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  • Articles  (1,543)
  • United States  (935)
  • Mice
  • 1990-1994  (1,543)
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  • Articles  (1,543)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multisensory control of escape in the cockroach Penplaneta americana (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 174 (1994), S. 13-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Insects ; Antennae ; Toads ; Mice ; Mantids ; Spiders
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 1. Interactions of cockroaches with 4 different predator species were recorded by videography. Some predators, especially spiders, struck from relatively short distances and usually contacted a cockroach prior to initiation of escape (Table 1, Fig. 3). This touch frequently occurred on an antenna. Cockroaches turned away from the side on which an antenna was touched. 2. We then measured the success of escape from predators for cockroaches with either cerci or antennae ablated. Only antennal removal caused a significant decrease in the success of escape from spiders (Fig. 5). 3. With controlled stimuli, cockroaches responded reliably to abrupt touch of antennae, legs or body (Fig. 6). Responses resembled wind-elicited escape: they consisted of a short latency turn (away from the stimulus) followed by running (Figs. 7, 8). However, lesions show that touchevoked escape does not depend on the giant interneuron system (Table 2). 4. Following section of one cervical connective, cockroaches continued to respond to touching either antenna, but often turned inappropriately toward, rather than away from, stimuli applied to the antenna contralateral to the severed connective (Table 3, Fig. 10). 5. For certain types of predators touch may be a primary cue by which cockroaches detect predatory attack. Descending somatosensory pathways for escape are distinct from the GI system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00192002
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stratigraphy of total metals in PIRLA sediment cores (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 7 (1992), S. 191-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: geochemistry ; metals ; lake sediments ; paleolimnology ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores from 30 low-alkalinity lakes in northern New England (NE), New York (NY), the northern Great Lakes States (NGLS) of Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin, and Florida (FL) have been dated by 210Pb and analyzed for water and organic content, eight major elements (Al, Ti, Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, Na, K) plus four trace metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, and V). Variations in the percentages of major elements through time are dominated by long-term independent variations in the abundance of SiO2, FeO, and to a lesser extent Ca and Al. Additional variations are caused by varying proportions of inorganic matter. Major variations in chemistry are generally unrelated to documented distrubances in the watersheds; most disturbances are minor fires or selective logging. Accelerated accumulation of Pb from atmospheric sources into sediment first occurs in sediment dated between 1800 and 1850 in NY and NE, slightly later in the NGLS region, and about 1900 in FL. Modern accumulation rates in all areas are comparable (ca. 1 to 4 μg cm−2 yr−1). Accumulation rates of Pb in some lakes have declined significantly from 1975 to 1985. Atmospheric deposition of anthropogenic Zn and Cu is also indicated by generally increasing accumulation rates in sediment cores, but the record is not as clear nor are chemical profiles in all lakes parallel to the trends in atmospheric emissions inferred on the basis of fossil fuel consumption, smelting, and other industrial activities. Inter-lake variations in profiles of Cu and Zn are large. Vanadium accumulation rates increase by the 1940s in NY and NE, but not until the 1950s in the NGLS region. This timing correlates with regional trends in the combustion of fuel oil, a major source of atmospheric V. Acidification of some of the lakes is suggested by decreases in the concentration and accumulation rates of Mn, Ca, and Zn in recent sediment, relative to other elements of catchment origin. The decreases generally occur slightly before the onset of acidification as indicated by diatoms. Increased sediment accumulation rates for Fe may indicate the acidification of watershed soils. The use of the accumulation rate of TiO2 as an indicator of rates of erosion and for normalization of trace metal accumulation rates is in question for lakes where the flux of TiO2 from the atmosphere varies and is a significant fraction of the total flux of TiO2 to the sediment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00181714
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A survey of dermatophytes from human patients in the United States from 1985 to 1987 (1991)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 114 (1991), S. 117-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: dermatophytes ; survey ; United States ; humans ; 1985/87
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A survey of dermatophytes isolated from patients seeking medical advice was made from 1985 to 1987 in the United States. The survey included 54 locations with data from 45 cities and one state. Listing of the isolated dermatophytes and the frequency given by percentage of the total follows: Trichophyton rubrum 54.8%, T. tonsurans 31.3%, T. mentagrophytes 6.0%, Microsporum canis 4.0%, Epidermophyton floccosum 2.0%, M. gypseum 0.6%, and T. verrucosum 0.2%. Out of a total of 14,696 isolates M. audouinii was cultured 13 times, T. violaceum 12 times, M. nanum 6 times, T. terrestre 4 times, and T. soudanense twice. Single isolations were made of M.fulvum, M. ferrugineum and T. schoenleinii. Collection of dermatophyte data in Tucson, Arizona, began in 1966. In 1987, the first case of tinea capitis caused by T. tonsurans was observed. Other isolates of this organism as the cause of tinea capitis were made in this city during that year. These infections were in black children. With the recent growth of Tucson, the percentage of blacks in the population increased and this pathogen was introduced into the general population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00436431
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Un vivo depletion of murine CD8 positive T cells impairs survival during infection with a highly virulent strain ofCryptococcus neoformans (1994)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 125 (1994), S. 7-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Cryptococcus ; Host defense ; Lymphocyte subsets ; Mice ; Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cell-mediated immunity plays an important but incompletely understood role in host defense againstCryptococcus neoformans. Because of their multiple capacities as cytokine-secreting cells, cytotoxic cells, and antigen-specific suppressor cells, CD8 positive T lymphocytes could potentially either enhance or impair host defense againstC. neoformans. To determine whether CD8 T cells enhance or inhibit host defence during an infection with a highly virulent strain ofC. neoformans, we examined the effect of in vivo CD8 cell depletion on suNival and on the number of organisms in mice infected by either the intratracheal or intravenous routes. Adequacy of depletion was confirmed both phenotypically and functionally. Regardless of the route of infection, we found that survival of mice depleted of CD8 T cells was significantly reduced compared to undepleted mice. Surprisingly, however, CD8 depletion did not alter organism burden measured by quantitative CFU assay in mice infected by either route. These data demonstrate that CD8 positive T cells participate in the immune response to a highly virulent strain ofC. neoformans. By contrast to minimally virulent isolates that do not cause a life threatening infection, the immune response to a highly virulent isolate does not alter the burden of organisms, but does enhance host defense as it is necessary for the optimal survival of infected mice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01103969
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sensitivity of secular trends in precipitation data to observational errors (1990)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 134 (1990), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Precipitation ; trends ; climate changes ; data errors ; United States ; rainfall
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract There has been considerable interest in estimating secular trends in precipitation data in various regions of the world. It is therefore important to ascertain the manner in which errors of observation affect estimated trends. For this purpose we have compared trends at 1219 stations in the contiguous United States for two data sets: (a) original observations, also called “raw” observations, and (b) the observations, adjusted to compensate for suspected errors. The adjustments were made at the National Climate Data Center, Asheville (Quinlan et al., 1987;karl andWilliams, 1987), In order to focus on the effects of observational errors we attempted to avoid the effects of filling of missing data by limiting the analysis to the period 1940–1984 for which the number of missing values is much smaller than earlier periods. A least-square linear regression was performed on the raw and adjusted data for each station and the slopes of the fitted lines were compared. The comparison was made for monthly, seasonal and annual precipitation values. The results for annual precipitation showed that 23 percent of the stations have trends of opposite signs in the raw and adjusted data. The trends were identical in annual data at only 11 percent of the stations. When monthly data are combined to form seasonal and annual averages the magnitude of the difference between the slopes of the adjusted and the raw observations generally increases, indicating that the errors in the individual monthly observations are correlated. When the station data were averaged to obtain state-wide averages, the effects of the errors became less pronounced in most of the states. These results indicate that obtaining trends in precipitation from station data is a more difficult problem than has been realized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00878076
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Energy expenditure and locomotor activity in mice selected for food intake adjusted for body weight (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 79 (1990), S. 131-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Selection response ; Metabolic rate ; Inheritance of activity ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The aim of this study was to examine the differences in physical activity and their contribution to differences in energy utilization in mice, selected either high or low for food intake, adjusted for body weight, which show correlated responses in lean content and metabolic rate. Simultaneous measurements of fasting metabolic rate and activity were made in lines of mice selected at either: a young age, 4-to 6-week food intake corrected for 4-week body weight; or an older age, 8- to 10-week food intake corrected for mean weight at 8 and 10 weeks of age. Correlated response in metabolic rate was found to have been accompanied by changes in locomotor activity near the ages at selection in both sets of lines. Activity, however, accounted for only a small proportion of variation in fasting heat production, generally less than 5%, although a highly positive correlation (r=0.63) between the two traits was found. It was concluded that selection for food intake adjusted for body weight has led to correlated response in physical activity. In consequence, mice selected in the upward direction expend some of the excess energy intake rather than assimilating it as body mass and are, therefore, slightly leaner than their counterparts selected in the downward direction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223799
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Replicated selection for insulin-like growth factor-1 and body weight in mice (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 685-692 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: IGF-1 ; Body weight ; Realized heritability ; Genetic correlation ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Five generations of divergent selection for plasma concentration of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and for 12-week body weight were carried out in mice, including randomly selected control lines for each trait. All lines were replicated once (12 lines in total). Each replicate line consisted of eight male and eight female parents per generation. Litter size was standardized to eight pups at birth. Mass selection was applied in the selected lines and within-family random selection in the control lines. Blood was taken from the orbital sinus of individual mice at 12 weeks of age for IGF-1 assay. Realized heritabilities were 0.10±0.01 for IGF-1 and 0.41 ± 0.02 for 12-week weight. The realized genetic correlation between IGF-1 and 12-week weight was 0.58 ± 0.01, with a phenotypic correlation of 0.38. Although the genetic correlation between IGF-1 and body weight in mice is moderately positive, 12-week weight responded 3.5 times as fast to weight selection as to selection for IGF-1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226738
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crossbreeding effects after long-term selection for purebred performance: a model experiment with mice (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 720-728 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Diallel cross ; Heterosis ; Maternal effects ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The influence of purebred selection on the combining abilities of five lines of mice was examined. Two replicated testcross diallels were made after 10 and 20 generations of purebred selection for litter size, weaning weight, weight gain, and feed efficiency. Average direct genetic effects were of major importance, followed by average maternal genetic effects. In all of the replications, between two and four out of ten crosses showed significant heterosis. Heterosis ranged from 0 to 38% in litter size, from 0 to 20% in weaning weight, from -11 to 11% in weight gain, and from -8 to 17% in feed efficiency. For litter size and weaning weight, heterosis estimates increased between 80 and 100% from generation 10 to 20. Weight gain and feed efficiency showed decreasing heterosis with partly negative estimates in the second diallel. Combinations exhibiting significant heterosis varied between replicates and between the two diallels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224980
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Restricted selection index in mice designed to change body fat without changing body weight: correlated responses (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 307-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Selection index ; Correlated responses ; Fat ; Fitness ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Correlated responses were studied in lines of mice selected for eight generations based on the criterion of a restricted selection index. Two replicate lines were selected in each treatment as follows: HE, high epididymal fat pad weight (EF) with zero change in body weight (BW) at 12 weeks of age; LE; low EF with zero change in BW; and RS, randomly. Correlated responses showed considerable variation between replicates, suggesting that genetic drift was important. Further, correlated responses for most traits were relatively small, probably because of low selection intensity. The HE line responded as expected in component traits of the restricted index. Associated compositional traits in HE responded as predicted since traits correlated with adiposity increased and hind carcass weight did not change significantly. Feed intake increased and feed efficiency (weight gain/feed intake) decreased in HE, as predicted. In contrast, the LE line did not respond in component traits as predicted since EF did not decrease and BW increased. Consequently, LE exhibited little change in traits associated with adiposity, but hind carcass weight, feed intake and feed efficiency increased. Of the correlated responses scored for fitness traits (littering rate, number of days from pairing of mate to littering, litter size and preweaning pup survival rate), significant effects were found for decreased littering rate in LE and increased prenatal survival rate in HE. In summary, correlated responses to restricted index selection generally agreed with expectation when responses in component traits of the index were considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229488
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of cryoprotectant and genetic selection for body fat content on embryonic cryosurvival in mice (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 479-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Correlated responses ; Embryos ; Cryoprotectant ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lines of mice selected for high (HF) or low (LF) 12-week epididymal fat pad weight as a percentage of body weight were used to investigate the effects of genotype, two cryoprotectants [glycerol (GLY) and propylene glycol (PG)] and genotype x cryoprotectant interaction on cryosurvival of four and eight-cell embryos. Embryos were collected from selection lines and reciprocal crosses of selection lines (HFLF and LFHF) and frozen by established slow-cool methods. Embryos were thawed for 40s at room temperature and then placed in a 37° C waterbath for 1 min. Cryoprotectant was diluted from embryos with either 0.5 M sucrose (GLY-treated) or 1.0 M sucrose (PG-treated). Post-thaw survival was measured as the percentage of embryos developing to 36 h (PTS36), 48 h (PTS48) and hatched blastocyst (PTSHB), respectively. Non-frozen controls were cultured concurrently with frozen embryos. No significant genotype or genotype x cryoprotectant interaction effects were found. Results of the embryo freezing study indicated that selection for high or low fat content did not affect the ability of embryos to survive cryopreservation. There was no indication of embryo heterosis for post-thaw survial. Embryos frozen with GLY survived the freeze-thaw stress significantly better than those frozen in PG (P 〈 0.05). In vitro development of non-frozen controls at 36 and 48 h did not vary significantly among lines, but in vitro development was significantly different among lines at the hatched blastocyst stage (P 〈 0.05). Linear contrasts showed that the embryonic genome was responsible for differential in vitro development at the hatched blastocyst stage between these selected lines (HF 〉 LF; P 〈 0.05); asymmetric response also occurred in that both HF and LF exceeded the unselected control line (P 〈 0.05).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223664
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