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  • Articles  (168)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 19 (1982), S. 205-222 
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: epidermal growth factor ; immunoautoradiography ; down regulation ; membrane phosphoproteins ; transferring ; growth hormone ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: We have reported previously [6] that epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced down regulation of EGF receptors in normal rat kidney (NRK) cells results in a selective decrease in the in vitro EGF-dependent 32P-phosphorylation of two membrane phosphoproteins of Mr I70K and Mr I50K. In this report, we further characterized the modulation of 32P-phosphorylation of the 170K- and 150K-dalton proteins by down regulation with EGF in NRK cells.While EGF binding to its receptors was a necessary condition to induce loss of EGF-dependent phosphorylation of the 170K- and 150K-dalton proteins, it was not sufficient. Thus, reduction in the temperature of the incubation of cells with EGF from 37°C to 4°C abolished the loss of EGF-dependent phosphorylation of the 170K- and 150K-dalton membrane proteins. When EGF was removed from the medium the EGF-dependent phosphorylation of the 170K- and l50K-dalton proteins was quickly replenished; by 3 hr one-half of the “down regulated” phosphorylation was restored. All EGF-dependent phosphorylating capacity of the 170K- and l50K-dalton protein bands returned by 6 hr after removal of the growth factor. The loss of EGF-dependent phosphorylation of the 170K- and I50K-dalton proteins occurred at physiological EGF concentrations (0.25-25 ng/ml) that span the concentration range which is mitogenic for NRK cells. Exposure of confluent nondividing NRK cells to 1 ng/ml EGF, followed by incubation for 5 hr at 37°C. led to a 50% reduction in the EGF-dependent phosphorylation of the 170K- and 150K-dalton proteins. Maximal reduction (∼95%) in the EGF-dependent phosphorylation of the 170K- and 150K-dalton proteins was noted with 10 ng/ml EGF for 5 hr. The EGF-induced loss of EGF-dependent phosphorylation was specific: several other growth factors did not produce phosphorylation loss of the 170K-
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 34 (1987), S. 283-291 
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: growth control ; Sialoglycopeptide inhibitor ; epidermal growth factor ; DNA synthesis inhibition ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The control of cell proliferation involves the complex interaction between growth factors and growth inhibitors. We have examined this interaction with the mitogen epidermal growth factor (EOF) and a recently purified 18 kD, pI 3, sialoglycopeptide that reversibly inhibits cellular metabolism of a variety of cells. The sialogly-copeptide was a very potent inhibitor of EOF action; 0.22 nM of the inhibitor completely blocked the mitogenic effect of 1.60 nM of EGF. The sialoglycopeptide, however, did not affect the binding of EGF to 3T3 cells. Neither the mixed affinities (0.11-1.9 nM) of binding nor the total number of receptors (50,000 receptors/cell) for EGF were altered by the addition of the Sialoglycopeptide. In addition, competitive binding experiments demonstrated the specificity of inhibitor binding to 3T3 cells and also showed that EGF and the Sialoglycopeptide did not share the same receptor, suggesting that the inhibitor blocked EGF action at a postreceptor, intracellular event in the signal cascade. We further demonstrated that the Sialoglycopeptide had to be added within 2.5 hr after EGF to block effectively the stimulation of DNA synthesis by the growth factor, suggesting that the inhibitor blocked EGF stimulation at a relatively early step in the signal transduction mechanism.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 31 (1986), S. 135-152 
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: epidermal growth factor ; transforming growth factors ; carcinogenesis ; oncogenes ; cell proliferation ; membrane protein biosynthesis ; degradation ; protein kinase C ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a peptide which effects the growth and/or differentiated functions of many cell types. Several pieces of evidence indicate that EGF and its receptor may play a role in carcinogenesis. Functional and structural characteristics of EGF and its receptor and their relationship to transforming proteins are discussed. EGF has extensive homology with alpha-transforming growth factor (alpha-TGF), which may actually be an embryonic form of EGF. Nevertheless, both EGF and alpha-TGF elicit transformation-associated phenotypes in target cells under certain conditions.EGF effects are mediated by a receptor present on the plasma membrane. The EGF receptor is a highly complex protein having several functions in addition to binding EGF in a highly specific manner. One of these functions is to phosphorylate tyrosyl residues on certain proteins. This activity is similar to that expressed by the src family of oncogene-encoded proteins. Besides sharing functional homology the EGF receptor also exhibits structural homology to several oncogene-encoded proteins. The v-erb-B-transforming protein has a striking extent of homology (95%) to the cytoplasmic portion of the EGF receptor. These data support the concept that some aspect of EGF-stimulated metabolism is involved in cellular transformation.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: epidermal growth factor ; brain tumors ; cell surface glycoproteins ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF-R) in normal glial and glioma cells grown in culture was examined by using several independent assays. Immunoprecipitation with the monoclonal antibody R1 of extracts from metabolically labeled glial and glioma cells revealed a protein of Mr ∼ 170,000, with a migration in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels identical to the EGR-R of A431 epidermal carcinoma cells. Furthermore, in the majority of glioma extracts, a protein of Mr ∼ 190,000 was specifically immunoprecipitated by this antibody. Similar results were obtained by immunoblotting with a second antibody directed against a synthetic peptide in the sequence of the V-erb-B oncogene. In cell lines expressing both proteins, each was specifically phosphorylated on tyrosine in immune complex kinase assays. The majority of glioma cells bound between 40,000 to 80,000 125I-labeled epidermal growth factor molecules per cell. These results suggest that the expression of EGF-R is common in cultured human glioma cells. In addition, a structurally related protein, is expressed in some of these cells.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 37 (1988), S. 233-241 
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: epidermal growth factor ; receptor-mediated endocytosis ; non-Iysosomal degradation ; lysosomotropic amines ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The internalization of surface-bound diphtheria toxin (DT) in BS-C-1 cells correlated with its appearance in intracellular endosomal vesicles; essentially no toxin appeared within secondary lysosomal vesicles. In contrast, internalized epidermal growth factor (EGF) was localized within both endosomal and lysosomal vesicles. Upon prein-cubation of cells with leupeptin, a lysosomal protease inhibitor, a threefold increase in the accumulation of EGF into lysosomes was observed. Under identical conditions, essentially all of the diphtheria toxin remained within endosomes (less than 2% of the intracellular diphtheria toxin accumulated in the lysosomaJ fraction), indicating that the inability to detect diphtheria toxin in lysosomes was not due to its rapid turnover within this vesicle. Following internalization of EGF or DT, up to 40% of the lgand appeared in the medium as TCA-soluble radioactivity. EGF degradation was partially leupeptin-sensitive and markedly NH4Cl-sensitive, indicating lysosomal degradation. In contrast, DT A-fragment degradation was resistant to these inhibitors, while B-fragment showed only partial sensitivity. These data suggest that the bulk of endocytosed diphtheria toxin is localized within endosomes and degraded by a pathway essentially independent of lysosomes.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 37 (1988), S. 339-345 
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: diacylglycerol kinase activity ; signal transduction ; epidermal growth factor ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) stimulates (in a dose-dependent manner) the incorporation of [32P]Pi into phosphatidylinositol(PI), phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP), phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), and phosphatidic acid (PA) in the human epidermoid carcinoma cell line (A431). The effect of TGF-α on the incorporation was found to be similar to that of EGF. On the other hand, a striking difference in the activation of diacylglycerol (DG) kinase activity was seen between TGF-α and EGF. At least 100 times more TGF-α was required to achieve maximal stimulation of DG kinase activity relative to EGF. These results suggest that the activation of DG kinase by TGF-α may involve a mechanism independent from or subsequent to activation of the EGF receptor.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 38 (1988), S. 51-63 
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: epidermal growth factor ; protein degradation ; membrane protein ; tyrosyl kinase ; calpain ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) induces the degradation of EGF receptors in both human foreskin fibroblasts and A-431 cells. Similar degradation products of 125I-EGF covalently linked to its receptor appeared at the same times in both A-431 cells and fibroblasts when the cells were exposed to a concentration of 10 ng/ml EGF. Although the products between the two cell types differed in molecular weight, this was at least partly caused by an actual difference in the receptor proteins from the two cell types (as shown by partial proteolysis) rather than from different pathways of receptor degradation. However, when EGF receptors were biosynthetically labeled, no receptor degradation products could be observed, even when the receptor was labeled with radioactive mannose or phosphate, molecules which would predominantly label the outside or inside face of the receptor, respectively. At 20°C, degradation of the receptor slowed and a 150,000-dalton degradation product was observed. This degradation product has previously been observed in cell homogenates produced in the presence of calcium, mediated by calpain. Thus, calpain may play a role in the intracellular degradation of the EGF receptor.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: cell transformation ; neoplastic ; receptor ; epidermal growth factor ; transforming growth factor ; oncogenes ; genetic vectors ; retrovirus ; bioassay ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Two retroviral DNAs that encode the normal human epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor hEGFR have been generated by inserting a hEGFR cDNA into two different retroviral vectors. One DNA (pCO11-EGFR-neo) also contained a linked selectable marker gene (neoR). The other (pCO12-EGFR) only expresses hEGFR. When introduced into NIH3T3 cells, the two DNAs and the viruses derived from them induced a fully transformed phenotype, including focal transformation and growth in agar or low serum, but transformation depended entirely upon EGF being present in the growth medium. Compared with pCO11-EGFR-neo, pCO12-EGFR induced EGF-dependent transformation 2-5 times more efficiently and expressed higher numbers of receptors (4 × 105 vs. 1 × 105 EGF receptors per cell). The results indicate that transforming potential is directly related to the number of EGF receptors. In defined, serum-free medium that contained only very low concentrations of insulin (0.6 μg/ml) and transferrin (0.6 μg/ml), hEGFR-virus infected cells were able to grow with EGF as the only growth factor. Moreover, daily incubation of the cells with EGF for only 30 min was sufficient to induce growth. NR6 cells, which lack endogenous EGF receptors, were transformed as efficiently as NIH3T3 cells by the hEGFR virus. The dose-dependent growth response to EGF of infected NR6 cells grown in serum-free medium can be used as a highly sensitive bioassay for the quantitative assessment of EGF and transforming growth factor type α (TGFα). This bioassay is at least as sensitive as previously reported radioimmunoassays and can measure a much wider concentration range (10 pg-100 ng/ml). Uninfected NR6 cells or NR6 cells infected by helper virus alone can be used as controls for the EGF specificity of growth stimulation.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: Scatchard analysis ; dissociation kinetics ; epidermal growth factor ; binding analysis ; Triton X-100 extract ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Recently, we have obtained evidence in favor of a structural interaction between the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor and the Triton X-100-insoluble cytoskeleton of epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells. Here we present a further analysis of the properties of EGF receptors attached to the cytoskeleton. Steady-state EGF binding studies, analyzed according to the Scatchard method, showed that A431 cells contain two classes of EGF-binding sites: a high-affinity site with an apparent dissociation constant (KD) of 0.7 nM (7.5 × 104 sites per cell) and a low-affinity site with a KD of 8.5 nM (1.9 × 106 sites per cell). Non-equilibrium binding studies revealed the existence of two kinetically distinguishable sites: a fast-dissociating site, with a dissociation rate constant (k-1) of 1.1. × 10-3s-1 (1.0-1.3 × 106 sites per cell) and a slow-dissociating site, with a k-1 of 3.5 × 10-5s-1 (0.6-0.7 × 106 sites per cell).The cytoskeleton of A431 cells was isolated by Triton X-100 extraction. Scatchard analysis revealed that ∼5% of the original number of receptors were associated with the cytoskeleton predominantly via high-affinity sites (KD = 1.5 nM). This class of receptors is further characterized by the presence of a fast-dissociating component (k-1 = 2.0 × 10-3s-1) and a slow-dissociating component (k-1 = 9.1 × 10-5s-1). The distribution between fast and slow sites of the cytoskeleton was similar to that of intact cells (65% fast and 35% slow sites). Incubation of A431 cells for 2 h at 4°C in the presence of EGF resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of EGF receptors associated to the cytoskeleton. These newly cytoskeleton-associated receptors appeared to represent low-affinity binding sites (KD = 7 nM). Dissociation kinetics also revealed an increase of fast-dissociating sites. These results indicate that at 4°C EGF induces the binding of low-affinity, fast-dissociating sites to the cytoskeleton of A431 cells.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 19 (1982), S. 249-257 
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: epidermal growth factor ; protein kinase ; epidermoid cancer cells ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Epidermal growth factor (EGF), which stimulates tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity both in vivo and in vitro, inhibits proliferation of A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells. After mutagenesis clonal cell lines that were resistant to the growth inhibitory effects of EGF were selected. All six variants examined contained decreased EGF-stimulated protein kinase. The number of EGF receptors in variant cells decreased in parallel with EGF-stimulated protein kinase activity so that the specific activity of EGF-stimulated protein kinase per EGF receptor remained constant in variant cell lines with up to tenfold reductions in both activities. This result suggests that both EGF- binding and kinase activities reside in the same or closely coupled molecules. The effect of EGF on growth of two resistant variants was examined in detail. Clone 29 contains ∼50% and clone 4 contains ∼20% of the EGF-stimulated protein kinase activity of the parental A431 cell line. In serum-supplemented medium, EGF stimulated proliferation of clone 29 but did not affect growth of clone 4. In a l:1 mixture of DME and F-12 medium without scrum, EGF caused both clone 29 and clone 4 to grow as well as in 10% serum. These variants, which were selected for resistance to the growth inhibitory effects of EGF, thus exhibit a strong mitogenic response to EGF. This result suggests that resistance to the growth inhibitory effect of EGF may involve both a decrease in EGF-stimulated protein kinase and an alteration in the response pathway.
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