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  • 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous
  • viscosity
  • 1990-1994  (145)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flow behaviour of molten 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) between concentric cylinders (1990)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 29 (1990), S. 462-468 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Flow curve ; coaxial cylinderviscometer ; trinitrotoluene melt ; turbulence ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The flow behaviour of pure and commercial molten TNT when subjected to very high rates of shear in a rotational viscometer over the temperature range 82.0 to 95.4°C is presented. All data obtained suggest that the behaviour of molten TNT is Newtonian, contrary to the conclusions of some published work, and the temperature dependence of the viscosity of pure TNT is adequately described by an Arrhenius-type relationship of the formη = A e B/T whereA = 0.000 541,B = 3 570 andT is the Kelvin temperature. A similar relationship is obtained for commercial TNT. Under some instrumental conditions discontinuities are seen in the shear stress—shear rate flow curves. An analysis of these discontinuities shows them to be caused by the transition from laminar to turbulent flow. Possible implications for processibility and initiation of explosives are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01376797
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffusion properties of cyclodextrins in aqueous solution at 25°C (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 19 (1990), S. 31-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Diffusion ; density ; viscosity ; cyclodextrins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Diffusion, density, and viscosity data are collected for the systems α-cyclodextrin and β-cyclodextrin in water. Frictional coefficients were computed with the help of literature activity data and a qualitative discussion of their concentration dependence was attempted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00650642
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dimethylpropyleneurea-water mixtures: 1. Physical properties (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 19 (1990), S. 743-753 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: DMPU ; HMPT ; density ; refractive index ; viscosity ; static dielectric constant ; donor and acceptor numbers ; E T(30) parameter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Densities, refractive indices, viscosities, dielectric constants and the absorptions of several solvatochromic indicators have been determined at 25°C for mixtures of N,N′-dimethyl-N,N′-propyleneurea (DMPU) and water in the complete mole fraction scale. the results are compared with the properties of hexamethylphosphotriamide (HMPT) and its mixtures with water which show a striking similarity to DMPU and its mixtures with water. Since HMPT was found to be carcinogenic in animal tests, DMPU offers a suitable substitute since it may be regarded as safe under laboratory conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00647101
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The eutectic system for (NH4NO3 + LiNO3 + NH4Cl) - dimethylsulfoxide from infinite dilution to fused salt (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 22 (1993), S. 839-850 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Molar volume ; refractivity ; viscosity ; solubility ; lithium nitrate ; ammonium nitrate ; mixture ; water ; dimethylsulfoxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Solubility, density, refractive index and viscosity of the title system in water and dimethylsulfoxide have been measured in the composition range from the pure solvent to the pure liquid salt. Molar volumes, apparent molar volumes and other volumetric quantities have been calculated and their concentration dependences are discussed. The molar refractivities of the solvent and salt were estimated and used for a discussion of ion-ion and ion-solvent interactions. The viscosity vs. concentration plot exhibits a maximum at the salt mole fraction x3=0.8 which cannot be described by any currently known equation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00648586
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscosities ofn-alkylamines from 15 to 80°C (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 23 (1994), S. 1293-1300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: n-alkylamines ; viscosity ; molar volume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The viscosities of seven n-alkylamines from n-butylamine to n-decylamine were determined from 15 to 80°C at 5°C intervals. The intrinsic volumes were determined by extrapolation of the plot of fluidity against molar volume to zero fluidity and found to be a linear function of the number of carbon atoms. Plots of the logarithm of viscosity vs. reciprocal absolute temperature were almost linear. The energies of activation for viscous flow for the n-alkylamines were calculated and found to increase with increase in the carbon number. The B values, based on Hildebrand's equation and representing a measure of a molecules resistance to transport of momentum, were calculated for each of the n-alkylamines. A modified form of the equation describing the change fluidity with temperature was then formulated. It is suggested that the activation energy for viscous flow consists of the sum of the energy required for the expansion of the void volume and the energy required to overcome intermolecular interactions. These energies were calculated and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00974182
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactions between octyl-β-D-glucoside and α-amino acids or small peptides (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 23 (1994), S. 1331-1346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Octyl-β-D-glucoside ; micelles ; surface tension ; glycine ; amino acids ; viscosity ; density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The interactions between octyl-β-D-glucoside and glycine in water have been investigated by surface tension, viscosity, and density measurements. The results show that the α-amino acid causes an unexpected lowering of the critical micellar concentration of octyl-β-D-glucoside. Such a finding has been interpreted in temss of dipole-dipole interactions between the hydrophilic site of the surfactant and the peptidic cosluttes. From three to seven amino acid molecules have been estimated to be coordinated with each glucoside unity in the micellar state. The research has been extended to glycine oligopeptides and L-lysine. The latter compound has effects similar to those observed with glycine whereas diglycine and triglycine show weaker effects on the micellization process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00974185
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of microheterogeneity on bulk and surface properties of binary mixtures of polyoxyethene glycol monobutyl ethers with water (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 23 (1994), S. 207-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Alkoxyalcohols ; surface tension ; viscosity ; excess property ; 13C NMR ; thermodynamic properties ; microheterogeneity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Solution properties of aqueous mixtures of the homologous series of polyoxyethene glycol mono-n-butyl ethers C4H9O(CH2CH2O) m H (where m=1 to 3) have been investigated using surface tension, density, viscosity and13C NMR techniques. From the experimental data, excess volume and deviation of viscosity and free energy of activation of flow were evaluated and discussed in terms of the molecular interactions between the components. Surface activity of polyoxyethene glycol mono ethers in aqueous dilute solutions was evident from surface tension measurements. Thermodynamic properties of adsorption and apparent micellization or critical aggregation concentration (CAC) in these systems were evaluated and discussed. The CAC values and the aggregation numbers obtained from13C NMR chemical shift data indicate an increase in hydrophobicity with an increase in the value of m, in the polyoxyethene glycol mono-n-butyl ethers, and also agrees with the results obtained from surface tension measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00973547
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intradiffusion coefficients of all species in aqueous gallium perchlorate solutions and solution viscosities at 25°C (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 22 (1993), S. 873-882 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Intradiffusion coefficients ; gallium perchlorate ; hydration ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Intradiffusion coefficients of all species (cation, anion and solvent) and viscosities have been measured for aqueous solutions of gallium perchlorate in the concentration range 0–2.3 mol-kg−1 at 25°C. The perchlorate ion intradiffusion measurements were made using36ClO 4 − as the tracer species in diaphragm cell experiments. The development of a method to synthesize36ClO 4 − from36Cl− by electrolysis is described. The perchlorate intradiffusion coefficients results show a concentration dependence that is very similar to that for D(Cl−) in corresponding trivalent metal chloride solutions. A simple hydration analysis based on all the transport results estimates a total (effective) cation hydration for gallium within a 0–2 mol-kg−1 range of 10 (±1.5).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00646599
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular association ofn-alcohols in nonpolar solvents. excess volumes and viscosities ofn-pentanol+n-octane mixtures at 0, 5, 25, 35 and 45°C (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 19 (1990), S. 711-720 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Density ; viscosity ; hydrogen bond ; n-pentanol +n-octane ; mixtures at different temperatures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Densities and viscosities of n-pentanol +n-octane mixtures in the temperature range 0 to 45°C are reported. The data are discussed in terms of molar excess volumes, molar excess fluidities and molar excess activation energies of viscous flow in order to obtain structural information of the mixtures. It is shown that the structural modifications of n-pentanol and n-octane upon mixing, significantly contribute to the parameters governing the viscous flow and the volume of the mixtures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00647389
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscosities and apparent molar volumes of some amino acids in water and in 6M guanidine hydrochloride at 25°C (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 19 (1990), S. 867-882 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Apparent molar volume ; viscosity ; viscosity B-coeffient ; guanidine hydrochloride ; amino acids ; denaturation of proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Apparent molar volumes and viscosity B- and D- coefficients of amino acids glycine, valine, proline, serine and arginine have been determined in water and in aqueous 6M guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) solution at 25°C. Transfer volumes and transfer viscosity B-coefficients were evaluated for the amino acids studied in going from water to 6M GuHCl. These transfer properties which were all positive were interpreted in terms of strong interactions of GuHCl molecules with the charged centers of amino acid molecules. A comparison of results obtained in this work for GuHCl and those obtained from literature for urea has shown that GuHCl has stronger interactions than urea with amino acids. This finding explained the previous experimental observations on GuHCl being a stronger denaturing agent than urea for proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00653072
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscosities of long chainn-alcohols from 15 to 80°C (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 22 (1993), S. 1033-1040 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: n-Alcohols ; viscosity ; intrinsic molar volume ; energy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Viscosities of five n-alcohols from 1-hexanol to 1-tetradecanol were determined from 15 to 80°C at 5°C intervals. Plot of the logarithm of viscosity vs. reciprocal absolute temperature were almost linear. The energies of activation for viscous flow were determined for each of the alcohols and found to increase with increase in chain length. The intrinsic molar volumes Vo were determined by extrapolation to zero fluidities. The fluidities ϕ of the alcohols were found to obey the equation $$\phi = B[(V - V_{\text{o}} )/V_{\text{o}} ]exp{\text{( - }}E_{\text{B}} /RT{\text{)}}$$ where B is a constant, V is the molar volume and E B is an energy term corresponding to the energy required for disrupting the association of the molecules. The values of E B were of the magnitude of the energy of hydrogen bond. These values decrease marginally as the chain length increase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00647727
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of mutual diffusion coefficients, densities, viscosities, and osmotic coefficients for the system KSCN-H2O at 25°C (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 21 (1992), S. 1115-1129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Mutual ; diffusion ; coefficients ; density ; viscosity ; isopiestic ; osmotic ; conductance ; potassium ; thiocyanate ; aqueous solutions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mutual diffusion coefficients measured on the volume-fixed frame of reference are reported for KSCN-H2O at 25°C over the concentration range 0.0 to 10.26 mol-dm−3. The diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution was obtained from limiting ionic equivalent conductances of K+ and SCN−. Low concentration conductances of KSCN-H2O at 25°C used to obtain the limiting ionic equivalent conductance of SCN− are reported. Values of density and viscosity for this system are reported from 0.0 to 10.30 mol-dm−3. Osmotic coefficienss of KSCN-H2O at 25°C were measured by the isopiestic method. These are reported over the concentration range of 0.30 to 24.94 molal (saturation). Values of thermodynamic diffusion coefficients for the concentration range 0.0 to 10.26 mol-dm−3 are tabulated. Results are compared to other potassium salts with monovalent anions at 25°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00651858
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Volumetric and transport properties of aerosol-OT reversed micelles containing light and heavy water (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 21 (1992), S. 323-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Reversed AOT micelles ; density ; viscosity ; water deuterium oxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Densities and viscosities of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT in-heptane system containing light and heavy water, as a function of the molar ratio R (R=[H2O or D2O]/[AOT]) were measured at 0, 5, 25 and 40°C. At low R values, the apparent molar volume of deuterium oxide is smaller than that of light water. The difference is related to the strength of the hydrogen bonding H2O and D2O. The viscosities of both H2O-AOT-n-heptane and D2O-AOT-n-heptane systems were explained in terms of intermicellar interactions mainly governed by hydration of the head groups of AOT.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00647855
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TheL 2 squeezing property for nonlinear bipolar viscous fluids (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of dynamics and differential equations 6 (1994), S. 513-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9222
    Keywords: Bipolar fluid ; viscosity ; global attractor ; squeezing property ; 76 ; 35
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A squeezing property inL 2(Ω) is established for orbits of the semigroup associated with the equations of motion of a nonlinear incompressible bipolar viscous fluid; it is assumed thatΩ=[0,L] n ,n=2 or 3,L〉0, and that the velocity vector satisfies a spatial periodicity condition. The proof depends, in an essential manner, on key estimates for both the nonlinear operator generated by the nonlinear viscosity term in the model and the time integral of theH 3(Ω) norm of the velocity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02218861
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Model system for concentrated electrolyte solutions: Thermodynamic and transport properties of ethylammonium nitrate in acetonitrile and in water (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 22 (1993), S. 1159-1178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Ethylammonium nitrate ; acetonitrile ; water ; solid-liquid phase diagram ; volume ; heat capacity ; expansibility ; conductivity ; viscosity ; ion association
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ethylammonium nitrate (ETAN), a low melting fused salt which is completely miscile in water and in many non-aqueous solvents, was used as a model system for the study of concentrated non-aqueous electrolyte solutions. Acetonitrile (AN) was chosen as a representative aprotic solvent. Some data were also obtained for water as solvent. The properties investigated over the whole mole fraction range, many as a function of temperature, were solid-liquid phase diagram, volume, heat capacity, conductivity and viscosity. Most properties in both solvents vary in a regular fashion over the whole mole fraction range and the properties at high concentration rapidly tend to those of the molten salt. The apparent volumes and heat capacities vary linearly with lnX2 over a large mole fraction range. There is evidence of significant association in AN (K A =1094 l-mol−) but not in water. The low concentration thermodynamic data were fitted with an association model using the above K A to obtain the partial molar quantities of ETAN at infinite dilution and in the associated state. These latter values are of the same magnitude as the molar quantities of the molten electrolyte.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00651697
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerical analysis of a 2-D viscous sintering problem with non-smooth boundaries (1992)
    Springer
    Computing 49 (1992), S. 239-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65R99 ; 76D07 ; Sintering ; viscosity ; boundary element method ; moving boundaries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Viskoses Sintern ist ein Prozeß, bei dem ein Granulat auf eine Temperatur gebracht wird, bei der die Viskosität des Materials niedrig genug ist, um eine Verformung und ein Zusammenfließen der Partikel zu ermöglichen; die Materialbewegung kann dabei als viskose inkompressible Newtonsche Strömung modelliert werden. Für den hier betrachteten zweidimensionalen Fall wird zur Lösung der Stokesschen Kriechflußgleichungen eine Randelementmethode für eine beliebig geformte Anfangskonfiguration verwendet. In der Arbeit zeigen wird, daß das viskose Sinterproblem als Evolutionsproblem gut konditioniert ist. Das bei jedem Zeitschritt auftretende Randwertproblem ist dagegen während der anfänglichen Stufen des Zusammenfließens schlecht konditioniert, wenn nämlich die Kontaktflächen zwischen den Partikeln noch klein sind. Die Ursache ist die möglicherweise große Krümmung der Berandung an diesen Stellen. Diese schlechte Kondition wird an einem Beispiel, dem Zusammenfließen zweier Kreise, veranschaulicht, das die wesentlichen Entwicklungsstufen des Sinterphänomens gut zeigt. Als Folge dieser schlechten Kondition muß numerisch der Verteilung und Neuverteilung der Knotenpunkte in diesen Randabschnitten besondere Sorgfalt geschenkt werden. Es wird deshalb ein Algorithmus für diese Knotenverteilung skizziert. Mehrere numerische Beispiele bestätigen die Analyse.
    Notes: Abstract By viscous sintering it is meant the process of bringing a granular compact to a temperature at which the viscosity of the material becomes low enough for surface tension to cause the particles to deform and coalesce, whereby the material transport can be modelled as a viscous incompressible newtonian volume flow. Here a two-dimensional model is considered. A Boundary Element Method is applied to solve the governing Stokes creeping flow equations for an arbitrarily initial shaped fluid region. In this paper we show that the viscous sintering problem is well-conditioned from an evolutionary point of view. However as boundary value problem at each time step, the problem is ill-conditioned when the contact surfaces of the particles are small, i.e. in the early stages of the coalescence. This is because the curvature of the boundary at those places can be very large. This ill-conditioning is illustrated by an example: the coalescence of two equal circles. This example demonstrates the main evolutionary features of the sintering phenomenon very well. A numerical consequence of this ill-conditioning is that special care has to be taken for distributing and redistributing the nodal points at these boundary parts. Therefore an algorithm for this node redistribution is outlined. Several numerical examples sustain the analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02238931
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  • 17
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    Electronic Resource
    Hydrodynamics and time correlation functions for cellular automata (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 58 (1990), S. 57-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Cellular automata ; lattice gases ; mode coupling theory ; staggered modes ; Green-Kubo relations ; viscosity ; diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Hydrodynamic excitations in lattice gas cellular automata are described in terms of equilibrium time correlation functions for the local conserved variables. For large space and time scales the linearized hydrodynamic equations are obtained to Navier-Stokes order. Exact expressions for the associated susceptibilities and transport coefficients are identified in terms of correlation functions. The general form of the time correlation functions for conserved densities in the hydrodynamic limit is given and illustrated by some examples suitable for comparison with computer simulation. The transport coefficients are related to time correlation functions for the conserved fluxes in a way analogous to the Green-Kubo expressions for continuous fluids. The general results are applied for a one-component fluid and several types of binary diffusion. Also discussed are the effects of unphysical slow modes such as staggered particle or momentum densities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020285
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  • 18
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    Reflection and transmission ofSH waves in an initially stressed medium consisting of a sandy layer lying over a fluid-saturated porous solid (1993)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 140 (1993), S. 613-628 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Propagation ; poroelastic ; viscosity ; anelasticity, dissipation, interstitial fluid, energy, parfition ; initial stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Biot's theory is employed to study the reflection and transmission ofSH waves in a sandy layer lying over a fluid-saturated porous solid half-space. The entire medium is considered under constant initial stress. Effects of sandiness, initial stress, anelasticity and viscosity of the interstitial fluid on the partitioning of energy are studied. In the presence of initial stress the incident wave starts attenuating when incider beyond a certain angle (depending upon the amount of initial stress), even if the medium is perfectly clastic. Anelasticity of the solid layer results in the dissipation of energy during transmission. The direction of attenuation vector of incident wave affects the dissipation energy to a large extent. Effect on partitioning of energy reverse at incidence after the critical angle. A complete account of energy returmed back to the underlying half-space and that which is dissipated in the overlying layer has been discussed analytically as well as numerically.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876579
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Factors controlling the lengths of channel-fed lava flows (1994)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 56 (1994), S. 108-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Hawaii ; lava ; viscosity ; rheology ; flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Factors which control lava flow length are still not fully understood. The assumption that flow length as mainly influenced by viscosity was contested by Walker (1973) who proposed that the length of a lava flow was dependent on the mean effusion rate, and by Malin (1980) who concluded that flow length was dependent on erupted volume. Our reanalysis of Malin's data shows that, if short duration and tube-fed flows are eliminated, Malin's Hawaiian flow data are consistent with Walker's assertion. However, the length of a flow can vary, for a given effusion rate, by a factor of 7, and by up to 10 for a given volume. Factors other than effusion rate and volume are therefore clearly important in controlling the lengths of lava flows. We establish the relative importance of the other factors by performing a multivariate analysis of data for recent Hawaiian lava flows. In addition to generating empirical equations relating flow length to other variables, we have developed a non-isothermal Bingham flow model. This computes the channel and levee width of a flow and hence permits the advance rates of flows and their maximum cooling-limited lengths for different gradients and effusion rates to be calculated. Changing rheological properties are taken into account using the ratio of yield strength to viscosity; available field measurements show that this varies systematically from the vent to the front of a lava flow. The model gives reasonable agreement with data from the 1983–1986 Pu'u ‘O’o eruptions and the 1984 eruption of Mauna Loa. The method has also been applied to andesitic and rhyolitic lava flows. It predicts that, while the more silicic lava flows advance at generally slower rates than basaltic flows, their maximum flow lengths, for a given effusion rate, will be greater than for basaltic lava flows.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304106
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  • 20
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    Transport coefficients of argon, nitrogen, oxygen, argon-nitrogen, and argon-oxygen plasmas (1994)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 14 (1994), S. 451-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Transport coefficients ; transport properties ; viscosity ; thermal conductivity ; electrical conductivity ; diffusion coefficient ; Chapman Enskog method ; argon ; nitrogen ; oxygen ; plasma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Calculated values of the viscosity, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity of argon, nitrogen, and oxygen plasmas, and mixtures of argon anti nitrogen and of argon anti oxygen, are presented. In addition, combined ordinary, pressure, and thermal diffusion coefficients are given for the gas mixtures. These three combined diffusion coefficients fully describe di fusion of the two gases, irrespective of their degree of dissociation or ionizati on. The calculations, which assume local thermodynamic equilibrium, are performed! for atmospheric-pressure plasmas in the temperature range /torn 300 to 30,000 K. A number of the collision integrals used in calculating the transport coefficients are significantly more accurate than values used in previous theoretical studies, resulting in more reliable values of the transport coefficients. The results are compared with those of published theoretical and experimental studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01570207
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  • 21
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    Spinnability and rheological properties of sols derived from Si(OC2H5)4 and Zr(O-nC3H7)4 solutions (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 1 (1994), S. 267-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: sol-gel method ; spinnability ; fiber ; viscosity ; molecular weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The shape of the polymers in the mixed alkoxide solutions of Si(OC2H5)4 and Zr(n-OC3H7)4 with various water contents (1, 2, 4, and 8 in molar ratio to alkoxide, r) and catalysts was examined by rheological measurements, and its relation with fiber drawing behavior of the solutions was described. It was found that fibers could be drawn in the viscosity range 1–100 P from the acid-catalyzed solutions with lower water contents of the molar ratio H2O/alkoxide, r≤2. On the other hand, no fiber could be drawn from the acid-catalyzed solutions including a large amount of water (r≥4) and the base-catalyzed solutions. The relation between the intrinsic viscosity [η] and the number average molecular weight Mn, namely [η]=KM n a , has shown that the acid-catalyzed spinnable solutions (r=1 and 2) have linear polymers where the exponent a's are about 0.56 and 0.81, whereas non-spinnable solutions (r=4 and 8) have three dimensional network polymers or spherical particles where the exponent a's are 0.41–0.51 and 0.35.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00486169
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    Fluorescence probes of viscosity: A comparative study of the fluorescence anisotropy decay of perylene and 3,9-dibromoperylene in glycerol (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of fluorescence 3 (1993), S. 247-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4994
    Keywords: Fluorescence anisotropy decay ; rotational diffusion ; viscosity ; perylene ; 3,9-dibromoperylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The authors compare the results of fluorescence anisotropy decay measurements for glycerol solutions of perylene with those of 3,9-dibromoperylene (DBP). For both molecules a good linear dependence is observed between the glycerol viscosity (varied by temperature) and the longer rotational correlation time obtained as a result of a global (using data obtained at 256- and 430-nm excitation wavelengths) biexponential analysis of the fluorescence anisotropy decay, at least in the range of 7–60 P for perylene and 4–60 P for DBP. This significantly extends the reported range of 0.5 to 150 cP investigated by Williams and Ben-Amotz [1] with the probe BTBP.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00865272
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    ESR analysis of proton transfer in viscous media (1992)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 41 (1992), S. 1563-1566 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: proton transfer ; 3,6-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyphenoxyl ; activation parameters ; ion pairs ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the viscosity of a toluene solution, with addition of Vaseline oil, on the kinetics of proton transfer from 3,6-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyphenoxyl to triethylamine was analyzed by the ESR technique. Activation barriers of the reaction do not correlate with the viscosity's activation energy in these systems. The effects studied were attributed to van der Waals solvation of partners by long molecules of the Vaseline oil alkanes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00863573
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    Leveling of reactivity for intramolecular radical substitution reactions in viscous media (1994)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 43 (1994), S. 313-315 
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    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: reactivity ; radicals ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A leveling of the reactivity was found for intramolecular radical reactions in substituted 2-oxyphenoxyls in viscous media. A comparison of rate constants in toluene, hexane, pentane, and vaseline oil shows that fast reactions are decelerated more rapidly than slow reactions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00695840
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    Effect of ethidium bromide on viscosity of chromatin isolated from normal and denervated rat liver (1990)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 110 (1990), S. 1639-1641 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: ethidium bromide ; chromatin ; viscosity ; liver ; denervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00842582
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    Spectral viscosity for convection dominated flow (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of scientific computing 9 (1994), S. 137-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7691
    Keywords: Convection-diffusion ; singular perturbation ; spectral ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract A stabilized treatment of convection dominated flow problems with a high order spectral viscosity method is presented. This method stabilizes the spectral scheme and remains the high spectral accuracy by introducing some viscosity only to the highest Fourier or Chebyshev modes. In the practical computation the method is employed to the Chebyshev pseudospectral (or collocation) discretization of some singular perturbation problems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01578384
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    Altruism in viscous populations — an inclusive fitness model (1992)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 6 (1992), S. 352-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: altruism ; inclusive fitness ; competition ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A viscous population (Hamilton, 1964) is one in which the movement of organisms from their place of birth is relatively slow. This viscosity has two important effects: one is that local interactions tend to be among relatives, and the other is that competition for resources tends to be among relatives. The first effect tends to promote and the second to oppose the evolution of altruistic behaviour. In a simulation model of Wilsonet al. (1992) these two factors appear to exactly balance one another, thus opposing the evolution of local altruistic behaviour. Here I show, with an inclusive fitness model, that the same result holds in a patchstructured population.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02270971
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    Role of ionic species and valency on the steady shear behavior of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide solutions (1990)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 268 (1990), S. 911-920 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polyacrylamide ; ionicvalency ; viscosity ; salteffect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Polyacrylamides are anionic polymers with a large number of charges along the polymer chains. The rheological properties of aqueous polyacrylamide solutions can be significantly modified by varying the solvent environment with the addition of salt. The presence of cations substantially reduces the inter- and intra-molecular interactions of the macroions. It was found that the valency of the cation has a strong effect on the rheological behavior of polyacrylamide solutions, but the size and type of salt have a negligible effect. The reduction in the solution viscosity with di-valent salts (e.g., CaCl2, MgCl2, BaCl2, and MgSO4) can be as high as an order of magnitude compared with mono-valent salt (KI, KC1, NaCl, and NaBr), depending on the salt concentration and shear rate. An identical viscosity function can be obtained for different types of polyacrylamide solutions by varying the salt content in solution. This interesting feature provides a useful means in the development and preparation of certain “ideal fluids” for simulation studies of complex flow problems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01469369
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    Electrokinetics of structured interfaces with polymer depletion — a theoretical study (1993)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 271 (1993), S. 930-939 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polymer depletion ; electrophoresis ; viscosity ; charged surface layer ; structured interfaces
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of a depletion layer formed in an aqueous solution of nonadsorbing water soluble polymers on the electrophoretic mobility of a particle coated with a charged layer (hairly layer model) was theoretically studied. A final equation is given which describes the mobility as a function of the depletion layer parameters. It was shown that depletion led to an increase of the mobility due to the reduced viscosity in the depletion layer. In most cases the effect of the spatial distribution of charges worked in the opposite direction. The depletion layer effect depended on ionic strength.
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    Potentiometric and viscometric study of the alkalization of latex dispersions of ethyl acrylate — methacrylic acid copolymers in the presence of salt (1994)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 272 (1994), S. 191-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Latex dispersions ; ethyl acrylate ; methacrylic acid copolymers ; alkalization ; dissociation constant ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The behavior of latices of ethyl acrylate — methacrylic acid copolymers during alkalization was investigated using potentiometric titration and viscometry. In the presence of NaCl in dispersion medium pH and viscosity were lower compared to salt-free dispersions. Due to strong electrostatic interactions at low salt concentration the apparent dissociation constant of the carboxylic groups is small and the polymer segments bearing these groups are in extended conformations. The screening effect at higher salt concentration increases the apparent dissociation constant and decreases the extension of the polymer segments. The pH and viscosity of latex dispersions alkalized in the presence of salt are thus smaller.
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    Micellar properties and growth of cationic fluorocarbon surfactant; diethanolheptadecafluoro-2-undecanolmethylammonium chloride (1992)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 270 (1992), S. 927-934 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Rod-like micelle ; cationicfluorocarbon surfactant ; dynamiclightscattering ; electricbirefringence ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The micellar properties of a cationic fluorocarbon surfactant, diethanolheptadecafluoro-2-undecanolmethylammonium chloride (DEFUMAC), are studied by surface tension, fluorescence of pyrene-3-carboxaldehyde (PCA), and electric conductivity measurements. These measurements indicate that DEFUMAC solution provides a low surface tension and that its micelles present higher polar conditions under PCA than do cationic hydrocarbon surtactant micelles. Moreover, the micellar elongation induced by increasing concentrations of salt and surfactant concentration is observed by use of dynamic light scattering, transient electric birefringence, and viscosity measurements. The elongation by addition of salt can be explained by a multiple equilibrium description, while the elongation by increasing surfactant concentration is rapid above a particular concentration, viz. second CMC. Consequently, DEFUMAC micelle elongates more rapidly than do corresponding cationic hydrocarbon surfactants with chloride counterion.
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    Temperature dependence of viscosity for sucrose laurate/water micellar systems (1993)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 271 (1993), S. 600-606 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Sucrose ester ; micelles ; viscosity ; specific viscosity ; shearthinning behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The viscous behavior of sucrose laurate aqueous systems of high hydrophilic-lipophilic balance up to a 50% (wt) surfactant concentration at temperatures between 5°C and 60°C has been studied. Systems up to a 45% (wt) surfactant concentration show Newtonian behavior. The influence of temperature was studied using the activated diffusive relaxation model described by Goodwin. A maximum specific viscosity that appears at lower temperature as sucrose laurate concentration increases can be observed. These results are related to the micellar growth of the sucrose laurate aggregates as temperature rises. More concentrated systems show complex viscous response. Thus, a limit viscosity at low shear rates and a shear-thinning behavior after a critical shear rate are observed. Limit viscosity decreases and critical shear rate increases as temperature rises. This behavior is related to the threshold micelle concentration for entanglement of rod-like micelles.
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    Studies of the wetting kinetics of liquid drops on solid surfaces (1993)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 271 (1993), S. 680-687 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Surface tension ; viscosity ; dynamic contact angle ; sessile drop ; video image digitization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The viscosityη L and the surface tensionγ L of the liquid as well as the equilibrium contact angleθ e are essential parameters governing the wetting kinetics of liquids on solids. By means of a contact angle apparatus with video image digitization, the dynamic contact angle θ and the radiusr of the contact area of sessile drops on solid surfaces have simultaneously been determined in dependence on time after drop application between about 3·10−2 s and long times. The measurements were performed with series of liquids: polydimethylsiloxanes with different molecular masses and solutions of polyisobutylene in decalin and polyacrylic acid in water, covering a wide range of concentrations. The liquids in each series have a constant surface tension, but viscosities ranging over about four orders of magnitude, allowing the influence ofη L andγ L to be studied independently. Solids such as glass, polyethylene and polytetrafluoroethylene were chosen so that the cases of complete wetting (spreading) and partial wetting (θ e) could be studied. The curves of cosθ andr/R 0 vs. time for the different liquids of a series can be superimposed to a master curve by plotting them againstγ L·tη L·R 0, whereR 0 is the radius of the original drop. All these master curves coincide at small wetting times, with exception of the data for the polysiloxanes. That means that the early stage of the wetting process is determined only by the properties of the wetting liquid. The influence of the solid surface, characterized by the equilibrium contact angleθ e becomes significant only at the end of the wetting process.
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    Hydrophobically end-capped poly (ethylene oxide) urethanes. Part 3: Effect of sodium dodecyl sulphate on their association in aqueous solution (1993)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 271 (1993), S. 748-758 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Autoassociative polymers ; hydrophobically end-capped poly(ethylene oxide) ; urethanes ; sodium dodecyl sulphate ; conductivity ; fluorescence ; viscosity ; interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The interactions between sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and three autoassociative polymers (hydrophobically end-capped poly(ethylene oxide) urethanes) are studied by conductimetry, fluorescence, and viscometry. By the first two techniques the interactions are found to increase with the hydrophobicity of the polymer and to be stronger than those observed for a polyethylene oxide (PEO) of the same order of molecular weight. The results seem to be consistent with a model where SDS micelles are formed around hydrophobic chain ends in a first stage, and along the main chain in a second stage. For the more hydrophobic sample already self-aggregated in water and of relatively large reduced viscosity, the addition of SDS induces a loss in viscosity contrary to the less hydrophobic ones and PEO. Such effect may be attributed to the destruction of the chain end association by the formation of SDS micelles around one end in the first stage of the interaction.
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    Surfactant stabilised colloidal cholesterol (1993)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 271 (1993), S. 793-798 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Cholesterol colloids ; surfactants ; surface charge ; zeta potential ; stability ; shape ; size ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Cholesterol colloids stabilised by Tween 20 (Colloid I), SDS-Et4 NBr (Colloid II), and CTAB-Nac (Colloid III) were prepared. Moving boundary electrophoresis established Colloid III to be positively charged with a zeta potential of 12.2 mV. Addition of 5 mmol dm−3 Na2SO4 and 0.1 mmol dm−3 bilirubin dye (Na-salt) decreased the zeta potential to 9.7 mV and 9.5 mV, respectively, by screening the surface charge of the colloidal particles. Higher concentrations of Na2SO4 and bilirubin (Na-salt) made making electrophoretic measurements difficult, and such a situation was also faced in the case of Colloid II even without external addition of an electrolyte. Addition of several electrolytes revealed that Colloids II and II were coagulated by the neutralisation of their positive charge, but Colloid I was destabilised by salting-out effect. Measured intrinsic viscosity values and electron microscopic measurements supported overall spherical shape of the colloid particles. Colloid II exibited structural viscosity; higher concentration of NaSO4 decreased the viscosities of Colloid II and II by electroviscous effect which helped indirect determination of the electrokinetic potential (23.7 mV) of Colloid II.
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    Excluded volume and hydrodynamic properties of polystyrene in non-ideal solvents (1993)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 30 (1993), S. 579-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Keywords: polystyrene ; hydrodynamic ; excluded volume ; binary solvents ; viscosity ; θ-condition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract At 298 K, intrinsic viscosity [η], has been measured for fifteen polystyrene, PS, samples of different relative molar masses M in pure toluene T, and seven different binary solvents. These solvents were toluene / methanol (MeOH) mixtures having different volume fractions of MeOH. The θ-composition for the binary solvent system was found to be 77% T / 23% MeOH at 298 K. The dependance of excluded volume of polymer molecules on M and the solvation power was demonstrated. A constant value of 0.633 nm for the effective unit length, b, was obtained under θ-condition. Meanwhile a non-constancy of b, obtained in case of thermodynamically good solvents, was attributed to the neglect of excluded volume effect.
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    Approach to hydrodynamic equilibrium and its time dependence in the system EHEC/SDS/Water (1994)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 272 (1994), S. 338-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Time dependence ; viscosity ; ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose ; sodium dodecyl sulphate ; overlap concentration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The properties of the system EHEC/SDS/water in solution show considerable time dependence during several hours after preparation. The paper discusses various reasons for this time dependence. Similar time dependence in polymer solutions has been observed elsewhere. It is found that although the system properties vary, a true equilibrium is finally attained for all compositions. The most pronounced time dependence is shown in a region close to and above the CMC of a pure surfactant solution and for polymer concentrations at least equal to the critical overlap concentration. It is proposed that part of the explanation resides in the fact that in the solution preparation there appears intermediate states corresponding to high local polymer concentrations. Some quantitative aspects of the time dependence are also discussed.
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    Gel dispersed liquid crystals (1994)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 272 (1994), S. 1151-1156 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Gel dispersed LC ; microemulsion based gel ; surfactant-cosurfactant ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Microemulsion based gels (MBG) can be used as carrier materials for dispersed thermotropic liquid crystals (LC). The viscosity of the carrier material can be specifically changed by varying the gelatin content. The LC droplet sizes and their distribution in the MBG system are influenced by both the ratio between AOT surfactant and alcohol co-surfactant and the length of the carbon chain of the co-surfactant. LC droplets without or with only a small amount of alcohol co-surfactant have the same droplet size and show a radial structure.
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    Improved shake-flask test for the screening of xanthan-producing microorganisms (1993)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1993), S. 122-124 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Shake-flask ; viscosity ; xanthan ; Xanthomonas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Baffled 500 ml Erlenmeyer flasks were compared with conventional 2800 ml Fernbach flasks forXanthomonas campestris to produce xanthan. Bacterial growth rates were similar in both types of flask although the Fernbach flasks gave higher biomass concentrations. Xanthan production was similar in both types of flasks but different viscosities were attained. On a weight basis, the xanthan produced in baffled flasks was up to three times more viscous and more pseudoplastic or ‘shear thinning’. For screening purposes, baffled flasks are better because the rheological quality of the gum produced in them is more like that obtained in stirred fermentors than the gum from Fernbach flasks and considerably less shaker space is required, thus allowing a larger number of tests to be performed.
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    Stable suspension fertilizers from monoammonium phosphate (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 26 (1990), S. 107-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Fluorine ; fluorosilicic acid ; MAP ; viscosity ; pourability ; impurities ; iron ; aluminum ; magnesium ; calcium ; total cations ; gel ; phosphate ; grade ; ratio ; batch ; fluid fertilizers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Research studies conducted at the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) have shown that the addition of fluoride ion can improve the physical properties of suspension fertilizers made from monoammonium phosphate (MAP) containing metallic impurities. In the past, compounds of high cost, such as ammonium fluoride or bifluoride, have been used as the source of fluorine. Because of the cost of these compounds, a study was carried out using fluorosilicic acid, which is a by-product of the phosphate fertilizer industry, as the fluorine source in the production of suspension fertilizers from MAP. In the study, three commercial MAPs of medium- to high-impurity levels were evaluated. The experimental data showed improvements in both viscosity and pourability of 10-30-0 (N-P2O5-K2O) and 11-33-0 grade suspensions made from 11-52-0 grade MAPs using as little as 0.6% fluorine added as fluorosilicic acid. Products of grades 10-30-0 and 11-33-0 (fluorine added) had satisfactory storage at both 27 and 38°C for up to 90 days, while the control sample (no fluorine added) had satisfactory storage for only 30 days at 27°C and less than 15 days at 38°C.
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    Amorphous solid-like distribution of polydisperse particles of colloidal clay and microcrystalline cellulose in deionized suspension (1990)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 268 (1990), S. 1159-1166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Amorphoussolid ; bentonite ; microcrystallinecellulose ; ultramicroscopy ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A metallurgical microscope is used to directly observe the amorphous solid-like structures of deionized suspensions of highly polydispersed colloids in sedimentation equilibrium. The colloids used are colloidal clay of bentonite and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). The two-dimensional distance distribution functions of the amorphous solid-like structures at relatively diluted and concentrated suspensions resemble those of the liquid-like and gas-like structures of monodispersed spheres, respectively. The center-to-center interparticle distances (D) in the amorphous solid-like structures are explained by the effective hard-sphere model; a colloidal particle is coated with electrical double layers. The maximum length of the width of the double layers (Debye length,D 1) observed is ca. 1μn at very dilute suspensions.D andD 1 continue to decrease as the initial concentration of the particles increases, and from these data rigidities are estimated to be 0.12 and 0.09 Pa for bentonite and MCC suspensions, respectively. The log [viscosity] of bentonite suspensions begins to increase linearly as log [shear rate] decreases with a slope close to −1, which supports the solid-like nature of the suspensions. These experimental results show that electrostatic interparticle repulsion and the elongated Debye-screening length around the particles are both essential for the appearance of the amorphous solid-like structures.
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    Micellar solutions in shear: Viscosity and normal stress (1992)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 270 (1992), S. 1130-1134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Rheology of micellar solutions ; viscosity ; normal stress ; shear flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract We apply a recent non-equilibrium statistical mechanical theory for nonionic micellar solutions to study their viscoelastic properties. It is shown that shear-induced growth in average micellar size does not lead to the shear-thickening observed experimentally in ionic micellar systems, suggesting that intermicelle electrostatic interactions may be responsible for the viscosity build-up. Instead, we find shear thinning and gradual increase of normal stress throughout the studied range of shear rates.
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    Determination of the viscometric constants for chitosan and the application of universal calibration procedure in its gel permeation chromatography (1993)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 271 (1993), S. 76-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Chitosan ; molecular weight ; light scattering ; viscosity ; gel permeation chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The viscometric constantsa andK in the Mark-Houwink equation were determined in 0.5 M acetic acid-0.5 M.sodium acetate solution for chitosan fractionated by gel filtration. The weight-average molecular weight of each fraction was measured by the light-scattering method. The values obtained area=0.59 andK=0.119 cm3 g−1. The molecular weightsMw andMn for fractionated chitosan were measured by GPC. The value ofMw by GPC was much different from that by light scattering and, therefore, a universal calibration procedure was applied to the data by GPC. It was concluded that, also in the case of a cationic polysaccharide such as chitosan, the universal calibration procedure is effective for obtaining the reliable molecular weight by GPC.
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    Viscosity of some clay-based coating colors at high shear rates (1990)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 29 (1990), S. 352-359 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Coatingcolors ; viscosity ; clay ; solids content ; carboxymethyl cellulose ; particle size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The shear viscosity of clay-based coating colors containing latex and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) has been measured over a relatively large shearrate region. In the shear-rate range of 50–1500 s−1 the measurements were performed using a rotational viscometer and, at higher shear rates extending into the region 105 − 106 s−1, a high pressure capillary viscometer was employed. The viscosity of the clay colors increased with increasing CMC-concentration, but the influence of the CMC-content was less pronounced at higher shear rates. The apparent shear-thinning behavior of the investigated colors could, in part, be attributed to the shear-thinning of the corresponding polymer (CMC) solution constituting the liquid phase of the color, but the influence of another factor was also indicated. At low shear rates, the interaction between the color components can produce relatively high viscosity levels, but in the high shear rate region these interactions appear to be less important for the viscosity level. It is also of interest to note that the viscosity dependence on the solids content in the high shear-rate region could be described with reasonable accuracy using an empirical equation neglecting interactions between the color components.
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    Rheological characterization of bimodal colloidal dispersions (1994)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 33 (1994), S. 165-174 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Colloidal suspensions ; bimodal dispersion ; viscosity ; dynamic moduli ; steric stabilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In order to investigate the effect of the particle size distribution on the rheological properties of concentrated colloidal dispersions both steady-state shear and oscillatory measurements have been performed on well-characterized bimodal dispersions of sterically stabilized PMMA particles. Replacing a minor amount of large particles by small ones in a concentrated dispersion, keeping the total effective volume fraction constant, decreases the viscosity quite drastically. On the other hand, replacing a small amount of small particles by big ones hardly effects the viscosity at all. This behavior can be attributed to the deformability of the stabilizing polymer layer. A procedure is proposed to calculate the limiting viscosities in a bimodal colloidal dispersion starting from the characteristics of the monodisperse systems. A good agreement has been obtained between the calculated values and the experimental results. The linear viscoelastic properties of the concentrated dispersions have been investigated by means of oscillatory measurements. The plateau values of the storage modulus for the bimodal dispersions decrease with an increasing fraction of the coarse particles. By substituting the bimodal dispersion by an equivalent monodisperse system the storage modulus can be superimposed on the values for the monodisperse suspensions when plotted as a function of the mean interparticle distance.
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    An experimental study of exit pressures for polymer melts (1990)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 29 (1990), S. 60-70 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Exitpressure ; first normalstress difference ; viscosity ; polymermelts ; slitdie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A slit die apparatus is used to measure exit pressures for five different polymer melts. Viscosity data obtained from the same apparatus agree well with values obtained from a cone-and-plate rheometer or a capillary rheometer. Except for a PVC sample where thermal degradation was found to occur, the exit pressures obtained by linear extrapolation of the measured pressure profiles are all positive, and increase with increasing shear stress. The values of the first normal stress difference calculated according to the exit pressure theory are of the right order of magnitude and in some cases correlate satisfactorily with values measured in a cone-and-plate rheometer. However, the high sensitivity of the exit pressure values to the method of extrapolation and the wild scatter of exit pressure data for some materials make it difficult to use the exit pressure method as a routine procedure for accurate determination of the first normal stress difference.
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    The effect of pH, ionic strength, and temperature on the rheology and stability of aqueous clay suspensions (1993)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 32 (1993), S. 263-269 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Aqueous clay suspensions ; suspension stability ; viscosity ; ionic strength
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of pH level, ionic strength, and temperature on the theology and stability of aqueous suspensions of attapulgite clay was systematically investigated. A Rheometrics Mechanical Spectrometer with cone and plate fixtures was used to measure the steady shear viscosity of the system. The edge charges of the clay particles can be adjusted by changing the pH level of the suspending medium so as to influence the flocculation state and, consequently, the rheological behavior of the suspension. This pH effect may be counteracted by the ionic strength effect at both very high and very low pH levels where the ionic strength is high enough to cause flocculation of the electrostatically stabilized suspension. The temperature effect study indicates that the relative contribution of Brownian motion and shear flow to the viscosity is dependent on the flocculation state of the suspension.
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    Rheology of suspensions of rodlike particles (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 62 (1991), S. 1073-1094 
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    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Rheology ; rods ; viscosity ; aspect ratio ; suspension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Suspensions of rigid rodlike particles in Newtonian suspending fluids are considered. We discuss the dependence of the relative viscosityμ r upon the volume fraction of particlesϕ, their aspect ratioa r, and the particle orientation distribution when the particles are sufficiently large that hydrodynamic forces are dominant. Theoretical results are reviewed for a variety of long slender particles. Experimental results obtained using classical rheometrical techniques are discussed. It is shown that whena r⩽25, data from several laboratories agree and they indicate thatμ r depends more strongly uponϕ thana r. Previous experimental results using falling ball rheometry are discussed as well as some more recent findings. These are shown to provide insights heretofore unavailable into the macroscopic rheology of suspensions of randomly oriented and oriented rods.
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    Note on transport processes in dense colloidal suspensions (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 63 (1991), S. 241-248 
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    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Transport coefficients ; cage diffusion ; viscosity ; colloidal suspensions ; hard-sphere fluids ; intermediate scattering function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new approach to transport processes in dense charged as well as neutral colloidal suspensions is presented. It is based on a far-reaching analogy between dense colloidal suspensions and dense hard-sphere fluids, implying, in turn, an analogy with atomic liquids. As a result, new expressions valid for a number of colloidal transport coefficients are predicted.
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    Transport phenomena in a plane shock wave (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 64 (1991), S. 429-436 
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    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Shock wave ; Boltzmann equation ; Mott-Smith theory ; nonpolynomial closure ; transverse temperature ; viscosity ; thermal conductivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract With the use of the nonpolynomial closure 1/ν z in the Mott-Smith approximation of the solution of the Boltzmann equation, we obtain a value of the density gradient in the limit of a very weak shock wave that is close to the correct value. For the determination of the transverse temperature gradient we calculated theν x 2 /ν z moment of the Mott-Smith collision integral. The effective values of viscosity and thermal conductivity in the limit of a very weak shock wave were calculated for inverse-power potentials and found to agree almost exactly with the Chapman-Enskog values. Such a comparison can serve as a criterion for the evaluation of different bimodal theories. Various bimodal theories give different values of viscosity and thermal conductivity, but all of them give 33 % too high a value of the Eucken ratio.
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    Characteristics and mechanisms of electrorheological fluids (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 64 (1991), S. 1073-1091 
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    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Electrorheology ; yield stress ; Bingham solid ; viscoelasticity ; dielectric constant ; electric field ; fibrous structure ; dipole moment ; suspension ; attractive force ; viscosity ; Mason number
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Electrorheological (ER) fluids consist of suspensions of fine polarizable particles in a dielectric medium, which upon application of an electric field take on the characteristics of a solid in times of the order of milliseconds and reversibly return to liquid behavior upon removal of the field. The rheology, electrical characteristics, and structure of typical ER fluids are here reviewed. The proposed mechanisms and their accord with experimental data are discussed. Some directions for future research are mentioned.
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    Nonequilibrium Brownian dynamics simulations of shear thinning in concentrated colloidal suspensions (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 62 (1991), S. 1239-1253 
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    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Colloidal suspensions ; viscosity ; shear thinning ; Brownian dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of interparticle forces on shear thinning in concentrated aqueous and nonaqueous colloidal suspensions was studied using nonequilibrium Brownian dynamics. Hydrodynamic interactions among particles were neglected. Systems of 108 particles were studied at volume fractionsφ of 0.2 and 0.4. For the nonaqueous systems, shear thinning could be correlated with the gradual breakup of small flocs present because of the weak, attractive secondary minimum in the interparticle potential. At the highest shear rate forφ=0.4, the particles were organized into a hexagonally packed array of strings. For the strongly repulsive aqueous systems, the viscosity appeared to be a discontinuous function of the shear rate. Forφ=0.4, this discontinuity coincided with a transition from a disordered state to a lamellar structure for the suspension.
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    Modeling of concentrated suspensions (1991)
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    Journal of statistical physics 62 (1991), S. 1225-1237 
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    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Concentrated suspension ; volume averaging ; viscosity ; stress tensor ; lubrication approximation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The constitutive equation of a concentrated suspension of spherical particles in a Newtonian medium is derived. To this end the method of local volume averaging is employed. To calculate the contribution of the particles to the stress tensor it is assumed that the stress generated in the interstitial holes between the particles is negligible compared to the stress generated in !he narrow gaps separating the particles. The use of the resulting expression is demonstrated with two examples on a cubical arrangement of particles: pure shear and simple shear. Furthermore, the validity of the lubrication approximation employed in this work is checked against the results derived by Nunan and Keller for periodic suspensions.
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    Thermodynamic and transport properties of 1, 2-dichloroethane (1990)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 11 (1990), S. 835-861 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: compressibility ; dichloroethane ; diffusion ; high pressure ; p, V, T, data ; rough hard sphere ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract (p, V, T) data for dichloroethane (DCE) have been obtained at 278.15, 288.15, 298.15, 313.15, 323.15, and 338.15 K for pressures either slightly below the freezing pressure or up to a maximum of 280 M Pa, together with densities at 0.1 MPa. A high-pressure self-centering falling-body viscometer method has been used to measure shear viscosities at 278.15, 288.15, 298.15, 313.15, and 323.15 K for pressures either slightly below the freezing pressure or up to a maximum of 330 MPa. Self-diffusion coefficients for DCE are reported at 278.15, 288.15, 298.15, and 313.15 K for maximum pressures up to 300 MPa. Isothermal compressibilities, isobaric expansivities, and internal pressures have been evaluated from the volumetric data. The shear viscosities and self-diffusion coefficients have been interpreted in terms of a modified rough hard-spheres theory. The anomalous behavior observed for p-V-T, shear viscosities, and self diffusion at higher temperatures and pressures is suspected to be the result of temperature and pressure altering the population ratio of the two molecular conformers, trans and gauche.
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    Viscosity and thermal conductivity of alkali metal vapors at temperatures up to 2000 K (1991)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 12 (1991), S. 85-103 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: cesium vapor ; lithium vapor ; sodium vapor ; thermal conductivity ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract New experimental data were obtained on transport coefficients of alkali metals in gaseous phase at high temperatures and within the pressure range from about 10 to about 100 kPa: lithium—thermal conductivity, T= 1400–1800 K, and viscosity, T=1600–2000 K; sodium-viscosity, T= 1100–1500 K; and cesiumviscosity, T=900–1250 K. Viscosity of the alkali metal vapors has been measured using a stationary-technique viscometer with an annular gap. Thermal conductivity was measured by the method of the nonstationary monotonous heating. Experimental data were used as a basis for computing effective atomatom and atom-molecule collision cross section, the values obtained from data on viscosity being in good agreement with those derived from thermal conductivity data. In the case of lithium, the atom-atom cross sections yielded by experiments are fairly consistent with the results of calculations with exact formulae of kinetic theory on the basis of quantum-mechanical potential curves for atom-atom interactions. This has enabled the authors to compile consistent tables of viscosities and thermal conductivities for lithium in a gaseous phase within the temperature range from 800 to 2500 K and pressures from 0.5 to 800 kPa, including the saturation curve.
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    Viscosity measurements of molten LiCl in the temperature range 886–1275 K (1991)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 12 (1991), S. 223-230 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: lithium chloride ; molten salt ; oscillating-cup viscometer ; viscosity
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The viscosity of molten lithium chloride has been measured with an oscillating-cup viscometer in the temperature range from 886 to 1275 K along the saturation line. Lithium chloride has been proposed as a heat-transfer fluid for high-temperature applications. Previously reported viscosity data for lithium chloride show sizable discrepancies. The accuracy of the present measurements is estimated as ±2.0%.
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    Research on thermophysical properties of fluids at the Grozny Petroleum Institute (USSR) (1990)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 11 (1990), S. 239-250 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: density ; hydrocarbons ; petroleum products ; specific heat ; surface tension ; thermal conductivity ; viscosity
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A brief survey is presented of the thermophysical properties of petroleum, petroleum products, hydrocarbons, and their mixtures and of other working fluids that are being investigated at the Grozny Petroleum Institute in the USSR. The properties include density, specific heat, surface tension, thermal conductivity, and viscosity. A list of references with the relevant information is included.
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    The initial density dependence of transport properties: Noble gases (1991)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 12 (1991), S. 27-42 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: noble gases ; second transport virial coefficients ; thermal conductivity ; viscosity
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The usual procedure that the transport properties at atmospheric pressure are identified with values in the limit of zero density cannot be accepted for all reduced temperatures T *. It is shown in the framework of the Rainwater-Friend theory for noble gases, as a good example, that for T *〈1 the effect of the initial density dependence has different signs for viscosity and thermal conductivity and amounts to a few percent, when data at atmospheric pressure are compared with zero-density values. An improved representation of the monomer-dimer contribution to the second transport virial coefficients of the Rainwater-Friend theory is presented in the paper. This is based, among others, on the author's own experimental data of the initial density dependence of viscosity of polytomic gases.
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    Viscosity of saturated liquid fluorocarbon refrigerants from 273 to 353 K (1991)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 12 (1991), S. 105-117 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: capillary viscometer ; fluorocarbons ; refrigerants ; viscosity
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Viscosity measurements were carried out on saturated liquid fluorocarbon refrigerants using an improved capillary viscometer for 11 kinds of fluorocarbon refrigerants; CCl3F (R11), CCl2F2 (R12), CHClF2 (R22), CBrF3 (R13B1), CH3CHF2 (R152a), CCl2FCClF2 (R113), CHCl2CF3 (R123), CHClFCClF2 (R123a), CH3CF3 (R143a), CClF2CCl2F2 (R114), and CH2FCF3 (R134a), in the temperature range from 273 to 353 K. An equation is given to represent the viscosity as a function of temperature.
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    Initial density dependence of experimental viscosities and of calculated diffusion coefficients of the binary vapor mixtures methanol-benzene and methanol-cyclohexane (1991)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 12 (1991), S. 469-490 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: binary diffusion coefficient ; gas mixtures ; methanol-benzene ; methanol-cyclohexane ; viscosity
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The paper reports experimental results for the viscosity of the vapor mixtures methanol-benzene (five mole fractions with densities up to 1.5kg·m−3 and 0.022 mol·L −1) and methanol-cyclohexane (four mole fractions with densities up to 1.9kg·m−3 and 0.026 mol·L −1). In analogy to the pure components, the measurements on the mixtures were carried out with an oscillating-disk viscometer with small gaps, completely made of quartz, beginning as near as possible to room temperature and continuing to a maximum temperature of 630 K. A first evaluation by means of the Chapman-Enskog theory of dilute gases has shown differences in the resulting values of the interaction viscosity η ij (0) in the limit of zero density exceeding the experimental errors. Consistent results were obtained by taking into account the initial density dependence of the viscosity within the framework of the modified Enskog theory for gaseous mixtures. The values of η ij (0) were also used to estimate binary diffusion coefficients of the mixtures.
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    Correlation of high-pressure thermal conductivity, viscosity, and diffusion coefficients for n-alkanes (1990)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 11 (1990), S. 863-873 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: diffusion ; hard-sphere theory ; n-alkanes ; thermal conductivity ; viscosity
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Thermal conductivity, viscosity, and self-diffusion coefficient data for liquid n-alkanes are satisfactorily correlated simultaneously by a method based on the hard-sphere theory of transport properties. Universal curves are developed for the reduced transport properties λ *, η *, and D * as a function of the reduced volume. A consistent set of equations is derived for the characteristic volume and for the parameters R λ, R η, and R D, introduced to account for the nonsphericity and roughness of the molecules. The temperature range of the above scheme extends from 110 to 370 K, and the pressure range up to 650 MPa.
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    Accurate transport properties and second virial coefficients for helium based on a state-of-the art interatomic potential (1991)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 12 (1991), S. 837-854 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: diffusion ; helium ; thermal conductivity ; thermal diffusion ; transport properties ; virials ; viscosity
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Second virial coefficients and transport properties of helium are presented based on a state-of-the-art interatomic potential which was constructed with the use of a multiproperty fit. The experimental potential employed to produce these properties accurately reproduces a wide range of bulk and microscopic data and agrees well with ab initio calculations which were not available at the time of its construction. Virial coefficients of 3He and 4He are presented from 2 to 600 K, and transport properties of pure 3He and 4He gases and 3He-4He mixtures are presented from 5 to 6000 K.
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    Viscosities of nonelectrolyte liquid mixtures. I. binary mixtures containing p-dioxane (1992)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 13 (1992), S. 251-267 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: activation energy ; aromatic hydrocarbons ; chloroalkanes ; p-dioxane ; molecular interactions ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Viscosity measurements are reported for p-dioxans with cyclohexane, n-hexane, benzene, toluene, carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloroethane, chloroform, pentachloroethane, and ethyl acetate at 303.15 K. Excess Gibbs energies of activation δG *E of viscous flow have been calculated with Eyring's theory of absolute reaction rates. The deviations of the viscosities from a linear dependence on the mole fraction and values of δG *E for binary mixtures have been explained in terms of molecular interactions between unlike pairs. The Prigogine-Flory-Patterson theory has been used to estimate the excess viscosity, δ ln η, and corresponding enthalpy ln η H, entropy ln η S, and free volume ln η v terms for binary mixtures of p-dioxane with cyclohexane, n-hexane, benzene, toluene, carbon tetrachloride, and chloroform. Estimates of excess viscosities from this theory for p-dioxane with benzene, toluene, and carbon tetrachloride are good, while for the other three mixtures they are poor. The local-composition thermodynamic model of Wei and Rowley estimates the excess viscosity quite well even for p-dioxane mixtures with cyclohexane and n-hexane.
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    Correlation and prediction of dense fluid transport coefficients. V. Aromatic hydrocarbons (1992)
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    International journal of thermophysics 13 (1992), S. 895-905 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: benzene ; diffusion ; ethylbenzene ; hard-sphere theory ; mesitylene ; thermal conductivity ; toluene ; viscosity ; xylene
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    Notes: Abstract A previously described method, based on consideration of hard-sphere theory, is used for the simultaneous correlation of the coefficients of self-diffusion, viscosity, and thermal conductivity for benzene, toluene, o-, m-, and p-xylene, mesitylene, and ethylbenzene in excellent agreement with experiment, over extended temperature and pressure ranges. Values are given for the roughness factors R D , R η, and R λ, and the characteristic volume, V 0, is expressed as a function of both carbon number and temperature.
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    Measurements of the viscosity of toluene + mesitylene mixtures at pressures up to 55 MPa (1992)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 13 (1992), S. 791-800 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; mesitylene ; mixtures ; toluene ; viscosity
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    Notes: Abstract New absolute measurements of the viscosity of mesitylene and binary mixtures of toluene + mesitylene are presented. The measurements were performed in a vibrating-wire instrument and cover a temperature range of 295–330 K and pressures up to 55 MPa. The concentrations studied were 40 and 70%, by weight, of toluene. The overall uncertainty in the reported data is estimated to be ±0.5%. A recently extended semiempirical scheme for the prediction of the viscosity of mixtures from the pure components is used to predict successfully the viscosity of these mixtures, as a function of composition, temperature, and pressure.
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    Surface-tension effects in suspended-level capillary viscometers (1991)
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    International journal of thermophysics 12 (1991), S. 1013-1028 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: capillary viscometers ; Ostwald viscometer ; surface tension ; Ubbelohde viscometer ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The results of an experimental study of surface-tension effects in kinematic capillary viscometers of the suspended-level type are presented. These results are deduced from a comparison with measurements obtained with a special Ostwald viscometer in which surface-tension effects are negligibly small. It is shown that surface-tension effects in suspended-level viscometers are sensitive to the shape of the capillary exit. Recommendations how to minimize these effects are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00503516
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    Oscillating-cup viscometry over an extended viscosity and temperature range (1993)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 14 (1993), S. 777-794 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: hydrocarbons ; molten salts ; oils ; viscosity ; ZrF4
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The viscosity of some ZrF4-based melts is presented and it is demonstrated that it is possible to perform reliable viscosity studies of these highly corrosive melts. Graphite crucibles have been utilized and corrections for the meniscus and the penetration into the crucible have been performed. A general discussion of oscillating-cup viscometry is given and it is shown that the present setup can be used for determination of viscosities in the range from 0.05 to above 500 mPa·s.
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    Argon+carbon dioxide gaseous mixture viscosities and anisotropic pair potential energy functions (1993)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 14 (1993), S. 819-833 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: argon ; carbon dioxide ; mixtures ; pair potential energy functions ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The viscosities of pure gaseous carbon dioxide and argon+carbon dioxide mixtures have been measured with a capillary flow viscometer. The viscosities are relative to those of argon, in the temperature range 213 to 353 K, and considered accurate to ±0.7%. The pure-component viscosities agree closely with previous measurements. The mixture viscosities are used to calculate interaction viscosities and binary diffusion coefficients, which are compared with previous measurements. Interaction viscosities have been calculated, by use of the Mason-Monchick approximation, from the anisotropic pair potential energy functions for the unlike interaction proposed by Pack and his co-workers and by Hough and Howard. Comparison of these calculated interaction viscosities with those derived from our experiments and the higher-temperature measurements of Hobley, Matthews, and Townsend proves to be a powerful discriminant for the proposed anisotropic potential functions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00502110
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    The viscosity of R32 and R125 at saturation (1993)
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    International journal of thermophysics 14 (1993), S. 1131-1143 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: refrigerants ; R32 ; R125 ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports new measurements of the viscosity of R32 and R125, in both the liquid and the vapor phase, over the temperature range 220 to 343 K near the saturation line. The measurements in both liquid and vapor phases have been carried out with a vibrating-wire viscometer calibrated with respect to standard reference values of viscosity. It is estimated that the uncertainty of the present viscosity data is one of 0.5–1%, being limited partly by the accuracy of the available density data. The experimental data have been represented by polynomial functions of temperature for the purposes of interpolation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00503677
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    Measurements of the viscosity of alcohols in the temperature range 290–340 K at pressures up to 30 MPa (1994)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 95-107 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: 1-butanol ; ethanol ; high pressure ; methanol ; 1-propanol ; viscosity ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract New measurements of the viscosity of methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and 1-butanol are presented. The measurements were performed in a vibrating-wire instrument and cover a temperature range of 290–340 K and pressures up to 30 MPa. The overall uncertainty in the reported data, confirmed by the measurement of the viscosity of water, is ±0.5 %. The high-pressure experimental results were correlated by a Tait-like equation. It was found that the isothermal viscosity data were satisfactorily correlated by such an equation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01439248
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    Measurements of the viscosity of liquid R22, R124, and R125 in the temperature range 273–333 K at pressures up to 17 MPa (1994)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 779-790 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; liquid ; refrigerants ; R22 ; R124 ; R125 ; vibrating-wire ; technique ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Viscosity masurements of refrigerants R22, R124, and R125 in the liquid phase have been performed in the temperature range 273–333 K and at pressures up to about 17 MPa. A vibrating-wire instrument has been employed. The overall uncertainty of the experimental values is estimated to be ±0.5%. The experimental data have been represented by polynomial functions of temperature and pressure for the purposes of interpolation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01447094
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    Viscoelastic and rheological behavior of concentrated colloidal suspensions (1994)
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    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 1179-1188 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: concentrated colloids ; rheology ; viscoelasticity ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Molecular approaches are discussed to the density (ϕ), viscoeleastic (ω), and rheological (γ) behavior of the viscosityη(ϕ,ω,γ) of concentrated colloidal suspensions with 0.3 〈ϕ 〈 0.6, whereϕ, is the volume fraction,ω the applied frequency, and ; the shear rate. These theories are based on the calculation of the pair distribution functionP 2(r,ω,γ), wherer is the relative position of a pair of colloidal particles. The linear viscoelastic behaviorη(ϕ,ω,γ=0) follows from an equation forP 2(r,ω,γ) derived from the Smoluchowski equation for smallϕ, generalized to largeϕ by introducing the spatial ordering and (cage) diffusion typical for concentrated suspensions. The rheological behaviorη(ϕ,ω,γ=0) follows from an equation forP 2(r,γ) of a dense hard-sphere fluid derived from the Liouville equation. This leads to a hard-sphere viscosityηηhs(ϕ,γ) which yields the colloidal oneη(ϕ,γ) by the scaling relationη(ϕ,γ)η 0=ηηhs(η,γ)η B, whereη 0 is the solvent viscosity.η B is the dilute hard-sphere (Boltzmann ) viscosity and theγ's are appropriately scaled,η(ϕ,ω) andη(ϕ,γ) agree well with experiment. A unified theore forη(ϕ,ω,γ) is clearly needed and pursued.
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    A four-parameter corresponding-states method for prediction of Newtonian, pure-component viscosity (1991)
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    International journal of thermophysics 12 (1991), S. 119-136 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: corresponding states ; Lee-Kesler method ; polar fluids ; viscosity
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The extended Lee-Kesler (ELK) method, introduced for calculating thermodynamic properties of polar as well as nonpolar fluids and their mixtures, has been adapted to the calculation of Newtonian, pure-fluid viscosity. The method is a four-parameter, corresponding-states technique requiring as input the critical temperature, critical pressure, a size/shape parameter α, and a polar interaction parameter β. Because α and β have been previously tabulated for many fluids (for calculation of thermodynamic properties) and may also be obtained directly from the radius of gyration and a single liquid density, respectively, the method contains no adjustable parameters and is predictive in nature. ELK viscosity predictions were compared to experimental data for nonpolar and polar fluids. For 36 different nonpolar fluids and a total of 5748 different points, the comparison yielded an absolute average deviation (AAD) of 7.88% with a bias of −4.45%. Similarly, the AAD was 10.62% with a bias of −5.34% for a comparison of 15 different polar fluids involving 1500 different points. With this method, viscosities can be calculated within the range 0.55 ⩽T r⩽2.00 and 0〈P r⩽10.
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    Viscosity and density of binary mixtures of cyclohexane with n-octane, n-dodecane, and n-hexadecane under high pressures (1991)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 12 (1991), S. 245-264 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: alkanes ; cyclohexane ; density ; dodecane ; hexadecane ; mixtures ; octane ; Tait equation ; viscometer ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The viscosity and density of three binary mixtures of cyclohexane with n-octane, n-dodecane, and n-hexadecane have been measured at 298, 323, and 348 K at pressures up to 150 MPa or freezing pressures. The measurements of the viscosity were performed by a torsionally vibrating crystal viscometer on a relative basis using benzene and cyclohexane as reference materials. The density was measured using a high-pressure burette apparatus. The uncertainties of the measurements are estimated to be less than 2% for viscosity and 0.1% for density, respectively. The effects of temperature, pressure, density, and composition on the viscosity are discussed. Applicabilities of several empirical correlating equations to the viscosity data were examined.
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    Measurements of the viscosity of n-heptane, n-nonane, and n-undecane at pressures up to 70 MPa (1991)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 12 (1991), S. 801-810 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; n-heptane ; n-nonane ; n-undecane ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract New absolute measurements of the viscosity of n-heptane, n-nonane, and n-undecane are presented. The measurements were performed with a vibrating-wire instrument at temperatures of 303.15 and 323.15 K and pressures up to 70 MPa. The overall uncertainty in the reported viscosity data is estimated to be ±0.5%. A recently developed semiempirical scheme for the correlation and prediction of the thermal conductivity, viscosity, and self-diffusion coefficients of n-alkanes is applied to the prediction of the viscosity of n-heptane, n-nonane, and n-undecane. The comparison of these predicted values with the present high-pressure measurements demonstrates the predictive power of this scheme.
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    The viscosity and thermal conductivity of ethane in the limit of zero density (1991)
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    International journal of thermophysics 12 (1991), S. 999-1012 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: collision cross section ; ethane ; polyatomic gas ; thermal conductivity ; transport properties ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract New representations of the viscosity and thermal conductivity of ethane in the limit of zero density are provided. The correlation for the viscosity extends over the temperature range 200 to 1000 K, whereas that for thermal conductivity extends from 225 to 725 K. The behavior of each property is represented by an independent correlation of the appropriate effective collision cross section as a function of temperature. The final results are compared with experimental data as well as with earlier correlations. The accuracy of the viscosity correlation is estimated to be ±0.5 % in the temperature range 300 K⩽T⩽600 K, increasing to ±1.5 and ±2.5% at 200 and 1000 K, respectively. The uncertainty associated with the thermal conductivity correlation is ±2 % in the temperature range 300 K⩽T⩽500 K, increasing to ±3% at either end. The results of this study indicate that there is an urgent need for additional high-precision measurements of thermal conductivity especially for temperatures above 400 K.
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    Correlation and prediction of dense fluid transport coefficients. I. n-alkanes (1992)
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    International journal of thermophysics 13 (1992), S. 269-281 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: diffusion ; hard-sphere theory ; n-alkanes ; thermal conductivity ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recent accurate measurements of the self-diffusion coefficient for n-hexadecane and n-octane and of the viscosity coefficient for n-heptane, n-nonane, and n-undecane over wide pressure ranges have been used to provide a critical test of a previously described method, based on consideration of hard-sphere theory, for the correlation of transport coefficient data. It is found that changes are required to the universal curve for the reduced viscosity coefficient as a function of reduced volume and, also, to the parameters R D, R η , and R λ which were introduced to account for effects of nonspherical molecular shape. The scheme now accounts most satisfactorily for the self-diffusion, viscosity, and thermal conductivity coefficient data for all n-alkanes from methane to hexadecane at densities greater than the critical density.
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    Viscosity of binary mixtures. II. n-butyl, n-hexyl, n-octyl, n-decyl, and n-dodecylamine with benzene and n-hexyl, n-decyl, and n-dodecylamine with cyclohexane (1992)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 13 (1992), S. 629-641 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: activation energy ; alkylamines ; benzene ; binary liquids ; butylamine ; cyclohexane ; decylamine ; dodecylamine ; Eyring's theory ; hexylamine ; octylamine ; Prigogine-Flory-Patterson-Bloomfield-Dewan theory ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Viscosities of eight binary systems of n-butylamine, n-hexylamine, n-octylamine, n-decylamine, and n-dodecylamine with benzene and n-hexylamine, n-decylamine, and n-dodecylamine with cyclohexane have been measured at 303.15 K with an Ubbelohde suspended level viscometer. Based on Eyring's theory, values of excess Gibbs energy of activation ΔG *E of viscous flow have been calculated. Deviations of viscosities from linear dependence on the mole fraction and values of ΔG *E are attributed to H-bonding and to the size of alkylamine molecules. The free volume theory of Prigogine-Flory-Patterson in combination with the work of Bloomfield-Dewan has been used to estimate the excess viscosity Δ In η and the terms corresponding to enthalpy, entropy, and free volume contributions for 10 binary mixtures containing n-butyl, n-hexyl, n-octyl, n-decyl, and n-dodecylamine with benzene and cyclohexane.
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    Liquid viscosities and densities of HFC-134a+glycol mixtures (1993)
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    International journal of thermophysics 14 (1993), S. 45-53 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: density ; diethylene glycol ; ethylene glycol ; HFC-134a ; polyethylene glycol ; polypropylene glycol ; tetraethylene glycol ; triethylene glycol ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Liquid viscosity and density of six binary mixtures of HFC-134a with glycols [ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol (400), and polypropylene glycol (2000)] have been measured in the temperature range from 273 to 333 K. The viscosity was measured by a rolling-ball viscometer calibrated with standard liquids of viscosities and densities (JS5, JS10, JS20, and JS50). The density was measured with a glass pycnometer. The uncertainties of the measurements were estimated to be less than 3.4 % for viscosity and 0.04 % for density, respectively. An equation is given to represent the obtained viscosity values as a function of weight fraction and temperature.
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    Viscosities of nonelectrolyte liquid mixtures. II. Binary mixtures ofn-hexane with alkanoates and bromoalkanoates (1992)
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    International journal of thermophysics 13 (1992), S. 943-955 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: activation energy ; alkanoates ; binary mixtures ; bromoalkanoates ; Gibbs energy of activation ; n-hexane ; molecular interactions ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Viscosity measurements are reported for mixtures of ethyl ethanoate, ethyl propionate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl-2-bromopropionate, ethyl-3-bromopropionate, ethyl-2-bromobutyrate, and ethyl-4-bromobutyrate withn-hexane at 303.15 K. The viscosity data have been correlated with equations of Grunberg and Nissan, of McAllister, and of Auslaender. Furthermore, excess Gibbs energies of activationΔG *E of viscous flow have been calculated with Eyring's theory of absolute reaction rates and values ofΔG *E for the present binary mixtures have been explained in terms of the dipole-dipole interaction in alkanoates and the intramolecular Br...O interaction in bromoalkanoates.
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    Measurements of the viscosities of saturated and compressed fluid 1-chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (R124) and pentafluoroethane (R125) at temperatures between 120 and 420 K (1993)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 14 (1993), S. 55-66 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: chlorotetrafluoroethane ; compressed fluid ; fluidity ; saturated liquid ; torsional crystal viscometer ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The shear viscosities of saturated and compressed fluid 1-chloro-l,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (R124) and pentafluoroethane (R125) have been measured with two torsional crystal viscometers at temperatures between 120 and 420 K and at pressures up to 50 MPa. At small molar volumes, the fluidity (reciprocal viscosity) increases linearly with molar volume at fixed temperature and weakly with temperature at fixed volume. We have described this behavior with simple empirical equations and have compared the data of Shankland and of Ripple with them. The data of Ripple are in good agreement with our data for both fluids.
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    In lieu of an autobiography (1993)
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    International journal of thermophysics 14 (1993), S. 619-636 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: biography ; corresponding states ; energy ; mechanics of solids ; thermodynamics ; thermophysical properties ; two-phase flow ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The author recalls some of the issues related to his professional work, first at the Politechnika in Warsaw and at the Polish University College in London and subsequently during his tenure as a professor of engineering at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island.
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    Vapor-phase viscosity of phenol (1993)
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    International journal of thermophysics 14 (1993), S. 805-818 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: phenol ; second viscosity virial coefficient ; transport properties ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract New measurements of the vapor-phase viscosity of phenol were performed from 437 up to 624 K and for densities between 0.006 and 0.023 mol · L−1 in an all-quartz oscillating-disk viscometer with small gaps. Thus, including our own measurements reported earlier, experimental data are available in the temperature range between 376 and 639 K and in the density range from 0.001 up to 0.023 mol · L−1. The data were evaluated with a density series for the viscosity in which only a linear density contribution is included. The values of the second viscosity virial coefficient obtained for phenol as well as for benzene, toluene, and p-xylene were compared with results of the Rainwater-Friend theory and of the modified Enskog theory on the basis of the Lennard-Jones 12-6 potential. The agreement is reasonable, when the potential parameter ratios determined by Bich and Vogel are used. The influence of bound dimers seems to be already taken into account in the three-monomer contribution according to Hoffman and Curtiss.
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    Transport properties of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a) (1993)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 14 (1993), S. 951-988 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane ; correlation ; critical region ; equation of state ; HFC-134a ; R134a ; thermal conductivity ; transport properties ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract New equations for the thermal conductivity and the viscosity of R134a that are valid in a wide range of pressures and temperatures are presented. They were obtained through a theoretically based, critical evaluation of the available experimental data, which showed considerable inconsistencies between data sets, in particular in the vapor phase. In the critical region the observed enhancement in the thermal conductivity is well represented by a crossover model for the transport properties of fluids. Since thermodynamic properties enter into the calculation of the critical enhancement of the transport properties, a new fundamental equation for the critical region was developed also.
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    Viscosity of mixtures of fluoroalcohols and water at high pressures (1993)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 14 (1993), S. 835-849 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: aqueous solutions ; fluoroalcohols ; high pressure ; hydrocarbon alcohols ; nuclear magnetic resonance ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Viscosities of aqueous solutions of 2,2,2,-trifluoroethanol, 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropanol and 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanol have been measured with a falling-body viscometer. Measurements were performed at temperatures from 298 to 323 K and at pressures up to 80 MPa with an estimated uncertainty of ±2%. Viscosities obtained for these mixtures are represented by a simple empirical equation within the experimental uncertainty. The composition dependence of the viscosity is compared with that for mixtures of hydrocarbon alcohols and water.
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    Prediction of saturated liquid viscosity for some halocarbon refrigerants based on the van der Waals model (1994)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 567-571 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: close-packed volume ; halocarbon ; saturated liquid ; van der Waals model ; viscosity
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The viscosity data of saturated liquid halocarbon refrigerants are satisfactorily predicted by a method based on the hard-sphere theory of transport properties. The hard-sphere close-packed volume can be correlated with Bondi's hardsphere volume. The absolute average deviations between calculated and experimental values for 15 halocarbon refrigerants are 6.3%. It is found that the proposed method can give better results than the previous methods proposed by Gordon et al., Li and Poole, and Srinivasan and Murthy.
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    Viscosity of nonelectrolyte liquid mixtures. III Binary mixtures of methyl methacrylate with hydrocarbons, haloalkanes, and alkylamines (1994)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 627-645 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: Alkylamine ; aromatic hydrocarbons ; binary liquid mixtures ; cyclohexane ; density ; Gibbs energy of activation ; haloalkanes ; η-hexane ; molecular interactions ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of the viscosityη and the densityϱ are reported for 14 binary mixtures of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with hydrocarbons, haloalkanes, and alkylamines at 303.15 K. The viscosity data have been correlated with equations of Grunberg and Nissan, of McAllister, and of Auslaender. Furthermore, excess viscosityΔ Inη and excess Gibbs energy of activationΔG* E of viscous flow have been calculated and have been used to predict molecular interactions occurring in present binary mixtures. The results show the existence of specific interactions in MMA + aromatic hydrocarbons, MMA + haloalkanes, and MMA + primary amines.
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    The viscosity of liquid water at pressures up to 32 MPa (1993)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 14 (1993), S. 795-803 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: vibrating-wire viscometer ; viscosity ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The paper reports new, preliminary measurements of the viscosity of liquid water along two isotherms as a function of pressure up to 32 MPa. The measurements have been performed with a vibrating-wire viscometer especially modified for the purpose. The instrument has been calibrated with respect to the viscosity of water at a pressure of 0.1 MPa and a temperature of 293.15 K, for which an accurate reference value is available. With due regard to the precision of the determination of individual quantities and the accuracy of the calibration data, it is estimated that the accuracy of the present results is one of ±0.3% under all conditions.
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    The viscosity of the refrigerant 1,1-difluoroethane along the saturation line (1993)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 14 (1993), S. 851-864 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: 1,1-difluoroethane ; R152a ; refrigerants ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The viscosity coefficient of the refrigerant R152a (1,1-difluoroethane) has been measured along the saturation line both in the saturated liquid and in the saturated vapor. The data have been obtained every 10 K from 243 up to 393 K by means of a vibrating-wire viscometer using the free damped oscillation method. The density along the saturation line was calculated from the equation of state given by Tamatsu et al. with application of the saturated vapor-pressure correlation given by Higashi et al. An interesting result is that in the neighborhood of the critical point, the kinematic viscosity of the saturated liquid seems to coincide with that of the saturated vapor. The results for the saturated liquid are in satisfying agreement with those of Kumagai and Takahashi and of Phillips and Murphy. A comparison of the saturatedvaport data with the unsaturated-vapor data of Takahashi et al. shows some discrepancies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00502112
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    Effect of dissolved lubricating oils on the viscosity of alternative refrigerants (1993)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 14 (1993), S. 1007-1019 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: falling-ball method ; HCFC-123 ; HFC-134a ; refrigerant-oil mixtures ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The operation of refrigeration systems involves the circulation of a working fluid which is actually a mixture of refrigerant and lubricant oil. Since the viscosity of oil and that of refrigerants normally differ by up to a factor of 4, the effect of dissolved oil is very large. In order to use new alternative refrigerants, accurate information on thermophysical properties of refrigerant-oil mixtures is needed. In the present study, the viscosity of refrigerant-oil mixtures was measured for HCFC-123 + 3GSD and HFC-134a + PAG in the compressed liquid region with a falling-ball viscometer. The temperature range of the measurements was 253–333 K.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00505672
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  • 91
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    Measurements of the viscosity of R134a and R32 in the temperature range 270–340 K at pressures up to 20 MPa (1994)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 591-601 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; refrigerants ; R134a ; R32 ; vibrating-wire technique ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports new measurements of the liquid viscosity of R134a and R32 in the temperature range 270 to 340 K and pressures up to 20 MPa. The measurements have been carried out in a vibrating-wire instrument calibrated with respect to the standard reference value of the viscosity of water. It is estimated that the uncertainty of the present viscosity data is one of 0.5%. The experimental data have been represented by polynomial functions of temperature and pressure for the purposes of interpolation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01563789
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    Viscosity, thermal conductivity, and surface tension of high-temperature melts (1990)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 11 (1990), S. 417-432 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high-temperature melts ; liquid metals ; liquid semiconductors ; molten salts ; surface tension ; thermal conductivity ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract High-temperature melts are substances which are solids at room temperature and liquids at high temperatures. They include liquid metals, molten salts, and other melts such as molten semiconductor materials. Although they show scientifically interesting behavior and have industrially important characteristics, the thermophysical properties of these substances at high temperature are not sufficiently known due to experimental difficulties. Many melts show strong chemical activity and therefore are corrosive to materials of container and sensors. Applicable sensors are limited also because of the high temperature and the electrical conductivity of melts. In this paper the present status of available data for the viscosity, the thermal conductivity, and the surface tension of high-temperature melts is reviewed. Limited experimental information is available and these properties are difficult to predict theoretically. The transport properties are important for predicting heat transfer and flow patterns. For the prediction of the behavior of melts under microgravity condition, the temperature dependence of the surface tension plays a major role.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01133571
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  • 93
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    Measurements of the viscosity of n-heptane + n-undecane mixtures at pressures up to 75 MPa (1991)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 12 (1991), S. 811-820 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressures ; mixtures ; n-heptane ; n-undecane ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract New absolute measurements of the viscosity of binary mixtures of n-heptane and n-undecane are presented. The measurements, performed in a vibrating-wire instrument, cover the temperature range 295–335 K and pressures up to 75 MPa. The concentrations studied were 40 and 70%, by weight, of n-heptane. The overall uncertainty in the reported viscosity data is estimated to be ±0.5%. A recently extended semiempirical scheme for the prediction of the thermal conductivity of mixtures from the pure components is used to predict successfully both the thermal conductivity and the viscosity of these mixtures, as a function of composition, temperature, and pressure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00502408
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    Measurement of transport properties of high-temperature fluids (1991)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 12 (1991), S. 1-15 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: alkali metals ; high temperature ; molten salts ; thermal conductivity ; thermal diffusivity ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract High-temperature fluids often show interesting behavior and have important industrial applications, however, their thermophysical properties are extremely difficult to measure. Sometimes there are no measuring methods available, despite the fact that the great industrial demand for data on these property data at high temperatures is intense in recent years. In the present paper, five examples of approaches to measure transport properties of high temperature fluids are described. They include measurements of the viscosity of high-temperature melts by the oscillating-cup method, of the viscosity of vapors of H2O and D2O by the capillary method, of the thermal conductivity of molten salts by the transient hot-wire method, and of the thermal diffusivity by the optical method and of the thermal conductivity of high temperature gases by the shocktube method.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00506118
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    Surface tension and viscosity from damped free oscillations of viscous droplets (1991)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 12 (1991), S. 137-151 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: levitation ; oscillating droplets ; surface tension ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Damped oscillations of a viscous droplet in vacuum or in an inert gas of negligible density are considered. The dependence of the complex decay factor on the properties of the liquid is investigated for the first time, and numerical results are compared with earlier studies for special cases. A new method is developed to determine both surface tension and viscosity from a single experiment in which the damping rate and frequency of oscillations are measured. The procedure to determine surface tension and viscosity from oscillating levitated liquids is outlined, and results are presented for various modes of shape oscillations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00506127
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    Measurements of the viscosity of liquid toluene in the temperature range 218–378 K (1991)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 12 (1991), S. 289-306 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: capillary viscometer ; viscosity ; toluene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract New relative measurements of the viscosity of liquid toluene are reported for the temperature range 218 to 378 K. They supplement the existing data, which have been obtained mostly above 273.15 K. The relative accuracy of the results is estimated between −1 and 1.38% at 218 K, narrowing to one of −0.74 and 1.12% at 378 K. The experimental data have been correlated well within these estimates by an empirical temperature function. A comparison with previous experimental and compiled or evaluated data includes references since 1894 and is the most comprehensive survey so far. The agreement with the present data is generally very good. There is a need for further measurements with instruments other than capillary viscometers and in the low-temperature range from the triple point (178.15 K) to 273.15 K.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500753
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    Viscosity of methanol and 2-methyl-2-propanol mixtures under high pressures (1991)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 12 (1991), S. 459-468 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: alcohols ; capillary viscometer ; methanol ; 2-methyl-2-propanol ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new capillary viscometer has been constructed and the viscosities of methanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, and their mixtures have been measured at two temperatures, 303 and 323 K, and at pressures up to 30 MPa. Simple empirical equations are given to represent the pressure and composition dependences of the viscosity within the experimental uncertainty of ±2%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00502362
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    Viscosity of binary mixtures. I. mono-, di-, and tri-n-butyl and -n-octylamine with cyclohexane (1991)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 12 (1991), S. 821-835 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: activation energy ; alkylamines ; binary liquids ; cyclohexane ; Prigogine-Flory-Patterson theory ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Viscosities for six binary mixtures of n-butylamine, di-n-butylamine, tri-n-butylamine, n-octylamine, di-n-octylamine, and tri-n-octylamine with cyclohexane have been measured at 303.15 K with an Ubbelohde suspendedlevel viscometer. Deviations of viscosities from a rectilinear dependence on mole fraction are attributed to H-bonding and to the size of alkylamine compounds. The application of the Eyring's theory of activation energy is examined. The free volume theory of Prigogine-Flory-Patterson (PFP) and the experimental excess enthalpy have been used to estimate excess viscosity Δ ln η = (ln η/η 1 0 − x 2 ln η 2 0 /η 1 0 ) and corresponding free volume, enthalpy, and entropy contributions for five binary mixtures of tri-n-alkylamine: triethyl, tripropyl, tributyl, trihexyl, and trioctylamine with cyclohexane. A comparison of experimental and theoretical excess viscosities indicates a failure of the PFP theory when two components of the mixture differ considerably in size. The size difference contribution to excess viscosity is related to (V 2 *1/2 − V 1 *1/2 ), where V 1 * and V 2 * are hard-core volumes of two components of the mixture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00502409
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  • 99
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    Measurement of the viscosity of HFC 134a in the temperature range 213–423 K and at pressures up to 30 MPa (1992)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 13 (1992), S. 931-942 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: capillary viscometer ; HFC 134a ; 1, 1, 1, 2-tetrafluoroethane ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The viscosity of HFC 134a was measured over the range of temperatures from 213 to 423 K and pressures up to 30 MPa. The experimental method was that of the capillary flow and a closed-circuit high-pressure viscometer was used. The sample fluid was circulated through a stainless-steel capillary from a highpressure plunger system. The constant of the capillary was calibrated against the reference standard, pure water. The viscosity of the sample was calculated from the flow rate, the pressure drop at the capillary, and the capillary constant using the Hagen-Poiseuille equation. Measurements were made at a total of 39 points on eight isotherms. The measurement uncertainty of the viscosities was estimated as ±1.3%. Based on the present results, an empirical equation for the viscosity of HFC 134a has been correlated. The viscosity on the saturation line calculated by the equation compares with experimental viscosity data in other previous studies. There are rather considerable differences among these measurements. Comparisons of the data for HFC 134a with those for CFC 12 show that the viscosity of HFC 134a is similar in magnitude to that of CFC 12 at temperatures around 300 K but is higher at lower temperatures and lower at higher temperatures. The pressure gradients for these two corresponding substances are similar over the entire temperature range.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01141207
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    Thermophysical properties data on molten semiconductors (1992)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 13 (1992), S. 1061-1084 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: density ; GaAs ; GaSb ; Ge ; high temperature ; InP ; InSb ; molten state ; semiconductors ; Si ; surface tension ; thermal conductivity ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Thermophysical properties of molten semiconductors are reviewed. Published data for viscosity, thermal conductivity, surface tension, and other properties are presented. Several measurement methods often used for molten semiconductors are described. Recommended values of thermophysical properties are tabulated for Si, Ge, GaAs, InP, InSb, GaSb, and other compounds. This review shows that further measurements of thermophysical properties of GaAs and InP in the molten state are required. It is also indicated that a very limited amount of data on emissivity is available. Space experiments relating to thermophysical property measurements are described briefly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01141216
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