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  • Articles  (14)
  • geochemistry  (14)
  • 1985-1989  (8)
  • 1980-1984  (6)
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  • Geosciences  (14)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Keywords: Scandium ; tin ; beryllium ; mineralogy ; geochemistry ; pegmatite ; Scandium ; Zinn ; Beryllium ; Mineralogie ; Geochemie ; Pegmatit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Tørdal durchschneiden Granit-pegmatitische Gänge eine vulkano-sedimentäre Abfolge, die über einem älteren Gneis-Basement und einem jüngeren Granit, von dem die Gänge stammen, liegt. Positive Kovariation von Scandium, Lithium, Beryllium und Zinn, die sich im Zuge eines Prospektionsprogrammes auf Zinn ergaben, deuten auf eine mögliche Anreicherung von Scandium und Zinn während des Aufstieges pegmatitischer Phasen durch die vulkano-sedimentäre Abfolge hin. Ein Scandium-reicher Ixiolit in Assoziation mit Pyrochlor und Bazzit wird beschrieben, der aus einem Clea-velandit-Amazonit-Pegmatit stammt. Der Pegmatit bildet einen Teil eines größeren Netzwerkes von granit-pegmatischen Gängen. Eine Alteration von Ixiolit zu Pyrochlor tritt als spätmagmatisch-hydrothermales Ereignis auf.
    Notes: Summary In Tørdal granite pegmatite veins cut through a volcano-sedimentary sequence which overlies an older, gneissic basement and younger granite from which they originate. Positive co-variations of scandium, lithium, beryllium and tin, which were documented through a recent prospecting program for tin, indicate a possible enrichment of scandium and tin during the passage of the pegmatitic material through the volcanic sedimentary sequence. A description is given of scandium-rich ixiolite, (Ta,Nb,Sc,Sn,Fe,Mn,Ti)2O4 in association with pyrochlore, (Ca,Sc,Y,Sn,U)2(Ta,Nb,Ti)2O6(O,OH,F) and bazzite, Be3Sc2Si6O18 from a cleavelandite-amazonite pegmatite occurring as a part of a larger network of granitic pegmatite veins. Alteration from ixiolite to pyrochlore appears as a late magmatic-hydrothermal event.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: catchment disturbance ; sediment cores ; magnetic minerals ; geochemistry ; pollen ; diatoms ; Morocco
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Paleolimnological techniques for assessing recent drainage basin disturbance are evaluated in three Moroccan lakes with catchments contrasted in terms of land-use and vegetation. Rates of sediment accumulation in the two lakes with agricultural catchments were relatively high (〉1.6 cm yr-1) in the most recent past. Dilution effects prevented core dating by the 210Pb method alone and post-1953 chronologies were constructed by combining 210Pb and 137Cs data. The recent sediment accumulation rate at the currently least disturbed site, where natural Cedrus forest is still abundant, was relatively low (〈0.4 cm yr-1) but has increased since the mid-19th century. Magnetic, geochemical, pollen, and diatom studies of all three lake sediment cores linked with modern field survey data show that soil erosion in the most vegetationally disturbed catchment (Dayat-er-Roumi) has been high throughout the recent past and that intensity peaks are probably associated with wetland drainage operations beginning in the 1940's. At the partially forested site (Dayat Affougah), pre-1950's woodland clearance and other land-use changes are the likely cause of past major soil erosion episodes. The site currently dominated by natural Cedrus forest (Lac Azigza) shows only minor disturbance during the past c. 150 years although a major soil erosion episode occrred in the 17th century. Paleolimnological analysis has clearly demonstrated that major landscape change has occurred at all three sites. However, only at the two sites with catchment cultivation do previously accelerated soil erosion and lake sediment accumulation rates persist to the present. Information essential for formulation of appropriate management plans is presented and the importance of paleolimnology in assessing man-induced lake-catchment disturbance is stressed.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: diatoms ; pollen ; geochemistry ; salinity ; paleoclimate ; South Dakota
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Medicine Lake is a highly saline meromictic lake in eastern South Dakota. A lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic study of the late-glacial and early post-glacial sediments shows that it was a relatively deep dilute freshwater lake during the period of the Picea pollen zone. When spruce forest changed to a Betula and then to a Quercus/Ulmus woodland in the early post-glacial period, the lake water became more concentrated but remained fresh. However, during the subsequent rapid transition to prairie in the early Holocene, when Gramineae, Ambrosia, and Artemisia dominated dry-land vegetation, the freshwater diatom flora was progressively replaced by a saline assemblage characterized by Cyclotella quillensis, Chaetoceros, and eventually Cyclotella caspia. The lake became permanently saline at about 9000 yr BP. A comparison of the fossil diatom assemblages with surface-sediment samples from a range of lakes in the Dakotas indicates that the change involved an increase in conductivity from about 500 μS cm−1 in the late-glacial period to 〉 10 000 μS cm−1 in the early Holocene. This rapid change is also marked by an abrupt increase in sulphate concentration in the sediment, the first appearance of bands of gypsum crystals, and the beginning of a well-laminated core sequence that continues through the remaining sediment record. Conditions of high salinity have prevailed to the present day.
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  • 4
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    Mineralogy and petrology 41 (1989), S. 53-63 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Keywords: Tantalum ; niobium ; tantalite ; tapiolite ; mineralogy ; geochemistry ; pegmatite ; Ostalpen ; Austria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einem Pegmatit von Spittal a.d. Drau, Kärnten, treten enge Verwachsungen von Ferrotantalit und Ferrotapiolit auf. Diese werden von Muskovit, Albit, Rauchquarz, Zinnstein sowie-in mikroskopischem Masstab-von Uranmikrolith und Zirkon begleitet. Die Textur der Verwachsungen lässt Rekristallisation erheblichen Ausmasses erkennen, die die primären Merkmale weitgehend auslöscht. Weder eine gemeinsame Auskristallisation der beiden Mineralphasen noch eine Bildung durch Entmischung kann mit Sicherheit erkannt werden. Trotz einander kreuzender Verbindungslinien, die einen Hinweis auf Ungleichgewicht darstellen, zeigen die Zusammensetzungen des Ferrotantalits und des Ferrotapiolits lediglich geringe Schwankungsbreiten: Mn/(Mn + Fe) 0,08–0,11, Ta/(Ta + Nb) 0,53–0,57 für den Ferrotantalit beziehungsweise 0,01–0,04 und 0,84–0,89 für den Ferrotapiolit. Dies gilt insbesondere für den Vergleich mit Zusammensetzungen solcher Mineralphasen mit jenen von Fundarten, die primäre Verwachsungstrukturen aufweisen. Bis zu einem gewissen Ausmass ist diese homogene Zusammensetzung möglicherweise auf die Rekristallisation zurück zuführen. Diese Rekristallisation könnte auch den hohen strukturellen Ordnungsgrad der beiden Mineralphasen erklären. An anderen Fundorten zeigen diese Minerale strukturell merklich geringeren Ordnungsgrad. Intensive metamorphe überprägung, wie sie für die Pegmatite in den südlichen Ostalpen und insbesondere für jenen von Spittal typisch sind, kann wahrscheinlich als Ursache der Rekristallisationsphänomene der Ta-Nb-Sn Mineralparagenese angenommen werden.
    Notes: Summary Intimate intergrowths of ferrotantalite and ferrotapiolite occur in a pegmatite in Spittal a.d. Drau, Carinthia. They are associated with muscovite, albite, smoky quartz, cassiterite, and microscopic uranmicrolite, zircon and uraninite. An assemblage of secondary uranium minerals is also present, generated by extensive alteration and leaching of the uranmicrolite and zircon. Textures of the ferrotantalite-ferrotapiolite intergrowths suggest considerable recrystallization that obliterated most of their primary features; neither coprecipitation nor exsolution can be recognized with certainty. Despite intersecting tielines indicating disequilibrium, the ferrotantalite and ferrotapiolite compositions show very restricted ranges (Mn/(Mn + Fe) 0.08–0.11, Ta/(Ta + Nb) 0.53–0.57 for ferrotantalite, and 0.01–0.04, 0.84–0.89 for ferrotapiolite, respectively), particularly in comparison with compositions from other localities featuring primary textures. A degree of compositional equilibration could have been attained during recrystallization. This process may also explain the high level of structural order characterizing both minerals; they are considerably disordered in other localities. Extensive deformation typical of pegmatites in the southern Ostalpen in general, and specifically of the Spittal pegmatite, is probably responsible for the recrystallization phenomena in the Ta, Nb, Sn-bearing mineral assemblage.
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  • 5
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    Mathematical geology 21 (1989), S. 905-919 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: convolution of distributions ; uniform distribution ; normal distribution ; Gul'shad Massif ; potassium-argon dating ; geochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Statistical estimation of age of40Ar/40K ratios may be considered a result of convolution of uniform and normal distributions with different weights for different minerals. Data from Gul'shad Massif (Nearbalkhash, Kazakhstan, USSR) indicate that40Ar/40K ratios reflecting the intensity of geochemical processes can be resolved using convolutions. Loss of40Ar in bioties is shown whereas hornblende retained the original content of40Ar throughout the geological history of the massif. Results demonstrate that different estimation methods must be used for different minerals and different rocks when radiometric ages are employed for dating.
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  • 6
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    Mathematical geology 14 (1982), S. 331-342 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: Correspondence analysis ; extendedQ-mode factor analysis ; geochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract When factor analysis is used in geochemistry, it may be useful for factors to be transformed by rotations in order to be identified either to the end members of a mixing model (Miesch, 1976a),or to known chemical equilibriums. It requires that the formula for recomputing data from the factors may be written in a factored manner, which is generally not the case in correspondence analysis. The present paper shows that this becomes possible with data having constant row sums. As an example, the method is tested on the lavas of Paricutin Volcano, already examined by using an extended Q-mode factor analysis (Miesch, 1979).Recomputation of the data after projection gives simular results for both methods. Otherwise, the fact that correspondence analysis provides centered factors makes it well suited to the study of chemical reactions leading to constant mass transformations.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: autocorrelation ; cross correlation ; geochemistry ; spectral analysis ; tectonic structures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Time series analysis (autocorrelation, cross correlation, spectral analysis)is used to reconstruct tectonic structures from geochemical drill hole log data. After segmentation of a log one obtains typical patterns of significant correlations by cross correlation analysis. These patterns can be included in a “log-segment-correlation matrix” (LSCM)and are interpreted as repetitions caused by fractures or as folds extending over one or more segments. Smaller tectonic structures can be detected by spectral analysis. Examples are given from Pb-Zn exploration drill holes in the Paleozoic of Graz (Austria).
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  • 8
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    Mathematical geology 16 (1984), S. 531-564 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: Closure ; closed number system ; logistic ; logratio ; geochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The analysis and interpretation of compositional data, such as major oxide compositions of rocks, has been traditionally plagued by the so-called constant-sum or closure problem. Particular difficulties have been the lack of a satisfactory, interpretable covariance structure and of rich, tractable, parametric classes of distributions on the simplex sample space. Consideration of logistic and logratio transformations between the simplex and Euclidan space has allowed the introduction of new concepts of covariance structure and of classes of logistic-normal distributions which have now opened up a substantial and meaningful array of statistical methodology for compositional data. From the motivation of a wide variety of practical geological problems we examine the range of possibilities with this new approach to the constant-sum problem.
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  • 9
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    Mathematical geology 13 (1981), S. 93-117 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: multivariate analysis ; sediment texture ; geochemistry ; Eastern Gulf margin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Several multivariate statistical analyses were performed upon sediment textural and chemical data derived from a four-year study of the surface sediments of the Eastern Gulf of Mexico continental margin. The results were compared with the surface sediment facies map and the generalized dynamical patterns deduced by Doyle and Sparks (1980) using traditional sediment textural and compositional parameters and single moment method statistics. The addition of multivariate techniques suggested relationships among variables which were subtle and not otherwise readily apparent. Mapping of Q-mode clusters based upon sediment texture alone showed a patchy distribution of sediment classes within the traditional descriptive facies. A seasonal variation in sediment texture at several stations was also revealed which we have attributed to the reworking of the bottom and sediment transport by hurricanes and winter frontal storm systems which sweep across the shallow shelf. Based upon first-order trend surface analysis over Q-mode ordination and stepwise linear regression analysis we have interpreted that total organic carbon content, not the amount of fine grained sediment present nor the clay mineralogy, is the most important parameter affecting the distribution of the trace metals Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn. These relationships suggest to us that organic complexing with trace metals is important in the Eastern Gulf margin sediments. Finally a strong relationship between the group of trace metals Ba, Pb, Zn, Cd, and CaCO3 shown by these analyses may be the result of biological uptake in the deeper portions of the study area and/or incorporation into the CaCO3 crystal lattice by limited substitution for calcium.
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  • 10
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    Mathematical geology 16 (1984), S. 217-236 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: nonlinear regression ; discriminant analysis ; decomposition of mixtures ; pattern recognition ; geochemistry ; sedimentology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The decomposition problem—the assignment of sample observations to component populations—is studied in a spatial context. The observations are spatially located and the assignment to component populations takes into account the value of each observation as well as the values of neighboring observations. Both parameter estimation and assignment rules use a new method that integrates a standard multivariate decomposition algorithm with nonlinear regression. The method is illustrated and tested with artificial data. The distribution of the trace component Cr2O3 in recent Lake Michigan sediments is, then, analyzed by the method. It yields a pattern of component populations that is correlated with the Lake's bottom structure and depositional environments.
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  • 11
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    Mathematical geology 16 (1984), S. 617-635 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: principal-component analysis ; subcomposition ; geochemistry ; closed arrays ; compositional data
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The high-dimensionality of many compositional data sets has caused geologists to look for insights into the observed patterns of variability through two dimension-reducing procedures: (i)the selection of a few subcompositions for particular study, and (ii)principal component analysis. After a brief critical review of the unsatisfactory state of current statistical methodology for these two procedures, this paper takes as a starting point for the resolution of persisting difficulties a recent approach to principal component analysis through a new definition of the covariance structure of a composition. This approach is first applied for expository purposes to a small illustrative compositional data set and then to a number of larger published geochemical data sets. The new approach then leads naturally to a method of measuring the extent to which a subcomposition retains the pattern of variability of the whole composition and so provides a criterion for the selection of suitable subcompositions. Such a selection process is illustrated by application to geochemical data sets.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: nonlinear regression ; discriminant analysis ; decomposition of mixtures ; geochemistry ; resource assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract It seems unreasonable to use one population to fit the distribution of an element, and then to determine a threshold to separate anomalous data from background data in an analysis of geochemical data. Statistically, anomaly, background, and other geological categories may be represented by different component populations overlapping one another. Therefore, anomaly, background, and other geological categories should be distinguished from one another by distributions rather than by thresholds. This paper uses a method of decomposition of mixtures to identify observed distributions of five elements, obtained in a geochemical reconnaissance of the Silver City-South Mountain region, Idaho, into component populations. Observations have been assigned to populations and mapped; finally, these populations have been interpreted leading to recognition of both mineralized belts and lithologic patterns.
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  • 13
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    Mathematical geology 19 (1987), S. 1-24 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: mathematical geology ; statisics ; statistical graphics ; geochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A quantitative investigation of types of statistical graphics and maps being used for presentation of geochemical data has been made for the 1984 volumes ofGeochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, Chemical Geology, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Geochemistry International, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, Journal of Petrology, and the 1983 volume ofOrganic Geochemistry. Although a number of significant differences exist between relative proportions of text, tables, statistical graphs and maps, and other illustrations in the various journals, overall figures are comparable broadly to those found by Cleveland (1984) in a recent survey of usage in 57 journals in natural, mathematical, and social sciences. Between 18% and 35% of 1463 graphs and maps in these journals contain at least one item of error or poor presentation, indicating the need for substantial improvement in both standards of preparation and refereeing of diagrams, and we suggest guidelines for both authors and referees.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: Adirondacks ; lake acidification ; acid precipitation ; paleolimnology ; diatoms ; chrysophytes ; chironomids ; geochemistry ; sulfur ; PAH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Big Moose L. has become significantly more acidic since the 1950s, based on paleolimnological analyses of sediment cores. Reconstruction of past lakewater pH using diatom assemblage data indicates that from prior to 1800 to ca. 1950, lakewater pH was about 5.8. After the mid-1950s, the inferred pH decreased steadily and relatively quickly to about 4.6. Alkalinity reconstructions indicate a decrease of about 30 μeq · l-1 during the same period. There was a major shift in diatom assemblage composition, including a nearly total loss of euplanktonic taxa. Chrysophyte scale assemblages and chironomid (midge larvae remains also changed in a pattern indicating decreasing lakewater pH starting in the 1950s. Accumulation rates of total Ca, exchangeable and oxide Al, and other metals suggest recent lake-watershed acidification. Cores were dated using210Pb, pollen, and charcoal. Indicators of watershed change (deposition rates of Ti, Si, Al) do not suggest any major erosional events resulting from fires or logging. Accumulation rates of materials associated with combustion of fossil fuels (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, coal and oil soot particles, some trace metals, and sulfur) are low until the late 1800s-early 1900s and increase relatively rapidly until the 1920s–1930s. Peak rates occurred between the late 1940s and about 1970, when rates declined. The recent decrease in pH of Big Moose L. cannot be accounted for by natural acidification or processes associated with watershed disturbance. The magnitude, rate and timing of the recent pH and alkalinity decreases, and their relationship to indicators of coal and oil combustion, indicate that the most reasonable explanation for the recent acidification is increased atmospheric deposition of strong acids derived from combustion of fossil fuels.
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