predicting site-specific vegetation, fuels, animals, fire behavior, and fire effects, and an English language instruction set.PREPLAN was developed specifically to provide available information and understanding of ecosystems to managers in a readily accessible and usable form, and to provide the motivation to conduct additional required research projects. An evaluation of the system's advantages and limitations is presented, and the way the utilization of such systems is improving natural area decision making throughout Australia is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866967
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Culture and the environment in France (1985)
    Springer
    Environmental management 9 (1985), S. 135-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: France ; Culture ; Environment ; Environmental activism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Although the French concern for environmental protection dates back several centuries, a committed movement toward environmental protection did not begin until the second half of the 19th century. The Romantic influence of Rousseau and others led to the formation of various societies aimed at protecting the French landscape. Until the most recent environmental crusades of the 1960s and 1970s, the cause of protecting the natural environment seemed to fall largely on the shoulders of scientists and anglers, who voiced their concern over increasing environmental degradation in pamphlets and recreational journals. Their pressure aided in the passage of legislation on water quality. During the 1960s, environmental organizations proliferated and, in league with student activists, played an important role in raising the environmental consciousness of the French. During the 1970s, these activists began to turn to traditional political mobilization as a way of drawing attention to their platform. Environmental activism reached its peak with the antinuclear rallies of the late 1970s. By the end of the 1970s, many environmental associations had grown up in the French culture, but the future of environmentalism remains questionable owing to a number of economic realities, including the oil crisis, which made nuclear power much more acceptable to the public.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867113
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Culture and the environment in the United States (1985)
    Springer
    Environmental management 9 (1985), S. 161-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Environment ; Beliefs ; Values ; Paradigms ; Culture ; Attitudes ; Social change ; Political change ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The beliefs of Americans about the proper relationship between humans and their environment were profoundly affected by waves of immigration from Europe. Immigrants valued ownership of land, individuality, freedom, domination of nature, and technological development. These themes remain strong today as centerpieces of the American dominant social paradigm (DSP). That DSP has been reexamined and found wanting by an increasing proportion of Americans. This departure from the old DSP has progressed further among the public than among the elite who have a greater stake in preserving the status quo. Environmentalists constitute a vanguard trying to lead the people to a new, more environmentally oriented social paradigm. The beliefs of the old DSP and the new environmental paradigm (NEP) are contrasted in Table 2. Briefly, the NEP advocates stress love of nature rather than domination of it; compassion for other peoples, future generations, and other species; planning to avoid risk; limits to growth; fundamental social change; and a new structuring of politics. These two worldviews are likely to be in vigorous conflict for several decades in the USA. Social learning, spurred by deterioration of the old ways, is likely to lead Americans to a new perspective on their relationship to nature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867116
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Culture and the environment in Italy (1985)
    Springer
    Environmental management 9 (1985), S. 121-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Italy ; Natural hazards ; Environment ; History ; Culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This essay evaluates the historical development and current background of human-environment relationships in Italy. The Italian landscape consists of very varied terrain, and periodically suffers from all kinds of natural hazard, especially earthquakes, landslides, floods, and accelerated soil erosion. Some measure of environmental conservation was achieved by the Etruscans and Romans, but the Classical period also marked the beginning of serious lowland waterlogging, malarial infestation, upland soil erosion, and deforestation, which all increased during the Middle Ages. From the Renaissance to the 18th century, there was a diffusion of planned landscapes and carefully managed estates; but by the 20th century, many rural areas could not support growing populations and much land was in need of improvement. Underdevelopment and latifundium agriculture increased the vulnerability to environmental hazards of the Mezzogiorno (Italian South), while the subsequent disappearance of the peasant culture seems not to have led to greatly improved conservation or land management. Poorly farmed or managed landscapes and poorly maintained historic towns have undergone some virtually irreversible degradation, especially with respect to landslides and earthquake damage. Elsewhere in Italy, unchecked urbanization, weak planning laws, and their inadequate enforcement have helped both to reduce environmental quality, by overdevelopment of valued landscapes, and to increase natural disaster vulnerability, by encouraging occupance of natural hazard zones. Although there are signs that the government is beginning to respond to the cumulative effect of environmental degradation, the measures are insufficient to reverse the overall trend toward decadence that characterizes human-land relationships in Italy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867112
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Culture and the environment in the Soviet Union (1985)
    Springer
    Environmental management 9 (1985), S. 151-159 
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    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Soviet Union ; Cultures ; Environment ; Conservation ; Religions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Soviet Union is one of the most physically and culturally diverse nations on earth. Its natural environment embraces a rich variety of resources and ecosystems, many of which, such as Lake Baikal, are of world significance. Culturally, it is comprised of over a hundred ethnic groups, belonging to eight major language groups and six major religions. However, two cultures are dominant: the Slavic group (which takes in 75% of the USSR population and 80% of its land area) and the Turkic-Islamic peoples who account for the large majority of the remainder. Owing to the highly centralized nature of the country's political-administrative system, however, the effect of culture or ethnic traditions in the resolution of national environmental issues is quite small. Major decisions regarding either specific conservation issues or basic environmental policies are made at the centralized level by ministerial, planning, and Communist Party officials, and are based on pragmatically refined ideological considerations, rather than on regional cultural attitudes. This pragmatic refining of ideological considerations will involve the weighing of specific economic and environmental imperatives, and deciding on appropriate trade-offs. To find cultural expression in environmental management, one would need to look closely at local projects and approaches in the various ethnic regions, particularly the non-Slavic ones.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867115
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional intergovernmental institutions: Participation benefits and costs (1982)
    Springer
    Environmental management 6 (1982), S. 527-533 
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    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Regional institutions ; Resource management ; Participation ; Political ; Rational ; Decison rule ; Consensus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Evaluators frequently cite the absence of effective participation by constituent governments and the need for consensus or even unanimity prior to action as the causes of poor performance by regional resource management institutions. Major governments either will not join the regional institution, will not participate even if legally members, or will exercise a veto over many important management projects. This paper examines the variables that may cause these problems and provides an improved understanding of why rational political actors would act in ways that inhibit the efficient management of resources. Among the principal variables determining participation are expected benefits of collective decisions, perceived losses of autonomy and representation, the number and homogeneity of other participants, decision costs, and the decision rule used to determine actions. Analysis of these factors suggests why consensus and unanimity decision rules are frequently chosen and why participation is usually limited.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01868381
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  • 17
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    The Supreme Court, the commerce clause, and natural resources (1988)
    Springer
    Environmental management 12 (1988), S. 413-427 
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    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Supreme Court ; Commerce clause ; Federalism ; States' rights ; Resource management ; Environmental law
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Supreme Court's interpretation of the commerce clause controls the balance of power between state and federal governments in the United States. An understanding of the relationship between the different government levels is essential for resource managers concerned with resource and environmental issues. This study examines selected Supreme Court decisions between 1976 and 1988 to answer three questions raised by the commerce clause: (1) Is the regulated item an article of commerce? (2) Do state laws burden interstate commerce? (3) Is federal commerce regulation limited? The balance of power among the justices and the commerce clause theories affecting the federal role in resource management are also examined. Since ratification of the Constitution, the Supreme Court has continuously increased federal power, but states have power to act independently as long as contradictory federal laws do not exist and state law does not impermissively affect commerce. If Congress regulates an individual's use of resources, their power is unquestioned. Future Court decisions will not significantly reduce the federal role in resource management even if the Court's membership changes. Even the supporters of states' rights on the Court realize increased federal power is a necessary part of the country's evolution. The purpose of the commerce clause is to create a national economic unit with free location principles. The Court supports this purpose today and will in the future.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01873256
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  • 18
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    Electronic Resource
    Information requirements of integrated environmental policy experiences in the Netherlands (1989)
    Springer
    Environmental management 13 (1989), S. 309-315 
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    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Environment ; Policy ; Information ; The Netherlands ; Integration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract During the last few years in the Netherlands an integrated environmental policy has been developed. Solving environmental problems by means of effective and efficient solutions requires that the entire environmental cycle be considered in order to take all relevant compartments and aspects into account. Four different phases can be identified during the treatment of an environmental problem by management: recognition, formulation, solution, and control. Some qualitative and quantitative aspects of the information demand of environmental policy are explored. Special attention is given to the consequences of the integral approach in environmental policy in terms of information requirements. The process of information supply starts with an analysis of the demand. Subsequently data from the environmental cycle have to be selected, aggregated, and presented adequately. Further, integrated environmental policy puts increased demands on the associative power of environmental information systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01874909
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Freshwater wetlands human-induced changes: Indirect effects must also be considered (1983)
    Springer
    Environmental management 7 (1983), S. 299-302 
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    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Wetlands ecosystems ; Human environmental impact ; Resource management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Two recent studies have documented changes in wetland ecosystems in New England by examining changes in wetland vegetation over time. Both documented shifts in vegetation towards shrub and forest dominated wetlands Both then concluded that natural succession has changed more wetlands than human impact has. The last conclusion does not necessarily follow from the data provided. There are three important points that emerge from re-considering these studies 1) indirect human impact (for example, water level changes, eutrophication, sedimentation) must be considered when assessing human impact on wetlands, particularly given that subtle indirect impact affects larger areas than direct impact from drainage and infilling, 2) when discussing indirect effects of human activity, it is important to carefully define which indirect effects are being considered, since there is a continuum ranging from infilling through to alteration of global CO2 levels, and 3) given the complexity of indirect effects, it is unlikely that most can be recognized in the field.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866911
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  • 20
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    Resource suitability: Methods for analyses (1983)
    Springer
    Environmental management 7 (1983), S. 401-420 
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    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Suitability analysis ; Land-use assessment ; Resource management ; Planning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract There is a growing need to develop methods for analyzing resource suitability that are both legally defensible and accurate. Three approaches to suitability analysis are reviewed: the US Soil Conservation Service capability classification and important farmlands mapping; the McHarg, or Pennsylvania, suitability analysis method; and Dutch approaches to suitability analysis. Computer applications and the carrying-capacity concept are briefly reviewed. Three applications of suitability analysis are discussed: examples from Medford Township, New Jersey; Whitman County, Washington; and Abuja, the new federal capital city of Nigeria.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867120
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    Reaching environmental decisions: Making subjective and objective judgments (1982)
    Springer
    Environmental management 6 (1982), S. 103-108 
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    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Chemicals ; Cost-benefit analysis ; Environment ; Environmental impact assessment ; Judgment ; Land use planning ; Objective ; Regulation ; Subjective ; Toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Objective judgments, external to the judge, are compared with subjective, internal judgments. This analysis is made in the context of reaching regulatory decisions affecting the human environment. Examples given include evaluating the potential risk of industrial chemicals and comparing the potential effects of short- and long-term changes in land use. The analysis deals not with the decisions themselves, but rather with the kinds of questions that must be posed in orderto reach such decisions. Decision makers may spuriously distinguish objective from subjective types of judgment, though these are rarely wholly separate. Judges can hardly dispute about objective statements, if truly identical definitions are used. But subjective statements can reasonably be voted upon. Scientists, engineers, and economists represent logical or objective decision makers, tending to work in groups. Subjective thinkers include artists and performers, and others who often work alone. Moral and aesthetic aspects of questions, usually seen as intangible, are treated as if subjective. Financial decisions, usually viewed as tangible, are handled as objective problems. This mechanism for making decisions is well-established in environmental assessment. Though objective questions can be treated well in the monetary terms of cost-benefit analysis, subjective ones cannot. Mathematical and other variants are discussed in relation to the comparison of alternative types of tests.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01871430
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    Gas-cooled fusion-fission hybrid reactor systems (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 1 (1981), S. 163-183 
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    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: fusion ; fusion-fission hybrids ; hybrids ; gas-cooling ; helium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the concept of the fusion-fission hybrid reactor is reviewed, and a system of classification for hybrid blanket designs is suggested. The advantages and disadvantages of gas cooling for hybrid reactor systems are discussed and the design implications of using gas cooling in a hybrid blanket are presented. Five of the more complete gas-cooled hybrid reactor conceptual design studies are discussed, and the fission-suppressed hybrid blanket concept is identified as offering potentially significant advantages in terms of inherent safety features and reduced technology development requirements compared to higher power fission blankets. It is concluded that helium is attractive as the coolant for hybrid reactor systems, and that technically viable reactor designs have been developed using helium cooling. The helium-cooled fission-suppressed hybrid blanket, based on thorium fuel for production of233U, is identified as being a particularly attractive candidate for further hybrid reactor development work.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050660
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    A summary of EPRI's fusion-fission hybrid evaluation activities (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 2 (1982), S. 369-373 
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    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: Fusion ; fusion-fission hybrids ; advanced nuclear systems ; uranium supply
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A summary is given of recently completed and planned fusion-fission hybrid projects. Electricity supply/demand projections and estimates of future uranium requirements for several different combinations of nuclear systems, including hybrids, are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01063687
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    Reaction balance and efficiency analysis of a D-D fusion/fission hybrid with satellite D-3He reactors (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 2 (1982), S. 181-196 
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    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: fusion-fission hybrids ; deuterium fueled fusion reactors ; D-D reactions ; D-3He fusion reactions ; thermonuclear fusion ; parent-satellite nuclear energy systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Selected reactor physics and isotope balance characteristics of a fusion hybrid supported D-3He satellite nuclear energy system are formulated and investigated. The system consists of two types of reactors: a parent D-fueled fusion device and a number of smaller reactors optimized for D-3He fusion. The parent hybrid station breeds the helium-3 for the satellites and also breeds fissile fuel for an existing fission reactor economy. Various hybrid operational regimes are examined in order to determine favorable reactorQ values and effective fusion and fission efficiencies. A number of analytical correlations between power output, plasma energetics, blanket neutronics, breeding capacity, and energy conversion cycles are established and evaluated. Numerical examples of performance parameters such as fission-to-fusion power, overall conversion efficiency, and the ratio of satellite to parent fusion power are presented. The range of reactor efficiencies is elucidated as affected by the internal plasma power balances. As an upper bound based on optimistic injection and direct conversion efficiencies, we find the D-3He satellite system power output attaining at best 1/3 of the parent fusion power.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050930
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    The case for the fusion hybrid (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 1 (1981), S. 185-196 
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    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: nuclear fusion ; fissile fuel production ; nuclear fuel production ; fusion-fission hybrids ; future nuclear fuel resources
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The use of nuclear fusion to produce fuel for nuclear fission power stations is discussed in the context of a crucial need for future energy options. The fusion hybrid is first considered as an element in the future of nuclear fission power to provide long term assurance of adequate fuel supplies for both breeder and convertor reactors. Generic differences in neutronic characteristics lead to a fuel production potential of fusion-fission hybrid systems which is significantly greater than that obtainable with fission systems alone. Furthermore, cost benefit studies show a variety of scenarios in which the hybrid offers sufficient potential to justify development costs ranging in the tens of billions of dollars. The hybrid is then considered as an element in the ultimate development of fusion electric power. The hybrid offers a near term application of fusion where experience with the requisite technologies can be derived as a vital step in mapping a credible route to eventual commercial feasibility of “pure” fusion systems. Finally, the criteria for assessment of future energy options are discussed with prime emphasis on the need for rational comparison of alternatives. This approach is contrasted with the dual standard too often used in judging the risks and benefits of nuclear power where, for example, rather minor radiological effects are highlighted while much larger exposures to radiation from medical x-rays, airplane travel, color television sets, etc., are ignored. It is concluded that the fusion hybrid deserves a prominent place among new energy resources but that early attention to insure an adequately informed public is a vital ingredient in assuring reasonable prospects of success.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050661
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    Cultural and genetic adaptations to malaria: Problems of comparison (1986)
    Springer
    Human ecology 14 (1986), S. 311-332 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: adaptation ; malaria ; Sardinia ; thalassemia ; G-6-Pd deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract The concept of adaptation has been used differently in studies of biological and cultural evolution, and this divergence raises the question of whether genetic and cultural adaptations are truly comparable. This paper compares genetic and cultural traits associated with endemic malaria in Sardinia, Italy. Thalassemia and G-6-Pd deficiency, two genetic traits of the Island's population, are believed to enhance fitness against malaria, despite increased risk for the diseases of thalassemia major and favism. Two cultural traits, a pastoral pattern of inverse transhumance and rules limiting the geographical mobility of lowland women, limited exposure to the malaria vector, Anopheles labranchiae; these are used as examples of cultural adaptations. The distribution, costs, and benefits of the adaptive cultural and genetic traits are compared, and the theoretical difficulties of finding a common measure of adaptive value are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889033
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    Interactions of genetic and cultural evolution: Models and examples (1982)
    Springer
    Human ecology 10 (1982), S. 289-323 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: coevolution ; adaptation ; cultural evolution ; genetic evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper proposes models and examples of five principal modes of interaction between genes and culture in human evolution. Because genes and culture ultimately interact in the minds of individuals, the models are focused on individual level processes of “constrained microevolution.” The central hypotheses are (1) that cultural evolution as well as genetic evolution commonly proceeds by the differential transmission of alternative “instructions” among individuals, (2) that genetic and cultural processes directly interact through mutual influence on each other's differentials of transmission in a population, (3) that the cultural process is often self-selecting by its own criteria, and (4) that these criteria generally operate to enhance rather than oppose human adaptation. Evolutionary change at higher levels, which is particularly important in sociocultural evolution, is interpreted as restructuring the nature and extent of the variability available at the individual level. To clarify the conceptual differences of the models and hopefully to stimulate related analyses in other areas, I discuss selected examples of each of these interactions. I conclude with some remarks on the relative importance of the models to human ecology and evolution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531188
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    Environmental analysis in human evolution and adaptation research (1980)
    Springer
    Human ecology 8 (1980), S. 135-170 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: cultural ecology ; adaptation ; environmental analysis ; human evolution ; evolutionary ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Human evolution and ecology analyses argue that environment is a major factor influencing biological and sociocultural adaptation, but they rarely analyze environmental properties. Multiple problems of perspective and method can arise from the normative and nondynamic environmental descriptions which pervade these analyses. This paper examines human adaptation frameworks to identify theoretical guidelines for environmental description in ways appropriate to available theories of biocultural evolution or congruent with known ecosystem qualities. Concepts and terminology are given for describing the spatial and temporal properties characteristic of ecosystems and central to hypotheses about ecological adaptation. These include: patchiness and grain; stability and resilience; persistence and recurrence; and predictability, constancy, and contingency. Field experience, theory, and the qualities of ecosystems themselves suggest that detailed, historical (long-term) environmental analysis is necessary to determine the role of ecological factors in human evolution and adapation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531439
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    The ecology of marine exploitation in prehistoric Hawaii (1982)
    Springer
    Human ecology 10 (1982), S. 455-476 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: fishing ; faunal analysis ; Oceania (Hawaii) ; niche width ; adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Archaeological evidence for prehistoric strategies of marine exploitation in Oceania may be profitably analyzed from an ecological perspective, in which individual sites and assemblages are viewed in the context of adaptation to local environmental constraints. This perspective is illustrated through the contrastive analysis of environment, technology, and faunal remains at three prehistoric Hawaiian sites. Differing strategies of marine exploitation evidenced for each site are shown to reflect local marine environmental conditions. An ecological approach shows greater promise for an understanding of prehistoric adaptation to marine environment than the typological analyses current in much archaeological work on fishing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531167
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    Monoculture, polyculture, and polyvariety in tropical forest Swidden cultivation (1983)
    Springer
    Human ecology 11 (1983), S. 13-34 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: Swidden cultivation ; Ye'kwana ; Yanomamö ; neotropics ; adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract A number of researchers have suggested that polyculture is characteristic of native tropical forest swiddens and have adduced theory from community ecology to account for its adaptiveness. Ye'kwana and Yanomamö swidden cultivation is examined, and it is shown that polyculture is not practiced to any significant degree. Instead, the concept of polyvariety is introduced along with a number of other cultivation practices that more simply account for the adaptiveness of Ye'kwana and Yanomamö gardening. In addition, comparative data from other parts of the tropical world indicate that polyculture is no more common than monoculture and recent advances in ecological research indicate that the diversity-stability hypothesis that underpins adaptive arguments of polyculture is in need of drastic revision.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00891228
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    Three hundred years of Taungya: A sustainable system of forestry in south China (1988)
    Springer
    Human ecology 16 (1988), S. 361-376 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: adaptation ; China ; forestry ; land use ; minorities ; taungya
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Taungya is a system of forest management in which land is cleared and planted initially to food crops. Seedlings of desirable tree species are then planted on the same plot, leading in time to a harvestable stand of timber. Taungya is believed to have been developed by the British in Burma during the nineteenth century. Historical research indicates that successional systems of forest management which follow the pattern of taungya have been used for at least three centuries by ethnic minorities in and by the Han population. The resilience of these systems is associated with economic and social factors which have made the cultivation of trees an adaptive strategy of land use for the inhabitants of the highlands of southern China.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00891648
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    Ciguatera — Parameters of a tropical health problem (1984)
    Springer
    Human ecology 12 (1984), S. 253-273 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: ciguatera ; fish poisoning ; marine biotoxins ; ciguatoxin ; neurotoxins ; dinoflagellates ; marine resources ; Pacific Islands ; health ; adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Ciguatera fish poisoning is a significant health and resource problem in the tropical world, largely because of its uneven and unpredictable distribution in space and through time. Here, the problem is reviewed with evidence from the Pacific Basin. The contemporary distribution of ciguatera and the species commonly perceived to be toxic are considered and a hypothesis relating the greater prevalence of ciguatera in the eastern Pacific to reduced species diversity is presented. The problem is also considered as a public health phenomenon (the mean reported incidence for the Pacific region as a whole in 1981 was 109/100,000) and attention is given to island dwellers' adaptation to the problem, their explanations of its etiology, as well as its detection, prophylaxis, and cure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01540591
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    Bicultural oscillation as a long-term adaptation to cultural frontiers: Cases and questions (1985)
    Springer
    Human ecology 13 (1985), S. 411-432 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: adaptation ; cyclical change ; cultural boundary ; versatility ; nomadism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Comparison of two nomadic peoples, one pastoral, the other food-collecting, reveals that rapid bicultural oscillation of both is an adaptation to their multizoned environments. One may speak of their being flexible in the face of temporally variable environmental hazards and opportunities. For each people, the more nomadic of their two cultures is associated with norms of propriety, the more sedentary one entails what Freilich calls “smart norms.” It is argued that this complementation gives both cultures continuing appeal, thereby facilitating rapid change. A major difference between decisionmaking mechanisms in the two cases underscores that we treat a system type in a very abstract sense. Other, possibly similar cases are noted from ethnographic literature. A formal theory is put forward concerning the tendency of people under certain conditions to develop oscillating biculturalism. Such rapidly oscillating systems are proposed to have a biological analogue in versatile acclimatizers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531153
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