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  • Articles  (1,941)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1343
    Keywords: Analysis of variance ; Choropleth map ; Ecology ; Genetics ; Geography ; Permutation test ; Spatial autocorrelation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cet article présente une solution au problème de l'analyse de variance, pour certains cas où la variable à analyser est spatialement autocorr élée alors que le critère de classification représente des sous-régions connexes du territoire à l'étude. On sait que les méthodes classiques d'analyse de variance ne sont pas applicables dans ce type de situation puisque la condition d'indépendance des échantillons n'est pas respectée; l'autocorrélation positive réduit la variabilité intragroupe, si bien que la quantité relative de variabilité intergroupe s'en trouve artificiellement augmentée. Cette situation correspond en réalité à une vaste catégorie de problèmes en génétique des populations, en écologie et dans d'autres branches de la biologie, ainsi qu'en épidémiologie, en géographie, en géologie, en science économique, en science politique et en sociologie. Ce nouveau test appartient à la famille des tests par permutation. Nous calculons la somme des dispersions intragroupes et testons contre une distribution de référence obtenue en permutant les régions géographiques un grand nombre de fois sur la carte. La véritable difficulté de ce test est d'ordre algorithmique, puisqu'il n'est pas facile de permuter des régions sur une carte, de façon à ce que chaque groupe demeure connexe, et que la carte permutée occupe le même espace total que la carte d'origine. Cet article présente la théorie, les algorithmes, ainsi que des résultats obtenus par cette méthode. Un programme écrit en PASCAL est disponible.
    Notes: Abstract The classical method for analysis of variance of data divided in geographic regions is impaired if the data are spatially autocorrelated within regions, because the condition of independence of the observations is not met. Positive autocorrelation reduces within-group variability, thus artificially increasing the relative amount of among-group variance. Negative autocorrelation may produce the opposite effect. This difficulty can be viewed as a loss of an unknown number of degrees of freedom. Such problems can be found in population genetics, in ecology and in other branches of biology, as well as in economics, epidemiology, geography, geology, marketing, political science, and sociology. A computer-intensive method has been developed to overcome this problem in certain cases. It is based on the computation of pooled within-group sums of squares for sampled permutations of internally connected areas on a map. The paper presents the theory, the algorithms, and results obtained using this method. A computer program, written in PASCAL, is available.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 9 (1993), S. 639-647 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An a posteriori point-wise outflow flux recovery scheme which capitalizes on the hyperbolic nature of convection-dominated transport models is proposed. The scheme is seen to be robust in that it can be applied to any upwind finite-difference or finite-element approximation, and gives a superconvergent approximation to the outflow flux.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 9 (1993), S. 757-766 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A geometrically non-linear global/local technique was developed and tested. This technique uses separate global and local finite-element models. Iteration is used to enforce equilibrium between the global and local models. The results of this initial study suggest that the technique can be used to reduce both computer memory and CPU requirements.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 9 (1993), S. 785-785 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 9 (1993), S. 773-784 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A general line search concept is presented, which can be applied for the solution of non-linear equations in the presence of constraint conditions as in arc-length methods in a consistent manner.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 9 (1993), S. 767-772 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The generalized geometric programming algorithm GGP has been found to be one of the better algorithms for optimizing algebraic functions subject to algebraic constraints. The paper discusses two problems with the GGP algorithm presented by Avriel et al. (1980). The first problem is that, because of the way that constraint tolerances are checked, the checks may pass even when a constraint is violated beyond the acceptable tolerance. This problem can affect an acceleration technique suggested for the algorithm. This paper presents two possible solutions to this problem. The second problem is the algorithm's weakness in handling equality constraints. This problem seems to especially affect the ‘Phase I’ part of the algorithm, which finds a feasible solution from a random starting point. While extensions have been made to get around this limitation, no discussion on why the original algorithm has problems with equality constraints has been made. This paper discusses why the problems exist.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 9 (1993) 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 9 (1993), S. 797-803 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents a filtering algorithm which corrects the results of measurements of certain physical quantities if any additional information about the measured values is known. The algorithm is very effective in one-dimensional as well as in two-dimensional problems where additional constraints are presented in the form of differential equations. For example, this technique can be used to correct the measurements of certain dynamic quantities if some information about motion of examined bodies is known. It can also be used to correct the strain field measurements if the conditions of continuity of strain field are included.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 9 (1993), S. 805-814 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A computer simulation is made of cellular convection in an anisotropic atmosphere in an attempt to more closely approximate the observed values with those obtained from mathematical models. A finite-element Galerkin technique, with Taylor approximation and Crank-Nicolson, is employed and comparisons are made with the author's earlier finite-element models of isotropic convection and with finite-difference models. It is found that postulates from physics on the effect of anisotropy on cellular atmospheric convection, with its increase in the aspect ratio, are well modelled with this finite-element technique.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 9 (1993), S. 815-824 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The use of micromechanically based constitutive equations for contact interfaces leads to technically relevant parameters to ill-conditioned finite-element equations. In the paper an augmented Lagrangian technique is employed to overcome this difficulty and to provide a good converging algorithm.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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