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  • Technology  (20,345)
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  • Articles  (20,345)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Treatment of engineering design constraints in a relational data base (1985)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 1 (1985), S. 27-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200336
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A natural language interpreter for plate girder design (1986)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 1 (1986), S. 127-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract One of the major problems in developing computeraided design software is the establishment of effective man-machine communication. This paper describes a computer-aided plate girder design software package and its man-machine interface using natural language processing techniques. The natural language interpreter takes advantage of the user's communication and technical skills and accepts commands in the user's native language. The user can verify the correct interpretation of the commands from the responsive graphic display of the design.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200114
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computer diagnosis system for thermal analysis by BEM aided with simple CAD (1986)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 1 (1986), S. 175-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract With the aid of the supercomputer we have performed three-dimensional simulations in practical cpu time. At the same time, though, huge amounts of output data must be treated automatically by post processors, so that only necessary information will be extracted and changes of models, mesh subdivisions, or boundary conditions will be taken into account. This type of information processing cannot be attained by conventional postprocessors, and a new concept of postprocessing and system must be developed in the sense of computer-aided engineering or computer diagnosis. We present a computer tomographic system COMTOS-BEM based on three-dimensional boundary element analysis; it houses its own geometric modeling and automatic mesh generation. Furthermore, it supports design feedback reactions to change modeling or meshing, make recalculations, and renew boundary conditions. In this paper, we state the basic concept of the proposed computer diagnosis system and present the necessary geometric modeling and processing and boundary element formulations. Some numerical examples illustrate the validity and effectiveness of our system in practice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200135
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the symbolic manipulation and code generation for elasto-plastic material matrices (1986)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 1 (1986), S. 205-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A computerized procedure for symbolic manipulations and FORTRAN code generation of elasto-plastic material matrix for finite element applications is presented. Special emphasis is placed on expression simplifications during intermediate derivations, optimal code generation, and interface with the main program. A systematic procedure is outlined to avoid redundant algebraic manipulations. Symbolic expressions of the derived material stiffness matrix are automatically converted to RATFOR code which is then translated into FORTRAN statements through a preprocessor. To minimize the interface problem with the main program, a template file is prepared so that the translated FORTRAN statements can be merged into the file to form a subroutine (or a submodule). Three constitutive models; namely, von Mises plasticity, the Drucker-Prager model, and a concrete plasticity model, are used as illustrative examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200137
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Finite and boundary element modeling of crack propagation in two and three dimensions (1987)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 2 (1987), S. 167-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Computer modeling of mixed-mode crack propagation has rarely been attempted. This is because of the difficulty in updating the geometrical description to represent the changing crack geometry. The development of two interactive, graphical fracture propagation systems is described here. The Finite Element Fracture Analysis Program—Graphical (FEFAP-G) is a two-dimensional fracture propagation system. The BEM3D is a three-dimensional boundary element fracture propagation system. In addition, the implementation of the BEM3D analysis program in a configuration formed by an FPS-264 processor attached to a VAX-11/750 used as host computer is described. The results show that a realistic three-dimensional boundary element analysis of crack propagation is not only feasible with the aid of attached processors, but it can have its total time reduced by factors of the order of hundreds when compared to VAX alone statistics. In an example problem concerning fatigue crack propagation in a stiffened wing skin, both FEFAP-G and the BEM3D are employed to illustrate the utility of the fracture propagation systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201264
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PLASHTRAN: An expert consultant on two-dimensional finite element modeling techniques (1987)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 2 (1987), S. 199-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An expert consultant and teaching aid has been developed to aid users of the MSC/NASTRAN (MacNeal-Schwendler Corp, Los Angeles, CA, USA) finite element code in the modeling process with two-dimensional elements. Written in LISP and LOOPS, an object-oriented programming language, the system, known as PLASHTRAN, allows engineers to work in a natural environment to obtain modeling recommendations. The program performs efficiently, especially when iterations in design require changes in the finite element model. The easily expandable modeling framework allows the knowledge base to incorporate new information.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01276412
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A knowledge-based standards processor for structural component design (1987)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 2 (1987), S. 219-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a design strategy in which structural components are designed automatically by applying three types of knowledge: knowledge in a design standard; “textbook” knowledge of structural, material, and geometrical relationships; and knowledge representing designer-dependent design expertise. The design strategy selects from the designer-dependent knowledge source the behavior limitations—limit states of an object in a given stress state—to consider, translates the behavior limitations into a subset of corresponding standard requirements, generates a set of constraints from the requirements and the relations in the knowledge-base of “textbook” relationships, satisfies the constraints, and then checks the satisfaction of all remaining applicable requirements. By using this design strategy, it is possible to construct a knowledge-based design strategy that is standard independent, so that the same design process can be performed regardless of which design standard is explicitly represented. The design strategy described has been implemented in a prototype knowledge-based system, SPEX, which has a blackboard architecture similar to, but much simpler than, that of HEARSAY. The blackboard represents the level of abstraction through which a component design progresses. The knowledge-base in SPEX consists of several knowledge sources that perform portions of the component design task. Control of the design process knowledge sources in SPEX is rule-based.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01276414
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computer-aided acoustic analysis of reciprocating compressor pipeline systems (1987)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 3 (1987), S. 21-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an analytical method for acoustic forced pulsations of reciprocating compressor pipeline systems have a treelike structure that consists of an arbitrary number of branchings with optional elements—pipes, volumes, orifices, and so on. The plane wave acoustic model is used to describe the method, and the solution works by using an extended Schmidt-Kuhlmann-type approach. On the basis of a graph and matrix interpretation of the structure, a generalized algorithm is developed for determining the actual terms that describe the transfer properties of the system and to help calculate the acoustic pressure and velocity pulsations. The algorithm makes it possible to mechanize programming in the case of both natural frequency and forced pulsation calculations. The program package developed here for the personal computer can be directly applied in the design practice with success. It is also applicable to other linear systems with treelike structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01198146
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Damage: An expert system for structural assessment and failure identification following blast and shock loading events (1987)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 3 (1987), S. 69-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The development of an expert system for the postevent assessment of reinforced concrete structures subjected to severe loading environments, such as those that correspond to blast and shock effects, is presented and discussed. Initially, the observed behavioral aspects of the structures are presented, then a background discussion of the requirements from an expert system is given, and finally, the specific details for the present approach are examined. Examples of rules and of a typical run are presented, and the results are compared to information obtained from previous studies on the same structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206304
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reasoning about nature of contact for planning manipulators tasks (1987)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 3 (1987), S. 87-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Extracting information about contact between two convex bodies from the measured force vector is a prerequisite for any fine compliant motion control strategy. Contact information contains the direction and orientation of the contact surface normal and its relative location and orientation with respect to the compliant reference frame system. A method for interpreting the contact force feedback during compliant robot motion control, using kinematic screws, is presented. Domain specific rules combined with partial a priori knowledge of mating parts geometry and interpreted force signals are used to reason and make inferences about the initial contact configuration. The likely contact surfaces are predicted and point(s) or line(s) of contact are fully defined. These surfaces are idealized and represented by quadratic equations or polyhedral surfaces. The geometric properties of surfaces at the contact location are used to select the contact configuration when multiple solutions exist. An algorithm for predicting the Expected Contact Configuration (ECC) has been developed and is illustrated here with examples. Experimental validation of the developed expert system prototype, using a 6R manipulator, a six-axis force sensor, and a host computer is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206305
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computer environments for the design of mechanical assemblies: A research review (1988)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 3 (1988), S. 121-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews the most relevant literature dealing with the development of computer environments for the conceptual design of mechanical systems and assemblies. Selected literature is reviewed and discussed in relation to meeting the following requirements of such an environment: (1) representing and supporting top-down design, (2) representing and supporting multiple functional viewpoints, (3) representing functional knowledge, (4) representing spatial relationships and geometry, (5) maintaining consistency, and (6) providing analysis and other support. An appendix listing related readings is included.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01349624
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of an expert system for preliminary risk assessment of existing concrete dams (1988)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 3 (1988), S. 137-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The paper presents an expert system to assist in the field inspection of existing concrete dams within the context of a preliminary risk assessment. The paper describes the engineering knowledge and reasoning required to conduct a deterministic field evaluation of the structural stability of the dam. The symptoms and failure modes identified by the expert system along with the required knowledge and procedures are organized in a structured knowledge tree. The instantiation of the frames and firing of the rules for each consultation traces part of the inference tree contained in the structured knowledge tree. Interaction between nearly decomposable problems are executed with metaknowledge procedures, shared rule groups, and active values. Examples are provided.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01349625
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computer graphics aided geometric modeling and mesh generation schemes for preprocessing and finite element analysis (1988)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 3 (1988), S. 157-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The paper describes automated generation and editing schemes together with the development of computer-aided geometric models for general applications. For the construction of general finite element models of complex shapes, conventional approaches typical of wireframe, surface, or solid modeling cannot be effectively utilized for generating continuum solid models as well as discrete models simultaneously. In view of these facts, features to generate and model two-dimensional as well as threedimensional continuum and discrete models by isoparametric mapping/solid geometrical modeling techniques via a common interactive processor are described. The proposed scheme is demonstrated for modeling structural, thermal, or flow networks that are commonly encountered in engineering applications. In a research environment, the techniques addressed in this paper should prove to be very useful in providing flexibility and thereby significantly reducing the work load of frequent CAD users.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01349627
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An intelligent modeling environment for a large engineering analysis code: Design issues and development experience (1988)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 3 (1988), S. 167-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes basic research issues and our experience in the development of an intelligent modeling environment for use with a large engineering analysis code. The intelligent environment, the Athena Aide, is a working prototype system that assists analysts in the preparation of models for the ATHENA thermal-hydraulics code. The paper includes the background and basis for our research and descriptions of the analysis code and the intelligent environment, and discusses research topics addressed during the development including design goals, general and specific design issues, information management and representation issues, and user acceptance issues related to the model construction task. Our research has shown that data management is a fundamental consideration during the model construction task and an intelligent environment is a valuable assistant to the analyst in that regard. Providing modeling advice commensurate with the general nature of the analysis code was found to be extremely difficult. For modeling tasks where specific heuristic knowledge has accumulated, useful modeling advice can be provided.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01349628
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Providing data base management for the CAD environment: The AREDAS approach (1988)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 3 (1988), S. 207-223 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In recent years there has been an increasing interest in the integration of data base management systems (DBMSs) into the CAD environment. The motivation for this interest is discussed and several problems are identified that have to be solved in order to yield a genuine coupling of DBMSs and CAD systems. A solution to these problems is proposed in the form of a new architecture for a CAD-DBMS. Based on this, a preliminary implementation is outlined that follows a rapid prototype approach, and in wh ich an access as well as a transaction manager were realized for a software-based fileserver/workstation topology. Some directions for future work are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01202142
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An evaluation of programming languages and language features for engineering software development (1988)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 3 (1988), S. 183-199 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This article addresses the need for engineers to have a working knowledge of the fundamental structures of computer programming languages. In pursuit of this, it briefly looks at the history behind four of the more well-known programming languages. It then attempts to identify, and to look critically at, the attributes of programming languages that significantly affect the production of engineering software. The four “traditional” procedural programming languages chosen for review are those intended for scientific and general purpose programmin—FORTRAN-77, C, Pascal, and Modula-2. These languages are compared and some general observations are made. The emphasis of this article is on the attributes, characteristics, and components of programming languages that are important to software development and maintenance. Consequently, the comparison itself is of secondary importance, with the actual methodology of comparison given prominence in order that professional engineers who need to develop engineering software are able to make rational decisions about the choice of a programming language. Choosing an appropriate language can be a complex task and many factors must be considered. Therefore, in this article the fundamental structures, constructs, and attributes of programming languages are discussed, with very little attention given to the specific syntax of any particular language.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01202140
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Information technology development: A management perspective (1988)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 4 (1988), S. 3-10 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The opportunities of the information age present a real challenge to business management today. To meet this challenge, and to realize the true benefits of information technology, management must get involved and provide leadership in defining the business direction for an enterprise. It is through this involvement that the enterprise can apply technology to make the maximum impact on how business is conducted. Major information system development projects at General Dynamics Fort Worth will impact the way product definition data is managed and provide an example of how information technology can change the way we do business.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201467
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Data base system considerations in engineering design (1988)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 4 (1988), S. 19-26 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A general structural design procedure, including general development and maintenance steps, is outlined from a data requirements perspective. Within each phase of the design process, certain data is required for the undertaking and completion of each design step. As the various steps in the design process such as component and prototype testing and in-service experience generate new or additional data, that information should be incorporated into the data banks for use in current and future designs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201469
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The integrated analysis capability (IAC level 2.0) (1988)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 4 (1988), S. 53-63 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The integrated analysis capability (IAC) provides a computational environment that supports the unique needs of engineering analysis groups concerned with interdisciplinary problems. An essential part of IAS is the data management system, which is designed both to maximize computational efficiency and to support a full range of data query and manipulation. This paper described data management issues that we have found to be of critical importance in the IAC development. Because the computational environment of a system such as IAC has a strong influence on the software design trades and decisions, the paper also summarizes the overall system architecture and some of the developments relative to technical modules and data flow requirements. The information presented here is intended to aid potential users in evaluating and selecting an integrated capability, as well as software developers faced with the task of creating or expanding such a capability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201472
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  • 20
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    A study of solution algorithms for shape design sensitivity analysis on a supermini computer with an attached array processor (1987)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 3 (1987), S. 111-119 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a study and comparison of shape design sensitivity analysis algorithms that are based on the continuum adjoint variable method, the continuum direct differentiation method, and the finite difference method, implemented on a supermini computer with an attached array processor. The basic algorithms and their differences in evaluating shape design sensitivity coefficients are outlined. A solution method for solving a system of equations, using a general sparse storage technique, is used for numerical implementation of shape design sensitivity analysis. It is found that computing shape design sensitivity coefficients using the direct differentiation method is significantly more efficient than using the adjoint variable method or the finite difference method. A detailed performance evaluation of the methods, using an attached array processor, is presented. The performance of the attached array processor, compared to a supermini computer is shown to depend strongly on the type of computations to be carried out. When only parts of a program are running on an attached array processor, the CPU time distribution among the different subroutines of the program can change significantly, compared to using the host processor only.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206307
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strain measurement of structures with curved surface by means of personal computer-based picture processing (1988)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 3 (1988), S. 149-156 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An optical strain measurement system was developed that includes computer processing of stereoscopic picture data of marks painted on the specimen. This system allows us to measure large strains in specimens with curved surfaces as well as plane surfaces even at elevated temperatures. The results of a verification test performed on a bellows specimen at room temperature have shown that the strain error of this measurement system is allowable considering the limitation of the apparatus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01349626
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  • 22
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    Announcement (1988)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 3 (1988), S. 181-181 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01349629
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  • 23
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    The introduction of constraints into a graphics system (1988)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 3 (1988), S. 201-205 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Often a computer-aided design system acts merely as a storehouse for a collection of graphical entities. It has no knowledge of how these interrelate or what the purpose is of the design that they represent. The work described is an initial attempt to enable the user of a system interactively to provide information of this type. This is done in terms of constraints upon the geometric entities that are defined, along with these entities themselves, in a user interface language.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01202141
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parallel processsing in finite flement structural analysis (1988)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 3 (1988), S. 225-241 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A brief review is made of the fundamental concepts and basic issues of parallel processing. Discussion focuses on mechanisms for parallel processing, construction and implementation of parallel numerical algorithms, performance evaluation of parallel processing machines and numerical algorithms, and parallelism in finite element computations. A novel partitioning strategy is outlined for maximizing the degree of parallelism on computers with a small number of powerful processors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01202143
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  • 25
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    Preface (1988)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 4 (1988), S. 1-1 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201466
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  • 26
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    Coping with legacy factors (1988)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 4 (1988), S. 11-17 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Implementers of engineering data base management systems inherit a legacy of existing software and data that must be integrated into the new system with minimum disruption of ongoing activities. Some critical issues addressed here include changes in software engineering practices, impact on user training and procedures, and problems connected with traditional or parochial interests. The material covered describes some experiences in coping with these “legacy factors” during the recent McDonnell Aircraft Company (MCAIR) integrated data base implementation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201468
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    Integrated design support system (1988)
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    Engineering with computers 4 (1988), S. 27-37 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The integrated design support system (IDS) is a concept for capturing the “critical” technical engineering information necessary to perform the functions of maintenance, modification, repair, and reprocurement of Air Force weapon systems. The program will first construct an architecture to define the required information. Next, IDS will construct prototype software to acquire, store, distribute, and perform configuration management on the data. The program will conclude with software simulation of the full-scale IDS system operating in a production environment to determine performance characteristics together with development and operatonal costs for the system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201470
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    An aide for instruction on integrated engineering design and support (1988)
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    Engineering with computers 4 (1988), S. 39-52 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Effective management of engineering information is critically needed for the design of future complex engineering systems. Yet engineers are not trained in engineering data base management concepts. To help address this issue, a prototype integrated design system has been developed for the Air Force to aide research and instruction on key integration concepts, including (1) the use of a shared data base to eliminate redundancies and inconsistencies; (2) the use of a relational data base management system to store, locate, and retrieve data from the shared data base; (3) the development of interfacing programs to act as interpreters between the application programs and the common data base; and (4) the role of executive software to manage the integrated system. Key software used includes a computer-aided design system, a structural analysis program, various graphics packages, and a relational data base management system. To assess system flexibility, additional programs were added to the system. The design of the data base proved to be an important step in this implementation. Several methodologies useful in the design of the data base were investigated and subsequently used to organize the data base for the integrated design system. Results discussed include system development, and applications, as well as the effectiveness of the integrated system's configuration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201471
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    Sources and standards for computerized materials property data and intelligent knowledge systems (1988)
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    Engineering with computers 4 (1988), S. 75-85 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The explosion of interest in computerized material property data bases and intelligent knowledge systems for flexible manufacturing processes has resulted in two significant developments in the last couple of years: the incorporation of the National Materials Property Data Network, Inc. (MPD Network), and the formation of ASTM Committee E-49 on Computerization of Material Property Data. The MPD Network has the mission of providing engineers and scientists with easy on-line access to worldwide sources of reliable, well-documented material property data. The status of its pilot network and plans for the future are outlined herein. ASTM Committee E-49 has the mission of developing and providing guidelines and standards to aid the builders, maintainers, and suppliers of data bases in meeting the needs of industry and in establishing compatible and consistent sources capable of sharing data. Also reported in this paper is the early progress of the Technical Committee of the MPD Network in establishing guidelines for the evaluation of data, recognizing that there are a number of aspects of data source building and management requiring audit as well as the data itself. It is important that sources of material performance data are well characterized, and that the nature and reliability of the information is conveyed to the user. The further development of guidelines and standard practices in this area will also be dealt with by ASTM Committee E-49. A brief overview of other major material property data base building activities in the United States is also provided.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201474
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    Analyzing technological change: An engineering data base for input-output models of the economy (1988)
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    Engineering with computers 4 (1988), S. 99-105 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the content and logical structure of an engineering data base, to be constructed from direct technical information, for use with input-output (IO) models of the national economy. These models, which until now have relied almost exclusively on accounting information describing past economic transactions, can now be extended to analyze the future prospects for the U.S. economy and its individual sectors in terms of detailed technical decisions taken at the sites of production. The basic IO data base describes each sector's input in terms of its use of given amounts of goods and services produced in all sectors, per unit of its output. The new data base will distinguish the individual activities carried out within a sector, specify the important technical alternatives for each activity, and describe each alternative in terms of inputs of the required goods and services. The structure of the new data base accommodates the quantification of both production and “overhead” activities and their integration, and its implementation in stages is facilitated by the fact that it is a generalization of the structure of existing IO data bases.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201476
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    Offsets of curves on rational B-spline surfaces (1989)
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 39-46 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The construction of offset curves is an important problem encountered often in design processes and in interrogation of geometric models. In this paper the problem of construction of offsets of curves lying on the same parametric surface is addressed. A novel algorithm is introduced, whose main feature is the use of geodesic paths to determine points of the offset. The offset is then approximated in the underlying surface parameter space by B-splines interpolating data points obtained by traveling a known distance along the geodesics departing from corresponding points of the progenitor in a direction perpendicular to the latter. A comprehensive error checking scheme has been devised allowing adaptive improvement of the approximation of the offset. The applicability of the algorithm is demonstrated by number of numerical examples.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201996
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    Factors that affect planning in a knowledge-based system for mechanical engineering design optimization with application to the design of mechanical power transmissions (1989)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 47-62 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Intelligent computer-aided design (CAD) emulates the human activity of design so that production planning, decision making, and inventive design can be performed by computers. Based on the history of human experience in engineering design, a formalized and systematic approach to design should include procedures from (1) conceptual design, (2) layout design, and (3) numerical optimization. The highest level within such a system should be responsible for specifying and symbolically optimizing skeleton structures of generic (nonspecific) elements within the design process that are eventually to be specified uniquely (pinned down) and ultimately optimized numerically. Planning plays a key role in such a system. Planning has been utilized as a tool for process organization within the knowledge domains of chemical engineering, electrical engineering, manufacturing, as well as for general problem formulation and solution. State estimation, subtask scheduling, and constraint propagation have been found to be factors of prime importance in this type of problem. Problems associated with the implementation of a planning strategy within a knowledge-based system for mechanical engineering design optimization are discussed. A hypothesis for planning is put forth and examined within the context of a model of the mechanical design optimization process. An example that demonstrates the applicability of this approach to mechanical power transmission design is considered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201997
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    A LISP-based object-oriented approach to structural analysis (1988)
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    Engineering with computers 4 (1988), S. 197-203 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An approach to structural analysis is presented in which object-oriented data structures make it possible to arrange computational tasks in a unique fashion. A general matrix-free solution algorithm for use with arbitrary assemblages of linearly connected objects is presented, followed by an overview of a prototype structural analysis program built entirely on such an object-oriented data structure. The principal result is due to the flexibility inherent in this type of data structure, which makes it possible to analyze structural models incrementally as they are developed. Although certainly useful in traditional contexts, the parallel nature of the scheme could be particularly powerful in a multiprocessor environment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01213981
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    Object-oriented knowledge frameworks (1989)
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 79-89 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper introduces a strategy for the construction of object-oriented knowledge frameworks. Global control programs, which are traditionally used for manipulating structured representations, have been replaced by domain-specific resources. This new approach offers increased efficiency and simplified development of knowledge-based expert systems for problem domains that deal with a variety of complex structured information. A theoretical foundation is laid for the representation of knowledge, starting with the adoption of a simple schema for structuring stereotypical information. Data and method abstraction is achieved by installing knowledge frames into part of an object-oriented class system that supports procedural attachment and object communication. This allows frame specialization using domain-specific resources and subsequent construction of modular systems with these specialist frames. Editors are introduced for the alteration of data primitives used in declarative representation. Algorithms, which operate on these data primitives, are given for frame instantiation, data access, and user-directed inference. Examples from structural engineering are used throughout the paper to illustrate the practical application of object-oriented knowledge frameworks.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01199071
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    User interfaces for structural engineering relational data base (1988)
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    Engineering with computers 4 (1988), S. 239-249 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The needs of engineers in their interaction with engineering data bases are very different from those of their counter-parts in the business world. Business data base management system interfaces typically provide only a single mode of textual communication, usually a structured query language. However, in an idealengineering data base interface, an engineer would be able to define constraints, give examples, point at parts of pictures, and (sometimes) use several modes of communication simultaneously. The paper presents an example from an engineering design application to show how a traditional query language can be enhanced to accommodate the engineering needs. The paper further describes a conceptual approach for multimodal engineering data base interface combining multipurpose graphics, an engineering query language, and other interface methodologies in an engineering workstation environment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01213985
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    Improved optimum structural design by passive control (1989)
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 13-22 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The problem of optimum structural design by passive control is stated in a nonlinear programming form. A solution procedure, based on a successive selection of design and control variables, is presented. Neglecting the implicit analysis equations, the solution becomes independent of the control variables and a lower bound (LB) on the optimum can easily be obtained. The control variables are then selected to satisfy all constraints. If this cannot be achieved, the LB constraints are modified and the control variables are chosen for the revised optimal design. These two steps are repeated until the final optimum is reached. Employing the proposed procedure on various structural systems subjected to static loads showed that the final optimum has been achieved after a very small number of iteration cycles. The numerical examples illustrate a solution with two types of control devices: a linear spring device and a limited displacement device. It has been found that the final optimum is often identical or close to the initial LB solution. Savings of 14 to 63 percent in weight, compared with conventional optima without control, have been demonstrated for some common structures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201994
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    An expert system for field inspection of concrete dams: Part 1, engineering knowledge (1989)
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 23-38 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper covers in more detail the material that was introduced in Ref. [1] and describes the final engineering reasoning and knowledge used for an expert system to assist during the field inspection of existing concrete dams. The knowledge base of this expert system was created by combining the traditional expert system approach with the reasoning procedures of qualitative physics. The traditional expert system approach was used to identify the shallow knowledge pertaining to the problem, and qualitative physics was used to identify the deep knowledge. The deep knowledge structured and organized the identification and representation of the shallow knowledge. The expert system uses shallow knowledge to combine a qualitative expert reasoning with a quantitative procedural evaluation of the stability of a dam. The present paper concentrates on the description of the engineering knowledge and Ref. [2] will concentrate on the artificial intelligence issues associated with the knowledge acquisition and representation associated with this expert system. The validation process compared results obtained by the expert system with those obtained by independent field inspection experts. Some of the results are presented here.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201995
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    An expert system for setting time steps in dynamic finite element programs (1989)
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 205-219 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An expert system, ETUDES—Expert Time integration control Using Deep and Surface Knowledge System, which addresses the determination of the timestep for time integration of linear structural dynamic equations is described. This time-step may also be applicable for a moderately nonlinear simulation of the same structure. The program also determines whether an explicit or implicit method is most efficient for the particular simulation. A production rule programming system written in OPS5 is used for the implementation of this prototype expert system. Issues relating to the expert system architecture for this application, such as knowledge representation and structure, as well as domain knowledge are discussed. The prototype is evaluated by measuring it's performance in various benchmark model problems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02274213
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    h andh-p version error estimation and adaptive procedures from theory to practice (1989)
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 221-234 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we introduce techniques that allow us to define a posteriori error estimators via well-known recovery techniques. These allow us to construct a posteriori error estimators for relatively general problems. Further, we introduce new adaptive procedures that make use of these estimators and, in particular, describe anh-p procedure that is simple to implement and that, as numerical experiments have shown, attains an accelerated rate of convergence expected from theh-p version.
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    Announcement (1989)
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 259-259 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02274217
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    AnO(N) algorithm to automatically generate geometric triangulations satisfying the Delaunay circumsphere criteria (1989)
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 177-193 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an algorithm for the generation of Delaunay triangulations for general nonmanifold geometric models. Octree concepts are used for point placement and providing the linear, with respect to the number of elements, growth rate of the algorithm. Compatibility and classification procedures are used in conjunction with point injection procedures to ensure that the final Delaunay triangulation is a geometric triangulation of the domain of interest.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02274211
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    Automatic mesh generation for complex three-dimensional regions using a constrained Delaunay triangulation (1989)
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 161-175 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a method for generating tetrahedral meshes. The algorithm, based on the Delaunay triangulation, can treat objects of essentially arbitrary complexity. In order to preserve the surface triangulation of solid objects, it is necessary to override the Delaunay property and redefine the triangulation when points are introduced that are close to solid boundaries. Details of this constrained Delaunay algorithm are presented and an efficient implementation of the triangulation method is described. Techniques for controlling the distribution of mesh points and tetrahedron quality are also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02274210
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    Knowledge-based control for finite element analysis (1989)
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 195-204 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper shows that control logic may be separated from analysis software and that a knowledge-based expert system can use this logic to perform interactive computation. Heuristics that control a simple interactive finite element analysis program are represented using a rule-based format and are used by a goal-driven logic processor to invoke analysis activity. Traditional algorithm-oriented control and the proposed knowledge-based control are compared in a simple displacement computation scenario to identify the advantages/disadvantages of the two approaches. General activities and constraints, practical methods of reasoning and representation, and knowledge-based expert systems are discussed with emphasis on applications to interactive finite element analysis. An analysis control expert system has been developed for use in the numerical analysis of two-dimensional linear problems in solid and structural mechanics. An example problem is used to clarify the methods used to direct activity and to identify the problems associated with conditional task processing for interactive analysis. The main difference between the analysis program described in this paper and conventional analysis programs is related to the control architecture. The general conclusion of this paper is that knowledge-based control is more effective and flexible than algorithm-oriented control.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02274212
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    Adaptive multiple-levelh-refinement in automated finite element analyses (1989)
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 235-247 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses an automatic, adaptive finite element modeling system consisting of mesh generation, finite element analysis, and error estimation. The individual components interact with one another and efficiently reduce the finite element error to within an acceptable value and perform only a minimum number of finite element analyses. One of the necessary components in the automated system is a multiple-level local remeshing algorithm. Givenh-refinement information provided by an a posteriori error estimator, and adjacency information available in the mesh data structures, the local remeshing algorithm grades the refinement toward areas requesting refinement. It is shown that the optimal asymptotic convergence rate is achieved, demonstrating the effectiveness of the intelligent multiple-level localh-refinement.
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    Lasers in medicine introducing the new journal (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 3-3 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02030730
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    A high-efficiency, compact Nd-YAG laser for eye microsurgery (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 19-24 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Neodymium-YAG laser ; Optical microsurgery ; Optical breakdown ; Resonators
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We report the development of an efficient and compact neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd-YAG) laser for eye microsurgery. High efficiency and excellent multimode beam quality were obtained by use of a reflecting close-coupled cavity. Stable and unstable resonator configurations were compared. Some experiments performed with this laser are presented and discussed.
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    Porphyrin-sensitized photodynamic inactivation of cells: A review (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 5-12 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photosensitization ; Porphyrins ; Cancer therapy ; Membrane damage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract When mammalian cells are exposed to light in the presence of photosensitizers, such as porphyrins, a number of reactions takes place. The most important photoproduct is singlet oxygen, which reacts with and degrades a variety of biomolecules. This species can travel only about 0.1μm in a cell during its lifetime. Therefore, the structures most exposed to photodamage are those containing high concentrations of sensitizer. For porphyrins, membranes and mitochondria are such structures. Photosensitized damage to mitochondria and membranes has been observed by several techniques. The incubation time with sensitizers is critical since the rates of accumulation of sensitizer are different at different cellular locations. Several other aspects of the action of photosensitizers are reviewed: Have sublethal doses any effect on proliferation and DNA? How can photodynamic treatment act selectively on tumour tissue? Should photodynamic cancer treatment be combined with other therapies? Does photodynamic therapy work under low oxygen concentrations?
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    Initial experience with carbon dioxide laser laparoscopy (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 25-31 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Laser laparoscopy ; CO2 laser ; Endometriosis ; Adhesions ; Infertility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Adhesions and endometriosis are commonly encountered among patients presenting with pelvic or lower abdominal pain and also in a significant proportion of infertile patients. Laparoscopic investigation is usual in patients with these problems, and it has been possible to perform endoscopic surgery with special scissors and electrodiathermy. These methods can cause troublesome bleeding, and the diathermy produces high temperatures which can be hazardous if used in the vicinity of the bowel. The carbon dioxide laser can be used endoscopically to vaporize deposits of endometriosis and adhesions with great precision and virtually no bleeding. One hundred consecutive patients with endometriosis or adhesions were treated with the CO2 laser laparoscope and followed up for at least a year. Seventy-five per cent of patients with pain due to endometriosis were cured, and 68% of patients were better after laser laparoscopic adhesiolysis. Pregnancy rate in the previously infertile group with endometriosis was 64%. There were no complications due to the intra-abdominal use of CO2 laser energy under endoscopic control, although there is a need for a controlled trial. It appears that in the hands of an experienced laparoscopist this technique is safe and effective.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02030734
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    A 580 nm emission in haematoporphyrin-derivative solution and in treated cells (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 33-39 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Haematoporphyrin derivative ; 580 nm emission ; Time-resolved fluorescence microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Continuous wave and time-resolved fluorescence microscopy have been extensively used to characterize the behaviour of haematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) both in solution and in single cells. In this work, we report experimental evidence for the presence of a 580 nm-emitting species, occurring as a consequence of modifications in HPD induced by the cellular microenvironment. The fact that the formation of this ‘modified’ species seems to be favoured in tumour cells might increase sensitivity in the diagnostic use of HPD for the localization of early-stage tumours.
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    New laser literature (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 81-84 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02030740
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    Book reviews (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 85-86 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02030741
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    Evaluation of photodynamic therapy in gastric cancer (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 67-74 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Argon dye laser ; Photodynamic therapy ; Gastric cancer ; Adenocarcinomas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Twenty-eight patients with gastric cancer were treated by photodynamic therapy. Haematoporphyrin derivative was used as a photosensitizer and an argon dye laser as a light source. Histologically, all tumours were adenocarcinomas. On the basis of endoscopy, 17 cases were categorized as early-stage cancer and were classified as type IIc (10 lesions), Ha (three lesions), combined type IIc and type III (three lesions) and type I (two lesions). In 11 patients with advanced-stage cancer, endoscopy showed one case of Borrmann I, three of Borrmann II, six of Borrmann III and a single case of Borrmann IV. In the 17 patients with early-stage cancers (18 lesions), complete remission was obtained in 10 patients (11 lesions). Of 13 resected cancers complete remission was confirmed in six lesions on the basis of detailed histological examination of resected specimens. In the advanced stage tumours all 11 patients showed incomplete remissions. It is considered that an incomplete response in the early-stage cancers is due to insufficient light dosage because of the wide area of tumour, because the site of the lesion is anatomically difficult to photoradiate and because the invasion extends to the muscular layer and serosa.
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    Excimer laser angioplasty: Quantitative comparison in vitro of three ultraviolet wavelengths on tissue ablation and haemolysis (1986)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 91-100 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Laser angioplasty ; Excimer laser ; Photoablation ; Haemolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of three ultraviolet excimer laser wavelengths on normal and atheromatous human cadaver aortic wall are presented. Ultraviolet radiation successfully ablates vessel wall; the dose response is greatest at 249 nm followed by 193 nm and 351 nm, where the effect is negligible for the equivalent energy dose. Wavelengths 249 and 193 nm have a selective effect on fibrous atheroma; ablation proceeds at a higher rate in this tissue. Non-linear effects observed at 249 nm may be due to thermal as well as photoablative mechanisms. In addition, blood samples were exposed to all three wavelengths and potassium concentrations were measured; the dose of energy required to produce tissue ablation may also produce significant haemolysis and hyperkalaemia at 249 and 193 nm but not with 351 nm. This finding may be important for coronary angioplasty but less so for peripheral work. The wavelength that produces the strongest dose response is 249 nm; this is the wavelength for which a fibre-optic delivery system should be developed.
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    Arborizing telangiectasia of the lower limb responds well to treatment with the argon laser; superficial venular dilatation does not (1986)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 121-124 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Argon laser ; Superficial venular dilatation lower limb ; Arborizing telangiectasia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The response of vascular dilatation of the lower limb to treatment with the argon laser was found to correlate with clinical diagnosis. Nine patients with superficial venular dilatation of the lower limb associated with varicose veins were treated with the argon laser and the results were uniformly poor. However, two patients with the clinically distinct condition of arborizing telangiectasia (or essential progressive telangiectasia) of the legs responded well to treatment. No other satisfactory treatment is available for this cosmetically distressing condition, so that argon laser therapy appears to be the treatment of choice.
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    A micromanipulator to aid microsurgical removal of intracranial tumours with the Nd-YAG laser (1986)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 131-133 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Neodymium-YAG laser ; Meningioma ; Microsurgery ; Micromanipulator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The coagulation and tumour-shrinking properties of the Nd-YAG laser make it a useful tool in the treatment of vascular intracranial tumours, in particular meningiomas. The resection of many tumours such as base-of-skull meningiomas inevitably involves limited access, making precision work with the hand-held laser difficult. This paper presents the use of a special micromanipulator which allows coupling of the OPMILas YAG laser to the Zeiss OPMI operating microscope. The laser can be used in focused or defocused mode, with better precision than that obtained in the hand-held position. A built-in filter makes the instrument safe for the surgeon to use without goggles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02038963
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    Laser exposure timer (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 221-224 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Lasers ; Exposure time ; Calibration ; Safety
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A hand-held unit has been constructed for routine measurement of exposure times of argon and krypton lasers. A small photodiode is used as the sensing element, and the measured exposure time in ms is observed on a liquid-crystal display. A series of measurements was made on a set of four lasers in use in ophthalmology departments in North Wales. Typically, the measured exposure times were observed to agree well with set values. Percentage errors were, however, often considerable at the shortest exposure settings. A small variation in values of exposure timings for a selected exposure time was found as a function of selected aiming-beam position. This presumably arises out of the design of the particular aiming-beam/shutter assembly. Although no serious shutter malfunction was detected, the ability to measure exposure times accurately was considered relevant to checking the delivered output of laser systems.
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    New laser literature (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 225-228 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02040244
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    Book reviews (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 229-230 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02040245
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    Conference report (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 231-231 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02040246
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    Courses (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 232-232 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02040248
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    Nd-YAG laser therapy for the anterior segment of the eye (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 139-142 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Capsulotomy ; Iridotomy ; Photodisruption ; Eye anterior segment ; Neodymium-YAG laser
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Since the introduction of microsurgery by the neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd-YAG) laser many conventional surgical procedures for the anterior segment of the eye have been superseded. We discuss the current indications, contraindications, techniques and complications encountered in pulsed Nd-YAG laser surgery of the anterior segment.
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    Clinical experience of non-contact and contact Nd-YAG laser therapy for inoperable malignant stenoses of the oesophagus and stomach (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 143-146 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Oesophageal cancer ; Gastric cancer ; Neodymium-YAG laser
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract For palliative treatment of tumours with the Nd-YAG laser, the non-contact method of applying laser energy has become established as a useful technique. However, it has certain disadvantages which include overdistension of the intestine, difficulty in calculating the amount of energy applied in each place, and the danger of destruction of the tip of the light guide if this makes contact with the tissue while the laser is being fired. The newly developed contact method of energy application by means of ceramic tips is free from such disadvantages. We report our results with the contact and the non-contact method in the treatment of stenosing inoperable tumours of the oesophagus and stomach. By the end of 1985 we had treated 76 patients with the non-contact method and 16 with the contact method. The relative advantages of the two methods in clinical use are discussed.
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    British Medical Laser Association Annual Conference: London, 22–23 January 1986 (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 158-159 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
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    Partial splenectomy with the Nd-YAG laser in pigs (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 147-151 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Neodymium-YAG laser ; Splenic resection ; Cellular biostimulation ; Mast cells ; Splenic regeneration ; Pigs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Splénectomie partielle au laser YAG-Nd. Une série de 11 porcs (18–35 kg) subissent une splénectomie partielle à l'aide d'un laser YAG-Nd (80 W de puissance, 8° de divergence), après ligature de l'artère gastro-épiploique. On obtient une coupe et une hémostase simultanée rapide. La zone d'ischémie est limitée à 1 ou 2 mm d'épaisseur et se trouve rapidement remplacée par du tissue fibreux au 10e jour post-opératoire (J10). Aucune hémorragie secondaire n'est à déplorer. L'examen en microscopie semi-fine et électronique montre: à J 3 une activité macrophagique et polynucléaire intense dans la pulpe rouge à proximité de la coupe; à J 10 de nombreuses mitoses des cellules lymphoides de la pulpe blanche; à J 30 une forte densité de plasmocytes et de mastocytes répartis dans les centres germinaux situés à proximité de la fibrose de bordure. Les contrôles à J 180 et J 365 montrent une guérison totale du foyer de résection et une taille normale de la rate.
    Notes: Abstract Eleven pigs (18–35 kg) were submitted to partial splenic resection with an 8° divergent Nd-YAG laser beam (80 W). The gastroepiploic artery was ligated in 10 pigs. The laser provided both rapid cutting and haemostasis, and the ischaemic layer was limited to 1 or 2 mm in thickness. This was replaced by fibrous tissue by the tenth postoperative day and delayed bleeding was not observed. Semi-thin and electron microscopic examinations of the spleen on the third postoperative day showed intensive macrophage and polynuclear infiltration into the red pulp in the vicinity of the resection. At ten days mitotic figures of lymphoid cells and a few mast cells were present in the white pulp. By day 30 a large concentration of plasmocytes and mast cells were scattered in germinal centres underlying the new fibrotic capsule. Healing, with restoration of the size of the spleen, was found at six months and at twelve months postoperatively.
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    Therapeutic laser guidelines: On the effects of laser radiation on human skin-fibroblast metabolism in culture (1989)
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 31-40 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Summary A promising field of laser utilization is the modification of cell behaviour. Acting on cell biological functions it might be possible to use them to improve medical therapies. This possibility suggests investigation of dosimetry guidelines employing different wavelenghts, power and exposure durations for future potential use of lasers in medicine. In this line of investigation, structural organization and viability of fibroblast has been studied, thus observing that the cell number remains unaltered by low density laser irradiation. Nevertheless, results observed in metabolism variation suggest that, with appropiate irradiation-protocol an efficient modality for enhancement or modulation of cell activity can be found, and thereafter used for therapeutical pourposes.
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    Experimental effects of Argon and CO2 lasers on skin and vessels (1989)
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 95-103 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Summary Response of rabbit ear blood vessels and defects on the pig skin to Argon and CO2 lasers, (1 to 4 Watts and 0,1 to 0,2 sec pulses), were analysed. Examining lesion depth and its diameter, it was seen, using both lasers, that when power and time exposure increased, lesion depth increased as well, At the same time, when power was increased and the time of irradiation was constant, the diameter of the lesion remained approximately the same. Histologically, by using Argon laser at 1'5 W, there is no evidence of skin lesion but vessel coagulation occurs. On the other hand, more power (3 to 4 W) produces skin destruction. CO2 laser at 1'5 W causes skin destruction while 3 W penetrates deeper, cutting all tissues and producing vessel-wall fragmentation and haemorrhage. In contrast to CO2 laser, which definitly stops blood circulation by cutting the vessels, Argon laser entails many recurrences and vessels re-start circulation; a fact which is not desirable in cutaneous vascular disorders treatment.
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    The present state of safety laws and regulations in the FRG (1989)
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 213-213 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02276688
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    Title: Development of national safety regulations for medical use of lasers in the Netherlands (1989)
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 235-238 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Until now there are no national safety regulations for the medical use of lasers in the Netherlands. However, a committee of experts from hospitals, Health Council of the Netherlands, TNO Medical Technology Unit and industry is preparing recommendations. Their work is based on MPE values and special measurements that are performed to assess divergence and intensity distribution of laser beams, as well as optical and thermal properties of materials that are used in the clinical setting. The final intention of the committee is to advise government and hospitals on technical, environmental and administrative measures for the safety of the various medical laser applications.
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    The accident prevention regulation “Laser Radiation” (VGB 93) — Special regulations for the safe use of laser products in the Federal Republic of Germany (1989)
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 243-249 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Accident prevention regulations, e.g. VBG 93 “Laser Radiation”, are a national particularity in the FRG. The regulations issued by the injuries insurance institutes are binding upon employers and employees. The apparatus and equipment safety law makes the VBG 93 obligatory also for manufacturers and importers. National and international standards are referred to in relevant context in the VBG 93. The VBG 93 is also used by the governmental authorities for the protection of labour. The medical apparatus decree has to be observed also for medical application. Some important aspects of the VBG 93 will be described in detail.
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    Proposal for dosimetry of non-ionizing radiation (1989)
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 329-340 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract In general “Dose” by itself as an amount of energy is not a relevant parameter for the description of penetration by non-ionizing (laser) radiation. But dosimetry should not only include the measurements of relevant parameters and its relatioships to tissue effects but also include all possibilities of measurements and relationships which help to control the biological result on tissue by irraditation with non-ionizing laser radiation.
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    Laser therapeutic guidelines used in the Lisbon Institute of Ophthalmology (1989)
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 361-365 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper the Author presents the guidelines of laser therapy in the Lisbon Institute of Ophthalmology, with spetial referance to the laser parameters, the ocular pathology imposing laser therapy and the necessary conditions for safety of the patient and of the doctor, operating with laser.
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    Study of laser-tissue interactions through Raman spectroscopy (1989)
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 41-61 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract A review is presented of Raman spectroscopic applications in the study of laser-tissue interactions. The basic definitions of Raman spectroscopy are given with emphasis to those concepts and techniques which are relevant to biomedical material characterization. Representative problems from current literature will be discussed, like atherosclerosis of human vessels, eye lens aging, formation and diagnosis of cataracts.
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    Comparison of lasers for photodynamic therapy with a phthalocyanine photosensitizer (1989)
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 7-12 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Three different lasers were compared under the same conditions for their effectiveness at producing photodynamic damage to normal colon following sensitization with aluminium sulphonated phthalocyanine (AlSPc). One laser was an argon ion pumped continuous wave (CW) dye laser and the other two were pulsed at 10 kHz (copper vapour laser pumped dye laser, and 5 Hz (flashlamp pumped dye laser). The CW and 10 kHz laser were equally effective at producing damage. The 5 Hz laser failed to produce a photodynamic effect, although occasionally caused a photomechanical effect when the laser fibre was placed touching the colonic mucosa. Quantitative analysis suggests that the high energy pulses of the flashlamp pumped dye laser saturate AlSPc, so very little of the available energy can be used to produce a photodynamic effect, in contrast to the two other lasers which do not produce saturation conditions.
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    Effect of the non-contact mode of YAG laser on pulmonary tissues and its comparison with electrodiathermy: An anatomo-pathological study (1989)
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 17-23 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: YAG Laser/Electrodiathermy ; Pulmonary tissue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An anatomo-pathological study was undertaken to evaluate the early effects of high and low powered non-contact mode of YAG laser on pulmonary tissue and to compare these effects with those resulting from electro-diathermy. In 40 patients with bronchial carcinoma, thoracotomy was carried out using conventional surgical methods, the part of the lung destined to be excised was then exposed to: Non-contact YAG laser of high or low power (Group A, n=15); cutting/ or coagulation electro-diathermy (Group B,n=15); and mixed (blend) cutting and coagulation electro-diathermy (Group C,n=10). The results indicated that high power non-contact YAG laser is capable of incising the pulmonary parenchyma without bleeding or air leak, only the larger and sub-segmental vessels and bronchial branches needed suturing. This was not the case for electro-diathermy, either in its cutting or blend form. The low power laser was capable of sealing off the superficial bleeding vessels and contracting the alveolar sacs, thus preventing bleeding and air leak. Only the superficial bleeding could be stopped by coagulation diathermy which had no effect in preventing air leak from the parenchyma. Microscopically, apart from evaporation, laser produced charring and coagulative necrosis in the remaining exposed tissue. No evaporation of tissue occurred with electro-diathermy (either in its cutting, blend or coagulation mode). Only a very limited charring and coagulative necrosis was present in the remaining tissues exposed to coagulation electro-diathermy.
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    Open lung surgery with Nd-YAG Laser (1989)
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 13-16 
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    Keywords: Nd-YAG laser ; Open lung surgery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We report on nineteen patients who successfully underwent open lung performance with a Nd-YAG laser in the period December 1987 to August 1988. Reasons for laser operations were lung metastases (twelve cases), lung fibrosis (five patients), one lung cyst and one tuberculoma. We used the Nd-YAG laser in non-contact mode, with focus hand-piece spot size of 1.5 mm, a continual 1064 nm wavelength and a power output 90 W. In these nineteen cases we performed 35 laser photoablations of lung tissue. All patients healed without any serious complications. The major advantage of Nd-YAG laser beam in open lung surgery is in the rapid sealing effect of small airways and of blood vessels up to 3 mm. The Nd-YAG laser seems to be very suitable for operations in lung periphery.
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    Book reviews (1989)
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 65-65 
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    Meetings announcements (1989)
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 71-72 
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    Photodynamic treatment of cholesteatoma of the ear induced experimentally in rabbits: Preliminary report (1989)
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 111-113 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Cholesteatoma ; Haematoporphyrin ; Photo-dynamic therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In a previous project on haematoporphyrin (HP) uptake by experimentally induced cholesteatoma of the rabbit, it was shown that HP concentration was remarkably high in the cholesteatoma, with a peak at three hours after intravenous administration of the drug. On the basis of these results an attempt was made to destroy the matrix of cholesteatoma by means of photodynamic therapy. Cholesteatomas were induced bilaterally in the ears of eight rabbits which were divided into two groups, according to the interval between HP administration (5 mg/kg body weight) and irradiation. The irradiation was carried out with light at 600–680 nm, filtered from the emission a quartz halogen lamp (dose rate 300 mW cm−2; total dose 120 J cm−2). The first group was submitted to photodynamic therapy after three hours and the second after twelve hours. In both groups half the rabbits were sacrificed at 24 h and half at 48 h post-irradiation. Histological studies showed significant vascular lesions, necrosis of the wall of the cholesteatoma, interstitial extravasation of blood, and oedema in a high percentage of the animals. The lesions were much greater in animals sacrificed at 48 h after photodynamic therapy.
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    Meetings announcements (1989)
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 137-138 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032612
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    The role of the CO2 laser in out-patient oral surgery (1989)
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 151-154 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The treatments of 250 patients with the CO2 laser is described. The procedures were performed under local anaesthesia with minimal instrumentation apart from the laser. Operations were rapid and relatively bloodless, and excellent cosmetic and functional results were obtained. In the post-operative period there was minimal oedema and no significant bleeding. Post-operative pain was also minimal allowing patients to resume their normal diet on the first post-operative day and to return to work. The experience gained with this first group of patients suggests that ideal cases for treatment by this modality include leukoplakia, haemangiomas, epulis and prosthesis fibromas. The CO2 laser is now being used to a lesser extent on in-patients and on those with malignant lesions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032428
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  • 81
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    Laser-induced fluorescence used in localizing atherosclerotic lesions (1989)
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 171-181 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Autofluorescence ; Laser-induced fluorescence ; Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy ; Atherosclerosis ; Tissue diagnostics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated laser-induced fluorescence frompost mortem human arteries in order to find spectroscopic properties allowing discrimination between normal and atherosclerotic vessel wall. A pulsed nitrogen laser emitting light at a wavelength of 337.1 nm was used as an excitation source. The fluorescence spectrum from 370 to 700 nm was captured and analysed by an optical multichannel analyser. Dimensionless contrast functions were formed by using characteristic spectral features at 390, 415, 480, 580 and 600 nm. All samples were investigated in scans across a region where normal as well as diseased vessel wall appeared. The types of plaque were histopathologically divided into four groups, of which three could be singled out using one or more of our spectroscopic criteria. We also investigated the different layers of the normal and diseased vessel wall in order to determine the various contributions to the fluorescence signal. Furthermore, plasma emission spectra were recorded while ablating the normal as well as the diseased vessel wall with an excimer laser, emitting radiation at 308 nm, thus detecting the change in spectral characteristics during the ablation process down into deeper layers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032432
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    Meetings announcements (1989)
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 203-204 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032438
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  • 83
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    Photodynamic therapy for the treatment of advanced gastrointestinal tumours (1989)
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 183-186 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Gastrointestinal tumour ; Advanced lesions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In the study, 120 patients with advanced gastrointestinal tumours were treated by PDT; 5 mg/kg of HpD was intravenously given 48–72 h prior to PDT. The light source was an argon dye laser with an output beam of 630 nm. The irradiation time varied from 15–25 min with a power of 100–350 mW cm−2. The entire tumour was irradiated with a light dose of 100–250 J cm−2. Of the 120 patients, 20 had cancer of esophagus, 72 had cancer of the gastric cardia, 18 had cancer of the stomach and 10 had cancer of the rectum. Eighty-eight patients (73.3%) had a response to PDT. Twelve patients with CR were followed up for one to five years, two patients died during the two years after PDT.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032433
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  • 84
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    Identification of brain tumours in rats using laser-induced fluorescence and haematoporphyrin derivative (1989)
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 241-249 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Brain tumour ; Rat ; Detection ; Fluorescence ; Laser ; Haematoporphyrin derivative
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Laser-induced fluorescence has been used for the identification of brain tumours in rats, which have been previously given tumour-seeking haematoporphyrin derivative. A pulsed nitrogen laser (λ=337 nm) was used in conjunction with an optical multichannel analyzer. For both inoculated RG-2 and TCVC rat-brain-tumour models, the blue autofluorescence was strongly reduced in the tumour compared with normal brain tissue, and at the same time the characteristic red-drug signal increased. The contrast between tumour and normal tissue was strongly enhanced by forming the ratio between the two signals. Implications for possible improvement of tumour delineation in brain tumour surgery are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032454
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  • 85
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    New laser literature (1989)
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 285-287 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032461
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  • 86
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    A single transcutaneous light irradiation to injured peripheral nerve: Comparative study with five different wavelengths (1989)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 259-263 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Low-level laser irradiation ; Peripheral nerve injury ; Single effect of 632.8, 660, 830, 880 and 950 nm wavelengths
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Twenty rats underwent a crush injury to their sciatic nerve, followed immediately by a single low-power coherent or non-coherent irradiation administered transcutaneously on the projection of an injured peripheral nerve. Five wavelengths were tested: 632.8, 660, 830, 880 and 950 nm. The electrical activities of the crushed nerve, immediately after irradiation and on the following first, third and seventh day post-crush, were compared to the precrush activity. The results indicate that energy at the wavelength of 632.8 nm (CW He-Ne laser), delivered transcutaneously (10 J cm−2 at each point) along the projections of the nerve, prevents the drop in the functional nerve activity as measured by the combined action potential (AP) after crush injury. Other wavelengths were either less effective (660 nm) or totally ineffective under the same conditions. The beneficial effects were temporary and lasted only one day after injury and the single irradiation session.
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  • 87
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    New laser literature (1989)
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 199-202 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032437
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  • 88
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    Report on the photodynamic therapy dosimetry meeting: April 1989 (1989)
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 211-220 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032450
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  • 89
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    Argon laser therapy of port-wine stains—Prediction of the effect by transcutaneous microscopy (1989)
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 237-240 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Argon laser ; Port-wine stains ; Transcutaneous microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Sixty-two consecutive patients presenting with facial port-wine stains were examined by transcutaneous microscopy prior to argon laser treatment. The capillary morphology was classified and the late outcome was independently examined and scored. It was found that capillary appearances do have some value in predicting a favourable response and in predicting scarring.
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    Argon laser treatment of solid Ehrlich carcinoma tumours sensitized with some porphyrin compounds (1989)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 265-268 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Argon laser, Photodynamic therapy ; Cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of continuous-wave argon laser radiation on the growth of solid Ehrlich carcinoma was studied in mice. To enhance the tumour sensitivity to laser radiation, compounds of a porphyrin series were given to animals prior to the laser treatment. Out of 14 substances tested, tetraphenylporphyn-sulphonate and its palladium complex had the most pronounced photosensitizing activity comparable with that of haematoporphyrin derivative (HPD). Metallic complexes of tetraphenylporphyn and protoporphyrin were less active. It is concluded that porphyrins are promising sensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT).
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  • 91
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    Meetings announcements (1989)
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 289-290 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032462
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  • 92
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    Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of malignant tumours of the upper aerodigestive tract (1989)
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 279-284 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Haematoporphyrin ; Argon dye laser ; Early stage esophageal cancer ; Head and neck cancer ; Squamous cell carcinoma ; Adenocarcinoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This is the report of a pilot study in which the technique of photodynamic therapy (PDT)—in which malignant tissues are destroyed by light after being previously photosensitized by haematoporphyrin or its derivative—was performed using a high power argon-dye laser system which operated at 630±5 nm and optical fibres with either a microlens or a diffusing tip. A total of thirty-seven patients were utilized for this study, including twenty-five patients affected by esophageal carcinoma, five by recurrences of head and neck cancer, four by gastric cancer and three by lung cancer. Among the sixteen cases with superficial or localized cancer of the esophagus, complete and partial responses were observed in seven and six patients, respectively. In advanced and recurring cancers less satisfactory results were obtained. Thus, PDT seems to be useful in cases of small superficial cancers, either primary or recurrent after previous treatments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032460
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  • 93
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    Product data models (1989)
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    Research in engineering design 1 (1989), S. 43-50 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Product data models can be viewed as a class of semantic data models which take into account the needs of engineering data. In this paper the characteristics for semantic data models defined by Peckham and Maryanski [8] are taken as a starting point. The relevance of these characteristics to product data is shown. The capabilities of a prototype product description system are described in relation to the same characteristics. Additional data modeling characteristics such as parametrization and data sharing, which have been introduced to support engineering design, are then described. These can be viewed as extending beyond the accepted capabilities of semantic data models.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01580002
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    A review of research in mechanical engineering design. Part I: Descriptive, prescriptive, and computer-based models of design processes (1989)
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    Research in engineering design 1 (1989), S. 51-67 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This is the first of a two part paper summarizing and reviewing research in mechanical engineering design theory and methodology. Part I includes: 1) descriptive models; 2) prescrptive models; and 3) computer-based models of design processes. Part II, which will appear in the next issue of this journal, will include: 4) languages, representations, and environments for design; 5) analysis in support of design; and 6) design for manufacture and the life-cycle. For each major area, we discuss the current topics of research and the state of the art, emphasizing recent significant advances. We also discuss the important open research issues in each area. The six categories are certainly not mutually exclusive nor even collectively exhaustive; however, some organization is necessary, and these categories have been effective in making sense of a body of research that is expending rapidly in many exciting and promising directions. The mechanical engineering design research community has made major advances over the last few years. The research community in mechanical engineering design has made significant progress not only in advancing our knowledge of design, but also in clarifying the research methods necessary to study design. Great progress is being made toward a better understanding of design, and hence toward better design tools.
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    Synthesis of schematic descriptions in mechanical design (1989)
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    Research in engineering design 1 (1989), S. 3-18 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This article describes a schematic synthesis problem and one of its solution techniques. The problem domain consists of devices that can be described as networks of lumped-parameter, idealized elements in the translational-mechanical, rotational-mechanical, fluidmechanical, and electrical media. Such devices include speedometers, accelerometers, pneumatic cylinders, and pressure gauges. Design problems in this domain are specified by an input quantity, an output quantity, and the desired relationship between the input and output. The solution technique is based on three steps: 1) generate a candidate design, 2) derive and classify the behavior of the candidate, 3) based on the derived behavior and domain knowledge, modify the candidate (if possible) to bring it in line with the specification. The key idea behind this techniques is that an abstract characterization of the essential properties of the candidate design expedites the analysis and modification. The results of this work are aimed at computer tools for preliminary mechanical design.
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    Investigating the structure of the port-wine stain by transcutaneous microscopy (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 107-109 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Microscopy ; Port-wine stains ; Argon laser
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The structures present in port-wine stains of patients presenting for argon laser therapy were examined by means of a simple transcutaneous microscope. This method is non-invasive and allows the investigator to make a thorough examination of the naevus. The port-wine stain was found to contain a variety of aberrant capillary and vascular structures. Abnormalities of the capillaries of the dermal papillae result in a variety of structures ranging from simple increase in the size of the capillaries to elongation of the vessels and breakdown of the tone of the vessel walls to give structures which resemble cavernous haemangiomata. Abnormalities of the vessels deeper down in the subdermal vascular plexus may also be seen. Occasionally, tufts of several capillaries may originate from a small feeder vessel. The capillaries in some lesions may be abnormally elongated, complex, helically twisted and very thin. Naevi on the face appear different from those on the limbs although this has not yet been verified by extensive observation.
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    A comparison of gold-vapour and dye lasers for photodynamic therapy (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 117-120 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Gold-vapour laser ; Argon-pumped dye laser ; Photodynamic therapy ; Cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper compares the relative merits of the continuous wave argon-pumped dye laser and the pulsed gold-vapour laser as used clinically for photodynamic therapy. At comparable power and energy outputs, the biological effect of the two appears to be the same. However, for 1 W output (a suitable level for clinical use), the gold laser is simpler and easier to install and run, although it requires a larger diameter fibre for light delivery (0.6 mm v. 0.2 mm). The wavelength of the dye laser is tunable, whereas that of the gold is not, although the gold laser can be easily converted to a copper-vapour laser which can pump a tunable dye laser.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02038960
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    A prospective randomized trial to compare CO2 laser with standard electrocautery for making thoracotomy incisions (1986)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 135-137 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide laser ; Electrocautery ; Diathermy ; Thoracotomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract It has been claimed that surgical incisions made with the carbon dioxide laser are superior to those made by diathermy in terms of blood loss, wound healing and postoperative pain. We have done a small controlled trial to test this hypothesis in 16 patients, comparing thoracotomy incisions made by these two techniques. Incisions made by the laser were slower and had greater blood loss and we were unable to demonstrate any differences between the techniques in wound healing or postoperative pain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02038964
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    New laser literature (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 153-156 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02038968
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    Courses (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 160-160 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02038972
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