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  • Articles  (267,350)
  • 1990-1994  (267,350)
  • Medicine  (210,183)
  • Computer Science  (53,046)
  • Geography  (37,123)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Composite Index for Statistical Inference for Ranking Metropolitan Areas (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The construction of a composite index is described to rank U.S. metropolitan areas for educational attainment. The suggested methodology departs from traditional rank sum methods in that this approach utilizes data resulting in a continuous scale, whereas in the rank sum method, no use is made of the actual values of the data, but merely their rankings. The proposed index circumvents several practical problems because the numbers generated are metric measures allowing the use of arithmetic and statistical operations. Data used are pupil/teacher ratio, an effort index, and academic options in higher education. Comparisons are made across areas by population size and by geographic region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1994.tb00152.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Evaluation of State Budget Stabilization Funds Among Midwestern States (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Using data from the National Conference of State Legislatures, this paper examines the state budget stabilization funds of Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin. Unlike previous research, this paper examines the movement of the fund balances over time (between 1983 and 1991), to see how the fund balances move in relation to a number of indicators of state fiscal health. The results of this research show that the use of these funds varies significantly among the states as does the level of funding and therefore the ability of the funds to serve as an effective tool for counter-cyclical state fiscal policy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1994.tb00154.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book Reviews (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Agriculture, Environment, and Health: Sustainable Development in the 21st Century. Vernon W. Ruttan, Editor.Managing Water as an Economic Resource. James Winpenny.Trials of Transition: Economic Reform in the Former Communist Bloc. Michael Keren and Gur Ofer, Editors.Tower Block: Modern Public Houslng in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Miles Glendinning and Stefan Muthesius.Capital and Communities in Black and White: The Intersections of Race, Class, and Uneven Development. Gregory S.Restructuring for Innovation: The Remaking of the U.S. Semiconductor Industry. David P. Angel.Technopolis: High-Technology Industry and Regional Development in Southern California. Allen J. Scott.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1994.tb00157.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    State Employment Growth: The Impact of Taxes and Economic Development Agency Spending (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The results of this study confirm the expected positive relationship between economic development agency spending and employment growth among the states. Furthermore, it is concluded that past studies, by failing to control for state economic development agency spending in estimated regression equations, have underestimated the negative impact of personal taxes on employment growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1994.tb00145.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Industrial Innovation among Small and Medium-Sized Firms in a Declining Region (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper explores the impact of new technology adoption upon the market performance of small industrial firms. Survey data from a six-sector sample of Western New York manufacturers are presented. The results suggest a positive relationship between new technology adoption and growth of exports, value-added, and total sales. A central finding of the study is that flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) confer different types of technical and commercial advantages across sectors. Two broad groups of process innovators are identified: (1) those that adopt new technology primarily to cut unit costs; and (2) those that aspire toward greater production flexibility. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the regional development implications that flow from the empirical results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1994.tb00967.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Survey of Group Technology Adoption in the American Midwest (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper presents results of a hierarchical, fixed-question survey that sought responses about flexible machining cells, flexible labor cells, and concurrent changes in plant operations among nonelectrical machinery manufacturers in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin. General results indicate that the majority of firms in the American Midwest do not possess flexible manufacturing capability. Of those that do possess this capability, most adopted flexible labor cells prior to adopting flexible machining cells. These cells are small, employing relatively few workers and producing a limited line of products. While the adoption process has been plagued with training, scheduling, and integration problems, most plant managers are pleased with the performance of their flexible manufacturing cells. Management has been reluctant to break out of traditional relationships with suppliers, to trim levels of management and to explore strategic alliances with competitors. Survey results are disaggregated by year, size, positon-in-organization, and by union affiliation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1994.tb00969.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book Review (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book Review in This Article:POSTMODERN CONTENTIONS: EPOCHS, POLITICS, SPACE. Edited by John Paul Jones III, Wolfgang Natter, and Theodore Schatzki.RESTRUCTURING HEGEMONY IN THE GLOBAL POLITICAL ECONOMY: THE RISE OF TRANSNATIONAL NEW-LIBERALISM IN THE 1980s. Edited by Henk Overbeek.THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS IN SMALL ISLAND STATES. Edited by Douglas G. Lockhart, David Drakakis-Smith, and John Schembri.DEFENSE SPENDING AND ECONOMIC GROWTH. Edited by James E. Payne and Anandi Sahu.URBAN FINANCE UNDER SIEGE. Edited by Thomas R. Swartz and Frank J. Bonello.STATE & RESERVATION: NEW PERSPECTIVES ON FEDERAL INDIAN POLICY. Edited by George Pierre Castile and Robert L. Bee.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1994.tb00973.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonemployment Income and the Economic Base of Michigan Counties: 1959–1986 (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Despite the fact that nonemployment income makes up approximately one-third of all personal income, its impact on local area economies has not been closely examined. This study uses Michigan county data to examine the impact of nonemployment income on nonbasic income over a twenty-seven-year period. This impact is compared to the impact of basic income by employing regression analysis to estimate comparative multiplier effects for both types of income. Nonemployment income is found to have a significant impact on nonbasic income, particularly in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan urban counties, where its impact appears to be stronger than that of basic income.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1994.tb00142.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Announcement (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1994.tb00974.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Canada and the International System of Bank Headquarters Cities, 1968–1989 (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper examines spatial-temporal trends in the international system of corporate banking centers. It is evident that the largest corporations locate their headquarters in a formal national decision-making hierarchy and that national and regional nodes within this hierarchy house the headquarters of major banks. Initially these banks link clients internally. However, as domestic corporations evolve into transnationals, banks follow their customers overseas and establish foreign headquarters. The results of the study indicate that, until 1975, American banking corporations and their financial centers dominated global banking. Since then other countries, most notably Japan and Germany, have successfully challenged this hegemony, while others like the United Kingdom and Canada have been in relative decline. The 1980s witnessed a new era of international coordination of the world's largest industrial countries. Canada, for example, opened its doors to international banking, joined the G-7, and presently is linked to the world's major banking centers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1994.tb00141.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Retail Bank CD Market: An Assessment of Geographic Scope (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Over the past fifteen years, legislative, regulatory, and technological changes have occurred which have redefined the concept of a “local” bank deposit market. This study employs an interest rate covariability model to evaluate the geographic extent of bank retail CD markets. Classifying deposits according to both size and maturity, a total of four markets are analyzed using yield data for six major state banking areas. The evidence presented for all four cases supports the view that significant, though not perfect, integration exists. The principal finding is that the geographic scope of retail CD markets is inversely related to both size and maturity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1994.tb00153.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Community Level Multipliers for Rural Development Initiatives (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The success of economic development initiatives in achieving a significant and sustained improvement for a target area is strongly influenced by the size of the local multiplier. New economic activity is generally site specific and the proportion of spending and re-spending that generates local multiplier effect will vary with the hierarchical level of community in which the activity is located. Leakages in the form of outshopping by community residents and expenditures in the community that constitute payments to agents outside the home community are estimated for communities in six functional levels that, combined, represent the complete trade center hierarchy in Saskatchewan. The resulting multipliers are found to vary with functional level, with the smallest communities having the smallest multipliers. When rural areas are being targeted for economic development, more rural economic activity can be generated by focusing on relatively large rural communities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1994.tb00155.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The End of an Era: Asian NIEs in the Global Economy (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Hong Kong, Singapore, Korea, and Taiwan (the Asian newly industrialized economies [NIEs]) were the economic success stories of the 1970s and 1980s. While there are a number of competing explanations for their rapid growth, some focusing upon the process of export-led development, the Asian NIEs face a more hostile global competitive environment than heretofore acknowledged. Their competitiveness in labor-intensive and traded-goods manufactured industries has been undermined by new competitors including the ASEAN countries of Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines, as well as China. With new competitors, the rise of trading blocs, and the shrinkage of export surpluses (over imports) it is doubtful if the NIEs will be able to sustain past rates of growth over the coming years. The capacity to adjust efficiently to changing circumstances has become a vital determinate of long-term growth of the NIEs. Whatever the virtues of past state-based industrial policies, restructuring is now a very important part of the life of firms in the NIEs’labor-intensive industries. Moreover, the significance of these industries in each of the NIEs has been undercut by the growing importance of the global finance industry and its attendant political economy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1994.tb00156.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Work trips of Rural Non-metropolitan Women in Iowa (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The paper presents a model of worktrip length for rural nonmetropolitan resident women. We find that some factors important in constraining the length of urban women's commute, such as linking worktrips with household-related trips. are less relevant in a rural setting. We also find that women working in non-feminized occupations, women receiving employer-provided health benefits, and women with better transportation resources, tend to have longer worktrips.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1994.tb00148.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ANNOUNCEMENTS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1994.tb00150.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Government Policy and the Export Performance of the Mexican Automobile Industry (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper presents a historical perspective of growth of the Mexican automobile industry, focusing on the changing position of Third-World producers within the global motor vehicle industry. Both the impact of Mexican government policies directed toward increasing international competitiveness and that of adjustments made by transnational corporations to changes in technology and production methods are reviewed. Finally, a demand function that relates the proportion of the industry output that is exported to relative producer prices, Mexican and U.S. income, and government policy variables is estimated. The results of that analysis are consistent with the hypotheses that Mexican automotive sector exports are significantly related to (1) relative Mexico/U.S. producer prices, (2) income in the United States, and (3) changes in Mexican government export promotion policies initiated in 1983. These specific results, coupled with the global changes taking place in the industry, lead to the conclusion that Mexico can be expected to continue on its course toward fuller integration into the world motor vehicle industry as a producer of both finished vehicles and parts. While this would be a probable scenario even in the absence of the North American Free Trade Agreement, the Agreement is likely to accelerate the growth of internationally competitive automotive sector production in Mexico.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1994.tb00146.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional Economic Convergence in Mexico: An Analysis by Industry (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Existing studies of convergence across jurisdictions of a nation have focused on developed economies. A key assumption underlying regional convergence is geographical factor mobility, and in a developed economy, mobility is facilitated by low transportation costs. By the same token, convergence in a less-developed economy may be impeded by the absence of a well-developed transportation infrastructure. We examine the rate and industrial composition of economic convergence in a neighboring less-developed country (LDC), Mexico, to examine how it might have differed from the U.S. experience.We find evidence of stronger convergence in Gross State Product per capita in Mexico relative to existing estimates of U.S. convergence. Further, while manufacturing activity has been found to be a primary source of convergence in the U.S., we find weaker evidence of convergence of manufacturing activity in Mexico. On the other hand, industries such as hotels and transportation were found to be significantly influential in regional convergence in the Mexican economy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1994.tb00147.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flexible Manufacturing (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1994.tb00966.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book Reviews (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Institutional Incentives and Sustainable Development: Infrastructure Policies in Perspective. Elinor Ostrom, Larry Schroeder, and Susan Wynne.The Colonizer's Model OF THE World: Geographical Diffusionism AND Eurocentric History. James Blaut.The Age OF Migration: International Population Movements IN The Modern World. Stephen Castles and Mark J. Miller.Environmental Problems In Eastern Europe. F.W. Carter and D. Turnock, Editors.China's Economic Reform: Administering The Introduction Of The Market Mechanism. George Totten and Zhou Shulian.Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley And Route 128. AnnaLee Saxenian.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1994.tb00151.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production System Changes in the Korean Consumer Electronics Sector (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper establishes the concept of production system as an analytical framework to embrace recent industrial changes. Five dimensions of production system changes are posited. A case study of the Korean consumer electronics sector shows that the companies have experienced diverse patterns of changes, but these changes are generally related to plant location, ownership, export orientation, and company size.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1994.tb00968.x
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production Politics and Flexible Manufacturing in the South Wales Motor Components Sector (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper focuses on restructuring in eleven first-tier suppliers in the South Wales motor components sector and examines the influence of production politics, including plant-local labor market relations, on the implementation of flexible manufacaturing during the 1980s. Although industrial geographers have recognized the role of recruitment and training in the restructuring of the spatial division of labor they have tended to focus primarily on the role of new firms operating at “green field” sites and view this process as functional to the needs of capital. However, the argument of this paper will be that while new forms of work organization are influenced by the technical and commercial possibilities of new technology and markets, the form of work organization cannot simply be “read off” from the macro-economic level, but will be partially determined by existing spatiallyuneven social relations of production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1994.tb00970.x
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Institutions and Economic Transformation: The Case of Postwar Japanese Capitalism (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Institutions matter to economic development—particularly to the process of economic transformation. New technologies and new ways of organizing economic activity do not emerge in a vacuum, but bear the imprint of institutional arrangements. Economic transformation thus entails institutional adaptation as well as technological change—the emergence of new ways of organizing production or production systems and new sets of social and economic relationships which provide the institutional context for economic growth and development. Just as importantly, new institutional arrangements do not emerge tabula rasa, but reflect the legacy of old social and institutional forms. Given particular social and institutional legacies, different societies adapt differently to economic transformation. This article employs a theoretically-informed comparative examination of postwar Japanese capitalism to explore the critical role played by institutions in the process of economic transformation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1994.tb00972.x
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Technology, Industrial Restructuring, and Regional Development (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper presents a contemporary survey and synthesis of research on the regional dimensions of technology and competitiveness and explores ways in which technological change has influenced industrial restructuring in U.S. regions. Neoclassical models of regional growth are judged to be seriously wanting in their treatment of technological change. Industrial organization theories such as product/profit cycles, best-practice firms, and flexible specialization have proven to be more illuminating. However, the task remains to integrate technology as a core element in a geography of production and regional economic change that includes both global strategic decision-making of companies and the viability of plants in particular regional settings. Although the federal government as sponsor and procurer of technology has contributed significantly to regional industrial restructuring, the prospects for state and local governments to facilitate technological change appear to be very limited.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1994.tb00149.x
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  • 24
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    Electronic Resource
    Flexibility and Adjustment: The Hong Kong Watch Industry and Global Change (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: A case study of the Hong Kong watch industry demonstrates the adaptive flexibility of labor-intensive industrial clusters. The study describes the evolution of industry in Hong Kong, and highlights the unique attributes of the country's economic history which have influenced the structure of production systems in the country. Focusing on the role of global competition, the case study identifies the constraints posed by a labor-intensive flexible production system in the face of continuous technological change in the industry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1994.tb00971.x
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  • 25
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    Effects of World Demand and Competitiveness on Exports and Economic Growth (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: There is little consensus in the development literature on whether it is supply explanations such as competitiveness levels, or, the external demand structure which drive the link between exports and economic growth. This paper attempts to reconcile the polarization of the aforementioned viewpoints by examining the effects of both world demand and a country's competitiveness in exports on the relationship between export growth and economic growth. The results indicate that only developing countries which are highly competitive and which also face relatively favorable external demand for their exports experience above-average growth. Weak external demand reduces the positive effects of exports on growth substantially but may be offset by high levels of competitiveness in trade. The results imply that both regional and Third World growth studies on the link between exports and economic growth would profit more from integrating both supply as well as external demand explanations rather than succumb to one of the two viewpoints.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1994.tb00140.x
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  • 26
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    Interregional Spillovers in Regional Impact Assessment: New Mexico, Texas, and the Supreme Court (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Input-output models are frequently used to estimate impacts, benefits or damages from some event. These analytic models and the questions they are designed to answer are usually based on political definitions of regions. However the true impacts propagate according to the actual spatial pattern of the regional economy. Because of the divergence between the political regions used for analysis and the economic regions on the ground, the economic impacts which spill over political boundaries can sometimes become analytically important. This paper applies these concepts to a case study of allocating irrigation water from the Pecos River in Texas and New Mexico. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that New Mexico used water belonging to Texas. Our analysis suggests that the spillover benefits to Texas from New Mexico's use of the water might equal or exceed the benefits which Texas would have gotten from using the water itself. Texas might be better off because New Mexico took its water.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1994.tb00143.x
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    Book Reviews (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:The Structure of a Modern Economy: The United States, 1929–89. by Kenneth E. Boulding.Inequality Reexamined. Amartya Sen.Work in the Fast Lane: Flexibility, Divisions of Labor, and Inequality in High-Tech Industries. Glenna Colclough and Charles M. Tolbert II.Persistent Poverty in Rural America. Rural Sociological Society Task Force on Persistent Rural Poverty.Deep Disagreement in U.S. Agriculture: Making Sense of Policy Conflict. by Christopher Hamlin and Philip T. Shepard.Dividing the Waters: Governing Groundwater in Southern California. William Blomquist.Trading Industries: Trading Regions. Helzi Noponen, Julie Graham and Ann Markusen, editors.Trading in a New World Order: The Impact of Telecommunications and Data Services on International Trade in Services by Bruno Lanvin, editor.Exports and Local Development: Mexico's New Maquiladoras. Patricia A. Wilson.Latin America's Turnaround: Privatization, Foreign Investment, and Growth. Paul H. Boeker, editor.The Dynamics of Liberalization: Tanzania and the IMF by Horace Campbell and Howard Stein, editors.Keynes General Theory of Interest: A Reconsideration. Fiona C. Maclachlan.Microcomputer-Based Input-Output Modeling: Applications to Economic Development. Daniel M. Otto and Thomas G. Johnson, editors.
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    REEVALUATING THE ‘PROCOMPETITIVE’ EFFECTS OF HMOs: A SPATIAL EQUILIBRIUM APPROACH (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . .The growth of health maintenance organizations (HMOs) commonly has been viewed as a “procompetitive” change in the structure of the health care delivery system. Because HMOs collect a prepaid fee from subscribers, they serve a dual role as insurers and providers of health care. While HMOs may have competed directly with conventional insurance plans, their effect in health care markets is potentially quite different. A multisector spatial equilibrium model, which incorporates the optimizing behavior of consumers, independent fee-for-service(FFS)providers, and a centralized HMO, is used to explore the effects of an exogenous shift in market structure away from FFS delivery toward the provision of seivices by the HMO. As more physicians are diverted from FFS practice to enter the HMO, both the HMO membership fee and prices in the FFS sector tend to rise. This pattern is consistent with empirical trends in the United States during the 1980s where, despite the rapid growth in HMOs and other forms of prepaid care, both FFS prices and HMO membership fees have risen sharply.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1994.tb00854.x
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    A GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION UNDER UNCERTAINTY (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper analyzes the implications of an exogenous shift in relative prices for an economy that suffers from urban unemployment, as well as uncertainty, in the agricultural sector. Among other things, we show that with agricultural uncertainty, an exogenous shift in relative prices will lower agricultural profit. This result is in sharp contrast with the conventional case of risk-neutrality or certainty where agricultural profit is unaffected by changes in the terms of trade.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1994.tb00857.x
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    GUEST EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION: HERE'S THE AI (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00139.x
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    EXPLOITING CAUSAL STRUCTURE TO CONTROL RETRIEVAL AND REFITTING DURING PLAN REUSE (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The ability to reuse existing plans to solve new planning problems can enable a domain-independent planner to improve its average case efficiency by exploiting the problem distribution and avoiding repetition of planning effort. The pay-off from plan reuse, however, crucially depends on finding effective solutions to two important underlying control problems: (i) controlling the retrieval of an appropriate plan and mapping to be reused in a new situation, and (ii) controlling the modification (refitting) of the retrieved plan so as to minimize perturbation to the applicable parts of the plan. This paper is concerned with the development of efficient domain-independent solutions to these two problems. For the retrieval, it provides a domain independent similarity metric that utilizes the plan causal dependency structure to estimate the utility of reusing a given plan in a new problem situation. For the refitting, it presents a minimum-conflict heuristic, again based on the causal dependency structure of the plan, to conservatively control the modification. The paper also discusses the implementation and evaluation of these strategies within the PRIAR plan modification framework.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00164.x
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    BELIEVING ON THE BASIS OF QUALITATIVE RULES: COMMENTARY ON KYBURG (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00142.x
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    INFERENCE AND ACCEPTANCE: COMMENTS ON KYBURG'S “BELIEVING ON THE BASIS OF THE EVIDENCE” (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00145.x
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    EVIDENTIAL PROBABILITIES ARE NOT ENOUGH (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00146.x
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    ON A GENERAL APPROACH TO HEDGED REASONING (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00144.x
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    HEDGES, BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE, AND EVIDENCE: A REPLY TO KYBURG'S “BELIEVING ON THE BASIS OF THE EVIDENCE” (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00147.x
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    THE ROLE OF PROBABILITY IN EPISTEMOLOGY (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00154.x
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    DISCUSSION OF KYBURG'S “BELIEVING ON THE BASIS OF THE EVIDENCE” (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00155.x
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    TRANSPORTATION AND TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE SINGAPORE EXTENDED METROPOLITAN REGION (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 15 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: This paper examines the interface between port cities, urban regions and their transportation systems with respect to Singapore. The development of the regional Singaporean transactional space incorporates the province of Johor in Malaysia and the Riau islands in Indonesia, with the resulting spatial pattern and linkages forming an Extended Metropolitan Region (EMR). An EMR spatial model is presented in which transportation is a key factor. This model explains four processes of territorial development — densification, dissemination, extension and contraction. Densification is a process of spatial accumulation of economic activities within an area and aims at higher levels of productivity. Dissemination is a spatial relocation of unproductive economic activity towards productive areas. Extension is a space/time collapse enabling economic activities to extend over a large territory while maintaining low distribution costs. Contraction is a rationalisation of distribution systems facing growing transportation costs and competition from other systems. Based on the framework provided by the spatial model and available evidence, an assessment of transportation and territorial development in the Singapore EMR is undertaken. The analysis underlines the role of Singapore as a regional transhipment centre and its maritimefland interface function.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9493.1994.tb00245.x
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    THAT WAS THEN, THIS IS NOW: FORTY YEARS OF SOCIAL & ECONOMIC CHANGE IN THE TROPICAL THIRD WORLD (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Although the last 40 years have witnessed enormous changes within the Third World, many of these have been uneven in their intensity and impact. Indeed, the widening differences between developing countries beg the question as to whether they constitute a cohesive collectivity.This essay makes a comparison between the tropical Third World of the 1950s and that of the 1990s. In many ways the former was much more set and predictable in its relationships and structure than today. However, the changes which have taken place over the last 40 years have not always been to the advantage or lasting benefit of the majority of people in the Third World. A realistic appraisal of future problems and how these might be addressed is thus a central theme of this discussion.
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    A REVIEW OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY IN SOUTH ASIA (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: The development of physical geography in South Asia has generally followed the British and European trends. Diverse themes from denudational chronology to palaeoflood geomorphology have attracted the attention of geomorphologists, particularly in the last 25 years. In addition, geographers’ interest in climatology and biogeography became pronounced during the 1980s. Major methodological shifts in the late 1960s in the west have affected geographical studies in South Asia. These shifts include the use of methods of quantification, remote sensing data, and the increased importance of field and laboratory studies. The second notable aspect in recent times is the accelerating interest amongst physical geographers in environmental studies and the applied aspects of the discipline as well as an increased interaction with scientists in cognate fields. An attempt is also made to identify the key research themes that will interest physical geographers in the near future.
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    PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA: PAST THEMES, CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE TRENDS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Our knowledge regarding the physical geography of Southeast Asia is incomplete to a surprising extent. This paper reviews the past research, describes the ongoing work, and attempts to identify the future trends. Coverage of such a large area, even for the last 25 years, requires study of publications in several languages and coping with literature which is not easily available. Therefore certain topics. which are prominent in current research and likely to remain so in the future were chosen and reviewed in detail. Such topics include studies related to active plate margin features; the Pleistocene in Southeast Asia; erosion and sedimentation rates; rainforest; river systems; karst in Southeast Asia; coastal geomorphology; and the urban environment.Environmental studies are rapidly gaining importance chiefly because of (a) the destruction of the natural vegetation and the associated loss of biodiversity and (b) the growing problems due to accelerated erosion and sedimentation This trend is likely to continue with accelerated destruction of forests, development of coastal areas, and urbanization of the landscape The direction of research in physical geography of Southeast Asia has been determined by a combination of individual research interest, governmental priorities, and international expectations
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    ASSESSING EXPORT OPTIMISM VERSUS EXPORT PESSIMISM IN TROPICAL COUNTRIES (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 15 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: This paper attempts to reconcile two major conflicting viewpoints regarding the effects of export expansion on economic growth. The first, export optimism, looks to supply factors such as international competitiveness with the view that a favourable export performance results in significant economic growth for a country. The second, export pessimism, argues that exports only contribute significantly to a country's economic growth when the external demand is favourable. Using the Expansion Methodology, the paper shows that the effects of demand and supply factors on the relationship between export growth and economic growth are about the same. The results suggest that while unfavourable demand weakens the aforementioned relationship, tropical countries can offset this by being competitive in their exports. They also caution against excessive weight being given to export-promotion by export optimists as the exports-growth relationship weakens considerably when the external demand falls.
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    THE TROPICS: ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN IMPACTS UNDERSTOOD AND REINTERPRETED (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: In the 1950s, few people had travelled widely through different parts of the tropics and interpretations on tropical landforms, soils, vegetation and climate largely rested on impressions gained from residence or long sojourns in particular tropical countries. Most academic geography on the tropics was then written by expatriates and lacked the perspective gained from long experience of tropical regions. Particular problems of understanding arose as people attempted to extrapolate from one part of the tropics to another. Since then, understanding has advanced enormously, largely through the efforts of tropical scientists working in their own institutions and through the greater technological ability to study tropical lands both remotely and through easier field access. The establishment of a number of field stations, aimed primarily at the biological sciences, but also facilitating the work of geographers, has been a major stimulus to this effort. Concerns over practical issues, particularly local development and global climatic change have prompted new avenues of research, many of which have been assisted by the great increase in data collection in tropical countries. For the future, South-South dialogue between tropical physical geographers is needed to improve their ability to ask meaningful questions so that they can contribute to teach the rest of their discipline more about serious applied and applicable geography.
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    FORTY YEARS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY IN THE JOURNAL (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: This paper reviews the articles published on human geography in the Journal since its inception, and focuses on the contributions made in the major fields of research. In the earlier years of the Journal, the themes of tropical agriculture, population and settlement geography, and historical geography were particularly strong, as was a concern with human-environment relationships. Over the years, articles on urban and regional planning, transport and communications, tourism and recreation, and in social geography were also published, reflecting the increasing spread of themes covered. One of the most significant dimensions of change in the Journal has been a shift from a descriptive orientation of the articles to one emphasizing theory development and evaluation.
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    PATTERNS AND VARIATIONS OF RAINFALL OVER BANJUL, GAMBIA (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9493.1994.tb00220.x
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    COEXISTENT BORDERLANDS AND INTRA-STATE CONFLICTS IN MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9493.1994.tb00223.x
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    A shell environment for developing connectionist decision support systems (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This paper presents the architecture of a neural network expert system shell. The system captures every rule as a rudimentary neural network, which is called a network element (netel). The aim is to preserve the semantic structure of the expert system rules, while incorporating the learning capability of neural networks into the inferencing mechanism. These netel rules are dynamically linked up to form the rule-tree during the inferencing process, just as a conventional expert system does. The system is also able to adjust its inference strategy according to different users and situations. A rule editor is provided to enable easy maintenance of the netel rules. These components are housed under a user-friendly interface. An application
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    Developing a case-based knowledge system for AIDS prevention (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Case-based reasoning (CBR) is a problem-solving paradigm where past experiences are used to guide problem-solving. This paradigm shows a great deal of promise for use in intelligent systems. Recent work in intelligent systems focusing on AIDS prevention reflects a growing interest in the case-based paradigm because AIDS prevention experts rely heavily on memory of previous cases when assessing subjects that exhibit AIDS-risky behaviors. If an AIDS prevention expert has seen a subject with similar AIDS-risky behavior previously, he or she is likely to draw on that experience to propose a solution to the new case at hand. This paper describes a CBR system that functions as an AIDS prevention expert. The inputs are risk behavior descriptions and the subject's test results. The system employs fuzzy mathematical algorithms to retrieve and select previous cases, thereby assessing the subject's risk.
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    NeuralDesk (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1994.tb00335.x
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    The quality of expert probability judgement: issues and analysis (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Many decision-aiding technologies require valid probability judgements to be elicited from domain experts. But how valid are experts' probability judgements? We describe two approaches to the assessment of quality of probability judgement—calibration and coherence—and review the research findings following from these two approaches. In many cases, expert probability judgement has been found to lack validity and this sub-optimality has largely been attributed to computational errors on the part of the expert. The preferred solution to poor validity in probability judgement has therefore been to reduce the amount of computation performed by the expert. Complex probabilities can be calculated mechanically from simple probability judgements elicited from the expert. We present evidence which suggests that this recomposition technique doesn't guarantee valid probabilities. Our explanation for this finding is that there are various problems concerned with eliciting even the simple probabilities which are necessary for subsequent recomposition. We conclude by proposing some solutions to these elicitation problems which should help ensure that probability judgements of increased validity are available to those attempting to capture subjective assessments for input into decision support systems.
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    A hybrid expert system for investment advising (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Investor is an investment advising hybrid expert system which incorporates two of the most powerful techniques developed in artificial intelligence, the connectionist and the logic programming paradigms, in a unified model. Investor employs a neural network model to detect the interest rate trends and a rule-based component to classify the user into the appropriate investor model. The investor model and the interest rate information are then used by the knowledge base to infer the appropriate investment strategy. Genetic algorithms and classifier systems were employed to train and configure the architecture of Investor's neural network component.
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    News (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1994.tb00337.x
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    Application of artificial neural networks for filtering, smoothing and prediction for a biochemical process (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: The applicability of feed-forward neural networks for filtering, smoothing and prediction for processes is illustrated in this paper, exemplified by a simulated biochemical process. Filtering, smoothing and prediction are valuable for noisy processes and most of the standard techniques need some knowledge about the process or a model of the process. Artificial neural networks provide a good alternative to the conventional filters and do not need a model of the process. The inputs to the networks were one or more state variables with delayed measurements; the networks calculate the noise-free estimates of the variables. The Levenberg-Marquardt method was used to train the neural networks by minimising the sum of squares of the residuals. The results of filtering, smoothing and prediction were reasonably accurate. Linear activation functions were found to be adequate for most purposes. This is due to the fact that the non-linearity of the process is not very strong in the region of state space considered.
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    When does VR need a big machine (or when will a PC do)? (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    WCCI‘94: It's a fuzzy world out there (1994)
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    The virtual culture: can culture and technology really converge? (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Superscape VRT (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    News (1994)
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    An exploratory study of two KA methods (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Empirical research into knowledge acquisition (KA) issues is important in the effort to improve the productivity of expert system developers. From an experimental perspective, the few studies that have been reported suffer from certain control and measurement difficulties. Here we conduct a study to demonstrate the feasibility of a new KA experimental strategy. The results of this study partially confirm and partially question results of earlier KA experiments.
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    Book Review (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Neural Networks: Current Applications, P.G.J. Lisboa (Ed.)
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    MAPS: a language for multi-agent system design (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: A language for multi-agent system design (MAPS) is presented and discussed in this paper. Any agent in MAPS is thought of as an expert system standing on its own. It can communicate through synchronous and asynchronous message sending. Dedicated behaviours are provided which specify how incoming messages are processed. Inter-agent cooperation is controlled via production rules. Two pre-defined agent classes are provided, which are given specific problem-solving roles: Knowledge Server (KS) agents are meant to maintain and transmit knowledge about problem-solving states, while Knowledge Processor (KP) agents are meant to process these elements in order to progress towards a solution. The duality between agent and resource modelling levels on the one hand and between KS and KP modelling styles on the other is shown to allow the specification of various control strategies. The environment is currently running on HP, SUN and DEC workstations.
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    Human resource management expert systems technology (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This paper provides human resource managers with important guidelines when applying expert systems to human resource domains, by reviewing system characteristics, potential benefits and limitations, and appropriate domains to be selected, based on the literature. Structural and procedural aspects of expert systems development in human resource management (represented by a wheel model) and problem descriptions of each expert system respectively are important research results in this paper. We also show semantic networks or semantic nets used for a knowledge representation methodology on such major human resource management activities as human resource planning, recruiting, compensation and labor-management relations. Knowledge representation is a key component in the development stages of expert systems.
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    Preventing terminal decline in Poland (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Three levels of benefits in expert systems (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This paper is not about knowledge representation, nor knowledge structures, nor knowledge elicitation, nor even expert systems methodology. It is about the use of expert systems in their working context. Little has been written about the usage of expert systems from a theoretical point of view. What has been written from a practitioner's point of view often lacks structure, and thus can make only minor contributions to understanding and predicting the usage of expert systems.In an attempt to fill this gap, this paper proposes a model of benefits of expert systems. The model has three levels and benefits of various kinds are classified into three types. The paper presents a deductive argument for the model, rather than an inductive one, since full empirical studies have yet to be carried out. However, a case study is outlined that indicates the applicability of the model.
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    A new kind of pRAM (1994)
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    Getting to grips with arrears: ‘data mining’ systems at the Leeds (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Shake-up in the constraints industry (1994)
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    Ilog and Bull combine on constraints (1994)
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    Book Review (1994)
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Annabel Beerel, Ellis Horwood, 1993
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    Virtuosi, virtual collaboration project (1994)
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    IF/Prolog returns with SNI (1994)
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    Leak detection club (1994)
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    Intelligent manufacturing from Hoskyns (1994)
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    Applications (1994)
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    Development tools (1994)
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    Neural networks (1994)
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    Virtual reality (1994)
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    Publications (1994)
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    Company news (1994)
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    A fuzzy, knowledge-based decision support tool for production operations management (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Production operations managers frequently have to make decisions based on vague, imprecise knowledge. Any software tool developed to aid their decision making needs to take into account the approximate nature of the information available to them and the inexact knowledge to which individual facts are applied. Much of this knowledge is expressed as vague, linguistic articulations. A convenient framework for dealing with such approximate knowledge is fuzzy logic and fuzzy set theory. As a specific example, a system was developed for providing decision support in the Just-in-Time area of production operations management.
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    Experiences with an expert systems prototyping methodology (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Although the benefits of knowledge-based expert systems (ES) and experiences with the methods, techniques and tools employed in knowledge engineering have been extensively reported, less is known about experiences with development and development methodologies. Although ES development is frequently associated with prototyping, a growing number of specific development methodologies have been proposed and are in use. Using information on four development projects at General Electric Industrial and Power Systems, this paper reports on the use of a variation of a prototyping methodology. It identifies some of the advantages, disadvantages and effects of using this approach to development. It raises a number of issues that future ES development methodologies will have to address.
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    Object/rule integration in CLIPS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    Notes: Abstract: This paper gives a brief overview of the C Language Integrated Production System (CLIPS) with a focus on the object-oriented features. The advantages of an object data representation over the traditional working memory element (WME), i.e. facts, are discussed and the implementation of the Rete inference algorithm in CLIPS is presented in detail. A few methods for achieving pattern-matching on objects with the current inference engine are given and, finally, the paper examines the modifications necessary to the Rete algorithm to allow direct object pattern-matching.
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    Involving users in expert system development (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 11 (1994), S. 0 
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: The ultimate criterion of success for interactive expert systems is that they will be used, and used to effect, by individuals other than the system developers. A key ingredient of success in most systems is involving users in the specification and development of systems as they are being built. However, until recently, system designers have paid little attention to ascertaining user needs and to developing systems with corresponding functionality and appropriate interfaces to match those requirements. Although the situation is beginning to change, many developers do not know how to go about involving users, or else tackle the problem in an inadequate way. This paper discusses the need for user involvement and considers why many developers are still not involving users in an optimal way. It looks at the different ways in which users can be involved in the development process and describes how to select appropriate techniques and methods for studying users. Finally, it discusses some of the problems inherent in involving users in expert system development, and recommends an approach which incorporates both ethnographic analysis and formal user testing.
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    Genetic algorithms at Channel 4 (1994)
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    AI is dead; long live AI (1994)
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    The DTI Workshop, 10 November 1993 (1994)
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    Book Review (1994)
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    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Fuzzy Logic for the Management of Uncertainty, Lotfi Zadeh & Janusz Kacprzyk (Eds.) John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1992, ISBN 0-471-54799-9
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    News (1994)
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    PCR SSCP REVEALS HAPLOTYPE RELATED POLYMORPHISM OF PERB 1: A NEW MARKER FOR MHC β BLOCK TYPING (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Many new Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes have been discovered in the last 5 years. Defining the polymorphism of these new genes may elucidate their function and their relevance to diseases with MHC associations. Polymerase chain reaction and single stranded conformation polymorphism (PCR SSCP) analyses were used to detect sequence polymorphisms of PERB1 demonstrated by comparing the available genomic sequence of four haplotypes. This study showed that PCR SSCP of PERB 1 is reproducible. In addition, PERB1 alleles segregate within families together with MHC haplotypes. Typing results from the Forth Asia and Oceania Histocompatibility Workshop (4AOHW) cell panel indicate that the identified polymorphisms of PERB 1 are ‘haplotypic’, i.e., unrelated individuals carrying the same MHC ancestral haplotypes carry the same PERB1 SSCP pattern. Interestingly, PERB1 SSCP patterns allow the distinction of ancestral haplotypes which share HLA-B serological specificities, such as HLA-B44 and therefore this analysis can be used to further define MHC haplotypes and thus to improve our understanding of the evolution of this complex.
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    THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN COELIAC DISEASE, DERMATITIS HERPETIFORMIS AND CERTAIN HLA-ANTIGENS IN ICELANDERS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Twenty-eight cases of coeliac disease (CD) and seven of dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) have been verified in Iceland. Standard serological techniques were used for HLA typing. Twenty-five individuals with CD were typed, 21 (84%) of whom carried DR3, DQ2. Twelve of these 25 (48%) had DR3, DR7, DQ2, which makes them possibly homozygous for DQ2, and suggests that homozygosity of DQ2 increases the risk for CD. The four DH patients that were typed all had HLA-B8, DR3, DQ2. It is concluded that CD and DH are associated with DR3, DQZ in Icelanders.
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    T CELL RECEPTOR DELTA LOCUS POLYMORPHISM IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In order to identify new susceptibility markers for Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), we analysed the dinucleotide repeat polymorphism at the T cell receptor delta locus (TCRD) in 65 RA patients and 99 healthy Belgian controls. A significant under-representation of the A4-A5 TCRD genotype was observed in the RA population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00221.x
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  • 93
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    Electronic Resource
    ANNOUNCEMENTS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00224.x
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  • 94
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    Electronic Resource
    THE FIRST HLA ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDY IN THE KUWAITI POPULATION (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: HLA antigens of the Kuwaiti population are not as well characterized as those of other international ethnic groups. We present results for HLA typing of Kuwaiti individuals using commercial Biotest sera. Six hundred and seventy one Kuwaiti were typed for HLA-A, -B, -C antigens and 399 were typed for HLA-DR, -DQ antigens. Antigen frequency and gene frequency were computed for each phenotype observed. The antigens with the highest frequencies were HLA-A2, A1 and A3; B5, B12 and B7; Cw″4 and Cw-l; DR52, DR5, DR3 and DR7; DQ1 and DQ2. HLA haplotypes with strong linkage disequilibrium and characteristic of Kuwaiti population are A2-B5, A1-B8, B7-DR7 and B8-DR3. A comparison study with other populations is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00200.x
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  • 95
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    MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF CYP21 GENE MUTATIONS CARRIED ON HLA-B14 POSITIVE HAPLOTYPES (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: HLA-B14 positive haplotypes have increased frequencies in a group of patients with puberty disorders, IgA deficiency and cancer of the ovary. Clinical investigations demonstrated that all these patients have high values of 170H progesteron after the ACTH test which suggests an alterated function of 21 hydroxylase enzyme. In order to investigate whether these B14 positive haplotypes carry the same CYP21 mutation in the various diseases and controls, we have amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) the sections of CYP21B gene which include amino acid positions 172 and 281 where typical mutations are known to occur in 21 hydroxylase deficiency. The presence or absence of the defined mutations was tested by oligonucleotide hybridization using oligonucleotides, labelled with DIG-ddUTP, designed to hybridize with the mutated or with the normal sequence. It was found that regardless of whether the subject tested was a patient or a healthy control the mutation at position 281 was found in all cases carrying HLA-B14, DR1 haplotype. Interestingly, this mutation does not seem to be in association with HLA-B14, DR7 haplotype.These findings suggest that CYP21 gene plays a role in all these differing diseases although it must be stressed that there may be alternative explanations for the observed data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00204.x
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    Gm and Km PHENOTYPE FREQUENCIES IN CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC ACTIVE HEPATITIS (CAH) B VIRUS INFECTION (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Patients with CAH, extrahepatic HBV manifestation and healthy children were studied for presence of Gm 1,2,3,10,21 factors and Km 1 factor. Significantly higher frequency of Gm (1, 2, 3, 10, 21) phenotype was shown in CAH group as compared with the other two groups. Relationship between Km factors and examined groups was not found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00207.x
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    British Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00211.x
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    HLA-DQA1 AND DQB 1 ALLELE AND GENOTYPE CONTRIBUTION TO IDDM SUSCEPTIBILITY IN AN ETHNICALLY MIXED POPULATION (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: HLA-DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1 alleles have been determined in 42 families with one IDDM proband and 64 healthy controls, by oligotyping (PCR-SSO) using primers and probes from the XI International Histocompatibility Workshop. A positive DRB1 *03 and DRB1 *04 association with the disease was observed, whereas DRB 1*11 and DRB 1 *07 showed negative association but 19% of patients carried DRB1 alleles different to DRB 1 *03 or *04. When single alleles were considered, DQA1 *03 showed the strongest association with susceptibility to the disease (RR = 8.2, Pc = 0.00001) but this association was outgrown by 2 and 3 allele combinations, with genotype DRB 1 *04-DQA 1 *03-DQB1*0302/DRB1*03- DQA 1*0501- DQB 1*0201 showing the strongest association (RR = 28, Pc = 0.002). Application of the relative predispositional effect (RPE) method to our data, revealed a further susceptibility risk provided by the DRB1*13-DQA1*0102-DQB 1*0604 haplotype once DR3 and DR4 haplotypes were removed. When DQA1-DQB1 genotypes were analysed for presence of Arg 52 (DQ α) and absence of Asp 57 (DQ β), genotypes SS/SS were found significantly increased in diabetics. Interestingly, one of the strongest associations with the disease was observed with the DQA 1*03-DQB 1*0201 combination encoded mainly by genes in trans (RR = 11.7 Pc = 0.00004). These observations and their comparison with DR-DQ haplotypes in more homogeneous ethnic groups support the stronger influence of the DQ molecule rather than the individual DR or DQ alleles in the susceptibility to IDDM. They also emphasize the need for detailed HLA haplotype studies in non-Caucasian and ethnically mixed populations to gain further insight into the nature of genetic and environmental factors contribution to autoimmunity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00213.x
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TNF Nco-I RFLP IS NOT AN INDEPENDENT RISK FACTOR IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The human TNF genes are located within the MHC class-III region on chromosome 6. The presence or absence of an Nco-I restriction site in the 5’ non-coding sequence of the TNFβ gene defines two alleles (TNFB*1 and TNFB*2). The segregation of these alleles has been associated with levels of TNFα or TNFβ production in systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE), insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and in healthy control individuals.Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by high levels of TNFα within the synovial fluid and to address the question of whether this could be brought about by a genetic predisposition to high TNF production by RA individuals, we examined the distribution of this Nco-I polymorphism in 98 healthy volunteers and 123 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. No difference was observed between the normal and RA groups with respect to haplotype segregation or allelic frequency. Furthermore, no difference was observed between DR4+ or DR4- individuals in the control or RA groups.These data demonstrate that the high level of TNFα seen in the joints of RA patients is unlikely to be due to a genetic predisposition of these patients to high TNFα production, as defined by the TNF Nco-I restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00219.x
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  • 100
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    Electronic Resource
    NOMENCLATURE FOR FACTORS OF THE HLA SYSTEM, 1994 (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00222.x
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