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  • Articles  (851)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (851)
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  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (851)
  • 1990-1994  (851)
  • Natural Sciences in General  (851)
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  • Articles  (851)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three-dimensional imaging and image analysis of hippocampal neurons: Confocal and digitally enhanced wide field microscopy (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 29 (1994), S. 269-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Three-dimensional light microscopy ; Brain slices ; Neurobiology ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The microscopy of biological specimens has traditionally been a two-dimensional imaging method for analyzing what are in reality three-dimensional (3-D) objects. This has been a major limitation of the application of one of science's most widely used tools. Nowhere has this limitation been more acute than in neurobiology, which is dominated by the necessity of understanding both large-and small-scale 3-D anatomy. Fortunately, recent advances in optical instrumentation and computational methods have provided the means for retrieving the third dimension, making full 3-D microscopic imaging possible. Optical designs have concentrated on the confocal imaging mode while computational methods have made 3-D imaging possible with wide field microscopes using deconvolution methods. This work presents a brief review of these methods, especially as applied to neurobiology, and data using both approaches. Specimens several hundred micrometers thick can be sampled allowing essentially intact neurons to be imaged. These neurons Image analysis in 3-D is as important as visualization in 3-D. Automated methods of cell counting and analysis by nuclear detection as well as tracing of individual neurons are presented. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070290403
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Confocal imaging of dendritic Ca2+ transients in hippocampal brain slices during simultaneous current- and voltage-clamp recording (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 29 (1994), S. 279-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Fluorescence microscopy ; Ca channels ; Pyramidal neurons ; CA1 region ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Changes in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) within CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons were imaged using confocal laser scanning microscopy in conjunction with Ca2+ -sensitive fluorescent indicators. The imaging was performed in thick hippocampal brain slices while simultaneously measuring or controlling electrical activity with sharp microelectrodes or whole-cell patch-clamp electrodes. The combination of imaging and electrophysiology was essential for interpreting the changes in [Ca2+]i. We compared the increases in [Ca2+]i produced by either of two methods-direct depolarization of the cell via the somatic electrode or high-frequency stimulations of synaptic inputs. The increases in [Ca2+]i in the soma and proximal dendrites caused by both methods were of comparable magnitude and they always decayed within seconds in healthy cells. However, the spatial patterns of distal Ca2+ increases were different. Separate sets of synaptic inputs to the same cell resulted in different spatial patterns of [Ca2+]i transients. We isolated and observed what appeared to be a voltage-independent component of the synaptically mediated [Ca2+]i transients. This work demonstrates that the combination of neurophysiology and simultaneous confocal microscopy is well suited for visualizing and analyzing [Ca2+]i within neurons throughout the CNS and it raises the possibility of routinely relating subcellular [Ca2+]i changes to structural and functional modifications. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070290404
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synaptic morphology of substance P terminals on catecholamine neurons in the commissural subnucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarii in the rat (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 29 (1994), S. 177-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Sinus afferent pathway ; SP interneurons ; Double immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The ultrastructure of substance P-containing nerve terminals synapsing on catecholamine neurons in the rat commissural subnucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTScom) was studied using a double immunocytochemical labeling technique. Although there were numerous tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-I) somata present, substance P immunoreactive (SP-I) cell bodies were only occasionally found in the NTScom. At the light microscopic level, many SP-I terminals were seen closely associated with TH-I dendrites and somata. At the electron microscopic level, SP-I terminals synapsing on TH-I structures were also readily encountered. SP-I terminals contained small, clear, and predominantly spherical vesicles (32 ± 4 nm diameter), as well as large dense-cored vesicles approximately 100 nm in diameter. Postsynaptic TH-I dendritic profiles of various calibers and somata were encountered. These postsynaptic TH-I structures often showed postsynaptic densities. The morphological features of the SP-TH synapses in the present study, that is, the size of synaptic vesicles and the presence of postsynaptic densities, are quite different from those of central carotid sinus afferent synapses reported in our previous study [Chen et al. (1992), J. Neurocytol., 21:137-147]. Therefore, most of the SP terminals of the SP-TH synapses in the NTScom appear not to originate from the carotid sinus afferents. SP-I second-order neurons of the carotid sinus afferent pathway [Chen et al. (1991), J. Auton. Nerv. Syst., 33:97-98] may be one of the possible sources of such terminals. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070290216
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localizing sites of intradendritic electrophysiological recordings by confocal light microscopy (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 29 (1994), S. 310-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Hippocampus ; Dendrites ; 3-D imaging ; Pyramidal cell ; Neurophysiology ; Confocal microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Studies were undertaken to develop microscopic methods and imaging procedures that would permit identification of sites of intradendritic microelectrode recordings from pyramidal cells in hippocampal slice preparations. Intradendritic recording were obtained with sharp microelectrodes filled with the dye lucifer yellow. Following a recording session a neuron was iontophoretically injected with the dye and imaged by fluorescence videomicroscopy. Images were stored on videotape for later analysis. They provided a record of the location of the microelectrode recording site. After withdrawal of the microelectrode, slices were processed histologically and imaged a second time with a Bio-Rad 600 confocal attachment on an Olympus BH-2 microscope. Confocal images provided detailed anatomical information in three dimensions. In most instances, a clear identification of the recording site was achieved by comparing video images containing the recording electrode and confocal images.Neurophysiological recordings obtained from proximal and distal apical dendrites were markedly different. Proximal dendritic recordings were similar to those obtained from pyramidal cell soma. However, distal dendrites were not electroresponsive when depolarized by intracellular current injection. The techniques described here, or variations that employ patch electrodes, could provide valuable information that should further an understanding of the properties of dendrites in the central nervous system. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070290408
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Construction and analysis of a database representing a neural map (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 29 (1994), S. 329-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Sensory map ; Neural map ; Mechanosensory afferents ; Database ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: We describe the development and analysis of a quantitative database representing the global structural and functional organization of an entire sensory map. The database was derived from measurements of anatomical characteristics of a statistical sample of typical mechanosensory afferents in the cricket cercal sensory system. Anatomical characteristics of the neurons were measured quantitatively in three dimensions using a computer reconstruction system. The reconstructions of all neurons were aligned and scaled to a common standard set of dimensions, according to a highly reproducible set of intrinsic fiducial marks. The database therefore preserves accurate information about spatial relationships between the neurons within the ensemble.Algorithms were implemented to allow the integration of electrophysiological data about the stimulus/response characteristics of the reconstructed neurons into the database. The algorithms essentially map a physiological function onto a “field” representing the continuous distribution of synaptic terminals throughout the neural structure. Subsequent analysis allowed quantitative predictions of several important functional characteristics of the sensory map that emerge from its global organization. First, quantitative and testable predictions were made about ensemble response patterns within the map. The predicted patterns are presented as graphical images, similar to images that might be observed with activity-dependent dyes in the real neural system. Second, the synaptic innervation patterns from the sensory afferent map onto the dendrites of a postsynaptic target interneuron were predicted by calculating the overlap between the interneuron's dendrites with the afferent map. By doing so, several aspects of the stimulus/response properties of the interneuron were accurately predicted. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070290502
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hyaluronate distribution in the regenerating retinal pigment epithelium of the rabbit: A study using confocal laser scanning microscopy (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 29 (1994), S. 344-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Epithelium ; Eye ; Hyaluronate ; Microscopy ; Rabbit ; Regeneration ; Retina ; Sodium iodate ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The distribution of hyaluronate (HA) in regenerating retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of the rabbit was examined using immunohistochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The goal was to determine if there is a correlation between differentiation and HA expression, like that seen in developing tissues, where HA accumulates and then disappears as the tissue matures. In normal RPE cells HA is associated mainly with the apical surface. In regenerating RPE (produced by i.v. injection of sodium iodate to damage the epithelium, regeneration arising from spared cells), HA exhibits a patchy distribution among the more immature cells and is especially prominent where they overlap or pile up on each other. Where cells are more mature and form a compact monolayer of cells, HA is expressed mainly on the apical surface, as in normal RPE. The accumulation of HA among the more immature cells in the regenerating epithelial sheet supports the hypothesis that HA influences differentiation by suppressing cell-cell associations until the proper time for their formation. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070290503
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Color figure section (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 29 (1994), S. C1 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070290504
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070200101
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992), S. 1-1 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070200102
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A personal computer based implementation of the maximum-likelihood method of analysis of electron microscope autoradiographs (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992), S. 73-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Autoradiography ; Maximum-likelihood estimation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The maximum-likelihood (ML) method for the quantitative analysis of electron-microscopic autoradiographs has been shown to be substantially superior to the conventional crossfire (CF) method. It can generate reliable and accurate tracer concentration estimates with far fewer micrographs and produce valid estimates even at counts low enough to preclude the use of the crossfire method while eliminating the need for special ad hoc treatment of narrow membranous structures as well as the secondary verification of the tracer concentration estimates.Despite these significant advantages, the large computational requirements of the ML method has to date hampered its widespread use. In this paper, we present a new line-integration method that allows us to reduce the computational requirements of the ML method to a point where it becomes feasible to implement it on a small computer system of the type typically available to a laboratory user of EM autoradiography. We present the complete line-integration method for the particular case of EM autoradiography with tritium, and show how it can be adapted to other isotopes.We have constructed a software package that implements the complete maximum-likelihood method on the IBM PC class of machines using our line-integration method. Features of this software package which are of particular importance to the research community are device independence, which makes it usable with a large variety of currently available laboratory equipment, and easy portability of the software and data between different computer systems.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070200108
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